717:
890:- is the supreme body to negotiate climate frameworks under the UNFCCC Convention. It consists of the representatives of the Parties to the Convention and holds its sessions every year, and takes decisions which are necessary to ensure the effective implementation of the provisions of the Convention and regularly reviews the implementation of these provisions. Preventing "dangerous" human interference with the climate system is the ultimate aim of the UNFCCC. The UNFCCC is a "Rio Convention", one of three adopted at the "Rio Earth Summit" in 1992. The UNFCCC entered into force on March 21, 1994. Today, it has near-universal membership. The COP has discussed Climate Security during panels, workshops as session, but not as a programmatic track. The greater focus on this topic by the UN has led to the launch in October 2018 of the inter-agency
94:
sea level can affect military bases or extreme heat events can undermine the operability of armies. Climate change is also seen as a catalyst for violent conflict and a threat to international security, although the causality of climate and conflict is also debated. Due to the growing importance of climate security on the agendas of many governments, international organizations, and other bodies some now run programs which are designed to mitigate the effects of climate change on conflict. These practices are known as climate security practices. These practices stem from a variety of actors with different motivations in the sphere of development, diplomacy and defense; both NATO and the UN Security
Council are involved in these practices.
525:
last century, that an increase of 2 °C above pre-industrial levels more than doubles the current risk of conflict, increasing it to 13%, and that an increase of 4 °C multiplies the risk by five, up to a 26% risk. Other researchers have specified the conditions under which climate change increases the risk of conflict and violence. These include a history of political instability, agricultural dependence, low levels of development, the political of ethnic groups from the political system, and insufficient conflict resolution institutions.
687:'s Sixth Assessment Report concluded in 2022: "Climate hazards have affected armed conflict within countries (medium confidence), but the influence of climate is small compared to socio-economic, political, and cultural factors (high confidence). Climate increases conflict risk by undermining food and water security, income and livelihoods, in situations where there are large populations, weather-sensitive economic activities, weak institutions and high levels of poverty and inequality (high confidence)."
950:
The G77 also stated that it is inappropriate to consider the issue of energy in the UNSC, âreaffirming the key role of energy in achieving the goals of sustainable development, poverty eradication and achieving the MDGs â. In 2013, the G77 and China argued that the UNSC was ânot the appropriate forum for this discussionâ and that such issues should be assigned to the
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the UN General Assembly. The G77 has not issued public positions since then.
1041:
of the
British military in conflict prevention, conflict resolution or responding to increased humanitarian requirements due to extreme weather impacts.â The UK-established International Climate Fund (ICF) identifies climate change as a âthreat multiplierâ within âfragileâ states. In 2015 a report by the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy (NSS) confirmed that climate change presents a risk to national security and that spending on security would need to adapt.
990:. Reports suggest that Lake Chad is shrinking at a fast speed, which is creating sharp competition for water. In 2017, the UNSC adopted Resolution 2349 connecting conflict and water scarcity in the region. In 2020, Niger co-organized a UN Security Council meeting on climate security, following a 2018 UNSC statement on the Lake Chad Basin which identified climate change and the shrinking of Lake Chad as one of the root causes of the Boko Haram uprisings.
149:
1049:(COP26) in Glasgow on October 31 â 12 November 12, 2021. The UKâs âIntegrated Review of Defence, Security, Development, and Foreign Policyâ, published in March 2021, argues that dealing with climate change and biodiversity loss was its ânumber one international priorityâ and identified African countries as vulnerable countries to climate change, which can amplify insecurity, migration and instability on the continent.
781:
defined by von Lossow et al. as "tangible actions implemented by a (local or central) government, organization, community, private actor or individual to help prevent, reduce, mitigate or adapt (to) security risks and threats related to impacts of climate change and related environmental degradation". The
Planetary Security Initiative at the Clingendael Institute maintain an updated list of climate security practices.
7949:
7937:
1137:
1015:'s conclusions on climate diplomacy state that "Climate change is a decisive global challenge which, if not urgently managed, will put at risk ... peace, stability and security." The Intelligence on European Pensions and Institutional Investment think-tank published a 2018 report with the key point, "Climate change is an existential risk whose elimination must become a corporate objective". In June 2018
179:, concerned with security, conducted research on climate change. Global climate change became an international issue with the broadening of the concept of security which emerged in the 1980s in the post-Cold War era.The broadening of the concept of security sought to look beyond the military domain, and include political, economic, societal, and environmental areas in the security agenda. The term
40:
7973:
7961:
248:, argue that security justifies urgency and exceptionalism, focusing on defense, the military and the state and that climate change should instead be placed into ânormal politicsâ and removed from the security agenda. Furthermore, some scholars note how securitization theory, stemming as a response to traditional realism theory in the post-Cold War era, is mostly a
288:
change as a security issue can be problematic as it could increase solutions that rely on militaries which can worsen the injustices of those most affected by the climate crisis. This can also mean that security solutions end up benefiting the status quo, ignoring the well-being of the rest, such as refugees and other marginalized communities.
1019:(EEAS) High-Level Event hosted an event themed "Climate, Peace and Security: The Time for Action". The EU's comprehensive approach to security would suggest that the EU is well placed to respond to climate-related security risks. However, recent scientific research shows that the European Union has not yet developed a fully coherent policy.
627:, Nigeria and Tanzania. Evidence is also ambiguous and highly contested for high-intensity conflicts such as civil wars. Some experts suggest a contribution of climate change to civil wars in Mali, Nigeria, Somalia and Sudan. Other studies suggest that there is very little evidence for these causal claims, including for the cases of
71:. It is a concept that summons the idea that climate-related change amplifies existing risks in society that endangers the security of humans, ecosystems, economy, infrastructure and societies. Climate-related security risks have far-reaching implications for the way the world manages peace and security. Climate actions to
537:, and by causing forced migration. Predicting future risks of climate change and conflict remains difficult, despite the existence of several predictive models and tools. Future climate change is likely to be very different from what humanity has experienced previously and the ability of societies to adapt is unclear.
582:, Burke and Miguel concluded in 2013 that warmer temperatures and more extreme rainfall could increase interpersonal violence by 4%, and intergroup conflict by 14% (median estimates). However, their results have been disputed by other researchers as being not sufficiently robust to alternative model specifications.
886:(UNFCCC) and now also under the Paris agreement, the security implications of climate change do not have an institutional home within the United Nations system, and hence remain largely unaddressed, in spite of the urgency of the threat it poses to peace and security in several regions. The UN, through its COP -
756:
injury. At least since 2010, the U.S. military begun to push to develop, evaluate and deploy renewable energy to decrease its need to transport fossil fuels. The NATOâs 2021 Climate Change and
Security Action Plan proposes strategies to protect its assets along with a promise of GHG emissions reduction by 2050.
605:
face of high food prices or water scarcity. Studies indeed show that in vulnerable societies, the anticipated consequences of climate change such as reduced food and water security increase the risk of protests. These conflicts often add to and trigger the escalation of deeper social and political struggles.
1027:
The UKâs former
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) (now the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, FCDO) was the first to push the UN to hold a meeting in the UN Security Council on climate change and urged the UNFCCC to take action in 2007. In 2011, the then UK Department for International
1002:
A 2018 published report by the
Australian Senate noted how "climate change as a current and existential national security risk... defined as one that threatens the premature extinction of Earth-originating intelligent life or the permanent and drastic destruction of its potential for desirable future
993:
However scholars disagree on whether the desertification of Lake Chad has indeed led to conflicts, because there are other factors such as pre-existing socioeconomic and political conditions, the influx of arms into the region, unfair terms of trade, religious issues, and the marginalization of
963:
Climate change has had devastating effects on the
African continent, affecting the poorest communities. It has escalated food insecurity, led to the displacement of populations and exerted extreme pressure on the available water resources. Africa's exposure to climate change is high due to the legacy
934:
in the United
Nations Security Council. In 2021 the UN Security Council convened for a high-level open debate on climate security. Climate change grew beyond its categorization as a hypothetical, existential risk and became an operational concern of relevance to other peace and security practitioners
789:
in the area was aggravated by food insecurity because irregular rainfall that caused poor harvests led to an uptick in insurgent recruitment sparking further violence. The project successfully integrated former insurgents into the community by training them in agricultural methods and fostering trust
223:
in 1994. It seeks to center the wellbeing of people rather than states. For the UN agencies, mitigation strategies and the redistribution of resources are seen as central to providing security to populations. The ecological security discourse is seldom included in dominant policy or academic debates.
93:
Those who look at the national and international security risks argue that climate change has the potential to exacerbate existing tensions or create new ones â serving as a threat multiplier. For example, climate change is seen as a threat to military operations and national security, as the rise in
1040:
also argued that the U.S.' Trump administration is "putting
British national security at risk", according to over 100 climate scientists. In the same year, the former UK Special Representative for Climate Change, Rear Admiral Neil Morisetti, claimed that âClimate change will require more deployment
949:
argued that âthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate changeâ and that the richest countries should not only address the âconsequences but mainly the roots of the problem.'
801:
A growing number of non-military and civil society organizations are advocating for a national security approach including Brookings Institution and the Council on Foreign Relations (US), the International Institute for Strategic Studies and Chatham House (UK), Stockholm International Peace Research
759:
However, because military emissions reporting is only voluntary, there is a lack of transparent data on militariesâ GHG emissions. A 2019 study by Brown University estimated 1.2 billion metric tons of GHG have been consumed by the U.S. military alone since the beginning of the War on Terror in
694:
identified four pathways potentially connecting climate change to conflict: degradation of freshwater resources, food insecurity, an increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters, and increasing or changing migration patterns. A more recent 2021 report from the US Office of the Director of
287:
The climate security approach has become prominent among political and policy spheres and has been called inevitable by some countries, inviting the UN Security Council to adopt more militarized approaches. However, some scholars and activists criticize climate security, arguing that framing climate
275:
and Doug Randall looked at potential implications from climate-related scenarios for the national security of the United States, and concluded, "We have created a climate change scenario that although not the most likely, is plausible, and would challenge United States national security in ways that
132:
Climate security refers to the security risks induced, directly or indirectly, by changes in climate patterns. Climate change has been identified as a severe-to-catastrophic threat to international security in the 21st century by multiple risk and security reports. The 2020 Global Catastrophic Risks
191:
ecological types of security which respectively concern nation-states, âpeopleâ, the international community, and the âecosystemâ. National climate security is the most dominant of the four discourses as it focuses on the threat climate change poses to nation-states and the maintenance of its
190:
To map the different ways in which climate change is conceptualized, scholar Matt McDonald identifies four discourses of climate security advanced by policymakers, lobbyists, environmental advocates, civil society groups and academic analysts. He divides them into national, human, international and
1084:
noted: "Unpredictable instability has become the 'new normal,' and this trend will continue for the foreseeable future...Extreme weather, climate change, environmental degradation, rising demand for food and water, poor policy decisions and inadequate infrastructure will magnify this instability."
829:
The field of climate security practices is still young and even though the issue is growing in importance, some actors are still reluctant to get involved due to the uncertainty inherent in the new field. Because climatic change will only increase in the near future von Lossow et al. conclude that
755:
There are also concerns about the reliance on fossil fuels, which can pose vulnerabilities for armed forces. The Pentagon alone is the worldâs largest consumer of fossil fuel. For example, during the US invasion of Iraq, one in nearly 40 fuel convoys in Iraq in 2007 resulted in a death or serious
747:
The main concern for military strategists - and central to many military and national security strategies - is the operability of armed forces during climate change. There are concerns over the impact of climate change on infrastructure, such as military bases, as well as on the capacity to fight,
600:
concludes that between 3% and 20% of intrastate, armed conflict risks in the previous century were affected by climate-related factors, but that other drivers of conflict are far more important. The expert assessment itself notes that major knowledge gaps and uncertainties continue to exist in the
524:
Studies have shown that extreme weather events can damage economies, lower food production and raise inequality, which can increase risks of violence when combined with other factors. An article by leading experts found that climate change has influenced between 3% and 20% of armed conflict in the
380:
Climate change is a global challenge which will affect all countries in the long-term as the impact of climate change is spread unevenly across different regions. However, there may be a disproportionately harsher effect in fragile contexts and/or socially vulnerable and marginalized groups due to
604:
Recently, researchers have paid increased attention to the impacts of climate change on low-intensity and even non-violent conflicts, such as riots or demonstrations. Even if people do not have the means or motivation to use violence, they can engage in such forms of conflict, for instance in the
1124:
for a report on climate matters. The report was published in 2019, and notes, "The effects of a changing climate are a national security issue with potential impacts to Department of Defense (DoD or the Department) missions, operational plans, and installations." In 2021, United States President
549:
The secondary impacts of climate hazards could be even more dangerous. Chief among them is an increased risk of armed conflict in places where established social orders and populations are disrupted. The risk will rise even more where climate effects compound social instability, reduce access to
854:
stated in 2015 that climate change is a significant security threat and that "Its bite is already being felt". In 2021, NATO agreed a Climate Change and Security Action Plan that committed the alliance to 1) analyze the impact of climate change on NATO's strategic environment and NATO's assets,
650:
between 2006 and 2009 led to mass migration into urban areas, contributing to grievances and unrest that erupted in the 2011 protests. The repression of the latter marked the start of the civil war. A team around Jan Selby argues that these claims are overstated and that political decisions and
291:
The climate security approach has also a significant impact on borders and migration, as its narrative emphasizes the âthreatâ of climate-induced mass migration. Indeed, the border industrial complex is expected to grow globally by 7% annually. As the Transnational Institute report âGlobal
780:
Due to the growing importance of climate security on the agendas of many governments, international organizations, and other bodies some now run programs which are designed to mitigate the effects of climate change on conflict. These practices are known as climate security practices which are
532:
found that 971 million people lived in areas with either a high or very high climate change exposure and that 400 million of those people lived in countries with low levels of peacefulness. It warned that climate change can increase the likelihood of violent conflict by impacting upon resource
202:
The international security discourse focuses on internationalism and global cooperation where international organizations are viewed as providers of security. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are central to this discourse, such as the transition to low carbon economies and the transfer of
593:
and von Uexkull have been more careful. They agree that climate-related disasters (including heatwaves, droughts, storms and floods) modestly increase armed conflict risks, but only in the presence of contextual factors like agricultural dependence, insufficient infrastructure, the political
855:
installations, missions and operations 2) incorporate climate change considerations into its work3) contribute to the mitigation of climate change and 4) exchange with partner countries, as well as with international and regional organizations that are active on climate change and security.
400:
Indeed, the richest 10% (circa 630 million people), of the worldâs population, mostly from EU and North America, are in fact responsible for 52% of carbon emissions, whereas the poorest 50% (circa 3.1 billion people) were responsible for only 7% of cumulative emissions. The Global North is
980:
was beyond a mile every year. The ensuing friction between farmers and pastoralists over the reducing grazing land and the few water sources available was at the heart of the Darfur civil war. More recently US and European security analysts refer to the Sahel and the Lake Chad basin as a
985:
because of its severe climate-related vulnerabilities, communal violence, jihadist insurgencies, political instability, and internal and regional displacement. Climate change has caused rainfall variations and desertification threatening the well-being of people whose lives depend on
594:
exclusion of ethnic groups, insufficient conflict management, and high disaster vulnerability. Climate change is therefore rather a "risk multiplier" that amplifies existing risks of conflict. In line with this and other reviews of the topic, an expert assessment published 2019 in
703:
In some cases, climate change could also decrease conflict risks. This happens either if climate-related disasters impose financial and logistical constraints on conflict parties or if various social groups come together to cooperate about the shared challenge of climate change
137:, concluded that climate change has a high likelihood to end civilization. 70% of international governments consider climate change to be a national security issue. Policy interest in climate security risks has grown rapidly and affects the policy agenda in relation to food and
231:
scholars link climate change with security and conflict through a traditional military approach, there is an ongoing debate on whether climate change and environmental issues should be securitized and who and what is really protected. The scholars who theorized the concept of
1057:
In the United States, analysis of climate security and the development of policy ideas for addressing it has been led by the Center for Climate and Security, founded by Francesco Femia and Caitlin Werrell in 2011, which is now an institute of the Council on Strategic Risks.
838:
The transnational character of climate-related security risks often goes beyond the capacity of national governments to respond adequately. Many parts of governments or state leaders acknowledge climate change as an issue for human security, national or regional security.
292:
Climate Wallâ shows, the seven biggest GHG emitters the United States, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Australia spent collectively at least twice on border and immigration control than on climate finance between 2013 and 2018. The EUâs budget for
695:
National Intelligence predicts intensifying physical effects of climate change "will exacerbate geopolitical flashpoints, particularly after 2030, and key countries and regions will face increasing risks of instability and need for humanitarian assistance." The
842:
Despite ongoing concerns about the securitization of climate change, it has had little effect on the policies and activities of national governments, which have tended to take âbusiness as usualâ approaches to managing and containing international migration.
357:
From an academic standpoint, the concept of ecological security, allows for a more systemic approach to climate change that examines the structural roots of the climate crisis as the overlapping economic, political, and social issues of the global system.
6286:"White House edits of intelligence agency's testimony. This document shows White House officials' comments on the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research climate testimony, which they ultimately blocked from being submitted to Congress"
578:. However, other scholars believe that climate change are unlikely to have major impacts on the nature of interstate wars, but have expressed concerns about its impacts on civil wars and communal conflicts. Based on a meta-analysis of 60 studies,
1028:
Development (DFID) committed to spending 30% of its aid in fragile and conflict-affected states by 2014â15. Between 2013 and 2015, the FCO had discussions on the climate, security and conflict in âfragileâ states at G8 and G7 meetings.In 2014,
651:
mismanagement, rather than climate change and migration, have caused the onset of the war. Several recent studies find that the debate is not yet settled because there is evidence for both positions, yet a lack of comprehensive empirical data.
699:
has discussed the links between climate change and security various times, even though the position of its member states vary. Other key decision makers in the USA, the European Union, and NATO are also concerned about climate conflict risks.
802:
Institute, Clingendael (Netherlands), French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs, Adelphi (Germany) and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Environmental groups have also embraced a national security approach such as the
89:
There are also critics of the term who argue that the term encourages a militarized response to the climate crisis, and ignores issues of maldistribution and inequity that underpin both the climate crisis and vulnerability to its impacts.
751:
There have consequently been efforts to âgreenâ the military and prepare it for a climate changed world, through the installation of solar panels at military bases, alternative fuels in shipping and renewable energy equipment.
2238:
Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Adger, W. Neil; Buhaug, Halvard; Burke, Marshall; Fearon, James D.; Field, Christopher B.; Hendrix, Cullen S.; Maystadt, Jean-Francois; O'Loughlin, John; Roessler, Philip (July 2019).
791:
654:
There are a number of studies that criticize how climate-conflict research is based on a deterministic and conflict-oriented worldview, that findings of statistical studies on the topic are based on problematic models and
1940:
2782:
Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Adger, W. Neil; Buhaug, Halvard; Burke, Marshall; Fearon, James D.; Field, Christopher B.; Hendrix, Cullen S.; Maystadt, Jean-Francois; OâLoughlin, John; Roessler, Philip (2019).
748:
for example in extreme heat. A 2018 Pentagon report revealed that half of 3,500 military sites were suffering the effects of six key categories of extreme weather events, such as storm surge, wildfires and droughts.
760:
2001. Additionally, Scientists for Global Responsibility have calculated UK military emissions to be 11 million tonnes, and EU emissions to be 24.8 million tonnes with France contributing to a third of the total.
784:
These practices stem from a variety of actors with different motivations in the sphere of development, diplomacy and defence. An example is the Arms to Farms project in Kauswagan municipality, the Philippines. An
871:
47:
represented in red (uniform distribution, actual sea level rise will vary regionally). Hotspots of SLR can divert 3â4 times in the rate of rise, compared to the global average, such as projected for parts of the
1044:
On September 23, 2021, Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon, UK Minister for the United Nations stated that climate change threatened the safety of the country and all people. Recently the United Kingdom hosted the 26th UN
942:(LMICs), do not think climate change should be seen as a security issue. When the topic of climate and security first emerged in the UN, LMICs opposed the securitization of climate change. In 2006 the
6259:"Intelligence aide, blocked from submitting written testimony on climate change, resigns from State Dept. Rod Schoonover's decision to leave was voluntary, according to individuals familiar with the matter"
891:
767:
Additionally, militarism and war have caused devastating environmental damages. The chemical contamination left in Afghanistan and the nuclear contamination in the Marshalls Islands are some examples of
735:
At least since 2010, the U.S. military begun to push aggressively to develop, evaluate and deploy renewable energy to decrease its need to transport fossil fuels. Based on the 2015 annual report from
1105:
1069:
indicated that second and third order impacts of climate change, such as migration and state stability, are of concern for the US defense and intelligence communities. A 2015 report published by the
7673:
114:. It is a concept that summons the idea that climate-related change amplifies existing risks in society that endangers the security of humans, ecosystems, economy, infrastructure and societies.
5894:
6258:
927:
164:
The term climate security was initially promoted by national security analysts in the US and later Europe, but has since been adopted by a wide variety of actors including the United Nations,
82:
The term climate security was initially promoted by national security analysts in the US and later Europe, but has since been adopted by a wide variety of actors including the United Nations,
716:
389:, which includes Bangladesh, Myanmar, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, is one of the worldâs most climate-vulnerable regions. Marginalized groups and minority communities, both in the
199:
is viewed as the most capable provider of security through the military apparatus. This discourse has also been advanced by policy think tanks embracing the concept of âthreat multiplier'.
7849:
5972:
1061:
US intelligence analysts have expressed concern about the "serious security risks" of climate change since the 1980s. In 2007, the Council on Foreign Relations released a report titled,
7517:
207:
are an embodiment of such discourse. However, the UN Security Council plays a central role as the securitizing agent, which has been often criticized by developing countries, such as
1517:
6364:
6311:
7690:
883:
858:
It is important to note that the deployment of security forces can sometimes lead to insecurity, rather than security, for certain populations.For example the 20-year US-led and
402:
268:
2900:
Buhaug, H.; Nordkvelle, J.; Bernauer, T.; Böhmelt, T.; Brzoska, M.; Busby, J. W.; Ciccone, A.; Fjelde, H.; Gartzke, E.; Gleditsch, N. P.; Goldstone, J. A. (December 1, 2014).
203:
technology, sources, and expertise to developing countries. International organizations such as the UN Environment Program are involved in these processes and the more recent
7126:
6952:
798:
built a new and more effective water pump in order to solve the issue of conflict between different stakeholders in the area over water which risked a violent confrontation.
1112:
Office, and the analyst who wrote the statement resigned. The idea of creating a presidential committee on climate security has been proposed. As part of the United States
7121:
1196:
279:
In 2008, the EU published a report on climate change and international security, defining climate change as a âthreat multiplierâ affecting EU own security and interests.
4395:
Climate Change 2022 â Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1542:
6989:
2128:
830:
expanding the number of climate security practices in vulnerable areas of the world has "huge potential to catalyse more sustainable and long-term peace and stability".
1277:
1608:
739:, the alliance plans investments in renewables and energy efficiency to reduce risks to soldiers, and cites the impacts from climate change on security as a reason.
6926:
6285:
6136:
5880:
86:
states, civil society organizations and academia. The term is used in fields such as politics, diplomacy, environment and security with increasing frequency.
5746:
1065:, stating that "Climate change presents a serious threat to the security and prosperity of the United States and other countries." A 2012 report published by the
6341:
4393:
6635:
5913:
720:
Setup of a solar shade canopy for humanitarian aid and disaster relief. The solar shade has the potential to provide enough energy for continuous 24-hour use.
168:
states, civil society organizations and academia. The term is used in fields such as politics, diplomacy, environment and security with increasing frequency.
6868:
437:
5837:
Bremberg, Niklas; Sonnsjö, Hannes; Mobjörk, Malin (November 23, 2018). "The EU and climate-related security risks: a community of practice in the making?".
4221:"Research methods for exploring the links between climate change and conflict: Research methods for exploring the links between climate change and conflict"
3584:
Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Maganga, Faustin P.; Abdallah, Jumanne Moshi (2009). "The Kilosa Killings: Political Ecology of a FarmerâHerder Conflict in Tanzania".
6752:
1556:
Visser, Wayne; Brundtland, Gro Harlem (December 13, 2009). "Our Common Future ('The Brundtland Report'): World Commission on Environment and Development".
237:
1818:
690:
Many politicians, decision makers, and journalists have drawn a connection between climate change and conflict. Already in a 2007 study on the topic, the
460:
are crossed. Climate activists are engaged in a range of activities around the world that seek to ameliorate these issues or prevent them from happening.
7011:
6969:
5113:
Krampe, Florian; Mobjörk, Malin (October 20, 2018). "Responding to Climate-Related Security Risks: Reviewing Regional Organizations in Asia and Africa".
730:
406:
5042:
2681:
1292:
1215:
790:
between communities, increasing food security, peace and human security overall. Another example is a division of the UN peacekeeping mission in Mali (
7890:
7006:
6591:
5487:
3619:
3549:
Madu, Ignatius Ani; Nwankwo, Cletus Famous (May 20, 2020). "Spatial pattern of climate change and farmerâherder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria".
684:
236:
allowed to deepen and broaden concepts of security beyond traditional military security through discourse methodology and âspeech acts.â For example,
6232:
7221:
6942:
6660:
6437:
6403:
5066:
3460:
Benjaminsen, Tor A; Alinon, Koffi; Buhaug, Halvard; Buseth, Jill Tove (January 2012). "Does climate change drive land-use conflicts in the Sahel?".
691:
233:
5787:
3069:
Detges, Adrien (September 2016). "Local conditions of drought-related violence in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of road and water infrastructures".
7577:
7366:
1108:
hearings on the national security implications of climate change, the White House blocked the submission of a statement by the State Department's
6534:
4984:
609:
7226:
7189:
7043:
7028:
6947:
6596:
6540:
1066:
663:
approaches are largely ignored. Existing research also predominantly focuses on a few, well-known and already conflict-ridden regions, such as
492:
215:, as they are concerned climate change will be used to justify military intervention and increased military budgets by powerful countries. The
6155:
6097:
5720:
393:, are most affected by the effects of climate change, for which they are least responsible, which many call environmental injustice (see also
7885:
7023:
4804:
4529:
4478:
4411:
3211:
1887:
1633:
1573:
863:
336:
1506:
1481:
7907:
6863:
6858:
1225:
899:
895:
457:
220:
5946:
2517:
de Bruin, Sophie P.; Hoch, Jannis M.; von Uexkull, Nina; Buhaug, Halvard; Demmers, Jolle; Visser, Hans; Wanders, Niko (January 1, 2022).
8014:
7388:
7166:
6984:
6916:
6906:
6889:
6796:
6603:
6319:
6122:
1121:
1109:
123:
5764:
483:
on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations. Climate justice seeks to achieve an equitable distribution of both the burdens of
7817:
7678:
7635:
7131:
5214:
1314:
1113:
822:
even invited a Dutch military general to contribute to their ârebelâ handbook. Even though these groups are often more concerned with
1748:""Climate Change and International Security:Paper from the High Representative and the European Commission to the European Council.""
350:, and also the establishment of Loss and Damage Finance Facility (LDFF), which has been proposed by low-income countries, as well as
7744:
7620:
7437:
6640:
6002:
5812:
3503:
Obioha, Emeka E. (April 2008). "Climate Change, Population Drift and Violent Conflict over Land Resources in Northeastern Nigeria".
1078:
328:
1905:"Global Justice in the Anthropocene. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND GOVERNANCE FOR THE ANTHROPOCENE. Louis Kotze, ed. Hart Publishing, 2017"
826:
they seek to involve the military as allies, driven by the belief that it can help achieve broader political and economic support.
339:
and other frontline communities that are fighting for climate change and also already protecting 80% of Earthâs biodiversity.
271:, the scale of climate change impacts pushed international actors to view climate change as a security threat. A report in 2003 by
7977:
7615:
7595:
7542:
7494:
6556:
4176:
Hartmann, Betsy (October 2, 2014). "Converging on Disaster: Climate Security and the Malthusian Anticipatory Regime for Africa".
1016:
859:
304:
8009:
7734:
7685:
7111:
7073:
7018:
6488:
2633:"Climate Change and Violent Conflict in East Africa: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Research to Probe the Mechanisms"
696:
550:
basic necessities, undermine fragile governments and economies, damage vital infrastructure, and lower agricultural production.
433:
354:. This way, low-income countries could tackle the impacts of climate change for which they are bear the least responsibility.
7802:
7086:
6843:
4428:
1534:
5292:
4511:
4094:"Syrian farmers in the midst of drought and conflict: the causes, patterns, and aftermath of land abandonment and migration"
1877:
1699:"Is securitization theory racist? Civilizationism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack thought in the Copenhagen School"
195:
and âterritorial integrityâ from an external threat. This discourse is advanced by national security institutions where the
5407:
1591:
976:, Sudan conflict. Between 1967 and 2007, the total rainfall in the area had reduced by 30 percent and the expansion of the
315:
rather than climate security. Climate justice puts the emphasis on the root causes of climate change, like colonialism and
59:
is a political and policy framework that looks at the impacts of climate on security. Climate security often refers to the
7912:
7447:
6979:
6207:
1077:
poses risks to other parts of the country, risk for infrastructure, and increases demands on military resources. In 2016,
968:
and limited government capabilities, making it the most vulnerable continent. A 2007 report by the UN Secretary-General,
786:
390:
204:
5895:"Donald Trump UK visit: US president is 'putting British national security at risk', say over 100 top climate scientists"
401:
responsible for 92 percent of GHG emissions and climate change is devastating the Global South. To account for this, the
7895:
7567:
7096:
7091:
6996:
6873:
6430:
6033:
4000:"Climate migrants as protestors? Dispelling misconceptions about global environmental change in pre-revolutionary Syria"
1454:
794:) that seeks to solve community conflicts, which can stem from climate change caused resource shortages. One project in
382:
371:
264:
134:
72:
6397:
2566:
Ge, Quansheng; Hao, Mengmeng; Ding, Fangyu; Jiang, Dong; Scheffran, JĂŒrgen; Helman, David; Ide, Tobias (May 20, 2022).
7106:
6959:
6921:
3727:
Selby, Jan; Hoffmann, Clemens (2014). "Beyond scarcity: Rethinking water, climate change and conflict in the Sudans".
1747:
705:
680:
660:
508:
4829:
332:
5009:
8004:
7965:
7729:
7532:
7489:
7262:
7184:
7038:
4453:
Hardt, Judith Nora; Harrington, Cameron; von Lucke, Franziskus; EstĂšve, Adrien; Simpson, Nicholas P., eds. (2023).
3421:"Cooperation and Co-Existence Between Farmers and Herders in the Midst of Violent Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Ghana"
2857:
Solomon M. Hsiang; Marshall Burke; Edward Miguel (2013). "Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict".
2784:
2240:
1104:
released a report stating that climate change is a national security threat to USA. In June 2019, in the course of
807:
803:
616:
31:
7834:
7509:
7484:
7457:
7419:
7336:
7154:
7001:
6964:
6714:
6483:
6478:
6473:
5973:"Global Britain in a Competitive Age: the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy"
5556:
5322:
4455:"Climate Security in the Anthropocene: Exploring the Approaches of United Nations Security Council Member-States"
3772:
3359:"Gender and climate change-induced conflict in pastoral communities: Case study of Turkana in northwestern Kenya"
965:
919:
887:
612:
488:
480:
414:
367:
272:
76:
5271:
4722:
3194:
Scheffran, JĂŒrgen; Link, Peter Michael; Schilling, Janpeter (April 26, 2019), "Climate and Conflict in Africa",
2210:
7844:
7839:
7770:
7610:
7116:
7081:
6974:
6901:
6742:
6571:
6507:
6468:
3227:
1160:
300:
7829:
870:, but it ended up fueling more war, conflict, and the return to power of the Taliban as a result of the
409:â which addresses developed countriesâ responsibility to transfer aid and technology to developing countries.
6181:
2670:
2103:
1764:
1300:
7999:
7953:
7875:
7785:
7527:
7499:
7179:
6816:
6423:
4429:"Intelligence community says climate change effects will "exacerbate risks" to national security - CBS News"
3846:
1352:
1231:
228:
5479:
7552:
7372:
7314:
7231:
7216:
7101:
6747:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
4039:"Climate War in the Middle East? Drought, the Syrian Civil War and the State of Climate-Conflict Research"
2699:
2311:
923:
811:
496:
176:
172:
127:
107:
64:
5054:
3892:
Kelley, Colin P.; Mohtadi, Shahrzad; Cane, Mark A.; Seager, Richard; Kushnir, Yochanan (March 17, 2015).
3399:
2491:
7941:
7587:
7464:
7272:
6732:
6655:
1912:
1142:
1089:
476:
312:
5428:
4932:
4907:
3258:
671:. This raises questions about sampling biases as well as implications for less-considered regions like
5510:
4634:
3960:
3689:
3657:"Extreme Weather and Civil War: Does Drought Fuel Conflict in Somalia through Livestock Price Shocks?"
2721:
2518:
1659:
7780:
7658:
7349:
7319:
6894:
6821:
5361:
5122:
4350:
4050:
3905:
3799:
3015:
2968:
2913:
2799:
2733:
2579:
2411:
2255:
2165:
2033:
1097:
982:
819:
769:
590:
219:
discourse emerged as a counteracting alternative to national security, and was embraced first by the
212:
4588:"Weakened by the storm: Rebel group recruitment in the wake of natural disasters in the Philippines"
3999:
3114:"Multi-method evidence for when and how climate-related disasters contribute to armed conflict risk"
2359:"Multi-method evidence for when and how climate-related disasters contribute to armed conflict risk"
586:
17:
7797:
7572:
6806:
6801:
6263:
2720:
Buhaug, Halvard; Benjaminsen, Tor A.; Gilmore, Elisabeth A.; Hendrix, Cullen S. (January 1, 2023).
911:
425:
343:
102:
Climate security looks at the impacts of climate on security. Climate security often refers to the
6028:
5100:
5041:
Von Lossow, T.; Schrijver, A.; van der Kroon, M.; van Schaik, L. & Meester, J. (April, 2021),
4881:
3800:"Understanding the Politics of Climate Security Policy Discourse: The Case of the Lake Chad Basin"
2022:"From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice"
7625:
7557:
7474:
7324:
7289:
7246:
7241:
7236:
6811:
5862:
5677:
5618:
5610:
5538:
5389:
5195:
5146:
4662:
4615:
4492:
4374:
4293:
4250:
4201:
4158:
4074:
3874:
3827:
3754:
3566:
3528:
3485:
3339:
3094:
2882:
2839:
2339:
2287:
2059:
1976:
1968:
1728:
1436:
1150:
939:
664:
529:
165:
83:
6409:
4778:
2959:
Raleigh, Clionadh; Linke, Andrew; O'Loughlin, John (2014). "Extreme temperatures and violence".
1254:
183:
can refer to a broad range of securities including national, international, ecological and
5636:
Oramah, Chinwe Philomina; Olsen, Odd Einar; Arne Pettersen Gould, Kenneth (September 1, 2021).
4856:
4312:
3112:
Ide, Tobias; Brzoska, Michael; Donges, Jonathan D.; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (May 1, 2020).
2568:"Modelling armed conflict risk under climate change with machine learning and time-series data"
2357:
Ide, Tobias; Brzoska, Michael; Donges, Jonathan F.; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (May 1, 2020).
1408:
7859:
7522:
7267:
7033:
6826:
6789:
6576:
6530:
6078:
5921:
5854:
5669:
5638:"Assessing the impact of the securitization narrative on climate change adaptation in Nigeria"
5602:
5530:
5381:
5245:
5187:
5138:
4748:
4703:
4654:
4607:
4568:
4525:
4484:
4474:
4407:
4366:
4285:
4193:
4150:
4115:
4066:
4019:
3980:
3941:
3923:
3866:
3819:
3709:
3601:
3520:
3477:
3442:
3380:
3275:
Ide, Tobias; Lopez, Miguel Rodriguez; Fröhlich, Christiane; Scheffran, JĂŒrgen (July 2, 2020).
3207:
3176:
3135:
3086:
3051:
3033:
2984:
2941:
2874:
2831:
2823:
2759:
2652:
2613:
2595:
2548:
2447:
2429:
2380:
2331:
2279:
2191:
2077:
2051:
1960:
1883:
1826:
1720:
1679:
1629:
1600:
1569:
1428:
1389:
1221:
1093:
972:
points out that, climate change and environmental degradation were partly responsible for the
601:
research field, especially regarding the pathways connecting climate change to conflict risk.
444:. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such as more intense
320:
103:
60:
4338:
4220:
4038:
3259:"Food and Water Insecurity as Causes of Social Unrest: Evidence from Geolocated Twitter Data"
3203:
2465:
1765:"Border Security Market Size & Share Analysis - Industry Research Report - Growth Trends"
7902:
7469:
7452:
7393:
7284:
6772:
6645:
6581:
6068:
5846:
5659:
5649:
5594:
5522:
5373:
5177:
5130:
4693:
4646:
4599:
4558:
4517:
4466:
4399:
4358:
4277:
4240:
4232:
4185:
4142:
4105:
4058:
4011:
3972:
3931:
3913:
3858:
3811:
3744:
3736:
3701:
3668:
3593:
3558:
3512:
3469:
3432:
3370:
3331:
3319:
3298:
3288:
3239:
3199:
3166:
3125:
3078:
3041:
3023:
2976:
2931:
2921:
2866:
2815:
2807:
2749:
2741:
2644:
2603:
2587:
2538:
2530:
2437:
2419:
2370:
2323:
2271:
2263:
2181:
2173:
2041:
1952:
1710:
1671:
1590:
1561:
1420:
1379:
1012:
643:
608:
On a country by country basis, several case studies have linked climate change to increased
595:
567:
257:
5453:
5080:âClimate change, agricultural production and civil conflict: Evidence from the Philippinesâ
4587:
4454:
3690:"Long-term environmental change and geographical patterns of violence in Darfur, 2003â2005"
1322:
1278:"Briefer: Climate Change as a "Threat Multiplier": History, Uses and Future of the Concept"
30:"Climate war" redirects here. For public debate or "culture war" about climate change, see
7854:
7775:
7739:
7668:
7642:
7630:
7547:
7479:
7354:
7211:
6833:
6784:
6762:
5215:"NATO: Climate Change Is Significant Security Threat and 'Its Bite Is Already Being Felt'"
3358:
2327:
1925:
1155:
1037:
973:
931:
628:
472:
466:
453:
441:
394:
375:
347:
308:
155:, projected changes in food prices, depending on emissions scenarios, also factoring trade
142:
138:
49:
6206:
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (January 2019).
4957:
1792:
6342:"New Pentagon Report: "The effects of a changing climate are a national security issue""
5126:
4908:"Papers - 2019 - Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, and the Costs of War | Costs of War"
4354:
4054:
3909:
3019:
2972:
2917:
2803:
2737:
2583:
2415:
2259:
2186:
2169:
2153:
2037:
7807:
7663:
7605:
7600:
7442:
7331:
7063:
7058:
7053:
6911:
6848:
6586:
6566:
6525:
6446:
3936:
3893:
3046:
3003:
2608:
2567:
2442:
2399:
1995:
1565:
1175:
1170:
823:
579:
566:
A 2016 article suggested that conflict over climate-related water issues could lead to
500:
484:
429:
421:
316:
216:
184:
175:
and was first mentioned in the Brundtland Report in 1987. During the '70s and '80s the
148:
111:
68:
44:
5222:
4313:"Comments on Mach et al, 'Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict', Nature (2019)"
3894:"Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought"
7993:
7880:
7812:
7537:
7359:
7344:
7279:
7174:
5881:"David Cameron: 'Climate change is one of the most serious threats facing our world'"
5866:
5695:
5681:
5622:
5598:
5542:
5393:
5346:
Smith, D., Mobjörk, M., Krampe, F., Eklöw, K., âClimate Security Making it #Doableâ,
5199:
5150:
4666:
4619:
4496:
4297:
4254:
4205:
4162:
4078:
3878:
3831:
3597:
3570:
3343:
3098:
3002:
von Uexkull, Nina; Croicu, Mihai; Fjelde, Hanne; Buhaug, Halvard (November 1, 2016).
2843:
2343:
2291:
2063:
1980:
1732:
1482:"Global tension is hampering our ability to fight climate change, Davos survey warns"
1440:
1165:
1117:
1081:
1029:
867:
672:
386:
324:
6156:"Trump's national security agenda to have big environmental impacts on both borders"
4805:"The Pentagon alone is the world's largest consumer of fossil fuel. - Google Search"
4378:
3758:
3740:
3532:
3489:
3130:
3113:
2534:
2375:
2358:
1100:
removed climate change from its national security strategy. But in January 2019 the
7765:
7562:
7206:
7196:
6853:
6737:
6650:
4682:"From climate conflicts to environmental peacebuilding: Exploring local dimensions"
4650:
4633:
Johnson, McKenzie F.; RodrĂguez, Luz A.; Quijano Hoyos, Manuela (January 1, 2021).
3516:
2886:
1101:
764:
534:
504:
445:
249:
196:
5850:
5654:
5637:
5377:
4268:
Selby, Jan (October 2, 2014). "Positivist Climate Conflict Research: A Critique".
4110:
4093:
4015:
3959:
Selby, Jan; Dahi, Omar S.; Fröhlich, Christiane; Hulme, Mike (September 1, 2017).
3815:
3637:
2398:
von Uexkull, Nina; Croicu, Mihai; Fjelde, Hanne; Buhaug, Halvard (November 2016).
1851:
1384:
1367:
456:. These changes impact ecosystems and societies, and can become irreversible once
245:
5526:
5300:
5182:
5166:"Climate change and security research: Conflict, securitisation and human agency"
5165:
4281:
4189:
3976:
3705:
2519:"Projecting long-term armed conflict risk: An underappreciated field of inquiry?"
1675:
1623:
7792:
7309:
7301:
6561:
5272:"A RESOLUTION FOR A PEACEFUL CLIMATE: OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL"
5010:"How the U.S. betrayed the Marshall Islands, kindling the next nuclear disaster"
4133:
Barnett, Jon (2019). "Global environmental change I: Climate resilient peace?".
1070:
969:
943:
668:
351:
253:
241:
208:
192:
39:
4680:
SĂ€ndig, Jan; Dalmer, Natalia; Ide, Tobias; Vogler, Anselm (February 21, 2024).
3562:
2591:
2177:
7824:
7201:
6838:
6137:"The Pentagon & Climate Change: How Deniers Put National Security at Risk"
6073:
6056:
5134:
5078:(1) Crost, B., Duquennois, C., Felter, J. H., & Rees, D. I. (2018).
4698:
4681:
4470:
4362:
4062:
3862:
3228:"Reframing Climate-Induced Socio-Environmental Conflicts: A Systematic Review"
2936:
2926:
2901:
2811:
2745:
2267:
1424:
1132:
915:
449:
6082:
5925:
5914:"Climate change 'will see more UK forces deployed in conflicts around world'"
5858:
5673:
5606:
5534:
5385:
5191:
5142:
4707:
4658:
4611:
4603:
4572:
4488:
4370:
4289:
4197:
4154:
4146:
4119:
4070:
4023:
3984:
3927:
3870:
3823:
3713:
3605:
3524:
3481:
3473:
3446:
3384:
3375:
3335:
3293:
3276:
3180:
3139:
3090:
3082:
3037:
2988:
2945:
2827:
2763:
2656:
2599:
2552:
2433:
2384:
2335:
2055:
1964:
1830:
1724:
1715:
1698:
1683:
1604:
1432:
1393:
6779:
5067:âClimate Security Practice Spotlight â Kauswagan From Arms to Farms Projectâ
3918:
3404:
3028:
2870:
2424:
1255:
Primer on Climate Security: The dangers of a militarising the climate crisis
987:
636:
6410:
Primer on Climate Security - The dangers of militarising the climate crisis
5813:"Political Leaders Urge More Climate Action and Strong Outcome in Katowice"
3945:
3055:
2878:
2835:
2617:
2451:
2283:
2195:
6365:"Fact Sheet: Prioritizing Climate in Foreign Policy and National Security"
5478:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (October 27, 2020).
5055:âThe Planetary Security Initiative Overview of Climate Security Practicesâ
4521:
4403:
3673:
3656:
3243:
2129:"Can cost benefit analysis grasp the climate change nettle? And can we..."
5664:
5408:"The South Centre | G77 Summit Declaration addresses "global challenges""
4563:
4546:
3437:
3420:
3171:
3154:
2980:
2754:
2648:
2543:
1409:"Who Cares about the Weather?: Climate Change and U.S. National Security"
624:
575:
335:. Indeed, many proponents of climate justice call for bigger support for
4245:
3303:
6757:
5614:
5582:
4547:"Rise or Recede? How Climate Disasters Affect Armed Conflict Intensity"
3749:
3155:"Rise or Recede? How Climate Disasters Affect Armed Conflict Intensity"
2819:
2275:
1972:
914:
first debated climate security and energy in 2007 and in 2011 issued a
676:
647:
512:
293:
6208:"Report on Effects of a Changing Climate to the Department of Defense"
5583:"Climate Change as the 'New' Security Threat: Implications for Africa"
5509:
Busby, Joshua W.; Smith, Todd G.; Krishnan, Nisha (November 1, 2014).
1073:
found that climate change puts coastal areas at risk, that a changing
866:
was launched in order to obtain security from terrorism and fight the
7760:
4985:"U.S. Forces Are Leaving a Toxic Environmental Legacy in Afghanistan"
2632:
2211:"Social Justice Resources for Teachers: Topic Guide. Climate change"
2152:
Kotz, Mazimilian.; Levermann, Anders; Wenz, Leonie (April 17, 2024).
1074:
977:
296:
has increased by 2763% since its establishment in 2016 through 2021.
4635:"Intrastate environmental peacebuilding: A review of the literature"
4513:
Ecological Security: Climate Change and the Construction of Security
4337:
Adams, Courtland; Ide, Tobias; Barnett, Jon; Detges, Adrien (2018).
4236:
2046:
2021:
1956:
1904:
1879:
Ecological Security: Climate Change and the Construction of Security
1819:"Why protecting Indigenous communities can also help save the Earth"
1197:"Why the U.S. East Coast could be a major 'hotspot' for rising seas"
1034:
Climate change is one of the most serious threats facing our world".
6767:
6233:"Pentagon Warns of Dire Risk to Bases, Troops From Climate Change"
6182:"Pentagon: Climate Change Is Real and a 'National Security Issue'"
5947:"Climate action is necessary for international peace and security"
5747:"Implications of climate change for Australia's national security"
3320:"Riots and resources: How food access affects collective violence"
1046:
795:
715:
632:
620:
571:
147:
6415:
6312:"Does the U.S. need a 'presidential climate security committee'?"
3419:
Bukari, Kaderi Noagah; Sow, Papa; Scheffran, JĂŒrgen (July 2018).
1941:"Common But Differentiated Responsibilities in International Law"
79:
can also have a negative effect on human security if mishandled.
5362:"Climate and security: UN agenda-setting and the 'Global South'"
5079:
2902:"One effect to rule them all? A comment on climate and conflict"
1347:
Barnett, Jon; Dabelko, Geoffrey D. (2019). Collins, Alan (ed.).
851:
736:
656:
152:
7711:
7416:
7152:
6712:
6624:
6505:
6457:
6419:
964:
of colonialism, inequitable global trade arrangements, its low
882:
Although climate change is first and foremost dealt within the
872:
withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020â2021)
5043:âTowards a Better Understanding of Climate Security Practicesâ
4830:"U.S. military marches forward on green energy, despite Trump"
3277:"Pathways to water conflict during drought in the MENA region"
1994:
CounterAct; Women's Climate Justice Collective (May 4, 2020).
815:
171:
Within academia, climate security emerged from a discourse of
7674:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
6123:"Worldwide Threat Assessment: Climate Magnifying Instability"
5099:
Hegazi, F.; Krampe, F. & Seymour-Smith, E. (April 2021).
763:
The militaryâs sustainability plans have been criticized as â
5696:"FAO - News Article: Lake Chad facing humanitarian disaster"
1125:
Biden declared climate change a national security priority.
6404:
National Security in the Fourth National Climate Assessment
2631:
van Baalen, Sebastian; Mobjörk, Malin (November 10, 2017).
1592:"Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change"
6392:
5101:âClimate-related Security Risks and Peacebuilding in Maliâ
1063:
Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action
7850:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
4392:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2023).
3257:
Koren, Ore; Bagozzi, Benjamin E.; Benson, Thomas (2020).
303:, We are Dissenters, Grassroots Global Justice Alliance,
3773:"Overstating Climate Change in Egypt's Uprising - Egypt"
3655:
Maystadt, Jean-François; Ecker, Olivier (October 2014).
1622:
Sheehan, Michael J.; Sheehan, Professor Michael (2005).
1315:"World in Transition: Climate Change as a Security Risk"
5511:"Climate security vulnerability in Africa mapping 3.01"
5069:. Planetary Security Initiative. Clingendael Institute.
5057:. Planetary Security Initiative. Clingendael Institute.
4398:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1045.
3847:"Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria"
3638:"The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali"
1455:"A Security Threat Assessment of Global Climate Change"
515:
and the historical responsibilities for climate change.
4779:"Primer on climate security | Transnational Institute"
4723:"U.S. Military Orders Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels"
3620:"Climate change, food shortages, and conflict in Mali"
3004:"Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought"
2400:"Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought"
7691:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6398:
How Climate Change Became a National Security Problem
2722:"Climate-driven risks to peace over the 21st century"
1535:"The Global Security Defense Index on Climate Change"
884:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
269:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6098:"4 Reasons Climate Change Affects National Security"
5429:"G-77 Journal - Volume 19/1 (2007) (Spring Edition)"
918:
expressing concern at the possible adverse security
7868:
7753:
7722:
7651:
7586:
7508:
7430:
7381:
7298:
7255:
7165:
7072:
6935:
6882:
6725:
6549:
6518:
6003:"The long history of climate change security risks"
5581:Brown, Oli; Hammill, Anne; McLeman, Robert (2007).
4459:
The Anthropocene: PolitikâEconomicsâSocietyâScience
3961:"Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited"
2680:. United States Army. February 2022. pp. 4â5.
2020:Schlosberg, David; Collins, Lisette B. (May 2014).
1697:Howell, Alison; Richter-Montpetit, Melanie (2020).
926:on issues related to climate change. In July 2018,
902:cooperation called the Climate Security Mechanism.
642:The most prominent example of these debates is the
6393:Global Military Advisory Council On Climate Change
5480:"Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa"
1996:"Climate Justice and Feminism Resource Collection"
1368:"Climate change and Australia's national security"
5084:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
4749:"NATO: Renewable Energy Can Save Soldiers' Lives"
407:common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)
7891:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1852:"Loss and Damage Finance Facility - Why and How"
610:violent conflicts between farmers and herders in
4882:"The military's contribution to climate change"
4225:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
3898:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3400:"Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa"
3196:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science
3008:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2404:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1793:"Global Climate Wall | Transnational Institute"
646:. Several studies claim that a climate-induced
543:
5767:. Council of the European Union. July 20, 2015
5517:. Special Issue: Climate Change and Conflict.
5246:"NATO Climate Change and Security Action Plan"
4857:"NATO Climate Change and Security Action Plan"
3798:Daoust, Gabrielle; Selby, Jan (May 27, 2023).
935:beyond the diplomats in the Security Council.
679:, with topics such as peaceful adaptation and
327:and exploitative economic systems such as the
6636:History of climate change policy and politics
6431:
5721:"Drying Lake Chad Basin gives rise to crisis"
5360:Abdenur, Adriana Erthal (September 2, 2021).
2785:"Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict"
2241:"Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict"
424:are well documented and growing for Earth's
8:
6180:Lorraine Chow, Lorraine (January 18, 2018).
6125:. The Center for Climate and Security. 2016.
4339:"Sampling bias in climateâconflict research"
1625:International Security: An Analytical Survey
499:. Climate justice examines concepts such as
493:economic burden of climate change mitigation
299:Social movements and organizations, such as
6753:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3998:Fröhlich, Christiane J. (January 2, 2016).
2154:"The economic commitment of climate change"
1372:Australian Journal of International Affairs
495:is estimated by some at around 1% to 2% of
252:field and does not include the legacies of
7972:
7960:
7719:
7708:
7427:
7413:
7162:
7149:
6722:
6709:
6621:
6515:
6502:
6454:
6438:
6424:
6416:
5786:David Murray; Thomas Murtha (April 2018).
5765:"Council Conclusions on Climate Diplomacy"
4092:Dinc, Pinar; Eklund, Lina (July 1, 2023).
3661:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
2700:"Kashmir, climate change, and nuclear war"
731:Energy usage of the United States military
110:risks induced, directly or indirectly, by
67:risks induced, directly or indirectly, by
7518:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
6661:United Nations Climate Change conferences
6072:
6055:Malone, Elizabeth L. (October 17, 2012).
5663:
5653:
5181:
4697:
4562:
4516:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4244:
4109:
3935:
3917:
3748:
3672:
3436:
3374:
3302:
3292:
3170:
3129:
3045:
3027:
2935:
2925:
2753:
2607:
2542:
2441:
2423:
2374:
2185:
2045:
1882:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1714:
1383:
7222:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
5912:Carrington, Damian (November 10, 2014).
2492:"Climate crisis raises risk of conflict"
2104:"Climate Equality: A Planet For the 99%"
1319:German Advisory Council on Global Change
1291:Smith, Dan; Vivekananda, Janani (2007).
1276:Goodman, Sherri; Baudu, Pauline (2013).
1047:Climate Change Conference of the Parties
743:Military Operations and Climate Security
692:German Advisory Council on Global Change
342:Many civil society actors also call for
38:
7578:National Adaptation Programme of Action
7367:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
5996:
5994:
5454:"Security dimensions of climate change"
4721:Elisabeth Rosenthal (October 4, 2010).
3398:Juliana Nnoko-Mewanu (August 6, 2018).
1560:. Greenleaf Publishing Limited: 52â55.
1407:Busby, Joshua W. (September 18, 2008).
1187:
1088:A 2015 Pentagon report pointed out how
331:. Many call this addressing the era of
260:inform global politics and governance.
7227:Economics of climate change mitigation
7190:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
6541:Scientific consensus on climate change
6231:Capaccio, Anthony (January 18, 2019).
6057:"Climate Change and National Security"
6029:"Climate Change and National Security"
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
4958:"How does war damage the environment?"
3363:African Journal on Conflict Resolution
3204:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.557
2687:from the original on February 9, 2022.
1921:
1910:
1611:from the original on January 15, 2022.
1523:from the original on November 3, 2020.
1106:House Select Committee on Intelligence
1067:Joint Global Change Research Institute
922:. There has been a series of informal
7886:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6363:House, The White (October 21, 2021).
5490:from the original on November 3, 2020
4773:
4771:
4769:
3544:
3542:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2715:
2713:
2328:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070830
2305:
2303:
2301:
2233:
2231:
1945:American Journal of International Law
1787:
1785:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1545:from the original on October 6, 2014.
1459:The Center for Climate & Security
7:
7908:Representative Concentration Pathway
6859:Tipping points in the climate system
6535:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4937:Scientists for Global Responsibility
3688:De Juan, Alexander (March 1, 2015).
1939:Stone, Christopher D. (April 2004).
1342:
1340:
1217:Climate Change and National Security
938:However, some countries, especially
428:and human societies. Changes to the
18:Climate change and national security
7679:Nationally determined contributions
7389:Individual action on climate change
6604:World energy supply and consumption
6318:. February 22, 2019. Archived from
5788:"Climate risk: Running out of time"
2209:Commons Librarian (June 17, 2024).
1541:. American Security Project. 2021.
1110:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
619:, but have found mixed results for
276:should be considered immediately."
124:Effects of climate change on humans
27:Environmental aspect of geopolitics
7818:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
6257:Eilperin, Juliet (July 10, 2019).
6001:Nuccitelli, Dana (April 8, 2019).
5213:Tierney Smith (October 12, 2015).
4427:Gazis, Olivia (October 22, 2021).
2316:Annual Review of Political Science
1746:European Commission (March 2008).
1589:Rich, Nathaniel (August 5, 2018).
1566:10.9774/gleaf.978-1-907643-44-6_12
1114:National Defense Authorization Act
221:United Nations Development Program
43:Map of the Earth with a six-meter
25:
7745:Satellite temperature measurement
7350:forestry for carbon sequestration
6641:History of climate change science
5323:"Conference of the Parties (COP)"
4747:Cole Mellino (February 1, 2016).
4586:Walch, Colin (February 5, 2018).
3845:Gleick, Peter H. (July 1, 2014).
3318:Heslin, Alison (April 28, 2020).
2704:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2466:"Global Peace Index 2019 - World"
2215:The Commons Social Change Library
2000:The Commons Social Change Library
1480:Chloe Taylor (January 16, 2019).
1257:(Report). Transnational Institute
1195:Chris Mooney (February 1, 2016).
1079:Director of National Intelligence
438:changes to precipitation patterns
329:exploitation of natural resources
7971:
7959:
7948:
7947:
7935:
7596:Climate Change Performance Index
6154:Justine Calma (August 2, 2018).
5599:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00678.x
4037:Ide, Tobias (December 1, 2018).
3598:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01558.x
3357:Omolo, N. A. (January 1, 2010).
1660:"Discourses of climate security"
1658:McDonald, Matt (March 1, 2013).
1507:"Global Catastrophic Risks 2020"
1220:. Council on Foreign Relations.
1135:
1017:European External Action Service
860:NATO-supported military invasion
820:Extinction Rebellion Netherlands
818:in Europe. The grassroots group
465:This section is an excerpt from
413:This section is an excerpt from
307:, call for a bigger emphasis on
305:Indigenous Environmental Network
7735:Instrumental temperature record
7686:Sustainable Development Goal 13
6412:(Transnational Institute, 2021)
5839:Journal of European Integration
3741:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.008
3131:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102063
2535:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102423
2376:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102063
1558:The Top 50 Sustainability Books
1366:Ide, Tobias (January 2, 2023).
940:low and middle income countries
906:United Nations Security Council
697:United Nations Security Council
585:Recent studies by authors like
145:policy, and diplomatic efforts.
7803:Climate variability and change
6844:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
5270:Born, Camilla (January 2017).
5164:Arnall, Alex (March 2, 2023).
5115:Current Climate Change Reports
4651:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105150
4311:janselbyblog (July 12, 2019).
4043:Current Climate Change Reports
3517:10.1080/09709274.2008.11906084
954:Country and continent examples
772:and its environmental legacy.
546:
1:
7913:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
7448:Climate emergency declaration
6096:Reynard Loki (May 20, 2015).
6061:Weather, Climate, and Society
5851:10.1080/07036337.2018.1546301
5655:10.1080/09644016.2021.1970456
5557:"A Climate Culprit In Darfur"
5378:10.1080/01436597.2021.1951609
4111:10.1080/17565529.2023.2223600
4016:10.1080/20581831.2016.1149355
3851:Weather, Climate, and Society
3816:10.1080/14650045.2021.2014821
3226:Scartozzi, Cesare M. (2020).
2698:Zia Mian (December 7, 2016).
2312:"Climate Change and Conflict"
2310:Koubi, Vally (May 11, 2019).
1385:10.1080/10357718.2023.2170978
888:The Conference of the Parties
391:Global North and Global South
205:Sustainable Development Goals
7896:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
7122:Middle East and North Africa
6034:Council on Foreign Relations
5527:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.10.005
5183:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000072
4282:10.1080/14650045.2014.964865
4190:10.1080/14650045.2013.847433
3977:10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.05.007
3706:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.09.001
3232:International Studies Review
2637:International Studies Review
1676:10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.01.002
1628:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
1514:Global Challenges Foundation
479:that focuses on the unequal
383:climate change vulnerability
372:climate change vulnerability
265:first IPCC Assessment Report
229:International Relations (IR)
135:Global Challenges Foundation
5753:. 2018. pp. Chapter 2.
4317:Politics, Ecology, Security
4135:Progress in Human Geography
3729:Global Environmental Change
3198:, Oxford University Press,
3118:Global Environmental Change
2523:Global Environmental Change
2363:Global Environmental Change
1597:The New York Times Magazine
706:environmental peacebuilding
681:environmental peacebuilding
352:sovereign debt cancellation
112:changes in climate patterns
69:changes in climate patterns
8031:
8015:Politics of climate change
7730:Global surface temperature
7621:Popular culture depictions
7533:Ecosystem-based adaptation
7263:Carbon capture and storage
7185:Carbon offsets and credits
3563:10.1007/s10708-020-10223-2
2592:10.1038/s41467-022-30356-x
2178:10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0
2078:"What is Climate Justice?"
1769:www.mordorintelligence.com
808:Environmental Defense Fund
776:Climate security practices
728:
464:
412:
365:
283:Critiques and alternatives
238:Copenhagen School scholars
121:
32:Global warming controversy
29:
7942:Climate change portal
7929:
7835:Extreme event attribution
7718:
7707:
7458:School Strike for Climate
7426:
7412:
7337:Climate-smart agriculture
7161:
7148:
6721:
6708:
6631:
6620:
6514:
6501:
6484:Climate change adaptation
6479:Climate change mitigation
6474:Effects of climate change
6464:
6453:
6074:10.1175/WCAS-D-12-00016.1
5135:10.1007/s40641-018-0118-x
4699:10.1177/27538796241231090
4592:Journal of Peace Research
4471:10.1007/978-3-031-26014-8
4363:10.1038/s41558-018-0068-2
4063:10.1007/s40641-018-0115-0
3863:10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00059.1
3462:Journal of Peace Research
3324:Journal of Peace Research
3281:Journal of Peace Research
3071:Journal of Peace Research
2927:10.1007/s10584-014-1266-1
2812:10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6
2746:10.1016/j.crm.2022.100471
2268:10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6
1425:10.1080/09636410802319529
994:pastoralist communities.
920:effects of climate change
864:occupation of Afghanistan
541:Climate threats and risks
481:impacts of climate change
415:Effects of climate change
368:Effects of climate change
362:Effects of climate change
7845:Global warming potential
7652:International agreements
7299:Preserving and enhancing
6743:Arctic methane emissions
6665:Years in climate change
6572:Greenhouse gas emissions
6469:Causes of climate change
6007:Yale Climate Connections
5045:. Clingendael Institute.
4686:Environment and Security
4604:10.1177/0022343317741535
4147:10.1177/0309132518798077
3505:Journal of Human Ecology
3474:10.1177/0022343311427343
3376:10.4314/ajcr.v10i2.63312
3336:10.1177/0022343319898227
3294:10.1177/0022343320910777
3083:10.1177/0022343316651922
1716:10.1177/0967010619862921
1214:Joshua W. Busby (2007).
1161:Environmental monitoring
405:embodies the notion of â
301:Climate Justice alliance
7876:Climate change scenario
7528:Disaster risk reduction
7180:Carbon emission trading
6990:U.S. insurance industry
6970:Civilizational collapse
6817:sea surface temperature
4510:McDonald, Matt (2021).
4098:Climate and Development
3919:10.1073/pnas.1421533112
3029:10.1073/pnas.1607542113
2871:10.1126/science.1235367
2726:Climate Risk Management
2425:10.1073/pnas.1607542113
1876:McDonald, Matt (2021).
1353:Oxford University Press
1293:"A climate of conflict"
1036:A 2018 article in UK's
812:Nature Conservancy (US)
683:also understudied. The
489:mitigate climate change
8010:International security
7869:Research and modelling
7553:Nature-based solutions
7373:Nature-based solutions
7315:Carbon dioxide removal
7232:Fossil fuel divestment
7217:Climate risk insurance
7127:Small island countries
6748:Arctic sea ice decline
6027:Busby, Joshua (2007).
5883:. businessGreen. 2014.
5642:Environmental Politics
4551:International Security
3586:Development and Change
3425:African Studies Review
3159:International Security
2109:. Oxfam. November 2023
1920:Cite journal requires
1856:Climate Action Network
1349:Environmental security
1321:. 2007. Archived from
930:initiated a debate on
924:Arria-Formula meetings
916:presidential statement
721:
553:
173:environmental security
156:
133:report, issued by the
128:Environmental security
108:international security
65:international security
53:
7830:Earth's energy budget
7713:Background and theory
7601:Climate crisis (term)
7273:Fossil fuel phase-out
7167:Economics and finance
7132:by individual country
7074:By country and region
7049:Security and conflict
7044:Psychological impacts
6733:Abrupt climate change
6656:Charles David Keeling
6489:By country and region
5587:International Affairs
5366:Third World Quarterly
4522:10.1017/9781009024495
4404:10.1017/9781009325844
4343:Nature Climate Change
2961:Nature Climate Change
2572:Nature Communications
1143:Climate change portal
1122:Department of Defense
719:
477:environmental justice
434:overall warming trend
366:Further information:
313:environmental justice
267:in 1990 and the 1992
166:low and middle income
151:
84:low and middle income
42:
7659:Glasgow Climate Pact
7320:Carbon sequestration
6895:Mass mortality event
5953:. September 23, 2021
5303:on December 22, 2018
5297:COP 24 Katowice 2018
4983:Atherton, Kelsey D.
4564:10.1162/isec_a_00459
4545:Ide, Tobias (2023).
4219:Ide, Tobias (2017).
3438:10.1017/asr.2017.124
3172:10.1162/isec_a_00459
3153:Ide, Tobias (2023).
2981:10.1038/nclimate2101
2496:Climate News Network
2132:Oxford Martin School
2026:WIREs Climate Change
1825:. October 12, 2020.
1325:on December 16, 2017
1253:Nick Buxton (2021).
1098:Trump administration
932:Climate and Security
834:Political approaches
770:American imperialism
213:non-Aligned Movement
177:Jason advisory group
7798:Climate sensitivity
7573:The Adaptation Fund
7029:Infectious diseases
6936:Social and economic
6290:The Washington Post
6264:The Washington Post
5727:. December 24, 2019
5515:Political Geography
5350:(Feb. 2019), p. 14.
5225:on October 13, 2015
5127:2018CCCR....4..330K
5016:. November 10, 2019
4989:Scientific American
4355:2018NatCC...8..200A
4055:2018CCCR....4..347I
4004:Contemporary Levant
3965:Political Geography
3910:2015PNAS..112.3241K
3694:Political Geography
3674:10.1093/ajae/aau010
3644:. January 22, 2019.
3244:10.1093/isr/viaa064
3020:2016PNAS..11312391V
3014:(44): 12391â12396.
2973:2014NatCC...4...76R
2918:2014ClCh..127..391B
2804:2019Natur.571..193M
2738:2023CliRM..3900471B
2584:2022NatCo..13.2839G
2416:2016PNAS..11312391V
2410:(44): 12391â12396.
2260:2019Natur.571..193M
2170:2024Natur.628..551K
2038:2014WIRCC...5..359S
1664:Political Geography
1461:. February 20, 2020
1355:. pp. 235â252.
1297:International Alert
1201:The Washington Post
912:UN Security Council
804:World Wildlife Fund
659:datasets, and that
487:and the efforts to
426:natural environment
385:. For example, the
344:climate reparations
333:climate colonialism
7369:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
7341:Forest management
7325:Direct air capture
7290:Sustainable energy
7247:Net zero emissions
7242:Low-carbon economy
7237:Green Climate Fund
7024:Indigenous peoples
6927:Plant biodiversity
6715:Effects and issues
6344:. January 18, 2019
5348:Clingendael report
4727:The New York Times
2937:20.500.11850/95273
2671:"Climate Strategy"
2649:10.1093/isr/vix043
2084:. December 2, 2021
1903:Gonzalez, Carmen.
1151:Climate resilience
722:
665:Sub-Saharan Africa
530:Global Peace Index
258:racial hierarchies
157:
54:
8005:National security
7987:
7986:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7860:Radiative forcing
7703:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7523:Adaptive capacity
7408:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7268:Energy transition
7144:
7143:
7140:
7139:
6864:Tropical cyclones
6790:Urban heat island
6704:
6703:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6577:Carbon accounting
6531:Greenhouse effect
6497:
6496:
5751:Australian Senate
5014:Los Angeles Times
4639:World Development
4531:978-1-316-51961-5
4480:978-3-031-26016-2
4413:978-1-009-32584-4
3904:(11): 3241â3246.
3626:. April 27, 2015.
3213:978-0-19-022862-0
2865:(6151): 1235367.
2798:(7764): 193â197.
2254:(7764): 193â197.
2164:(8008): 551â557.
1889:978-1-316-51961-5
1703:Security Dialogue
1635:978-1-58826-298-1
1575:978-1-907643-44-6
1516:. July 13, 2020.
1094:national security
966:adaptive capacity
509:collective rights
337:Indigenous people
321:global inequality
16:(Redirected from
8022:
7975:
7974:
7963:
7962:
7951:
7950:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7903:Paleoclimatology
7720:
7709:
7470:Ecological grief
7453:Climate movement
7428:
7414:
7394:Plant-based diet
7285:Renewable energy
7163:
7150:
6985:Economic impacts
6917:Invasive species
6773:Coastal flooding
6723:
6710:
6646:Svante Arrhenius
6622:
6592:from agriculture
6582:Carbon footprint
6567:Greenhouse gases
6516:
6503:
6455:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6417:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6212:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6076:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5667:
5657:
5648:(6): 1037â1057.
5633:
5627:
5626:
5593:(6): 1141â1154.
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5372:(9): 2074â2085.
5357:
5351:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5299:. Archived from
5293:"What is COP24?"
5289:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5221:. Archived from
5210:
5204:
5203:
5185:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5039:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4912:The Costs of War
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4785:. April 21, 2023
4775:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4034:
4028:
4027:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3921:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3810:(3): 1285â1322.
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3667:(5): 1157â1182.
3652:
3646:
3645:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3557:(6): 2691â2707.
3546:
3537:
3536:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3296:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3031:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2789:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2427:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2307:
2296:
2295:
2245:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:. April 21, 2023
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1655:
1640:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1413:Security Studies
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1303:on May 24, 2013.
1299:. Archived from
1288:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1230:. Archived from
1227:978-087609-413-6
1211:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1013:European Council
644:Syrian civil war
568:nuclear conflict
562:
558:Climate Strategy
551:
547:
528:A report by the
77:mitigate impacts
57:Climate security
21:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8019:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7936:
7934:
7917:
7864:
7855:Orbital forcing
7749:
7714:
7695:
7669:Paris Agreement
7647:
7643:Warming stripes
7582:
7548:Managed retreat
7543:Loss and damage
7504:
7438:Business action
7422:
7400:
7377:
7300:
7294:
7251:
7212:Climate finance
7157:
7136:
7068:
6931:
6907:Extinction risk
6883:Flora and fauna
6878:
6839:Permafrost thaw
6834:Ozone depletion
6763:Extreme weather
6717:
6700:
6627:
6608:
6545:
6510:
6493:
6460:
6449:
6444:
6389:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6369:The White House
6362:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6322:on May 20, 2019
6310:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6292:. June 14, 2019
6284:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6267:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5899:The Independent
5893:
5892:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5176:(3): e0000072.
5163:
5162:
5158:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5098:
5094:
5077:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5040:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4888:. June 16, 2021
4880:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4836:. March 1, 2017
4828:
4827:
4823:
4813:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4481:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4433:www.cbsnews.com
4426:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4237:10.1002/wcc.456
4218:
4217:
4213:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4036:
4035:
4031:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2906:Climatic Change
2899:
2898:
2894:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2498:. June 14, 2019
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2472:. June 12, 2019
2464:
2463:
2459:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2309:
2308:
2299:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2047:10.1002/wcc.275
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1957:10.2307/3176729
1938:
1937:
1933:
1919:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1599:. pp. 4â.
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1156:Energy security
1141:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1096:. In 2017, the
1055:
1038:The Independent
1025:
1009:
1000:
961:
956:
908:
880:
849:
836:
778:
745:
733:
727:
714:
564:
560:
555:
548:
545:
542:
522:
517:
516:
473:Climate justice
470:
467:Climate justice
462:
461:
454:desertification
442:extreme weather
418:
395:climate justice
378:
376:climate justice
364:
348:climate finance
346:on top of more
309:climate justice
285:
162:
139:energy security
130:
120:
100:
50:U.S. East Coast
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8028:
8026:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
8000:Climate change
7992:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7969:
7957:
7945:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7872:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7810:
7808:Cloud feedback
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7763:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7666:
7664:Kyoto Protocol
7661:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7618:
7616:Media coverage
7613:
7608:
7606:Climate spiral
7603:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7514:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7495:Public opinion
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7450:
7445:
7443:Climate action
7440:
7434:
7432:
7424:
7423:
7417:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7355:REDD and REDD+
7352:
7347:
7339:
7334:
7332:Carbon farming
7329:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7312:
7306:
7304:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7078:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7064:Water security
7061:
7059:Water scarcity
7056:
7054:Urban flooding
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6912:Forest dieback
6909:
6904:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6849:Sea level rise
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6822:stratification
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6587:Carbon leakage
6584:
6579:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6526:Climate system
6522:
6520:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6451:
6450:
6447:Climate change
6445:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6388:
6387:External links
6385:
6382:
6381:
6355:
6333:
6303:
6277:
6249:
6223:
6198:
6172:
6146:
6128:
6114:
6088:
6047:
6019:
5990:
5979:. July 2, 2021
5964:
5938:
5904:
5886:
5872:
5845:(5): 623â639.
5829:
5804:
5778:
5756:
5738:
5725:Africa Renewal
5712:
5687:
5628:
5573:
5548:
5501:
5470:
5445:
5420:
5399:
5352:
5339:
5314:
5284:
5262:
5236:
5205:
5156:
5121:(4): 330â337.
5105:
5092:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5027:
5001:
4975:
4964:. June 4, 2020
4949:
4924:
4899:
4873:
4847:
4821:
4809:www.google.com
4796:
4765:
4739:
4713:
4672:
4625:
4598:(3): 336â350.
4578:
4537:
4530:
4502:
4479:
4445:
4419:
4412:
4384:
4349:(3): 200â203.
4329:
4303:
4276:(4): 829â856.
4260:
4211:
4184:(4): 757â783.
4168:
4141:(5): 927â936.
4125:
4104:(5): 349â362.
4084:
4049:(4): 347â354.
4029:
3990:
3951:
3884:
3857:(3): 331â340.
3837:
3790:
3779:. October 2018
3764:
3719:
3680:
3647:
3629:
3611:
3592:(3): 423â445.
3576:
3538:
3511:(4): 311â324.
3495:
3452:
3411:
3390:
3349:
3330:(2): 199â214.
3310:
3287:(3): 568â582.
3267:
3249:
3238:(3): 696â725.
3218:
3212:
3186:
3145:
3104:
3077:(5): 696â710.
3061:
2994:
2951:
2912:(3): 391â397.
2892:
2849:
2769:
2709:
2690:
2662:
2643:(4): 547â575.
2623:
2558:
2509:
2483:
2457:
2390:
2349:
2322:(1): 343â360.
2297:
2227:
2201:
2144:
2120:
2095:
2082:Global Witness
2069:
2032:(3): 359â374.
2012:
1986:
1951:(2): 276â301.
1931:
1922:|journal=
1895:
1888:
1868:
1843:
1810:
1781:
1756:
1738:
1689:
1641:
1634:
1614:
1581:
1574:
1548:
1526:
1498:
1472:
1446:
1419:(3): 468â504.
1399:
1358:
1336:
1306:
1283:
1268:
1245:
1234:on May 9, 2017
1226:
1206:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:Water security
1173:
1171:Water conflict
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1127:
1090:climate denial
1054:
1051:
1024:
1023:United Kingdom
1021:
1008:
1007:European Union
1005:
1003:development."
999:
996:
960:
957:
955:
952:
907:
904:
900:UN Environment
879:
878:United Nations
876:
848:
845:
835:
832:
824:human security
777:
774:
765:greenwashing.â
744:
741:
726:
723:
713:
710:
661:constructivist
540:
539:
533:availability,
521:
518:
485:climate change
471:
463:
458:tipping points
430:climate system
422:climate change
419:
411:
363:
360:
317:neocolonialism
284:
281:
273:Peter Schwartz
234:securitization
217:human security
185:human security
161:
158:
119:
116:
99:
96:
45:sea level rise
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8027:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7980:
7979:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7881:Climate model
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7813:Cloud forcing
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7710:
7706:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7588:Communication
7585:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7568:Vulnerability
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7538:Flood control
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7360:reforestation
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:afforestation
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7280:Nuclear power
7278:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7175:Carbon budget
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7012:Mental health
7010:
7009:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6953:United States
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:deoxygenation
6805:
6803:
6802:acidification
6800:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6711:
6707:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6623:
6619:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6597:from wetlands
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:Deforestation
6555:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6400:(Wired, 2015)
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6356:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6304:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6253:
6250:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6224:
6209:
6202:
6199:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6173:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6141:Rolling Stone
6138:
6132:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6089:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6048:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6020:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5830:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5779:
5766:
5760:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5731:September 28,
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5705:September 28,
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5665:11250/2827801
5661:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5574:
5566:September 28,
5562:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5494:September 27,
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5471:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5263:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4848:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4446:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:(1): 97â111.
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3431:(2): 78â102.
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2755:11250/3061820
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2544:11250/3063695
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Food security
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:U.S. Congress
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1082:James Clapper
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1053:United States
1052:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:David Cameron
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1004:
997:
995:
991:
989:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
958:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
868:War on Terror
865:
861:
856:
853:
846:
844:
840:
833:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
799:
797:
793:
788:
782:
775:
773:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
732:
724:
718:
711:
709:
707:
701:
698:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Latin America
670:
666:
662:
658:
652:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
606:
602:
599:
598:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
561:February 2022
559:
552:
538:
536:
531:
526:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:is a type of
474:
468:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:
410:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
388:
387:Bay of Bengal
384:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:globalization
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
289:
282:
280:
277:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
200:
198:
194:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
159:
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
129:
125:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
97:
95:
91:
87:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7976:
7964:
7952:
7933:
7766:Carbon cycle
7723:Measurements
7418:Society and
7302:carbon sinks
7207:Climate debt
7197:Carbon price
7048:
7019:Human rights
6854:Season creep
6812:heat content
6738:Anoxic event
6651:James Hansen
6372:. Retrieved
6368:
6358:
6346:. Retrieved
6336:
6324:. Retrieved
6320:the original
6315:
6306:
6294:. Retrieved
6289:
6280:
6268:. Retrieved
6262:
6252:
6240:. Retrieved
6236:
6226:
6214:. Retrieved
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6185:
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6159:
6149:
6140:
6131:
6117:
6105:. Retrieved
6101:
6091:
6067:(1): 93â95.
6064:
6060:
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6032:
6022:
6010:. Retrieved
6006:
5981:. Retrieved
5976:
5967:
5955:. Retrieved
5950:
5941:
5929:. Retrieved
5918:The Guardian
5917:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5875:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5820:. Retrieved
5816:
5807:
5795:. Retrieved
5791:
5781:
5769:. Retrieved
5759:
5750:
5741:
5729:. Retrieved
5724:
5715:
5703:. Retrieved
5699:
5690:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5564:. Retrieved
5560:
5551:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5483:
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5457:
5448:
5436:. Retrieved
5432:
5423:
5411:. Retrieved
5402:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5347:
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5326:
5317:
5305:. Retrieved
5301:the original
5296:
5287:
5278:
5265:
5253:. Retrieved
5249:
5239:
5227:. Retrieved
5223:the original
5218:
5208:
5173:
5170:PLOS Climate
5169:
5159:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5074:
5062:
5050:
5018:. Retrieved
5013:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4988:
4978:
4966:. Retrieved
4961:
4952:
4940:. Retrieved
4936:
4927:
4915:. Retrieved
4911:
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4885:
4876:
4864:. Retrieved
4860:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4833:
4824:
4812:. Retrieved
4808:
4799:
4787:. Retrieved
4782:
4756:. Retrieved
4752:
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4726:
4716:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4557:(4): 50â78.
4554:
4550:
4540:
4512:
4505:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4436:. Retrieved
4432:
4422:
4394:
4387:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4322:December 20,
4320:. Retrieved
4316:
4306:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4246:11343/292314
4228:
4224:
4214:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4010:(1): 38â50.
4007:
4003:
3993:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3783:December 20,
3781:. Retrieved
3776:
3767:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3554:
3550:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3403:
3393:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3304:11343/252107
3284:
3280:
3270:
3252:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3195:
3189:
3165:(4): 50â78.
3162:
3158:
3148:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2967:(2): 76â77.
2964:
2960:
2954:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2795:
2791:
2729:
2725:
2703:
2693:
2677:
2665:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2469:
2460:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2319:
2315:
2251:
2247:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2204:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2137:November 11,
2135:. Retrieved
2131:
2123:
2113:November 24,
2111:. Retrieved
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1989:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1913:cite journal
1898:
1878:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1823:The Guardian
1822:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1796:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1741:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1667:
1663:
1624:
1617:
1596:
1584:
1557:
1551:
1538:
1529:
1513:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1458:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1378:(1): 26â44.
1375:
1371:
1361:
1348:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1318:
1309:
1301:the original
1296:
1286:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1216:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1087:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1033:
1032:noted that "
1026:
1010:
1001:
992:
962:
945:
937:
909:
881:
857:
850:
841:
837:
828:
800:
783:
779:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
734:
702:
689:
653:
641:
607:
603:
596:
584:
565:
557:
554:
544:
535:job security
527:
523:
505:human rights
446:forest fires
399:
379:
356:
341:
298:
290:
286:
278:
262:
226:
201:
197:nation-state
189:
180:
170:
163:
131:
101:
92:
88:
81:
56:
55:
36:
7793:Carbon sink
7771:atmospheric
7636:video games
7310:Blue carbon
6943:Agriculture
6922:Marine life
6869:Water cycle
6827:temperature
6562:Fossil fuel
6348:January 18,
6316:Environment
6191:January 20,
5700:www.fao.org
5458:www.g77.org
5433:www.g77.org
4933:"Node view"
4783:www.tni.org
4438:February 5,
4270:Geopolitics
4231:(3): e456.
4178:Geopolitics
3971:: 232â244.
3804:Geopolitics
3750:11693/26445
3735:: 360â370.
2820:10871/37969
2578:(1): 2839.
2502:January 23,
2476:January 23,
2276:10871/37969
2088:October 25,
1797:www.tni.org
1709:(1): 3â22.
1491:January 18,
1329:October 19,
1261:January 30,
1238:January 25,
1071:White House
970:Ban Ki-Moon
669:Middle East
440:, and more
432:include an
420:Effects of
254:colonialism
250:Eurocentric
242:Barry Buzan
227:While many
193:sovereignty
160:Development
7994:Categories
7825:Cryosphere
7786:permafrost
7558:Resilience
7510:Adaptation
7485:Litigation
7475:Governance
7420:adaptation
7202:Carbon tax
7155:Mitigation
7092:Antarctica
6980:Disability
5957:October 7,
5817:unfccc.int
5561:www.un.org
5484:unfccc.int
5327:unfccc.int
5090:, 379-395.
4645:: 105150.
3624:Al-Jazeera
3551:GeoJournal
3124:: 102063.
2732:: 100471.
2529:: 102423.
2369:: 102063.
1351:. Oxford:
1182:References
1120:asked the
1092:threatens
787:insurgency
729:See also:
712:Adaptation
589:, Detges,
556:U.S. Army
450:permafrost
448:, thawing
240:, such as
122:See also:
118:Background
98:Definition
7840:Feedbacks
7611:Education
7112:Caribbean
7107:Australia
7034:Migration
6997:Fisheries
6948:Livestock
6874:Wildfires
6780:Heat wave
6237:Bloomberg
6083:1948-8327
5926:0261-3077
5867:158359602
5859:0703-6337
5822:August 5,
5682:239070760
5674:0964-4016
5623:154942217
5607:0020-5850
5543:143665984
5535:0962-6298
5521:: 51â67.
5394:237618587
5386:0143-6597
5279:SIPRI.ORG
5200:257331153
5192:2767-3200
5151:158777142
5143:2198-6061
4708:2753-8796
4667:225171953
4659:0305-750X
4620:111399194
4612:0022-3433
4573:0162-2889
4497:258789607
4489:2367-4024
4371:1758-6798
4298:144787600
4290:1465-0045
4255:131966816
4206:143980126
4198:1465-0045
4163:150146427
4155:0309-1325
4120:1756-5529
4079:159017324
4071:2198-6061
4024:2058-1831
3985:0962-6298
3928:0027-8424
3879:153715885
3871:1948-8327
3832:245695360
3824:1465-0045
3777:ReliefWeb
3714:0962-6298
3700:: 22â33.
3606:1467-7660
3571:219475368
3525:0970-9274
3482:0022-3433
3447:0002-0206
3405:ReliefWeb
3385:1562-6997
3344:219005631
3181:0162-2889
3140:0959-3780
3099:113591140
3091:0022-3433
3038:0027-8424
2989:1758-6798
2946:1573-1480
2844:186207310
2828:1476-4687
2764:2212-0963
2657:1521-9488
2600:2041-1723
2553:0959-3780
2470:ReliefWeb
2434:0027-8424
2385:0959-3780
2344:151015782
2336:1094-2939
2292:186207310
2064:145546565
2056:1757-7780
1981:145020223
1965:0002-9300
1831:0261-3077
1733:197697420
1725:0967-0106
1684:0962-6298
1670:: 42â51.
1605:0028-7822
1441:154990658
1433:0963-6412
1394:1035-7718
998:Australia
988:Lake Chad
983:âhotspotâ
944:Group of
637:Lake Chad
520:Conflicts
263:With the
246:Ole WĂŠver
143:migration
7966:Glossary
7954:Category
7776:biologic
7490:Politics
7382:Personal
7087:Americas
6960:Children
6726:Physical
6519:Overview
6459:Overview
6296:July 16,
6270:July 16,
6242:July 16,
6216:July 16,
6186:Ecowatch
6102:AlterNet
6040:July 16,
6012:July 16,
5488:Archived
5332:July 29,
5307:July 29,
5255:June 22,
5219:EcoWatch
5103:. SIPRI.
4753:EcoWatch
4692:: 3â20.
4379:90380736
3946:25733898
3759:26353802
3642:BBC News
3533:55553045
3490:88506267
3056:27791091
2879:24031020
2836:31189956
2682:Archived
2678:army.mil
2618:35595793
2452:27791091
2284:31189956
2196:38632481
2187:11023931
1609:Archived
1543:Archived
1518:Archived
1465:June 23,
1129:See also
1102:Pentagon
946:77 (G77)
675:and the
667:and the
576:Pakistan
570:between
501:equality
211:and the
209:Group 77
181:security
104:national
61:national
7781:oceanic
7631:fiction
7480:Justice
7431:Society
7039:Poverty
6758:Drought
6626:History
6550:Sources
6374:May 25,
6326:July 9,
6165:July 9,
6143:. 2015.
6107:July 9,
5983:May 25,
5931:May 24,
5901:. 2018.
5797:July 9,
5771:July 9,
5615:4541915
5463:May 24,
5438:May 24,
5413:May 25,
5229:July 9,
5123:Bibcode
5020:May 25,
4994:May 25,
4968:May 24,
4942:May 25,
4917:May 24,
4892:May 25,
4866:May 25,
4840:May 25,
4834:Reuters
4814:May 25,
4789:May 24,
4758:July 9,
4732:July 9,
4351:Bibcode
4051:Bibcode
3937:4371967
3906:Bibcode
3047:5098672
3016:Bibcode
2969:Bibcode
2914:Bibcode
2887:1277105
2859:Science
2800:Bibcode
2734:Bibcode
2609:9123163
2580:Bibcode
2443:5098672
2412:Bibcode
2256:Bibcode
2220:July 7,
2166:Bibcode
2034:Bibcode
2005:July 8,
1973:3176729
1861:May 25,
1836:May 25,
1803:May 24,
1774:May 24,
792:MINUSMA
677:Pacific
648:drought
513:justice
294:Frontex
7761:Albedo
7754:Theory
7465:Denial
7256:Energy
7117:Europe
7097:Arctic
7082:Africa
7007:Health
7002:Gender
6965:Cities
6890:Biomes
6797:Oceans
6785:Marine
6508:Causes
6406:(2018)
6081:
5977:GOV.UK
5951:GOV.UK
5924:
5865:
5857:
5680:
5672:
5621:
5613:
5605:
5541:
5533:
5392:
5384:
5244:NATO.
5198:
5190:
5149:
5141:
4855:NATO.
4706:
4665:
4657:
4618:
4610:
4571:
4528:
4495:
4487:
4477:
4410:
4377:
4369:
4296:
4288:
4253:
4204:
4196:
4161:
4153:
4118:
4077:
4069:
4022:
3983:
3944:
3934:
3926:
3877:
3869:
3830:
3822:
3757:
3712:
3604:
3569:
3531:
3523:
3488:
3480:
3445:
3383:
3342:
3210:
3179:
3138:
3097:
3089:
3054:
3044:
3036:
2987:
2944:
2885:
2877:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2792:Nature
2762:
2655:
2616:
2606:
2598:
2551:
2450:
2440:
2432:
2383:
2342:
2334:
2290:
2282:
2248:Nature
2194:
2184:
2158:Nature
2062:
2054:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1886:
1829:
1731:
1723:
1682:
1632:
1603:
1572:
1439:
1431:
1392:
1224:
1075:Arctic
978:Sahara
974:Darfur
959:Africa
928:Sweden
806:, the
725:Energy
657:biased
635:, and
629:Darfur
597:Nature
587:Buhaug
580:Hsiang
491:. The
452:, and
403:UNFCCC
374:, and
7978:Index
7740:Proxy
7500:Women
6975:Crime
6902:Birds
6768:Flood
6211:(PDF)
6160:Grist
5863:S2CID
5678:S2CID
5619:S2CID
5611:JSTOR
5539:S2CID
5390:S2CID
5275:(PDF)
5196:S2CID
5147:S2CID
4962:CEOBS
4886:CEOBS
4663:S2CID
4616:S2CID
4493:S2CID
4375:S2CID
4294:S2CID
4251:S2CID
4202:S2CID
4159:S2CID
4075:S2CID
3875:S2CID
3828:S2CID
3755:S2CID
3567:S2CID
3529:S2CID
3486:S2CID
3369:(2).
3340:S2CID
3262:(PDF)
3095:S2CID
2883:S2CID
2840:S2CID
2788:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2340:S2CID
2288:S2CID
2244:(PDF)
2107:(PDF)
2060:S2CID
1977:S2CID
1969:JSTOR
1751:(PDF)
1729:S2CID
1521:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1437:S2CID
796:Kidal
633:Egypt
621:Ghana
617:Sudan
613:Kenya
572:India
73:adapt
7563:Risk
7102:Asia
6694:2024
6689:2023
6684:2022
6679:2021
6674:2020
6669:2019
6376:2023
6350:2019
6328:2019
6298:2019
6272:2019
6244:2019
6218:2019
6193:2019
6167:2019
6109:2019
6079:ISSN
6042:2019
6014:2019
5985:2023
5959:2021
5933:2023
5922:ISSN
5855:ISSN
5824:2019
5799:2019
5773:2019
5733:2021
5707:2021
5670:ISSN
5603:ISSN
5568:2021
5531:ISSN
5496:2021
5465:2023
5440:2023
5415:2023
5382:ISSN
5334:2019
5309:2019
5257:2021
5250:NATO
5231:2019
5188:ISSN
5139:ISSN
5022:2023
4996:2023
4970:2023
4944:2023
4919:2023
4894:2023
4868:2023
4861:NATO
4842:2023
4816:2023
4791:2023
4760:2019
4734:2019
4704:ISSN
4655:ISSN
4608:ISSN
4569:ISSN
4526:ISBN
4485:ISSN
4475:ISBN
4440:2024
4408:ISBN
4367:ISSN
4324:2019
4286:ISSN
4194:ISSN
4151:ISSN
4116:ISSN
4067:ISSN
4020:ISSN
3981:ISSN
3942:PMID
3924:ISSN
3867:ISSN
3820:ISSN
3785:2019
3710:ISSN
3602:ISSN
3521:ISSN
3478:ISSN
3443:ISSN
3381:ISSN
3208:ISBN
3177:ISSN
3136:ISSN
3087:ISSN
3052:PMID
3034:ISSN
2985:ISSN
2942:ISSN
2875:PMID
2832:PMID
2824:ISSN
2760:ISSN
2653:ISSN
2614:PMID
2596:ISSN
2549:ISSN
2504:2020
2478:2020
2448:PMID
2430:ISSN
2381:ISSN
2332:ISSN
2280:PMID
2222:2024
2192:PMID
2139:2019
2115:2023
2090:2023
2052:ISSN
2007:2024
1961:ISSN
1926:help
1884:ISBN
1863:2023
1838:2023
1827:ISSN
1805:2023
1776:2023
1721:ISSN
1680:ISSN
1630:ISBN
1601:ISSN
1570:ISBN
1493:2019
1486:CNBC
1467:2021
1429:ISSN
1390:ISSN
1331:2014
1263:2023
1240:2016
1222:ISBN
1116:the
1011:The
910:The
896:UNDP
892:DPPA
862:and
852:NATO
847:NATO
814:and
810:and
737:NATO
685:IPCC
625:Mali
615:and
574:and
311:and
256:and
244:and
153:USDA
126:and
106:and
75:and
63:and
7626:art
6069:doi
5847:doi
5792:IPE
5660:hdl
5650:doi
5595:doi
5523:doi
5374:doi
5178:doi
5131:doi
4694:doi
4647:doi
4643:137
4600:doi
4559:doi
4518:doi
4467:doi
4400:doi
4359:doi
4278:doi
4241:hdl
4233:doi
4186:doi
4143:doi
4106:doi
4059:doi
4012:doi
3973:doi
3932:PMC
3914:doi
3902:112
3859:doi
3812:doi
3745:hdl
3737:doi
3702:doi
3669:doi
3594:doi
3559:doi
3513:doi
3470:doi
3433:doi
3371:doi
3332:doi
3299:hdl
3289:doi
3240:doi
3200:doi
3167:doi
3126:doi
3079:doi
3042:PMC
3024:doi
3012:113
2977:doi
2932:hdl
2922:doi
2910:127
2867:doi
2863:341
2816:hdl
2808:doi
2796:571
2750:hdl
2742:doi
2645:doi
2604:PMC
2588:doi
2539:hdl
2531:doi
2438:PMC
2420:doi
2408:113
2371:doi
2324:doi
2272:hdl
2264:doi
2252:571
2182:PMC
2174:doi
2162:628
2042:doi
1953:doi
1711:doi
1672:doi
1562:doi
1539:ASP
1421:doi
1380:doi
816:E3G
708:).
591:Ide
497:GDP
397:).
7996::
6367:.
6314:.
6288:.
6261:.
6235:.
6184:.
6158:.
6139:.
6100:.
6077:.
6063:.
6059:.
6031:.
6005:.
5993:^
5975:.
5949:.
5920:.
5916:.
5897:.
5861:.
5853:.
5843:41
5841:.
5815:.
5790:.
5749:.
5723:.
5698:.
5676:.
5668:.
5658:.
5646:31
5644:.
5640:.
5617:.
5609:.
5601:.
5591:83
5589:.
5585:.
5559:.
5537:.
5529:.
5519:43
5513:.
5486:.
5482:.
5456:.
5431:.
5388:.
5380:.
5370:42
5368:.
5364:.
5325:.
5295:.
5277:.
5248:.
5217:.
5194:.
5186:.
5172:.
5168:.
5145:.
5137:.
5129:.
5117:.
5088:88
5086:,
5082:.
5030:^
5012:.
4987:.
4960:.
4935:.
4910:.
4884:.
4859:.
4832:.
4807:.
4781:.
4768:^
4751:.
4725:.
4702:.
4688:.
4684:.
4661:.
4653:.
4641:.
4637:.
4614:.
4606:.
4596:55
4594:.
4590:.
4567:.
4555:47
4553:.
4549:.
4524:.
4491:.
4483:.
4473:.
4465:.
4463:33
4461:.
4457:.
4431:.
4406:.
4373:.
4365:.
4357:.
4345:.
4341:.
4315:.
4292:.
4284:.
4274:19
4272:.
4249:.
4239:.
4227:.
4223:.
4200:.
4192:.
4182:19
4180:.
4157:.
4149:.
4139:43
4137:.
4114:.
4102:16
4100:.
4096:.
4073:.
4065:.
4057:.
4045:.
4041:.
4018:.
4006:.
4002:.
3979:.
3969:60
3967:.
3963:.
3940:.
3930:.
3922:.
3912:.
3900:.
3896:.
3873:.
3865:.
3853:.
3849:.
3826:.
3818:.
3808:28
3806:.
3802:.
3775:.
3753:.
3743:.
3733:29
3731:.
3708:.
3698:45
3696:.
3692:.
3665:96
3663:.
3659:.
3640:.
3622:.
3600:.
3590:40
3588:.
3565:.
3555:86
3553:.
3541:^
3527:.
3519:.
3509:23
3507:.
3484:.
3476:.
3466:49
3464:.
3441:.
3429:61
3427:.
3423:.
3402:.
3379:.
3367:10
3365:.
3361:.
3338:.
3328:58
3326:.
3322:.
3297:.
3285:58
3283:.
3279:.
3236:23
3234:.
3230:.
3206:,
3175:.
3163:47
3161:.
3157:.
3134:.
3122:62
3120:.
3116:.
3093:.
3085:.
3075:53
3073:.
3050:.
3040:.
3032:.
3022:.
3010:.
3006:.
2983:.
2975:.
2963:.
2940:.
2930:.
2920:.
2908:.
2904:.
2881:.
2873:.
2861:.
2838:.
2830:.
2822:.
2814:.
2806:.
2794:.
2790:.
2772:^
2758:.
2748:.
2740:.
2730:39
2728:.
2724:.
2712:^
2702:.
2676:.
2651:.
2641:20
2639:.
2635:.
2612:.
2602:.
2594:.
2586:.
2576:13
2574:.
2570:.
2547:.
2537:.
2527:72
2525:.
2521:.
2494:.
2468:.
2446:.
2436:.
2428:.
2418:.
2406:.
2402:.
2379:.
2367:62
2365:.
2361:.
2338:.
2330:.
2320:22
2318:.
2314:.
2300:^
2286:.
2278:.
2270:.
2262:.
2250:.
2246:.
2230:^
2213:.
2190:.
2180:.
2172:.
2160:.
2156:.
2080:.
2058:.
2050:.
2040:.
2028:.
2024:.
1998:.
1975:.
1967:.
1959:.
1949:98
1947:.
1943:.
1917::
1915:}}
1911:{{
1854:.
1821:.
1795:.
1784:^
1767:.
1727:.
1719:.
1707:51
1705:.
1701:.
1678:.
1668:33
1666:.
1662:.
1644:^
1607:.
1595:.
1568:.
1537:.
1512:.
1484:.
1457:.
1435:.
1427:.
1417:17
1415:.
1411:.
1388:.
1376:77
1374:.
1370:.
1339:^
1317:.
1295:.
1199:.
874:.
639:.
631:,
623:,
511:,
507:,
503:,
436:,
370:,
323:,
319:,
187:.
141:,
6537:)
6533:(
6439:e
6432:t
6425:v
6378:.
6352:.
6330:.
6300:.
6274:.
6246:.
6220:.
6195:.
6169:.
6111:.
6085:.
6071::
6065:5
6044:.
6016:.
5987:.
5961:.
5935:.
5869:.
5849::
5826:.
5801:.
5775:.
5735:.
5709:.
5684:.
5662::
5652::
5625:.
5597::
5570:.
5545:.
5525::
5498:.
5467:.
5442:.
5417:.
5396:.
5376::
5336:.
5311:.
5281:.
5259:.
5233:.
5202:.
5180::
5174:2
5153:.
5133::
5125::
5119:4
5024:.
4998:.
4972:.
4946:.
4921:.
4896:.
4870:.
4844:.
4818:.
4793:.
4762:.
4736:.
4710:.
4696::
4690:2
4669:.
4649::
4622:.
4602::
4575:.
4561::
4534:.
4520::
4499:.
4469::
4442:.
4416:.
4402::
4381:.
4361::
4353::
4347:8
4326:.
4300:.
4280::
4257:.
4243::
4235::
4229:8
4208:.
4188::
4165:.
4145::
4122:.
4108::
4081:.
4061::
4053::
4047:4
4026:.
4014::
4008:1
3987:.
3975::
3948:.
3916::
3908::
3881:.
3861::
3855:6
3834:.
3814::
3787:.
3761:.
3747::
3739::
3716:.
3704::
3677:.
3671::
3608:.
3596::
3573:.
3561::
3535:.
3515::
3492:.
3472::
3449:.
3435::
3408:.
3387:.
3373::
3346:.
3334::
3307:.
3301::
3291::
3264:.
3246:.
3242::
3202::
3183:.
3169::
3142:.
3128::
3101:.
3081::
3058:.
3026::
3018::
2991:.
2979::
2971::
2965:4
2948:.
2934::
2924::
2916::
2889:.
2869::
2846:.
2818::
2810::
2802::
2766:.
2752::
2744::
2736::
2706:.
2659:.
2647::
2620:.
2590::
2582::
2555:.
2541::
2533::
2506:.
2480:.
2454:.
2422::
2414::
2387:.
2373::
2346:.
2326::
2294:.
2274::
2266::
2258::
2224:.
2198:.
2176::
2168::
2141:.
2117:.
2092:.
2066:.
2044::
2036::
2030:5
2009:.
1983:.
1955::
1928:)
1924:(
1907:.
1892:.
1865:.
1840:.
1807:.
1778:.
1753:.
1735:.
1713::
1686:.
1674::
1638:.
1578:.
1564::
1495:.
1469:.
1443:.
1423::
1396:.
1382::
1333:.
1280:.
1265:.
1242:.
1203:.
898:-
894:-
704:(
469:.
417:.
52:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
