519:
requirements effective June 1, 2006, including EPA-authorized language on
Product Transfer Documents and sulfur-content testing standards, are designed to prevent misfueling, contamination by higher-sulfur fuels and liability issues. The EPA deadline for industry compliance to a 15 ppm sulfur content was originally set for July 15, 2006 for distribution terminals, and by September 1, 2006 for retail. But on November 8, 2005, the deadline was extended by 1.5 months to September 1, 2006 for terminals and October 15, 2006 for retail. In California, the extension was not granted and followed the original schedule. As of December, 2006, the ULSD standard has been in effect according to the amended schedule, and compliance at retail locations was reported to be in place.
539:
different sulfur levels depending on the population density of the location where it is retailed. Grade 3 diesel fuel, also known as GASOIL ULTRA, is the highest quality diesel fuel and is supposed to be available starting
February 1, 2006. Sale of Grade 3 diesel at retail outlets is optional until 2008. At the time the regulation was published, the sulfur limits amounted to 3000 ppm for Grade 1, 1500/2500 ppm (depending on the area) for Grade 2, and 500 ppm for Grade 3. Sulfur limit reductions occur in 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2016. After the last reduction, in June 2016, the sulfur limits become 1000 ppm, 30 ppm, and 10 ppm for the three respective grades.
605:
were enforced in certain areas, and Euro IV and Euro V fuel with a concentration of 50 ppm or less was available at certain fueling stations, at least in part to comply with emissions control equipment on foreign-manufactured cars and trucks, the number of which is increased every year, especially in big cities such as Moscow and Saint
Petersburg. According to the technical regulation, selling a fuel with sulfur content over 50 ppm was allowed until 31 December 2011. Euro IV diesel in particular may be available at fueling stations selling to long-distance truck fleets servicing import and export flows between Russia and the EU.
447:(SOR/SOR/2006-163) allowed diesel with sulfur content up to 22 ppm to be sold for onroad vehicles between 1 September 2006 and 15 October 2006, then 15 ppm after that date. This amendment facilitated the introduction of 15 ppm sulfur diesel fuel for on-road use in 2006, by lengthening the period between the dates that the production/import limit and the sales limit come into effect. It provided additional time to fully turn over the higher-sulfur diesel fuel inventory for on-road use in the distribution system. The requirements of the Regulations were aligned, in level and timing, with those of the U.S. EPA.
99:
15 ppm also removes naturally occurring lubricity agents in diesel fuel. To manage this change ASTM International (formerly the
American Society for Testing and Materials) adopted the lubricity specification defined in ASTM D975 for all diesel fuels and this standard went into effect January 1, 2005. The D975 standard defines two ULSD standards, Grade No. 2-D S15 (regular ULSD) and Grade No. 1-D S15 (a higher volatility fuel with a lower gelling temperature than regular ULSD).
730:, engine manufacturers and others have completed tests and demonstration programs showing that using the advanced emissions control devices enabled by the use of ULSD fuel reduces emissions of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen (precursors of ozone), as well as particulate matter to near-zero levels.
604:
As of 2002, much of the former Soviet Union still applied limits on sulfur in diesel fuel substantially higher than in
Western Europe. Maximum levels of 2,000 and 5,000 ppm were applied for different uses. In Russia, lower maximum levels of 350 ppm and 500 ppm sulfur in automotive fuel
550:
Since january 2012, Brazilian service stations started offering two types of Diesel, 50 ppm and 500 ppm on most areas and 1800 ppm in remote areas. Since january 2013 the 10 ppm or EURO V Diesel replaced the 50 ppm Diesel, which is now widely used and can be found in the majority of service stations,
538:
Grade 1, also known as AGRODIESEL or GASOIL AGRO, is intended mainly for agricultural equipment. Sale of Grade 1 diesel is optional at retail outlets. Grade 2, also known as GASOIL COMUN (common diesel fuel), is intended for the bulk of diesel fuelled vehicles. Grade 2 diesel fuel is available with 2
98:
alloy that can increase lubricity. The process used to reduce the sulfur also reduces the fuel's lubricating properties. Lubricity is a measure of the fuel's ability to lubricate and protect the various parts of the engine's fuel injection system from wear. The processing required to reduce sulfur to
492:
The allowable sulfur content for ULSD (15 ppm) is much lower than the previous U.S. on-highway standard for low sulfur diesel (LSD, 500 ppm) which allowed advanced emission control systems to be fitted that would otherwise be damaged and or rendered ineffective by these compounds. These systems
475:
since
October 15, 2006, except for rural Alaska which transferred in 2010. California has required it since September 1, 2006. This new regulation applies to all diesel fuel, diesel fuel additives and distillate fuels blended with diesel for on-road use, such as kerosene. Since December 1, 2010, all
311:
of sulfur in diesel fuel for most highway vehicles; ultra-low-sulfur diesel with a maximum of 10 ppm of sulfur must “be available” from 2005 and was widely available as of 2008. In 2009, the Euro V fuel standard came into effect which reduced maximum sulfur to 10 ppm. In 2009, diesel fuel for
504:
Because this grade of fuel is comparable to
European grades, European engines will no longer have to be redesigned to cope with higher sulfur content in the U.S. These engines may use advanced emissions control systems which would otherwise be damaged by sulfur. It was hoped that the ULSD standard
484:
sulfur in 2007, and further to ULSD in 2010. Railroad locomotive and marine diesel fuel moved to 500 ppm sulfur in 2007, and changed to ULSD in 2012. There were exemptions for small refiners of non-road, locomotive and marine diesel fuel that allowed for 500 ppm diesel to remain in the
372:
As of 2008, most accession countries are expected to have made the transition to diesel fuel with 10 ppm sulfur or less. Slightly different times for transition have applied to each of the countries, but most have been required to reduce the maximum sulfur content to less than 50 ppm since 2005.
356:
market. From the year 1992, production started of a diesel fuel with 2 to 5 ppm of sulfur and a maximum of 5% by volume aromatics. There are certain tax incentives for using this fuel and from about year 2000, this low aromatic, low sulfur fuel has achieved 98-99% penetration of the
Swedish
488:
The EPA mandated the use of ULSD fuel in model year 2007 and newer highway diesel fuel engines equipped with advanced emission control systems that required the new fuel. These advanced emission control technologies were required for marine diesel engines in 2014 and for locomotives in 2015.
518:
On June 1, 2006, U.S. refiners were required to produce 80% of their annual output as ULSD (15 ppm), and petroleum marketers and retailers were required to label diesel fuel, diesel fuel additives and kerosene pumps with EPA-authorized language disclosing fuel type and sulfur content. Other
364:. It is used wherever the working environment is highly polluted, an example being where diesel trucks are used in confined spaces such as in harbours, inside storage houses, during construction of road and rail tunnels & in vehicles that are predominantly run in city centres.
263:
There are two types of diesel available in India from year 2010. Bharat Stage IV (equivalent to Euro IV) specification having Sulfur level below 50 ppm is available all over the country and the Bharat Stage VI with ultra low sulfur was slowly introduced in New Delhi in April 2018.
250:
Pakistan began importing Euro-V standard fuel in mid 2020. The import of Euro-V petrol was started on August 10, 2020, while all diesel imports of the country will conform to Euro-V standard by
January 2021. The shift was carried out directly from Euro-II to Euro-V.
102:
The refining process that removes the sulfur also reduces the aromatic content and density of the fuel, resulting in a minor decrease in the energy content, by about 1%. This decrease in energy content may result in slightly reduced peak power and fuel economy.
327:
implemented a tax incentive of per litre of "sulfur free" fuel (both gasoline and diesel) containing less than 10 ppm beginning in
January 2003 and average sulfur content was estimated in 2006 to be 3-5 ppm. Similar measures have been enacted in most of the
312:
most non-highway applications is also expected to conform to the Euro V standard for fuel. Various exceptions exist for certain uses and applications, most of which are being phased out over a period of several years. In particular, the so-called EU
414:(SOR/2002-254), the sulfur content of diesel fuel produced or imported was reduced to 15 ppm after 31 May 2006. This was followed by the reduction of sulfur in diesel fuel sold for use in on-road vehicles after 31 August 2006. For the designated
1134:
Shafiq, Iqrash; Shafique, Sumeer; Akhter, Parveen; Yang, Wenshu; Hussain, Murid (2020-06-23). "Recent developments in alumina supported hydrodesulfurization catalysts for the production of sulfur-free refinery products: A technical review".
259:
Delhi first introduced 50 ppm sulfur diesel on 1 April 2010 as a step aimed at curbing vehicular pollution in the capital. This was done in 12 other cities at the same time. The sulfur content in the diesel being used was 350 ppm.
551:
and the 1800 ppm was discontinued. All vehicles produced or sold in Brazil since January 2012 must be able to use only 50 ppm or lower sulfur Diesel. Also, all Diesel available for purchase in Brazil contains 10% of biodiesel.
438:
concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel produced or imported for use in vessel engines or railway locomotive engines shall not exceed 500 parts per million (ppm) from 1 June 2007 until 31 May 2012, and 15 ppm after that
106:
The transition to ULSD is not without substantial costs. The US government estimated that pump prices for diesel fuel increased between $ .05 and $ .25 per gallon as a result of the transition and, according to the
187:
China has limited sulfur in diesel fuel to 150 ppm (which is equivalent to the Euro III standard). The limits of 10 ppm (Which is equivalent to the Euro V standard), only applied for certain cities such as Beijing.
178:
Euro-II gasoline and diesel standards. In 27th February 2024, the Saudi Ministry of Energy announced the successful introduction of Euro 5 standard diesel fuel and gasoline across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
220:, ULSD fuel tax was lowered to HK$ 1.11 per litre between 7 July 2000 and 31 December 2000, then increased to $ 2 in 2001, then $ 2.89 per litre on 1 January 2002. This resolution was passed on 27 June 2000.
212:
As part of the ULSD package, Hong Kong government lowered the tax for ULSD from HK$ 2.89 to $ 2.00 per litre in June 1998. The temporary concession was extended to 31 March 2000, then to 31 December 2000.
435:
concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel sold in the northern supply area for use in off-road engines shall not exceed 500 ppm from 1 December 2008 until 30 November 2011, and 15 ppm after that date.
505:
would increase the availability of diesel-fueled passenger cars in the U.S. In Europe, diesel-engined automobiles have been much more popular with buyers than has been the case in the U.S.
1170:
56:
from diesel combustion. Testing by engine manufacturers and regulatory bodies have found the use of emissions control devices in conjunction with ULSD can reduce the exhaust output of
373:
Certain exemptions are expected for certain industries and applications, which will also be phased out over time. Compared to other EU countries, ULSD may be less widely available.
199:
In July 2000, Hong Kong became the first city in Asia to introduce ULSD, with sulfur content of 50 parts per million (ppm). In addition, new petrol private cars were asked to meet
882:
429:
concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel produced or imported for use in off-road engines shall not exceed 500 ppm from 1 June 2007 until 31 May 2010, and 15 ppm after that date.
508:
Additionally, the EPA has assisted manufacturers with the transition to tougher emissions regulations by loosening them for model year 2007 to 2010 light-duty diesel engines.
150:
Since 2011, the 10 ppm diesel has been available in some filling stations. A generalization to all filling stations with the 10 ppm diesel is available since December 2015.
275:
The National Environment Agency (NEA) defines ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) as diesel fuel with less than 50ppm, or 0.005 per cent, by July 2017 the limit will be 10 ppm.
75:
started phasing in ULSD requirements for highway vehicles in 2006, with implementation for off-highway applications, such as locomotive and marine fuel, beginning in 2007.
969:
432:
concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel sold for use in off-road engines shall not exceed 500 ppm from 1 October 2007 until 30 September 2010, and 15 ppm after that date.
1494:
242:
were designed to burn ULSD as a secondary and primary fuel respectively. So all power stations under CLP Power burn ULSD instead of higher sulfur alternatives now.
118:
engines used in 2006 to pre-2009 models. TDI engines from 2009 and on are designed to use ULSD exclusively; biodiesel blends are reported to prevent that failure.
464:
360:
Since 2003, a "zero" sulfur with very low aromatic content (less than 1% by volume) diesel fuel has been made available on the Swedish market under the name
282:
diesel taxis, buses and commercial vehicles between 1 June 2004 and 3 September 2006, pending a mandatory conversion to Euro IV-compliant vehicles in 2007.
1423:
158:
50 ppm sulfur content was first legislated by the South African Department of Minerals and Energy in early 2006, and has been widely available since then.
1312:
1213:
802:
230:
for boiler startup, flame stabilisation and occasionally as a secondary fuel. Since the early 2010s, all boilers were converted to burn ULSD to cut down
131:
Some filling stations in Kenya started offering 50 ppm diesel as of December 2010. As of 2018, Kenya has not fully implemented emission control systems.
114:
ULSD runs in any engine designed for the ASTM D975 diesel fuel, however, it is known to cause some seals to shrink, and may cause fuel pump failures in
827:. From 2007 to 2014, low sulfur diesel fuel (specified at 500 ppm) and ULSD fuel was phased in for nonroad, locomotive, and marine (NRLM) diesel fuel.
773:"Council Directive 1999/32/EC of 26 April 1999 relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels and amending Directive 93/12/EEC"
1352:
1226:
700:
1174:
772:
742:
278:
On 16 June 2005, NEA announced that the use of ULSD would be mandatory beginning 1 December 2005. The regulation also offered tax incentives for
857:
1008:
944:
191:
From 2014 to 2017, China will limit sulfur in diesel fuel to 50ppm. After 2017, the sulfur content in diesel fuel will be limited to 10ppm.
1059:
1034:
806:
1188:
889:
673:
Omidvarborna; et al. (2014). "Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes".
913:
161:
South Africa's Clean Fuels 2 standard, expected to have begun in 2017, reducing the allowable sulfur content to 10 ppm. As of 2013,
45:
content. Since 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in Europe and North America has been of a ULSD type.
644:
973:
515:
emissions will be reduced by 2.6 million tons each year and soot or particulate matter will be reduced by 110,000 tons a year.
727:
498:
1482:
267:
The Bharat Stage VI with ultra low sulfur content of less than 10 ppm will be standard across the country from April 2020.
1281:
115:
1264:
357:
diesel fuel market. Now RME (rapeseed methyl ester, also known as FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)) is a biofuel additive.
649:
239:
108:
823:
Beginning in 2006, EPA began to phase-in more stringent regulations to lower the amount of sulfur in diesel fuel to 15
1523:
1371:"Regulatory Announcement: Light-Duty Diesel Tier 2 Amendments - Tier 2 Vehicle & Gasoline Sulfur Program - US EPA"
1326:
634:
1084:
1330:
1441:
235:
223:
49:
1247:
71:
began mandating the reduction of diesel sulfur content and implementing modern ULSD specifications in 1999. The
559:
Chile requires <15-ppm in Santiago, for diesel since 2011, and the rest of the country requires <50-ppm.
1047:
810:
418:, the deadline for reducing the sulfur content of diesel fuel for use in on-road vehicles was 31 August 2007.
994:
1465:
485:
system until 2014. After December 1, 2014 all highway, non-road, locomotive and marine diesel fuel is ULSD.
218:
Report of the Subcommittee on resolution under section 4(2) of the Dutiable Commodities Ordinance (Cap. 109)
596:
New Zealand has had a limit of 10 ppm since 1 January 2009. Prior to that, the limit was 50 ppm.
639:
477:
415:
139:
As of June 2012, 50 ppm diesel is now standard across all filling stations, in a bid to reduce pollution.
707:
780:
750:
743:"Council Directive 93/12/EEC of 23 March 1993 relating to the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels"
575:
Uruguay is expected to impose a 50-ppm ULSD limit by 2009. 70% of the fuel used in Uruguay is diesel.
861:
337:
313:
111:, the domestic refining industry has invested over $ 8 billion to comply with the new regulations.
1012:
948:
824:
61:
1405:
1063:
1306:
1207:
1152:
481:
308:
206:
Since the introduction of the law, all fuel station started supplying ULSD since August 2000.
209:
Sulfur content of regular diesel fuel was lowered from 500 ppm to 350 ppm on 1 January 2001.
1384:
1144:
682:
329:
323:
Certain EU countries may apply higher standards or require faster transition. For example,
1453:
1236:
1192:
567:
Since January 1, 2013, Colombia's diesel has <50 PPM for public and private transport.
542:
Law 26.093 requires 5% biodiesel to be blended with diesel fuel starting January 1, 2010.
511:
According to EPA estimates, with the implementation of the new fuel standards for diesel,
920:
588:
Australia has had a limit of 10 ppm since 1 January 2009. The limit had been 50ppm.
1528:
512:
352:
Since 1990, diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 50 ppm has been available on the
341:
317:
304:
231:
227:
68:
53:
1353:"Inicia PEMEX la distribución de gasolina Premium de ultra bajo azufre - QuimiNet.com"
1517:
619:
472:
92:
72:
1370:
1148:
1507:
Automotive Fuel Markets in Eastern/Central Europe & Former Soviet Union (FSU)
307:, the “Euro IV” standard has applied since 2005, which specifies a maximum of 50
1506:
1288:
624:
468:
38:
686:
344:
to encourage early adoption of the 50 ppm and 10 ppm fuel standards.
147:
Morocco has started to introduce 50 ppm diesel to filling stations as of 2009.
1109:
290:
Beginning on 1 July 2007, Taiwan has limited sulfur in diesel fuel to 10 ppm.
1156:
385:, an EU candidate country, all diesel fuel has been of the ultra-low-sulfur (
1440:
Ministerio Secretaría General de la Presidencia (2010), Decreto Supremo 66:
614:
389:) type since August 2013. Before that, there were two types of diesel fuel:
84:
17:
1048:
http://finance.qq.com/a/20130131/005638.htm?pgv_ref=aio2012&ptlang=2052
858:"Chevron Products: Our Fuels: Products and Services: Diesel for Commercial"
320:), have been granted certain temporary exemptions to allow for transition.
839:
200:
95:
1171:"Delhi to introduce ultra-low sulphur diesel on Thursday - Economic Ti…"
48:
The move to lower sulfur content allows for the application of advanced
776:
746:
333:
324:
279:
629:
382:
353:
88:
42:
455:
Mexico began introduction of ULSD throughout the country in 2006.
162:
57:
723:
494:
1248:"Presentation on mitigating fuel emissions, Noxious effects"
840:"ASTM D975 - 18 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils"
445:
Regulations Amending the Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations
423:
Regulations Amending the Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations
1454:
Publicación en el Diario Oficial de la República de Chile
970:"Cleaner diesel available to Moroccans (Magharebia.com)"
535:
Argentina has three grades of diesel fuel, as follows:
165:
launched 10 ppm diesel at selected filling stations.
467:
as a new standard for the sulfur content in on-road
668:
666:
664:
1452:Ministerio de Energía (2012), Decreto Supremo 60:
1351:Marketizer.com, QuimiNet.com / e-Industria.com /.
1035:"Sasol launches 10ppm clean diesel - IOL Motoring"
368:Central and Eastern Europe (“Accession Countries”)
393:with 500 ppm sulfur or more, and low-sulfur
1085:"Pakistan begins importing Euro-V standard fuel"
914:"HRCCC.org Biodiesel Best Management Practices"
476:highway diesel fuel nationwide has been ULSD.
87:in and of itself, but it can combine with the
675:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
463:Ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel was proposed by
8:
706:. Clean Diesel Fuel Alliance. Archived from
1265:"Cleaner Fuels and Cleaner Vehicles UN CSD"
945:"Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles"
425:(SOR/2005-305) added following deadlines:
803:"Diesel Fuel Standards & Rulemakings"
1060:"温家宝主持召开国务院常务会议 决定加快油品质量升级 - 高层动态 - 新华网"
1442:DS 66, Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional
995:"Carburant: Afriquia n'attend pas 2012"
660:
91:content in many metal alloys to form a
1311:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1304:
1212:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1205:
1495:"Schedule 2: Requirements for diesel"
7:
1011:. 31 December 2014. Archived from
807:US Environmental Protection Agency
600:Russia and the former Soviet Union
412:Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations
25:
645:United States emission standards
493:can greatly reduce emissions of
1466:"Bienvenidos :::Ecopetrol"
779:. 26 April 1999. Archived from
749:. 23 March 1993. Archived from
1483:"Diesel Fuel Quality Standard"
728:California Air Resources Board
50:emissions control technologies
1:
1149:10.1080/01614940.2020.1780824
234:emission. On the other hand,
52:that substantially lower the
809:. 2015-04-10. Archived from
650:Volkswagen emissions scandal
109:American Petroleum Institute
635:European emission standards
41:with substantially lowered
1545:
1331:Radio Television of Serbia
687:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020
1497:Government of New Zealand
240:Penny's Bay Power Station
236:Black Point Power Station
224:Castle Peak Power Station
1428:agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br
1485:Government of Australia
1410:www.accessmylibrary.com
480:fuel moved to 500
216:On 19 June 2000, under
31:Ultra-low-sulfur diesel
640:Organosulfur compounds
478:Non-road diesel engine
226:was designed to burn
203:standards from 2001.
64:to near-zero levels.
1470:www.ecopetrol.com.co
1406:"AML - support.gale"
1392:www.clean-diesel.org
443:An amendment titled
421:An amendment titled
416:Northern Supply Area
1327:"Stiže novo gorivo"
1114:Total Group - PARCO
1089:The Express Tribune
1009:"De Bonnes Sources"
713:on 25 February 2017
314:accession countries
1524:Petroleum products
499:particulate matter
495:oxides of nitrogen
62:particulate matter
1177:on 11 April 2013.
1137:Catalysis Reviews
1015:on 1 January 2015
701:"ULSD Fact Sheet"
54:harmful emissions
16:(Redirected from
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1357:www.quiminet.com
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681:(4): 2335–2342.
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330:Nordic countries
83:Sulfur is not a
21:
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1282:"Archived copy"
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1189:"Archived copy"
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1110:"Euro 5 RON 92"
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60:precursors and
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513:nitrogen oxide
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316:(primarily in
305:European Union
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299:European Union
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232:sulfur dioxide
228:heavy fuel oil
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67:In 1993 the
66:
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27:Type of fuel
18:Clean diesel
1385:"Factsheet"
625:Diesel fuel
592:New Zealand
469:diesel fuel
395:"evrodizel"
387:"evrodizel"
93:low-melting
39:diesel fuel
1518:Categories
1298:2017-06-29
1199:2013-09-17
1120:2020-08-11
1095:2020-08-11
1070:2013-02-06
980:2011-09-12
955:2014-03-18
930:2008-01-09
899:2008-01-09
868:2006-10-06
656:References
1157:0161-4940
1019:1 January
615:Biodiesel
584:Australia
531:Argentina
271:Singapore
195:Hong Kong
135:Mauritius
85:lubricant
79:Lubricity
1307:cite web
1208:cite web
1143:: 1–86.
609:See also
563:Colombia
527:Source:
340:and the
246:Pakistan
201:Euro III
96:eutectic
1336:11 June
777:EUR-Lex
747:EUR-Lex
579:Oceania
571:Uruguay
354:Swedish
338:Ireland
334:Benelux
325:Germany
303:In the
280:Euro IV
143:Morocco
1155:
817:27 May
787:27 May
757:27 May
726:, the
717:27 May
630:EN 590
546:Brazil
451:Mexico
410:Under
406:Canada
383:Serbia
377:Serbia
362:EcoPar
348:Sweden
294:Europe
286:Taiwan
122:Africa
89:nickel
43:sulfur
1529:Fuels
1424:"EBC"
1388:(PDF)
1292:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1268:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
924:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
886:(PDF)
711:(PDF)
704:(PDF)
555:Chile
439:date.
255:India
183:China
163:Sasol
127:Kenya
58:ozone
37:) is
1338:2016
1313:link
1214:link
1153:ISSN
1021:2015
819:2017
789:2017
759:2017
719:2017
497:and
238:and
169:Asia
35:ULSD
1145:doi
825:ppm
724:EPA
683:doi
482:ppm
465:EPA
381:In
309:ppm
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