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thought
Clement was going to die and had pope-elect Cardinal Bishop Teobald of Ostia on hand for when Clement died. Though Clement was old and ill, he was still elected as pope and could have something to do with the small number of cardinals, only eight Cardinals and three of them having been known Romans, at the election of Clement. The electors of Clement may have been aiming for the possibility of returning the curia to Rome, which would in fact happen during his time as pope.
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power conflicts and political division among Spain's
Christian population. The pope emphasized in this letter that the Christian war in Spain, the Reconquista, against Muslims was comparable to the Crusades in the Holy Land and urged for effective unity and the formation of a powerful army to combat them.
445:
The relationship of Romans and Sicily had been turbulent and the Romans were increasingly becoming mad at the pope before 1188 which had led to two rival factions in the college of cardinals, with one faction becoming closer to forming an alliance with the king of Sicily, and the other side wanting
410:
since Pope Lucius III, a probable cause of the conflict between the pope and Romans. On 31 May 1188 he concluded a treaty with the Romans which removed long standing difficulties, thus returning the papacy to Rome. Clement wrote a letter to
Archbishop of Toledo, Gonzalo Perez, where he bemoaned the
328:
from 19 December 1187 to his death in 1191. He ended the conflict between the Papacy and the city of Rome, by allowing the election of magistrates, which reinstalled the Papacy back in the city after a six year exile. Clement, faced with a deplete college of cardinals, created thirty-one cardinals
388:
Two months before being elected pope, Paolo
Scolari had been rejected as a papal candidate by the cardinals due to being in poor health. Even during his office as pope his health was a cause of concern. An instance of his poor health was six months after he was elected in June 1188 the cardinals
476:
Clement, after
Alexander III prohibited supplying military information and material to Muslims, had a series of decretals increased the banned items people would be allowed to trade and called for an embargo with the Islamic world.
418:, consisting of no more than twenty cardinals. He orchestrated three series of promotions (March 1188, May 1189 and October 1190) that resulted in thirty-one cardinals. This number of cardinals had not been seen since 1159, under
508:
Clement died on 10 April 1191, Celestine III who was 85, was elected the day of
Clements death unanimously. Celestine was not involved with either of the sides or factions that were the 'imperialists' nor the 'Sicilians'.
406:, while the nomination of the governor of the city remained in the hands of the pope. In March 1188 Clement III had agreed that the Roman Church would reimburse numerous Roman citizens who have not received any
401:
of
December 1187, Clement succeeded in allaying the conflict which had existed for half a century between the popes and the citizens of Rome, with an agreement by which the citizens were allowed to elect their
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Tartakoff, Paola (2015). "Testing
Boundaries: Jewish Conversion and Cultural Fluidity in Medieval Europe, c. 1200-1391".
880:
Marin-Guzmán, Roberto (1992). "Crusade in Al-Andalus: The
Eleventh Century formation of the Reconquista as an Ideology".
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Lower, Michael (2014). "The Papacy and
Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa".
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937:. Vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press.
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Paolo was elected as the new Pope on December 19, 1187, two days after the death of
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981:
The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections
325:
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104:
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2015:
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Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985, pp. 203-211
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Plenitude of power: the doctrines and exercise of authority in the Middle Ages
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330:
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534:
473:. The crisis was acute when the Pope died in the latter part of March 1191.
17:
1068:
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5303:
5291:
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4644:
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3112:
1215:
963:
864:
373:. He was the cardinals' second choice, but their first choice, cardinal
5806:
5420:
5042:
4614:
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3452:
3326:
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1045:
1032:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 483.
5415:
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4072:
4057:
4001:
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462:
381:, refused the papal throne. Clement was the second Roman pope since
4865:
4033:
3997:
2853:
1012:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4038:
3757:
1163:
1114:
268:
Bishops consecrated by Pope Clement III as principal consecrator
179:
154:
5972:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
4939:
2857:
1136:
740:
738:
430:
Clement sent the Archbishop of Tyre, Josias, to persuade King
349:
growing in significance in Rome during the twelfth century.
5861:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
990:
Medieval Rome: Stability & Crisis of a City, 900-1150
625:
623:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
610:
608:
834:
Benson, Robert Louis; Figueira, Robert Charles (2006).
725:
723:
721:
5892:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
397:
Shortly after his accession at the conclusion of the
345:
Paolo Scolari was born into the influential house of
333:. He died 20 March 1191 and was quickly replaced by
66:
13th century miniature of Pope Clement III from the
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243:
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224:
217:
200:
169:
143:
138:
125:
120:
110:
100:
92:
84:
74:
39:
320:; 1130 – 20 March 1191), was the head of the
6266:Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1056:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
357:, cardinal-deacon of Sergio e Bacco, and finally
5962:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
900:The Papacy, 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation
588:Zu Wahl, Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III.
586:About the date of his death see Katrin Baaken:
500:, thus making it independent of all save Rome.
449:In April 1189, Clement ended the conflict with
792:
4951:
2869:
1148:
27:Head of the Catholic Church from 1187 to 1191
8:
744:
353:appointed him archpriest of the patriarchal
6261:12th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
5977:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
5927:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
5346:
5335:
5118:
4958:
4944:
4936:
4798:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
3739:
3254:
2939:
2876:
2862:
2854:
2622:
1155:
1141:
1133:
1094:
820:, (Willian Blackwood and Sons, 1887), 329.
818:History of the Catholic Church of Scotland
256:
214:
60:
36:
780:
768:
756:
729:
712:
688:
665:
629:
614:
480:Clement settled a controversy with King
6236:Cardinals created by Pope Alexander III
700:
653:
641:
579:
461:, Clement III angered him by bestowing
496:from the legatine jurisdiction of the
197:
804:
599:
7:
5831:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
492:, and on 13 March 1188 removed the
5386:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1018:Rockwell, William Walker (1911). "
414:Clement also inherited a depleted
25:
446:reconciliation with the emperor.
329:over three years, the most since
6193:
6181:
5512:Fourth Council of Constantinople
5467:Second Council of Constantinople
4920:
4919:
4908:
4876:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
4424:Criticism of the Catholic Church
2835:
2824:
2823:
1079:
1067:
1050:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1044:Loughlin, James Francis (1908).
1005:
568:Cardinals created by Clement III
547:
533:
519:
453:. In spite of agreeing to crown
5482:Third Council of Constantinople
5406:First Council of Constantinople
3043:First seven ecumenical councils
91:
83:
6241:12th-century Italian cardinals
6231:Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
5721:Dissolution of the monasteries
4987:History of the Catholic Church
3618:Separation of church and state
884:. 31, No. 3 (Autumn): 287-318.
1:
5595:Fourth Council of the Lateran
5570:Second Council of the Lateran
5179:Apostles in the New Testament
484:concerning the choice of the
359:cardinal bishop of Palestrina
5709:Catholic Counter-Reformation
5575:Third Council of the Lateran
5565:First Council of the Lateran
5021:Catholic ecumenical councils
889:McBrien, Richard P. (2000).
983:. Canterbury Press Norwich.
893:. HarperCollins Publishers.
6282:
5055:History of the Roman Curia
4915:Catholic Church portal
992:. Oxford University Press.
979:Walsh, Michael J. (2003).
793:Benson & Figueira 2006
191:Other popes named Clement
29:
6176:
5791:European wars of religion
5102:Eastern Catholic Churches
4903:
4841:Aid to the Church in Need
4462:Vatican Television Center
4107:Eastern Catholic Churches
2891:
2819:
1174:
1121:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1020:Clement s.v. Clement III.
956:10.1017/S0038713415001402
935:A History of the Crusades
933:Runciman, Steven (1999).
857:10.1017/S0038713414000761
838:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
816:Blair, D. Oswald Hunter,
471:Roger III, Duke of Apulia
255:
213:
189:
59:
52:
5922:Mary of the Divine Heart
5545:Clash against the empire
5497:Second Council of Nicaea
5391:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4783:Communion and Liberation
4247:Eastern Catholic liturgy
3412:Mystici Corporis Christi
3340:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
1047:"Pope Clement III"
908:10.1017/CBO9781139167772
30:Not to be confused with
6188:Vatican City portal
5540:Investiture Controversy
5396:First Council of Nicaea
3598:Philosophy of canon law
3528:Mariology of the saints
3108:Investiture Controversy
2637:During the Roman Empire
1029:Encyclopædia Britannica
988:Wickham, Chris (2015).
898:Robinson, I. S (1990).
6200:Catholicism portal
6011:Second Vatican Council
5897:Our Lady of La Salette
5704:Protestant Reformation
5691:Protestant Reformation
5610:Second Council of Lyon
4999:Ecclesiastical history
4851:Catholic Charities USA
4485:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4473:Vatican Polyglot Press
3523:Mariology of the popes
3161:Protestant Reformation
2842:Catholic Church Portal
2702:Conflicts with the HRE
1099:Catholic Church titles
451:Frederick I Barbarossa
317:
5907:First Vatican Council
5605:First Council of Lyon
5369:Constantine the Great
5065:Christian monasticism
4605:Good Shepherd Sisters
4447:Holy See Press Office
3685:Doctors of the Church
3518:Immaculate Conception
3473:Anointing of the Sick
3008:History of the papacy
2618:History of the papacy
1053:Catholic Encyclopedia
482:William I of Scotland
203:Ordination history of
148:Paulino/Paolo Scolari
68:Speculum Grandimontis
6084:Sexual abuse scandal
5993:Mit brennender Sorge
5836:Age of Enlightenment
5615:Bernard of Clairvaux
5492:Byzantine Iconoclasm
5431:Council of Chalcedon
5211:Council of Jerusalem
5080:Role in civilization
5060:Religious institutes
4992:By country or region
4478:L'Osservatore Romano
4416:Role in civilisation
4142:Croatian and Serbian
3890:Episcopal conference
3852:St. Peter's Basilica
3210:Sexual abuse scandal
3166:Catholic Reformation
2780:Revolutionary Papacy
2774:Age of Enlightenment
1076:at Wikimedia Commons
416:college of cardinals
275:Archbishop Dauferius
261:Episcopal succession
32:Antipope Clement III
5912:Papal infallibility
5902:Our Lady of Lourdes
5851:Shimabara Rebellion
5695:Counter-Reformation
4813:Neocatechumenal Way
4778:Charismatic Renewal
4492:Annuario Pontificio
4090:Particular churches
3766:Ecumenical councils
3538:Perpetual virginity
3373:Communitas perfecta
3317:Sermon on the Mount
2627:Antiquity and Early
2431:17th–21st centuries
2145:13th–16th centuries
541:Christianity portal
436:Philip II of France
432:Henry II of England
6256:12th-century popes
5957:Our Lady of Fátima
5746:Ignatius of Loyola
5670:Catherine of Siena
5638:Pope Boniface VIII
5457:Benedict of Nursia
5426:Council of Ephesus
5263:Ante-Nicene period
5216:Split with Judaism
5050:Crusading movement
4650:Premonstratensians
3033:Ante-Nicene period
2911:Lists of Catholics
2762:Reformation Papacy
2756:Renaissance Papacy
2698:(1012–1044 / 1048)
2651:Ostrogothic Papacy
1744:9th–12th centuries
1084:Works by or about
891:Lives of the Popes
644:, p. 207-208.
498:Archbishop of York
459:Holy Roman Emperor
361:in December 1180.
351:Pope Alexander III
295:Archbishop Bernard
238:Pope Alexander III
6208:
6207:
6168:COVID-19 pandemic
6146:Pope Benedict XVI
6051:Pope John Paul II
5826:Pope Benedict XIV
5812:French Revolution
5796:Thirty Years' War
5786:Robert Bellarmine
5771:John of the Cross
5675:Pope Alexander VI
5660:Council of Vienne
5590:Francis of Assisi
5580:Pope Innocent III
5449:Early Middle Ages
5443:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5381:Arian controversy
5334:
5333:
5282:Apostolic Fathers
4933:
4932:
4343:
4342:
3736:
3559:
3558:
3251:
3228:
3227:
3220:COVID-19 pandemic
3190:French Revolution
3180:Thirty Years' War
3088:Islamic conquests
3001:Apostolic fathers
2936:
2851:
2850:
2815:
2814:
2707:Wandering Papacy
2670:Saeculum obscurum
2643:Under Constantine
1448:5th–8th centuries
1242:1st–4th centuries
1226:papal resignation
1131:
1130:
1122:Succeeded by
1072:Media related to
917:978-1-139-16777-2
745:Marin-Guzmán 1992
438:to undertake the
355:Liberian Basilica
324:and ruler of the
307:
306:
303:
302:
251:
250:
196:
195:
177:(aged 60–61)
163:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
6273:
6198:
6197:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6163:Patriarch Kirill
6036:Pope John Paul I
5841:Anti-clericalism
5821:Pope Innocent XI
5741:Society of Jesus
5726:Council of Trent
5680:Age of Discovery
5625:Late Middle Ages
5527:High Middle Ages
5517:East–West Schism
5401:Pope Sylvester I
5347:
5336:
5246:General epistles
5241:Pauline epistles
5174:John the Baptist
5157:Great Commission
5119:
5070:Catholic culture
4960:
4953:
4946:
4937:
4923:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4655:Redemptoristines
4503:Religious orders
4429:Anti-Catholicism
4379:Church buildings
4239:Catholic liturgy
3979:Consecrated life
3837:Apostolic Palace
3804:Synod of Bishops
3740:
3716:
3322:Ten Commandments
3255:
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3138:Age of Discovery
2972:Great Commission
2940:
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2827:
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2747:Early Modern and
2657:Byzantine Papacy
2623:
1157:
1150:
1143:
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1105:Preceded by
1095:
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1074:Pope Clement III
1071:
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299:19 November 1189
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207:Pope Clement III
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139:Personal details
126:Created cardinal
88:19 December 1187
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6005:Pacem in terris
5999:Pope John XXIII
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5856:Edict of Nantes
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5766:Teresa of Ávila
5761:Tridentine Mass
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4861:Relief Services
4827:
4773:Catholic Action
4763:Military orders
4700:Confraternities
4692:of the faithful
4691:
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4017:Prior, Prioress
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3862:Vatican Museums
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3709:
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3588:Social teaching
3555:
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3394:One true church
3358:
3335:Sixtine Vulgate
3331:Official Bible
3245:
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3224:
3142:
3074:
3019:
2989:Petrine primacy
2932:
2928:
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2887:
2885:Catholic Church
2882:
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2794:(1929–present)
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2663:Frankish Papacy
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2140:
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1038:Further reading
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5807:Baroque period
5805:
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5778:
5776:Peter Canisius
5773:
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5758:
5753:
5751:Francis Xavier
5748:
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5738:
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5728:
5723:
5718:
5715:Exsurge Domine
5711:
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5698:
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5667:
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5655:Pope Clement V
5652:
5651:
5650:
5648:Avignon Papacy
5643:Western Schism
5640:
5635:
5633:Thomas Aquinas
5629:
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5487:Saint Boniface
5484:
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5472:Pope Gregory I
5469:
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5444:
5441:
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5411:Biblical canon
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5365:
5363:
5344:
5340:Late antiquity
5332:
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5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
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5294:
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5287:Pope Clement I
5277:Church Fathers
5274:
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5045:
5040:
5038:Biblical canon
5033:Catholic Bible
5030:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5006:
5001:
4996:
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4758:
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4756:
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4744:
4737:Lay Carmelites
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
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4637:
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4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:Conceptionists
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Assumptionists
4516:
4514:
4499:
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4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
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4393:
4388:
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4364:
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4337:
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4328:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4222:Syro-Malankara
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Italo-Albanian
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4098:
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3990:
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3842:Lateran Treaty
3839:
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3806:
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3800:
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3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
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3578:Moral theology
3575:
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3556:
3554:
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3408:
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3329:
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3309:
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3163:
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3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Pope Gregory I
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3065:Biblical canon
3062:
3060:Late antiquity
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2996:Church fathers
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2976:
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2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2948:
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2937:
2930:Ecclesiastical
2917:
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2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2889:
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2817:
2816:
2813:
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2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2789:
2786:Roman Question
2783:
2777:
2776:(c. 1640–1740)
2771:
2768:Baroque Papacy
2765:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2737:Western Schism
2734:
2731:Avignon Papacy
2728:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2677:Crescentii era
2674:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
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2530:
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2515:
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2505:
2500:
2495:
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2485:
2483:Alexander VIII
2480:
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2465:
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2455:
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2428:
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1024:Chisholm, Hugh
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3749:List of popes
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3406:Infallibility
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3185:Enlightenment
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3156:Protestantism
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3118:Schism (1378)
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3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Schism (1054)
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:High and Late
2685:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Benedict XIII
2501:
2499:
2498:Innocent XIII
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Alexander VII
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Innocent VIII
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Callixtus III
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Boniface VIII
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Celestine III
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Alexander III
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Anastasius IV
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Sylvester III
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Benedict VIII
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Anastasius II
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:Pope emeritus
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:List of popes
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1126:
1125:Celestine III
1117:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1014:public domain
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
991:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
831:
827:
819:
813:
810:
806:
801:
798:
795:, p. 40.
794:
789:
786:
782:
781:Runciman 1999
777:
774:
771:, p. 89.
770:
769:Robinson 1990
765:
762:
759:, p. 55.
758:
757:Robinson 1990
753:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
730:Rockwell 1911
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
713:Robinson 1990
709:
706:
702:
697:
694:
691:, p. 88.
690:
689:Robinson 1990
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
671:
668:, p. 87.
667:
666:Robinson 1990
662:
659:
656:, p. 34.
655:
650:
647:
643:
638:
635:
631:
630:Robinson 1990
626:
624:
620:
617:, p. 32.
616:
615:Robinson 1990
611:
609:
605:
602:, p. 79.
601:
596:
593:
589:
583:
580:
573:
569:
566:
564:
563:List of popes
561:
560:
556:
545:
542:
536:
531:
528:
517:
512:
510:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
441:
440:Third Crusade
437:
433:
425:
423:
421:
417:
412:
409:
405:
400:
392:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
335:Celestine III
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
298:
296:
292:
288:
286:
282:
279:December 1188
278:
276:
272:
265:
258:
254:
246:
242:
239:
236:
230:
223:
216:
212:
199:
192:
188:
185:
181:
173:20 March 1191
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
142:
137:
134:
133:Alexander III
128:
124:
119:
116:
115:Celestine III
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:20 March 1191
95:
87:
80:
77:
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
51:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6155:
6151:Pope Francis
6077:21st century
6026:Pope Paul VI
6003:
5991:
5944:20th century
5931:
5882:Pope Pius IX
5870:19th century
5846:Pope Pius VI
5713:
5585:Latin Empire
5555:Universities
5507:Pope Leo III
5374:Christianity
5359:state church
5351:Great Church
5152:Resurrection
5115:(30–325/476)
5112:Early Church
5097:Latin Church
5092:Papal States
5087:Vatican City
4895:Universities
4727:Third orders
4690:Associations
4680:Visitandines
4675:Trinitarians
4625:Mercedarians
4610:Hieronymites
4555:Camaldoleses
4540:Benedictines
4530:Augustinians
4490:
4483:
4476:
4457:Vatican News
4411:Distinctions
4217:Syro-Malabar
4102:Latin Church
4024:Grand master
3922:Metropolitan
3819:Vatican City
3714:Organisation
3593:Philosophers
3458:Confirmation
3435:In canon law
3429:Subsistit in
3427:
3423:Three states
3410:
3371:
3364:Ecclesiology
3346:Nova Vulgata
3344:
3302:Original sin
3297:Nicene Creed
3287:Divine grace
3246:
3128:Universities
3098:Papal States
3025:Great Church
2967:Resurrection
2944:Early Church
2840:
2828:
2798:World War II
2792:Vatican City
2668:
2639:(until 493)
2603:Benedict XVI
2598:John Paul II
2518:Clement XIII
2513:Benedict XIV
2488:Innocent XII
2422:Clement VIII
2397:Gregory XIII
2377:Marcellus II
2337:Alexander VI
2287:Innocent VII
2252:Benedict XII
2207:Nicholas III
2172:Alexander IV
2162:Celestine IV
2152:Honorius III
2136:Innocent III
2125:
2121:Gregory VIII
2081:Celestine II
2066:Callixtus II
2036:Alexander II
1961:Sylvester II
1941:Benedict VII
1901:Stephen VIII
1786:Benedict III
1640:Adeodatus II
1585:Boniface III
1439:Anastasius I
1113:
1108:Gregory VIII
1051:
1027:
999:Attribution:
998:
996:
989:
980:
947:
943:
934:
899:
890:
881:
848:
844:
835:
817:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
715:, p. 5.
708:
701:Wickham 2015
696:
661:
654:Wickham 2015
649:
642:McBrien 2000
637:
595:
587:
582:
507:
479:
475:
448:
444:
429:
413:
407:
396:
387:
371:Gregory VIII
368:
344:
326:Papal States
309:
308:
184:Papal States
175:(1191-03-20)
159:Papal States
105:Gregory VIII
93:Papacy ended
85:Papacy began
67:
6251:1191 deaths
6246:1130 births
6157:Laudato si'
5952:Pope Pius X
5781:Philip Neri
5756:Pope Pius V
5731:Thomas More
5600:Inquisition
5502:Charlemagne
5462:Monasticism
5272:Persecution
5164:Holy Spirit
5147:Crucifixion
5026:First seven
4885:Health care
4871:Pax Christi
4823:Schoenstatt
4788:Sant'Egidio
4620:Legionaries
4600:Franciscans
4575:Cistercians
4570:Carthusians
4525:Annonciades
4384:Altarpieces
4277:West Syriac
4272:East Syriac
4252:Alexandrian
3876:Holy orders
3857:Swiss Guard
3797:Dicasteries
3792:Roman Curia
3690:Evangelists
3648:Holy Family
3583:Personalism
3573:Natural law
3551:Josephology
3485:Holy orders
3123:Inquisition
3080:Middle Ages
3070:Monasticism
3038:Constantine
2962:Crucifixion
2806:(1945–1991)
2800:(1939–1945)
2788:(1870–1929)
2782:(1775–1848)
2770:(1585–1689)
2764:(1534–1585)
2758:(1417–1534)
2739:(1378–1417)
2733:(1309–1378)
2725:, 1228–1304
2719:, 1262–1297
2713:, 1257–1281
2704:(1048–1257)
2689:Middle Ages
2629:Middle Ages
2593:John Paul I
2568:Benedict XV
2548:Gregory XVI
2523:Clement XIV
2508:Clement XII
2478:Innocent XI
2417:Innocent IX
2412:Gregory XIV
2362:Clement VII
2292:Gregory XII
2282:Boniface IX
2262:Innocent VI
2237:Benedict XI
2227:Celestine V
2222:Nicholas IV
2217:Honorius IV
2167:Innocent IV
2126:Clement III
2076:Innocent II
2071:Honorius II
2061:Gelasius II
2041:Gregory VII
2031:Nicholas II
1991:Benedict IX
1936:Benedict VI
1911:Agapetus II
1886:Stephen VII
1861:Sergius III
1851:Benedict IV
1841:Theodore II
1826:Boniface VI
1725:Stephen III
1705:Gregory III
1695:Constantine
1660:Benedict II
1595:Adeodatus I
1590:Boniface IV
1570:Pelagius II
1530:Boniface II
1470:Celestine I
1409:Sylvester I
1394:Marcellus I
1389:Marcellinus
1324:Callixtus I
1309:Eleutherius
1284:Telesphorus
1274:Alexander I
1196:Papal names
1086:Clement III
404:magistrates
383:Innocent II
318:Clemens III
233:Elevated by
226:Cardinalate
101:Predecessor
47:Clement III
18:Clement III
6215:Categories
6030:coronation
5736:Pope Leo X
5321:Tertullian
5251:Revelation
5226:Background
4640:Oratorians
4595:Dominicans
4565:Carmelites
4560:Camillians
4508:institutes
4321:Tridentine
4257:Antiochian
4177:Macedonian
4122:Belarusian
4012:Provincial
3927:Archbishop
3847:Roman Rota
3809:Properties
3734:By country
3730:Precedence
3695:Confessors
3675:Archangels
3665:Patriarchs
3565:Philosophy
3543:Veneration
3508:Assumption
3478:Last rites
3445:Sacraments
3389:Four marks
3200:Vatican II
3148:Modern era
2984:Succession
2749:Modern Era
2679:(974–1012)
2583:John XXIII
2493:Clement XI
2468:Clement IX
2458:Innocent X
2453:Urban VIII
2448:Gregory XV
2372:Julius III
2307:Nicholas V
2272:Gregory XI
2257:Clement VI
2192:Innocent V
2182:Clement IV
2157:Gregory IX
2111:Lucius III
2091:Eugene III
2056:Paschal II
2046:Victor III
2026:Stephen IX
2011:Damasus II
2006:Clement II
2001:Gregory VI
1976:Sergius IV
1971:John XVIII
1921:Benedict V
1906:Marinus II
1831:Stephen VI
1811:Adrian III
1791:Nicholas I
1776:Sergius II
1771:Gregory IV
1751:Stephen IV
1715:Stephen II
1700:Gregory II
1620:Theodore I
1605:Honorius I
1600:Boniface V
1565:Benedict I
1555:Pelagius I
1540:Agapetus I
1500:Gelasius I
1490:Simplicius
1475:Sixtus III
1465:Boniface I
1455:Innocent I
1319:Zephyrinus
1233:Pope-elect
1209:non-extant
1090:Wikisource
926:1172526387
805:Lower 2014
600:Walsh 2003
574:References
490:St Andrews
486:archbishop
420:Hadrian IV
331:Hadrian IV
247:March 1179
129:March 1179
6046:Communism
6016:Ecumenism
5362:(380–451)
5354:(180–451)
5343:(313–476)
5265:(100–325)
4881:See also:
4833:Charities
4742:Discalced
4670:Trappists
4665:Theatines
4635:Olivetans
4580:Clarisses
4550:Blue nuns
4535:Basilians
4512:societies
4420:See also:
4306:Mozarabic
4296:Ambrosian
4282:Malankara
4267:Byzantine
4227:Ukrainian
4202:Ruthenian
4167:Hungarian
4152:Ethiopian
4127:Bulgarian
4094:sui iuris
4078:Postulant
3987:Religious
3942:Auxiliary
3937:Coadjutor
3907:Patriarch
3775:Cardinals
3722:Canon law
3718:Hierarchy
3700:Disciples
3623:Relations
3611:Evolution
3602:See also:
3547:See also:
3500:Mariology
3490:Matrimony
3463:Eucharist
3384:Ecumenism
3312:Salvation
3248:Catechism
3243:Tradition
3205:Communism
3053:Chalcedon
2673:(904–964)
2665:(756–857)
2659:(537–752)
2653:(493–537)
2645:(312–337)
2543:Pius VIII
2473:Clement X
2407:Urban VII
2357:Adrian VI
2347:Julius II
2327:Sixtus IV
2302:Eugene IV
2247:John XXII
2242:Clement V
2212:Martin IV
2187:Gregory X
2116:Urban III
2101:Adrian IV
2086:Lucius II
2021:Victor II
1966:John XVII
1956:Gregory V
1931:John XIII
1816:Stephen V
1806:Marinus I
1801:John VIII
1796:Adrian II
1766:Valentine
1761:Eugene II
1756:Paschal I
1690:Sisinnius
1675:Sergius I
1610:Severinus
1575:Gregory I
1545:Silverius
1515:Hormisdas
1510:Symmachus
1495:Felix III
1429:Damasus I
1404:Miltiades
1379:Eutychian
1369:Dionysius
1364:Sixtus II
1359:Stephen I
1349:Cornelius
1269:Evaristus
1264:Clement I
1259:Anacletus
1189:canonised
1184:graphical
972:155265107
873:154773840
469:, son of
434:and King
408:beneficia
111:Successor
6056:HIV/AIDS
5550:Crusades
5304:Irenaeus
5297:Ignatius
5292:Polycarp
5142:Ministry
5130:(30–100)
5004:Timeline
4925:Category
4818:Opus Dei
4803:Scouting
4793:Focolare
4660:Servites
4645:Piarists
4590:Crosiers
4326:Anglican
4262:Armenian
4192:Romanian
4182:Maronite
4157:Georgian
4147:Eritrean
4132:Chaldean
4117:Armenian
4112:Albanian
3993:Superior
3952:Emeritus
3932:Diocesan
3785:Advisers
3744:Holy See
3670:Prophets
3628:Politics
3399:Catholic
3379:Councils
3234:Theology
3113:Crusades
3048:Nicaea I
2979:Apostles
2957:Ministry
2926:Timeline
2906:Glossary
2830:Category
2804:Cold War
2578:Pius XII
2558:Leo XIII
2533:Pius VII
2402:Sixtus V
2367:Paul III
2342:Pius III
2297:Martin V
2277:Urban VI
2202:John XXI
2197:Adrian V
2177:Urban IV
2051:Urban II
1986:John XIX
1946:John XIV
1926:Leo VIII
1916:John XII
1821:Formosus
1730:Adrian I
1685:John VII
1635:Vitalian
1630:Eugene I
1625:Martin I
1580:Sabinian
1560:John III
1550:Vigilius
1525:Felix IV
1485:Hilarius
1434:Siricius
1424:Liberius
1419:Julius I
1399:Eusebius
1354:Lucius I
1314:Victor I
1299:Anicetus
1279:Sixtus I
1216:Antipope
1119:1187–91
964:43577434
944:Speculum
865:43577030
845:Speculum
513:See also
455:Henry VI
375:Theobald
365:Election
6021:Judaism
5421:Vulgate
5231:Gospels
5206:Stephen
5123:Origins
5043:Vulgate
4979:General
4969:of the
4967:History
4890:Schools
4846:Caritas
4754:Secular
4720:Workers
4615:Jesuits
4401:Museums
4396:Library
4374:Writers
4369:Artists
4349:Culture
4316:Paul VI
4197:Russian
4187:Melkite
4029:Brother
4007:General
3947:Titular
3917:Primate
3895:Eparchy
3885:Diocese
3832:Outline
3771:College
3761:Francis
3705:Virgins
3680:Martyrs
3606:Science
3513:History
3468:Penance
3453:Baptism
3354:Worship
3327:Vulgate
3275:Kingdom
3270:Trinity
3258:General
3013:Primacy
2921:History
2901:Outline
2723:Perugia
2717:Orvieto
2711:Viterbo
2608:Francis
2588:Paul VI
2573:Pius XI
2553:Pius IX
2538:Leo XII
2528:Pius VI
2387:Pius IV
2382:Paul IV
2322:Paul II
2317:Pius II
2267:Urban V
1951:John XV
1896:Leo VII
1891:John XI
1846:John IX
1836:Romanus
1735:Leo III
1710:Zachary
1680:John VI
1615:John IV
1535:John II
1460:Zosimus
1374:Felix I
1339:Anterus
1334:Pontian
1329:Urban I
1289:Hyginus
1166:of the
1026:(ed.).
1016::
828:Sources
467:Tancred
426:Actions
219:History
5987:Nazism
5809:to the
5416:Jerome
5326:Origen
5009:Papacy
4768:Fimcap
4710:Marian
4630:Minims
4362:Marian
4212:Syriac
4207:Slovak
4137:Coptic
4073:Oblate
4068:Master
4063:Novice
4058:Hermit
4046:Sister
4002:Abbess
3969:Deacon
3964:Priest
3959:Parish
3902:Bishop
3872:Polity
3658:Joseph
3640:Saints
3307:Saints
3195:Nazism
2563:Pius X
2443:Paul V
2438:Leo XI
2392:Pius V
2016:Leo IX
1881:Leo VI
1876:John X
1781:Leo IV
1720:Paul I
1665:John V
1655:Leo II
1650:Agatho
1520:John I
1344:Fabian
1294:Pius I
1204:extant
1200:Tombs
1022:". In
1010:
970:
962:
924:
914:
871:
863:
463:Sicily
393:Papacy
341:Family
121:Orders
75:Church
6221:Popes
6089:Islam
5357:Roman
5316:Canon
5189:Peter
5137:Jesus
4866:CIDSE
4715:Youth
4439:Media
4406:Music
4331:Zaire
4311:Roman
4301:Braga
4291:Latin
4162:Greek
4034:Friar
3998:Abbot
3912:Major
3827:Index
3726:Laity
3292:Dogma
3239:Bible
3215:Islam
3171:Trent
2952:Jesus
2934:Legal
2896:Index
2352:Leo X
1871:Lando
1856:Leo V
1670:Conon
1645:Donus
1480:Leo I
1384:Caius
1304:Soter
1254:Linus
1249:Peter
1164:Popes
968:S2CID
960:JSTOR
869:S2CID
861:JSTOR
504:Death
379:Ostia
314:Latin
6139:2023
6134:2019
6129:2016
6124:2013
6119:2011
6114:2008
6109:2005
6104:2002
6099:2000
6066:1995
5236:Acts
5199:Paul
5194:John
5169:Mary
4391:Folk
4039:Monk
3780:List
3758:Pope
3653:Mary
1414:Mark
1115:Pope
922:OCLC
912:ISBN
289:1189
244:Date
180:Rome
170:Died
155:Rome
151:1130
144:Born
42:Pope
5125:and
5075:Art
4705:Lay
4357:Art
4051:Nun
3773:of
3265:God
1088:at
952:doi
904:doi
853:doi
488:of
465:on
457:as
442:.
377:of
131:by
6217::
4510:,
4000:,
966:.
958:.
948:90
946:.
920:.
910:.
902:.
867:.
859:.
849:89
847:.
737:^
720:^
673:^
622:^
607:^
385:.
337:.
316::
182:,
161:,
157:,
6032:)
6028:(
4959:e
4952:t
4945:v
4505:,
3989::
3878:)
3874:(
3751:)
3747:(
2877:e
2870:t
2863:v
1156:e
1149:t
1142:v
974:.
954::
928:.
906::
875:.
855::
732:.
312:(
34:.
20:)
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