210:
certain similarities to both NEC's and Intel's code. From this evidence, the judge concluded that similarity in certain routines was a matter of functional constraints resulting from the compatibility requirements, and thus were likely free of a creative element. Although the clean-room approach had been used as preventative measure in view of possible litigation before (e.g. in the
Phoenix BIOS case), the
285:, a key plot point from the second episode is how the fictional Cardiff Electric computer company placed an engineer in a clean room to reverse engineer a BIOS for its PC clone, to provide cover and protection from IBM lawsuits for a previous probably-illegal hacking of the BIOS code others at the company had performed. It reminded many critics of
209:
it could be considered free of copyright violations. While NEC themselves did not follow a strict clean-room approach in the development of their clone's microcode, during the trial, they hired an independent contractor who was only given access to specifications but ended up writing code that had
339:
To protect against charges of having simply (and illegally) copied IBM's BIOS, Phoenix reverse-engineered it using what's called a "clean room," or "Chinese wall," approach. First, a team of engineers studied the IBM BIOS—about 8KB of code—and described everything it did as completely as possible
268:
Some works are closer to the core of intended copyright protection than others. Sony's BIOS lay at a distance from the core because it contains unprotected aspects that cannot be examined without copying. The court of appeal therefore accorded it a lower degree of protection than more traditional
70:
Typically, a clean-room design is done by having someone examine the system to be reimplemented and having this person write a specification. This specification is then reviewed by a lawyer to ensure that no copyrighted material is included. The specification is then implemented by a team with no
107:, happened before Phoenix announced, in July 1984, that they were licensing their own BIOS code. Phoenix expressly emphasized the clean-room process through which their BIOS code had been written by a programmer who did not even have prior exposure to Intel microprocessors, himself having been a
243:
emulator, alleging that its proprietary BIOS code had been copied into
Connectix's product without permission. Sony won the initial judgment, but the ruling was overturned on appeal. Sony eventually purchased the rights to Virtual Game Station to prevent its further sale and development. This
340:
without using or referencing any actual code. Then
Phoenix brought in a second team of programmers who had no prior knowledge of the IBM BIOS and had never seen its code. Working only from the first team's functional specifications, the second team wrote a new BIOS that operated as specified.
93:, and Handwell Corporation, were litigated by IBM for copyright infringement, and were forced to re-implement their BIOS in a way which did not infringe IBM's copyrights. The legal precedent for firmware being protected by copyright, however, hadn't been established until
204:
clone. A US judge ruled that while the early, internal revisions of NEC's microcode were indeed a copyright violation, the later one, which actually went into NEC's product, although derived from the former, were sufficiently different from the
174:. In the early years of its existence, Coherent's developer Mark Williams Company received a visit from an AT&T delegation looking to determine whether MWC was infringing on AT&T Unix property. It has been released as open source.
214:
case was the first time that the clean-room argument was accepted in a US court trial. A related aspect worth mentioning here is that NEC did have a license for Intel's patents governing the 8086 processor.
263:
directly. Connectix's successful appeal maintained that the direct disassembly and observation of proprietary code was necessary because there was no other way to determine its behavior. From the ruling:
111:
programmer beforehand. As late as the early 1990s, IBM was winning millions of dollars from settling BIOS copyright infringement lawsuits against some other PC clone manufacturers like
Matsushita/
740:
67:
The term implies that the design team works in an environment that is "clean" or demonstrably uncontaminated by any knowledge of the proprietary techniques used by the competitor.
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151:. The previous PC "clone" examples are notable for not daring to fight IBM in court, even before the legal precedent for copyrighting firmware had been made.
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99:, 714 F.2d 1240 (3rd Circuit Court 1983). The three settlements by IBM, and the legal clean-room PC BIOS designs of
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Software and
Intellectual Property Protection: Copyright and Patent Issues for Computer and Legal Professionals
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because it relies on independent creation. However, because independent invention is not a defense against
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This article is about the design-copying technique. For the manufacturing or research environment, see
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established a precedent addressing the legal implications of commercial reverse engineering efforts.
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sold its clean-room implementation of the IBM-compatible BIOS to various PC clone manufacturers.
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Clean-room design is usually employed as best practice, but not strictly required by law. In
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million dollar clean-room engineering, but a contemporary, but far less successful company,
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631:"A dumb hypothetical about the legality of someone documenting Windows XP - ReactOS Forum"
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associated with the original design. Clean-room design is useful as a defense against
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119:(1993–1994), although the latter suit was for infringements between 1985 and 1990.
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64:, clean-room designs typically cannot be used to circumvent patent restrictions.
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137:, the only computer model, among dozens of Apple II compatibles, which survived
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648:"Coherent sources released under a 3-clause BSD license – Virtually Fun"
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operating system made from clean-room reverse-engineered components of
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729:”, Computer Law Journal, vol. 4, issue 10, (Winter 1990) pp. 453–481
429:
PC Magazine: The
Independent Guide to IBM-Standard Personal Computing
286:
100:
61:
763:, 203 F.3d 596 (9th Cir. 2000). Web Archive.org copy, Feb 28, 2007.
987:
478:"COMPANY NEWS; Japanese Company Is Sued By I.B.M. Over Copyrights"
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713:, Volume 3, Spring Issue, 1990, pp. 209–222 (particularly p. 213)
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against Intel's charges that NEC's engineers simply copied the
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operating system, a clean-room re-implementation of version 7
495:
Joseph W. S. Davis; Hiroshi Oda; Yoshikazu
Takaishi (1996).
451:"Matsushita, IBM settle BIOS copyright infringement dispute"
760:
Sony
Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation
741:
Sony
Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation
895:
820:
InfoWorld: The
Newspaper for the Microcomputing Community
247:
During production, Connectix unsuccessfully attempted a
727:: A Guide to Using "Clean Room" Procedures as Evidence
551:"IMPACT OF APPLE VS. FRANKLIN DECISION By Rob Hassett"
148:
Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corporation
52:
and then recreating it without infringing any of the
862:(5th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 281–285.
702:
Jorge Contreras, Laura Handley, and Terrence Yang, "
220:
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
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2209:
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1380:
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816:"'Secured Facility' Solves Compatibility Conflicts"
223:was a 1999 lawsuit which established an important
48:technique) is the method of copying a design by
34:. For the software development methodology, see
27:Reverse-engineering without infringing copyright
425:"Phoenix Says Its BIOS May Foil IBM's Lawsuits"
96:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
775:, By Bill Machrone, Page 451, Jun 1983, PC Mag
499:. Kluwer Law International. pp. 248–254.
911:
707:: Breaking New Ground in the Law of Copyright
603:"The Making of a Computer by Perry Greenberg"
8:
85:Several other PC clone companies, including
455:Computerworld: The Newspaper for IT Leaders
358:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 130.
2477:
2206:
2180:
1625:
963:
952:
918:
904:
896:
642:
640:
838:A Dictionary of Intellectual Property Law
786:"Price Cut Pressure on Compatible Makers"
2435:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
279:In the first season of the 2014 TV show
841:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 53.
711:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
577:"Refusal of Apple's injunction request"
318:
877:Jonathan Band; Masanobu Katoh (2011).
381:"IBM Wins Disputes Over PC Copyrights"
71:connection to the original examiners.
2440:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
431:. Ziff Davis, Inc.: 56 10 July 1984.
122:Another clean-room design example is
7:
859:Legal Aspects of Managing Technology
379:Caruso, Denise (February 27, 1984),
814:Rachel Parker (28 September 1987).
476:Pollack, Andrew (2 February 1993).
457:. Computerworld: 67. 2 March 1987.
2384:American Institute of Graphic Arts
227:in regard to reverse engineering.
25:
2394:Design and Industries Association
673:Dennis Ritchie (April 10, 1998).
405:Sanger, David E. (9 June 1984).
326:Schwartz, Mathew (2001-11-12).
2389:Chartered Society of Designers
521:"A brief recap of the lawsuit"
36:cleanroom software engineering
18:Clean-room reverse engineering
1:
2460:Prince Philip Designers Prize
1103:Architectural lighting design
407:"EAGLE'S BATTLE FOR SURVIVAL"
2266:Electronic design automation
2249:Virtual home design software
1221:Automotive suspension design
126:'s successful clones of the
1125:Environmental impact design
497:Dispute resolution in Japan
255:the BIOS, so its engineers
2823:
2404:International Forum Design
1774:Engineering design process
352:Bernard A. Galler (1995).
29:
2739:
2487:
2476:
2205:
2179:
1635:
1624:
1526:Integrated circuit design
1448:Stage/set lighting design
1337:Hardware interface design
1253:Hardware interface design
962:
951:
933:
749: (9th Cir. 2000).
2361:Industrial design rights
2349:Fashion design copyright
2261:Design quality indicator
1710:Creative problem-solving
1501:Electrical system design
1357:Sonic interaction design
1268:Photographic lens design
1142:Healthy community design
2557:New product development
2522:Enterprise architecture
2450:IF Product Design Award
2409:Design Research Society
1961:Reliability engineering
879:Interfaces on Trial 2.0
185:NEC Corp. v Intel Corp.
154:Other examples include
2013:Top-down and bottom-up
1362:User experience design
1263:Packaging and labeling
1236:Electric guitar design
1174:Landscape architecture
856:Lee Burgunder (2010).
683:alt.folklore.computers
291:Columbia Data Products
271:
233:copyright infringement
105:Columbia Data Products
58:copyright infringement
2542:Innovation management
2425:European Design Award
2191:Intellectual property
2008:Theory of constraints
1971:Responsibility-driven
1811:For manufacturability
1715:Creativity techniques
1553:Nuclear weapon design
1367:User interface design
1231:Corrugated box design
1152:Interior architecture
835:Peter Groves (2011).
328:"Reverse-Engineering"
266:
2587:Unintelligent design
2567:Philosophy of design
2281:Design specification
2234:Comprehensive layout
1806:For behaviour change
1779:Probabilistic design
1541:Power network design
1078:Visual merchandising
1035:Instructional design
1013:Postage stamp design
792:: 49. 16 July 1984.
747:203 F.3d 596
241:Virtual Game Station
190:declaratory judgment
80:Phoenix Technologies
2807:Reverse engineering
2507:Creative industries
2430:German Design Award
2339:Design infringement
2224:Architectural model
1563:Organization design
1558:Nucleic acid design
1506:Experimental design
1059:Traffic sign design
773:Aboard the Columbia
330:. computerworld.com
295:Corona Data Systems
282:Halt and Catch Fire
231:sought damages for
200:processor in their
188:(1990), NEC sought
87:Corona Data Systems
50:reverse engineering
44:(also known as the
2572:Process simulation
2547:Intelligent design
1871:Intelligence-based
1866:Integrated topside
1796:Framework-oriented
1481:Behavioural design
1352:Information design
1030:Information design
722:David S. Elkins, “
581:The New York Times
557:. 18 December 2012
482:The New York Times
411:The New York Times
274:In popular culture
2789:
2788:
2735:
2734:
2502:Conceptual design
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2455:James Dyson Award
2311:Website wireframe
2301:Technical drawing
2175:
2174:
2023:Transgenerational
1764:Ecological design
1640:Activity-centered
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1598:Spacecraft design
1392:Public art design
1330:Video game design
1308:Experience design
1278:Production design
1258:Motorcycle design
1216:Automotive design
1120:Ecological design
998:Film title design
888:978-0-262-29446-1
869:978-1-4390-7981-2
848:978-1-84980-778-4
822:. InfoWorld: 41.
555:internetlegal.com
525:coolcopyright.com
506:978-90-411-0974-3
365:978-0-89930-974-3
42:Clean-room design
16:(Redirected from
2814:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2478:
2355:Geschmacksmuster
2329:Community design
2207:
2181:
1941:Process-centered
1737:Design–bid–build
1705:Cradle-to-cradle
1685:Concept-oriented
1626:
1603:Strategic design
1573:Processor design
1548:Mechanism design
1516:Geometric design
1476:Algorithm design
1416:Jewellery design
1347:Immersive design
1241:Furniture design
1186:Landscape design
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654:. 8 January 2015
652:virtuallyfun.com
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527:. Archived from
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2077:Value sensitive
2067:User innovation
1946:Public interest
1911:Object-oriented
1631:
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1593:Software design
1583:Research design
1536:Physical design
1491:Database design
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1457:
1433:Property design
1428:Game art design
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1157:Interior design
1108:Building design
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808:Further reading
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583:. 4 August 1982
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207:Intel microcode
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2597:Wicked problem
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2482:Related topics
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2045:Usage-centered
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2038:Design for All
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2018:Transformation
2015:
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1966:Research-based
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1931:Platform-based
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1918:
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1898:
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1881:KISS principle
1878:
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1791:Fault-tolerant
1788:
1786:Error-tolerant
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1769:Energy neutral
1766:
1761:
1756:
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1750:
1749:
1739:
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1725:Design fiction
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1608:Systems design
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1578:Protein design
1575:
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1568:Process design
1565:
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1531:Circuit design
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1453:Textile design
1450:
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1411:Costume design
1406:Fashion design
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1288:Service design
1285:
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1273:Product design
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1199:
1198:
1193:
1191:Spatial design
1188:
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1181:
1171:
1169:Keyline design
1166:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:Computer-aided
1127:
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1032:
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1021:
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1010:
1003:Graphic design
1000:
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993:Exhibit design
990:
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980:
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972:
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777:
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751:
731:
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695:
675:"Re: Coherent"
665:
636:
622:
610:classiccmp.org
594:
568:
542:
512:
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143:Apple Computer
91:Eagle Computer
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2713:
2712:specification
2710:
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2625:architectural
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2598:
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2593:
2592:Visualization
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2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Cultural icon
2510:
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2377:Organizations
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2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Design patent
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2334:Design around
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2055:User-centered
2053:
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2039:
2036:
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2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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2003:Tableless web
2001:
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1926:Participatory
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1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:For Six Sigma
1814:
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1807:
1804:
1802:
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1789:
1787:
1784:
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1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Domain-driven
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:architect-led
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
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1690:Configuration
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1673:
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1668:
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1661:
1658:
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1655:Brainstorming
1653:
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1634:
1627:
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1609:
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1601:
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1588:Social design
1586:
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1564:
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1534:
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1514:
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1511:Filter design
1509:
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1502:
1499:
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1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Boiler design
1484:
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1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1454:
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1446:
1444:
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1439:
1438:Scenic design
1436:
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1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Floral design
1421:
1417:
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1412:
1409:
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1130:Garden design
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1113:Passive solar
1111:
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1088:Environmental
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1079:
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1050:Retail design
1048:
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1038:
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968:Communication
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881:. MIT Press.
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623:
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569:
556:
552:
546:
543:
531:on 2008-07-03
530:
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348:
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329:
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319:
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309:
308:Code morphing
306:
305:
301:
297:more closely.
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81:
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68:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2802:Computer law
2582:STEAM fields
2552:Lean startup
2537:Indie design
2353:
2320:Intellectual
2072:Value-driven
2050:Use-centered
1956:Regenerative
1936:Policy-based
1896:Mind mapping
1801:For assembly
1742:Design–build
1660:By committee
1645:Adaptive web
1443:Sound design
1401:glass design
1399: /
1384:applied arts
1325:Level design
1196:Urban design
1147:Hotel design
1098:Architecture
1073:Video design
1066: /
1057: /
1025:Illustration
1018:Print design
988:Brand design
878:
858:
837:
819:
789:
780:
768:
758:
754:
739:
734:
725:NEC v. Intel
724:
718:
710:
705:NEC v. Intel
704:
698:
668:
658:20 September
656:. Retrieved
651:
625:
613:. Retrieved
609:
597:
585:. Retrieved
580:
571:
559:. Retrieved
554:
545:
533:. Retrieved
529:the original
524:
515:
496:
490:
481:
471:
454:
445:
428:
419:
410:
400:
391:February 28,
389:, retrieved
387:, p. 15
384:
374:
354:
347:
338:
332:. Retrieved
321:
280:
267:
257:disassembled
251:approach to
249:Chinese wall
246:
218:
217:
212:NEC v. Intel
211:
183:
181:
153:
146:
121:
94:
84:
78:
69:
66:
46:Chinese wall
41:
40:
2620:competition
2577:Slow design
2527:Form factor
2497:Concept art
2306:HTML editor
1986:Sustainable
1821:For testing
1665:By contract
1521:Work design
1496:Drug design
1468:engineering
1342:Icon design
1320:Game design
1298:Interaction
1246:Sustainable
1179:Sustainable
1068:Type design
1045:Photography
1040:News design
983:Book design
978:Advertising
957:Disciplines
261:object code
160:open-source
141:brought by
115:(1987) and
2796:Categories
2780:Wiktionary
2773:Wikisource
2727:technology
2697:principles
2296:Storyboard
2122:management
2117:leadership
2082:Privacy by
1921:Parametric
1891:Metadesign
1861:Integrated
1851:High-level
1836:Generative
1831:Functional
1700:Continuous
1695:Contextual
1670:C-K theory
1630:Approaches
1372:Web design
1226:CMF design
1206:Industrial
1064:Typography
334:2013-06-23
314:References
139:litigation
54:copyrights
32:clean room
2766:Wikiquote
2752:Wikibooks
2702:rationale
2667:knowledge
2642:education
2562:OODA loop
2286:Prototype
2271:Flowchart
2229:Blueprint
2097:computing
2033:Universal
1981:Safe-life
1886:Low-level
1876:Iterative
1856:Inclusive
1841:Geodesign
1732:Defensive
1680:Co-design
1650:Affective
828:0199-6649
798:0199-6649
790:InfoWorld
679:Newsgroup
463:0010-4841
437:0888-8507
385:InfoWorld
237:Connectix
225:precedent
194:microcode
135:Laser 128
113:Panasonic
2759:Wikinews
2692:paradigm
2672:language
2652:engineer
2647:elements
2637:director
2322:property
2167:thinking
2157:strategy
2142:research
2102:controls
2060:Empathic
1991:Systemic
1951:Rational
1906:New Wave
1720:Critical
943:Designer
302:See also
287:Compaq's
178:Case law
168:Coherent
133:for the
128:Apple II
75:Examples
2745:Commons
2717:studies
2662:history
2630:student
2615:classic
2603:Design
2517:.design
2445:Graphex
2147:science
2137:pattern
2132:methods
2107:culture
2090:Design
1901:Modular
1754:Diffuse
1675:Closure
1397:Ceramic
1055:Signage
938:Outline
687:Usenet:
681::
615:9 April
587:9 April
561:9 April
535:9 April
202:NEC V20
196:of the
164:Windows
156:ReactOS
117:Kyocera
109:TMS9900
62:patents
2722:studio
2707:review
2687:museum
2610:change
2418:Awards
2291:Sketch
2276:Mockup
2256:CAutoD
2197:Awards
2162:theory
2152:sprint
2127:marker
2092:choice
1466:&
1464:design
1300:design
1208:design
1090:design
1008:Motion
970:design
927:Design
885:
866:
845:
826:
796:
745:,
689:
503:
461:
435:
362:
166:, and
101:Compaq
2605:brief
2492:Agile
2211:Tools
2188:Tools
1826:For X
1462:Other
1381:Other
606:(PDF)
235:over
158:, an
124:VTech
2682:load
2677:life
2657:firm
2244:CAID
2112:flow
2028:TRIZ
1916:Open
883:ISBN
864:ISBN
843:ISBN
824:ISSN
794:ISSN
660:2018
617:2021
589:2021
563:2021
537:2021
501:ISBN
459:ISSN
433:ISSN
393:2011
360:ISBN
259:the
229:Sony
198:8086
172:Unix
131:ROMs
103:and
2239:CAD
2219:AAD
1996:SOD
1976:RWD
1846:HCD
1313:EED
1162:EID
239:'s
2798::
818:.
788:.
709:,
685:.
677:.
650:.
639:^
608:.
579:.
553:.
523:.
480:.
453:.
427:.
409:.
383:,
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