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630:
Although people seem to possess certain qualities in greater abundance than their neighbours, the explanation for this comes 'from above' – it is caused by education, law and government. "If we commonly meet in London, with knowing men, who are with much more difficulty found in France," this is because it is a country where "every citizen has a share in the management of affairs in general." "The art of forming men," he concludes, "is in all countries strictly connected to the form of the government", and thus education via governmental intervention is the method of reform.
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disciples, he regarded the human mind as a blank slate, but free not only from innate ideas but also from innate natural dispositions and propensities. Physiological constitution was at most a peripheral factor in men's characters or capabilities. Any apparent inequalities were independent of natural
374:
After 10 years, when he thought his fortune sufficient, he gave up the post of farmer-general, and retired to a country estate in France, where he employed his fortune in the relief of the poor, the encouragement of agriculture and the development of industries. For this he won the admiration of many
561:
Self-interest, founded on the love of pleasure and the fear of pain, is the sole spring of judgment, action, and affection. Human beings are motivated solely by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. "These two," he says, "are, and always will be, the only principles of action in man."
629:
Since all men have the same natural potential, Helvétius argued, they all have the same ability to learn. Thus, education is the method by which to reform society, and there are few limits to the drastic social improvements that could be brought about by the appropriate distribution of education.
603:
This natural equality applied to all men in all nations, and thus the differences in national characteristics were not the result of innate differences between the people therein, but rather a byproduct of the system of education and government. "No nation," wrote Helvétius, "has reason to regard
478:
condemned the book, while the priests persuaded the court that it was full of the most dangerous doctrines. The book was declared to be heretical – so atheistic that it was condemned by Church and State and was burned. Helvétius, terrified at the storm he had raised, wrote three
51:
282:, a tax-collecting post worth 100,000 crowns a year. Thus provided for, he proceeded to enjoy life to the utmost, with the help of his wealth and liberality, his literary and artistic tastes - he attended, for example, the progressive
596:
organization, and had their cause in the unequal desire for instruction. This desire springs from passions, of which all men commonly well organized are susceptible to the same degree. We thus owe everything to education.
278:, queen of France. Claude Adrien was trained for a financial career, apprenticed to his maternal uncle in Caen, but he occupied his spare time with poetry. Aged twenty-three, at the queen's request, he was appointed as a
533:
2126:
577: – man is a system deterministically controllable by a suitable combination of reward and punishment, and the ends of government are to ensure the maximization of pleasure.
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has a utilitarian basis, and he insisted strongly on the importance of culture and education in national development. His thinking can be described as unsystematic.
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Self-sacrifice is prompted by the fact that the sensation of pleasure outweighs the accompanying pain and is thus the result of deliberate calculation.
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states that he was largely inspired by Helvétius in his attempt to modify penal laws. Helvétius also exerted some influence on the utilitarian
1697:
763:, found among his manuscripts, was published after his death. There is a complete edition of the works of Helvétius, published at Paris, 1818.
597:
516:
This great publicity resulted in the book being translated into almost all the languages of Europe. Voltaire said that it lacked originality.
956:
658:
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between good and evil. There is no such thing as absolute right – ideas of justice and injustice change according to customs.
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separate and humiliating retractions. In spite of his protestations of orthodoxy, the book was publicly burned by the Paris hangman.
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751:, 1773), in which he develops the idea that true happiness is only to be found in making the interest of one person that of all.
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591:"All men," Helvétius maintained, "have an equal disposition for understanding." As one of the French Enlightenment's many
123:
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and the new Pope, began to fear the spread of atheism and wanted to clamp down on the 'modern thought' hard and quickly.
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329:, and that the only real motive is self-interest, therefore there is no good and evil, only competitive pleasures. Its
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558:, even memory, comparison, judgment. Our only difference from the lower animals lies in our external organization.
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455:, with Helvétius arguing strongly against Montesquieu's theory that climate influenced the character of nations.
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The work attracted immediate attention and aroused the most formidable opposition, especially from the dauphin
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known as "Helvetius", was a Dutch physician and alchemist, of German extraction. His grandfather
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felt that Helvétius had raised such a storm by saying openly what everyone thought in secret.
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and later called the materialism of Helvétius and d'Holbach "the social basis of communism".
286:. As he grew older, he began to seek more lasting distinctions, stimulated by the success of
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653:, neither of which gained general acceptance, though both were prominent in the system of
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For an estimate of his work and his place among the philosophers of the 18th century see
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as one of the six "enemies of freedom" who constituted the ideological basis for modern
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claimed that all the good things in the book had been picked up in her own salon.
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325:(On Mind), which claimed that all human faculties are attributes of mere physical
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declared that the very benevolence of the author gave the lie to his principles.
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445:(On Mind). It was first published in 1758 and was intended to be the rival of
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1148:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–255.
1393:
1314:
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Helvétius' philosophical studies ended in the production of his famous book
345:
publicly burned it in 1759, forcing Helvétius to issue several retractions.
330:
223:
747:(published posthumously, with an account of Helvétius's life and works, by
363:
In 1764 Helvétius visited
England, and the next year, at the invitation of
600:
is therefore an enterprise unconstrained by the natural abilities of men.
1752:
1347:
1340:
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254:
1222:
608:
495:
1423:
634:
368:
244:, and was descended from a family of physicians, originally surnamed
148:
75:
897:
in
Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden, vol 8, (1867), p. 509.
882:
Helvetius: His Life and Place in the
History of Educational Thought
867:
Helvetius: His Life and Place in the
History of Educational Thought
1309:
1129:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
685:
607:
This radically egalitarian aspect of Helvétius' philosophy caused
504:
412:
377:
71:
1206:
A Treatise on Man: His
Intellectual Faculties & His Education
990:, transl. W. Hooper, M. D., (London: Albion Press, 1810), p. 146
299:
2461:
1483:
1264:
1226:
804:
Le idee filosofiche specialmente pedagogiche de C. A. Helvétius
761:
De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation
615:
might just as well have been written by Helvétius' dog keeper.
423:
De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation
948:
Contribution of the
Ideologues to French Revolutionary Thought
604:
itself superior to others by virtue of its innate endowment."
192:
1001:
De l'esprit or, Essays on the Mind, and Its
Several Faculties
988:
Treatise on Man: His
Intellectual Faculties and his Education
1219:- English translation by William Mudford, 1807, Google Books
1215:
De l'Esprit, or Essays on the Mind and Its
Several Faculties
310:, maintained a salon attended by the leading figures of the
198:
180:
1101:
1099:
524:
thought that all the ideas in the book were borrowed from
195:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
963:
Helvetius himself was a Deist – a most indifferent Deist
700:
vigorously opposed Helvétius's rationalistic doctrines.
482:
It had far-reaching negative effects on the rest of the
1210:- English translation by W. Hooper, 1777, Google Books
201:
912:
by David Warner Smith, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1965.
550:
Helvétius' philosophy belongs to the Egoist school:
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2283:
2240:
2219:
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2135:
2119:
2066:
2000:
1952:
1916:
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1802:
1761:
1605:
1494:
1169:
905:
903:
830:, ed. Henry Hardy, (Oxford, 2002), pp. 11–26.
668:The materialistic aspects of Helvétius, along with
218:; 26 January 1715 – 26 December 1771) was a French
186:
177:
142:
122:
112:
102:
82:
57:
41:
1091:Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty
733:Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty
645:The original ideas in his system are those of the
1078:Johann Georg Hamann and the Enlightenment Project
743:His poetic ambitions resulted in the poem called
828:Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Liberty
554:All man's faculties may be reduced to physical
494:. The religious authorities, particularly the
317:In 1758 Helvétius published his philosophical
308:Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius
2473:
1238:
8:
1367:
1338:
1324:
852:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
509:Cover page of a 1759 English translation of
1433:
1080:, University of Toronto Press, 2011, p. 34.
2480:
2466:
2458:
1491:
1480:
1272:
1261:
1245:
1231:
1223:
1166:
1157:
371:, where the king paid him much attention.
341:doctrines raised a public outcry, and the
49:
38:
2650:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1196:Works by or about Claude Adrien Helvétius
816:Le teorie psicologiche de C. A. Helvétius
812:Beiträge zur Geschichte des Materialismus
1105:
1051:
974:
932:
684:, who studied the ideas of Helvétius in
633:The crux of his thought was that public
347:
1160:
839:
418:He died in Paris on December 26, 1771.
396:Helvétius' family lived alternately on
433:
404:) and their Parisian townhouse at the
786:(1862), pp. 537 seq.; J Morley,
213:
7:
502:became almost a scapegoat for this.
382:Helvétius was one of several French
240:Claude Adrien Helvétius was born in
951:. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 55.
490:, and the work he was doing on the
415:, albeit a "most indifferent" one.
1093:(Princeton University Press, 2003)
945:Duzer, Charles Hunter Van (1935).
421:A work found in his papers called
25:
2500:Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
910:Helvetius: A Study in Persecution
647:natural equality of intelligences
581:Natural equality of intelligences
425:(On Man), was published in 1773.
2630:18th-century French philosophers
2625:18th-century French male writers
2578:
2525:Guillaume Thomas François Raynal
2441:
2440:
1122:
1065:Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
814:(Stuttgart, 1896); L Limentani,
611:to remark that if it were true,
173:
885:, Routledge, 2013, pp. 115–132.
788:Diderot and the Encyclopaedists
388:who spent time at the court of
2530:Jean-François de Saint-Lambert
820:Helvétius, sa vie et son œuvre
790:(London, 1878); DG Mostratos,
749:Jean François de Saint-Lambert
27:French philosopher (1715–1771)
1:
707:listed Helvétius, along with
573:This view of man was largely
411:Religiously, Helvétius was a
215:[klodadʁijɛ̃ɛlvesjys]
1370:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
1187:How to use archival material
800:Le Salon de Madame Helvétius
306:as a philosopher. His wife,
272:Jean Claude Adrien Helvétius
2620:18th-century French writers
2540:François-Jean de Chastellux
2535:Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard
1339:
792:Die Pädagogik des Helvétius
392:of Prussia (depicted above)
260:Johann Friedrich Schweitzer
2681:
2655:Enlightenment philosophers
999:Helvétius, Claude Adrien,
986:Helvétius, Claude Adrien,
622:
584:
543:
252:" in German; Latinized as
32:Helvetius (disambiguation)
29:
2576:
2495:
2427:
1490:
1479:
1384:Methodological skepticism
1275:
1271:
1260:
258:). His great-grandfather
162:
98:
48:
2635:French atheism activists
1140:Helvétius, Claude Adrien
1067:(Routledge, 2003) pg. 75
1003:, (London: 1759), p. 286
870:, Routledge, 2013, p. 7.
818:(Verona, 1902); A Keim,
651:omnipotence of education
619:Omnipotence of education
2565:Claude Adrien Helvétius
2515:Jean-François Marmontel
1145:Encyclopædia Britannica
772:Philosophie sensualiste
466:. The Advocate General
400:(Collines des Perches,
355:(Collines des Perches,
314:for over five decades.
288:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
274:was first physician to
169:Claude Adrien Helvétius
107:18th-century philosophy
43:Claude Adrien Helvétius
18:Claude-Adrien Helvétius
2520:Charles-Georges Le Roy
1434:
1368:
1334:Enlightened absolutism
1325:
1076:Robert Alan Sparling,
776:Résumés philosophiques
678:historical materialism
672:, had an influence on
513:
452:The Spirit of the Laws
393:
360:
266:introduced the use of
2615:18th-century atheists
2555:Jacques-André Naigeon
1300:Counter-Enlightenment
625:Nature versus nurture
623:Further information:
585:Further information:
544:Further information:
508:
474:in January 1759. The
381:
375:of the philosophers.
351:
2640:Atheist philosophers
1254:Age of Enlightenment
703:British philosopher
567:no freedom of choice
546:Psychological egoism
540:Psychological egoism
470:condemned it in the
157:Political philosophy
30:For other uses, see
2489:D'Holbach's Coterie
2260:Feijóo y Montenegro
2211:Vorontsova-Dashkova
1054:, pp. 254–255.
774:(1863); PL Lezaud,
698:Johann Georg Hamann
696:German philosopher
534:Madame de Graffigny
390:Frederick the Great
2600:Writers from Paris
2560:Ferdinando Galiani
1399:Natural philosophy
895:Helvetius, Adriaan
802:(1894); A Piazzi,
676:, the theorist of
598:Social engineering
514:
472:Parlement of Paris
394:
361:
284:Club de l'Entresol
133:French materialism
117:Western philosophy
2665:French Freemasons
2645:Fermiers généraux
2587:
2586:
2455:
2454:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1448:Scientific method
1305:Critical thinking
1192:
1191:
1181:
1180:
958:978-0-598-51150-8
826:, "Helvétius" in
784:Modern Philosophy
530:Madame du Deffand
486:, in particular,
437:and its reception
276:Marie Leszczyńska
264:Adriaan Helvetius
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
2672:
2660:French ethicists
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1492:
1481:
1439:
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1200:Internet Archive
1177:
1175:Helvétius Papers
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1089:Berlin, Isaiah,
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886:
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862:
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844:
808:Georgi Plekhanov
794:(Berlin, 1891);
729:authoritarianism
655:John Stuart Mill
321:, a work called
217:
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86:26 December 1771
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2510:Baron von Grimm
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2115:
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1996:
1948:
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1879:
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1601:
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1453:Spanish America
1327:Encyclopédistes
1290:Civil liberties
1267:
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1138:, ed. (1911). "
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806:(Milan, 1889);
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670:Baron d'Holbach
659:Cesare Beccaria
643:
627:
621:
589:
583:
548:
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406:rue Sainte-Anne
398:Château de Voré
353:Château de Voré
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68:26 January 1715
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40:
37:
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19:
2564:
2431:
2176:Catherine II
1672:
1628:Beaumarchais
1458:Universality
1429:Reductionism
1376:
1353:Human rights
1217:by Helvétius
1214:
1208:by Helvétius
1205:
1143:
1116:Attribution:
1115:
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755:Bibliography
744:
742:
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572:
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492:Encyclopédie
491:
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402:Loir-et-Cher
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365:Frederick II
362:
357:Loir-et-Cher
352:
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316:
253:
245:
239:
227:
168:
167:
152:
88:(1771-12-26)
36:
2610:1771 deaths
2605:1715 births
2570:Jean Darcet
2433:Romanticism
2255:Charles III
2096:Poniatowski
2033:Leeuwenhoek
2013:de la Court
2001:Netherlands
1845:Mendelssohn
1840:Lichtenberg
1718:Montesquieu
1436:Sapere aude
1419:Rationalism
1414:Rationality
1404:Objectivity
1161:Archives at
1040:De l'esprit
1038:Helvétius,
1027:De l'esprit
1025:Helvétius,
1014:De l'esprit
1012:Helvétius,
847:"Helvétius"
721:Saint-Simon
613:De l'esprit
587:Tabula rasa
511:De l'Esprit
500:De l'esprit
484:philosophes
447:Montesquieu
443:De l'esprit
435:De l'esprit
385:philosophes
339:egalitarian
335:utilitarian
323:De l'esprit
319:magnum opus
304:Montesquieu
268:ipecacuanha
229:littérateur
220:philosopher
2594:Categories
2275:Villarroel
2270:Jovellanos
2206:Radishchev
2153:Micu-Klein
2091:Niemcewicz
2058:Swammerdam
2048:Nieuwentyt
2038:Mandeville
1893:Farmakidis
1779:Burlamaqui
1688:La Mettrie
1663:Fontenelle
1618:d'Argenson
1613:d'Alembert
1537:Harrington
1463:Utopianism
1363:Liberalism
1320:Empiricism
1295:Classicism
1285:Capitalism
834:References
796:A Guillois
780:FD Maurice
745:Le Bonheur
429:Philosophy
367:, went to
248:(meaning "
246:Schweitzer
137:Sensualism
64:1715-01-26
2396:Jefferson
2338:Hutcheson
2227:Obradović
2196:Lomonosov
2191:Kheraskov
2101:Śniadecki
1865:Weishaupt
1860:Thomasius
1850:Pufendorf
1693:Lavoisier
1678:d'Holbach
1673:Helvétius
1653:Descartes
1648:Condorcet
1643:Condillac
1577:Priestley
1394:Modernity
1315:Democracy
1029:, p. 100.
782:, in his
692:Criticism
682:communism
674:Karl Marx
641:Influence
575:Hobbesian
556:sensation
331:atheistic
327:sensation
302:, and of
255:Helvétius
224:freemason
2446:Category
2391:Franklin
2358:Playfair
2328:Ferguson
2285:Scotland
2232:Mrazović
2186:Kantemir
2181:Fonvizin
2120:Portugal
2086:Krasicki
2081:Konarski
2076:Kołłątaj
2028:Koerbagh
1977:Genovesi
1962:Beccaria
1924:Berkeley
1855:Schiller
1820:Humboldt
1794:Saussure
1789:Rousseau
1753:Voltaire
1708:Maréchal
1683:Jaucourt
1638:Châtelet
1633:Chamfort
1582:Reynolds
1485:Thinkers
1389:Midlands
1378:Lumières
1348:Humanism
1341:Haskalah
1042:, p. 325
822:(1907);
778:(1853);
717:Rousseau
649:and the
565:We have
518:Rousseau
476:Sorbonne
464:Louis XV
343:Sorbonne
296:Voltaire
2401:Madison
2373:Stewart
2313:Burnett
2308:Boswell
2293:Beattie
2265:Moratín
2250:Cadalso
2201:Novikov
2136:Romania
2111:Wybicki
2106:Staszic
2053:Spinoza
2023:Huygens
2018:Grotius
1972:Galvani
1967:Galiani
1917:Ireland
1898:Feraios
1870:Wieland
1835:Lessing
1830:Leibniz
1803:Germany
1784:Prévost
1769:Abauzit
1733:Quesnay
1723:Morelly
1713:Meslier
1698:Leclerc
1658:Diderot
1547:Johnson
1522:Collins
1517:Bentham
1502:Addison
1495:England
1443:Science
1280:Atheism
1198:at the
1133::
1016:, p. 21
725:Maistre
609:Diderot
593:Lockean
526:Diderot
496:Jesuits
211:French:
2353:Newton
2343:Hutton
2323:Cullen
2220:Serbia
2168:Russia
2158:Șincai
2068:Poland
2008:Bekker
1982:Pagano
1944:Toland
1908:Korais
1903:Kairis
1885:Greece
1815:Herder
1810:Goethe
1774:Bonnet
1762:Geneva
1748:Turgot
1738:Raynal
1728:Pascal
1668:Gouges
1606:France
1592:Tindal
1587:Sidney
1562:Newton
1557:Milton
1532:Godwin
1527:Gibbon
1424:Reason
1266:Topics
1170:Source
1127:
955:
739:Poetry
713:Fichte
635:ethics
369:Berlin
155:
153:·
151:
149:Ethics
124:School
113:Region
76:France
2411:Paine
2406:Mason
2368:Smith
2318:Burns
2303:Blair
2298:Black
2242:Spain
2148:Maior
2043:Meyer
1987:Verri
1954:Italy
1939:Swift
1934:Burke
1929:Boyle
1875:Wolff
1703:Mably
1623:Bayle
1572:Price
1552:Locke
1542:Hooke
1512:Bacon
1310:Deism
709:Hegel
686:Paris
522:Grimm
460:Louis
413:Deist
298:as a
294:, of
290:as a
250:Swiss
72:Paris
2363:Reid
2348:Mill
2333:Hume
1992:Vico
1825:Kant
1743:Sade
1567:Pope
953:ISBN
723:and
680:and
337:and
300:poet
236:Life
226:and
83:Died
58:Born
1142:".
770:'s
657:.
449:'s
103:Era
2596::
1098:^
961:.
917:^
902:^
849:.
810:,
798:,
735:.
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