926:. However, not until Richard Ullman publishes an academic article named "Redefining Security" (1983), radical departure from the dominant security discourse haven't happened. Ullman offered the following definition of national security threat as "an action or sequence of events that (1) threatens drastically and over a relatively brief span of time to degrade the quality of life for the inhabitants of a state, or (2) threatens significantly to narrow the range of policy choices available to the government of a state, or to private, nongovernmental entities within the state". Significant other scientists onward also linked the issue of security by focusing on the role of environmental degradation in causing violent conflict. Others, while recognizing the importance of environmental problems, argued that labeling them 'environmental security' was problematic and abandoned analytical rigor for normative and emotional power.
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As tensions between the superpowers eased after the collapse of the Soviet Union, academic discussions of definitions of security significantly expanded, particularly including environmental threats associated with the political implications of resource use or pollution. By the mid-1980s, this field
809:
In the academic sphere environmental security is defined as the relationship between security concerns such as armed conflict and the natural environment. A small but rapidly developing field, it has become particularly relevant for those studying resource scarcity and conflict in the developing
921:
who published 'This
Endangered Planet' (1971), and Harold and Margaret Sprout who wrote 'Toward a Politics of Planet Earth' (1971). These two commentators asserted in their book that the notion of security can no longer be centered only on military power, rather nations should collectively take
916:
The second notable development which brings the emergence of concept of environmental security was number of scholars started to criticize the traditional notion of security and mainstream security debates in their work from 1970s by emphasizing its inability to handle environmental problems at
922:
measurements against common environmental problems since they pose threat to national well-being and thus international stability. These main ideas about environmental interdependence between countries and common security threat have remained key themes of environmental
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of study was becoming known as "environmental security". Despite a wide range of semantic and academic debates over terms, it is now widely acknowledged that environmental factors play both direct and indirect roles in both political disputes and violent conflicts.
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Wallensteen, P., & Swain, A. 1997. "Environment, Conflict and
Cooperation." In D. Brune, D. Chapman, M. Gwynne, & J. Pacyna, The Global Environment. Science, Technology and Management (Vol. 2, pp. 691–704). Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgemeinschaft
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Gleick, P.H. 1990c. "Environment, resources, and international security and politics." In E. Arnett (ed.) Science and
International Security: Responding to a Changing World. American Association for the Advancement of Science Press, Washington, D.C.
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was one of the extraordinary publications of that time and brought greater degree of environmental awareness among ordinary people by warning them of the dangers to all natural systems including animals and food chain from the misuse of
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emissions, impacting regional and global climatic and environmental changes and thus changes in agricultural output. This can lead to food shortages which will then cause political debate, ethnic tension, and civil unrest.
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Svensson, U. 1988. "Environmental
Security: A Concept." Presented at the International Conference on Environmental Stress and Security, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, December
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Kobtzeff, Oleg. 2000. "Environmental
Security and Civil Society", in- Gardner, Hall, (ed.) Central and South-central Europe in Transition, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000, pp. 219–296.
1992:
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base of an economy erodes, then so does the long-term capacity of its armed forces. Moreover, changes in environmental condition can exposes people to health threats, it can also undermine
889:. Whilst Carson undoubtedly contributed to public debate at the time she was arguably not amongst the more radical 'social revolutionaries' who were also urging greater public awareness of
1976:
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Dabelko, G.D. 1996. "Ideas and the
Evolution of Environmental Security Conceptions." Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, April 1996.
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Westing, A.H. 1986. "An
Expanded Concept of International Security," In Global Resources and International Conflict, ed. Arthur H. Westing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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sometimes cause violent conflict within and between countries and other times not, it can weaken the national security of the state in number of profound ways.
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Ehrlich, P.R., and A.H. Ehrlich. 1988. The
Environmental Dimensions of National Security. Stanford, CA: Stanford Institute for Population and Resource Studies.
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Dodds, F. Higham, A. Sherman, R. 2009. (edited) "Climate Change and Energy
Insecurity: The Challenge for Peace, Security and Development", London. Earthscan
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Chalecki, Elizabeth. Environmental
Security: A Case Study of Climate Change. Pacific Institute for Studies of Development, Environment, and Security
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Homer-Dixon, T.F. 1991. "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict, International Security 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991): 76-116
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Terminski, Bogumil. 2009. "Environmentally-Induced Displacement. Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", CEDEM, Université de Liège.
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Gleick, P.H. 1991b. "Environment and security: The clear connections." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 16–21.
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Dodds, F. Bartram, J. 2016 (edited) "The Water, Food, Energy and Climate Nexus: Challenges and an agenda for action", London, Routledge
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examines threats posed by environmental events and trends to individuals, communities or nations. It may focus on the impact of human
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1055:"The Implications of Global Climate Changes for International Security." Climate Change 15 (October 1989): pp. 303–325.
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between Chile and Peru about maritime borders and their associated fisheries is a case study for environmental security.
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Farah, Paolo Davide (2015). "Sustainable Energy Investments and National Security: Arbitration and Negotiation Issues".
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can undermine the economic prosperity which plays big role in country's military capacity and material power. In some
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Djoghlaf, A. Dodds, F. 2010 (edited) "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Insecurity: A Planet in Peril", London, Earthscan
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Swain, A (1996). "Displacing the Conflict: Environmental Destruction in Bangladesh and Ethnic Conflict in India".
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Romm, Joseph J. 1993. Defining National Security: The Nonmilitary Aspects (New York: Council on Foreign Relations)
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Myers, N. 1986. "The Environmental Dimension to Security Issues." The Environmentalist 6 (1986): pp. 251–257.
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Dodds, F. Pippard, T. 2005. (edited) "Human and Environmental Security: An Agenda for Change, London. Earthscan.
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Human and Environmental Security: An Agenda for Change edited by Felix Dodds and Tim Pippard, London Earthscan
759:. Fisheries are an example of a resource that cannot be contained within state borders. A conflict before the
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Levy, M.A. 1995. "Is the Environment a National Security Issue?" International Security 20, No. 2 (Fall 1995)
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1673:- A database including analyses and info graphics on conflicts with an environmental dimension; part of the
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because of some interrelated developments which started in 1960s. The first one was the increasing level of
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Deudney, Daniel (2016-06-23). "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security".
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The Millennium Project assessed definitions of environmental security and created a synthesis definition:
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1480:"Challenges and opportunities of human conflict and environmental transformation in Ecuadorian highlands"
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defines the referent object of environmental security as the environment, or some strategic part of it.
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Within international development, projects may aim to improve aspects of environmental security such as
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The Once and Future Superpower: How to Restore America's Economic, Energy, and Environmental Security
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Brown, L. 1977. "Redefining Security," WorldWatch Paper 14 (Washington, D.C.: WorldWatch Institute)
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The Millennium Project' Monthly reports on Emerging International Issues of Environmental Security
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Ullman, R.H. 1983. "Redefining Security," International Security 8, No. 1 (Summer 1983): 129–153.
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700:. For example, climate change can be viewed a threat to environmental security (see the article
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Environmental security is environmental viability for life support, with three sub-elements:
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The Meaning of Environmental Security: Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era
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show international priorities for environmental security. Target 7B is about the security of
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Mathews, J.T. 1989. "Redefining Security," Foreign Affairs 68, No. 2 (Spring 1989): 162–177.
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Anfänge globaler Umweltpolitik. Umweltsicherheit in der internationalen Politik (1969–1975)
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Climate change also could, through extreme weather events, have a more direct impact on
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According to Jon Barnett, environmental security emerged as an important concept in
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People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations
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It considers the abilities of individuals, communities or nations to cope with
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Monthly International Environmental Security reports by the Millennium Project
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Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security, University of Vermont, USA
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national and international security level. First commentators were
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preventing or responding to environmentally caused conflicts, and
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Environmental security is an important concept in three fields:
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Ecological and Nontraditional Security Challenges in South Asia
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866:. Various occurrences and events triggered the growth of the
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for more nuance to the discussion.) Human activity impacts CO
1308:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 190–207.
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Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security
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preventing or repairing military damage to the environment,
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1977:
Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe
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Environment and Security Program of the Pacific Institute
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world. Prominent early researchers in the field include
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970:. Income from and employment in primary sectors such as
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Environment, Cooperation, and Conflict (ECC) Factbook
2003:
1952:
1916:
1895:
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986:, and from environmentally dependent services like
1774:defends a skeptical view on Environmental Security
1073:
1002:and its well-being which are essential factors of
786:, definitions typically focused on the subject of
893:. Moreover, a number of the largest well-known
680:protecting the environment due to its inherent
1358:Global Environmental Change and Human Security
1847:
1653:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1017:by damaging critical infrastructures such as
621:
8:
1788:active in South Eastern and Eastern Europe,
1746:United Nations mandated University for Peace
1264:"La sécurité entre permanence et changement"
1244:Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde,
913:is an extension of environmental security.
895:environmental non-governmental organizations
1715:Environmental Change & Security Program
1854:
1840:
1832:
628:
614:
15:
1765:Stakeholder Forum for a Suatinable Future
1604:and Li Li (NBR Special Report, June 2011)
1495:
1279:
655:, or on how environmental problems cross
1735:Environmental Security and Peace Program
1701:The Institute for Environmental Security
1199:Journal of World Energy Law and Business
1361:. London: MIT Press. pp. 118–130.
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27:
1985:Security: A New Framework for Analysis
1536:"Climate Change and National Security"
1355:Richard, Matthew; et al. (2010).
1299:
1297:
1295:
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1246:Security: A New Framework for Analysis
909:(1971) were founded during that time.
1863:Copenhagen School of security studies
1080:. New York: William Morrow & Co.
735:, but also connected aspects such as
7:
2062:Copenhagen School (security studies)
2011:Copenhagen Peace Research Institute
1779:Environment and Security Initiative
990:, may all be adversely affected by
1649:Conca, K. and Dabelko, G. (2002),
1512:"Renewable Resources and Conflict"
1330:"Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson"
1225:"Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile)"
822:, Michael Renner, Richard Ullman,
204:Affordability in the United States
14:
1623:Security and Environmental Change
962:tend to be important factors for
930:Environmental change and security
1908:Regional Security Complex Theory
1607:Schulz-Walden, Thorsten (2013):
778:Historically, the definition of
755:on which many people depend for
593:
35:
1799:Environmental Security Database
1706:Essay on environmental security
1478:Pugh, Jeffrey (December 2008).
2052:International relations theory
1611:, Oldenbourg Verlag, München,
761:International Court of Justice
1:
1679:German Federal Foreign Office
1497:10.3989/pirineos.2008.v163.22
1306:Contemporary Security Studies
741:Sustainable Development Goals
739:, that are now recognised as
1584:Resources in other libraries
1457:10.1177/03058298900190031001
1391:"Redefining Security Issues"
870:during this period of time.
782:has varied over time. After
749:environmental sustainability
564:Residential treatment center
1625:, Campridge: Polity Press,
1122:10.1177/0022343396033002005
860:environmental consciousness
2078:
1227:. The Hague Justice Portal
790:that developed during the
1651:Environmental Peacemaking
1579:Resources in your library
1268:Relations Internationales
1262:Arcudi, Giovanni (2006).
1110:Journal of Peace Research
1025:Selected early literature
936:environmental degradation
743:at UN level. Targets for
718:international development
696:or conflicts, or limited
1389:Richard, Ullman (1983).
1250:Lynne Rienner Publishers
509:Healthy community design
2032:Environment and society
820:Jessica Tuchman Mathews
714:international relations
649:international relations
1944:Environmental security
1710:The Nature Conservancy
1708:by Steve McCormick of
1570:Environmental security
1395:International Security
1304:Alan, Collins (2013).
960:environmental services
868:environmental movement
780:international security
641:Environmental security
264:Housing discrimination
234:Environmental security
2047:Political terminology
1719:Woodrow Wilson Center
459:Alternative lifestyle
404:Real estate investing
399:Real estate economics
389:Real estate appraisal
127:Mixed-use development
1639:, London:Zed Books,
1004:economic development
992:environmental change
952:developing countries
944:Environmental change
903:Friends of the Earth
891:environmental issues
569:Retirement community
554:Psychiatric hospital
362:Society and politics
1677:, supported by the
1635:Jon Barnett (2001),
1281:10.3917/ri.125.0097
948:developed countries
899:World Wildlife Fund
883:chemical pesticides
874:'s well-known book
864:developed countries
690:environmental risks
140:(travellers' hotel)
1929:Political security
1820:2016-04-07 at the
1804:2012-07-16 at the
1784:2011-04-25 at the
1740:2008-05-09 at the
1728:2011-06-05 at the
1694:2016-04-09 at the
1602:Stacy D. VanDeveer
832:Thomas Homer Dixon
600:Housing portal
579:Supportive housing
394:Real estate bubble
314:Subsidized housing
279:Housing inequality
2042:National security
2019:
2018:
1939:Economic security
1934:Societal security
1924:National security
1827:Pacific Institute
1790:Southern Caucasus
1659:978-0-8018-7193-1
1631:978-0-7456-5847-6
1621:Dalby, S. (2009):
1617:978-3-486-72362-5
1600:, Farooq Sobhan,
1565:Library resources
1059:pp. 501–523.
1015:national security
1006:and stability of
956:natural resources
842:, Rita Floyd and
773:Copenhagen School
698:natural resources
638:
637:
289:Luxury apartments
209:Executive housing
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2057:Security studies
2004:Related articles
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702:climate security
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584:Supported living
559:Residential care
534:Natural building
514:Homeless shelter
419:Right to housing
384:Rapid Re-Housing
339:Sustainable city
309:Subprime lending
294:Ownership equity
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524:Local community
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291:
286:
284:Home ownership
281:
276:
274:Overpopulation
271:
269:Housing stress
266:
261:
259:Housing crisis
256:
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216:
214:Environmental:
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149:Public housing
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2012:
2009:
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1971:
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1882:Jaap de Wilde
1880:
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1771:Peter M. Haas
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1542:on 9 May 2017
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1274:(1): 97–109.
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1008:human society
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879:
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877:Silent Spring
873:
872:Rachel Carson
869:
865:
862:in so called
861:
857:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Michael Klare
825:
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796:United States
793:
789:
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781:
776:
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762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:food security
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723:
719:
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520:
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512:
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504:Halfway house
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Cottage homes
472:
470:
467:
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460:
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449:
448:
440:
437:
435:
434:Tenants union
432:
430:
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412:
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402:
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382:
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377:
375:
372:
370:
369:Housing First
367:
366:
359:
358:
350:
347:
345:
344:Toxic hotspot
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
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320:
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275:
272:
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245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
199:Affordability
197:
196:
189:
188:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
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136:
134:
131:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
102:Human outpost
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
62:semi-detached
60:
58:
54:
51:
50:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
29:Living spaces
26:
22:
18:
17:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1943:
1896:Key concepts
1794:Central Asia
1760:Peter Gleick
1675:ECC Platform
1650:
1636:
1622:
1608:
1569:
1546:29 September
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1530:
1520:29 September
1518:. Retrieved
1506:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1428:29 September
1426:. Retrieved
1398:
1394:
1384:
1374:29 September
1372:. Retrieved
1357:
1350:
1340:29 September
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1324:
1305:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1245:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1219:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1169:Impact event
1113:
1109:
1075:
1070:Romm, Joseph
1053:Gleick, P H.
1012:
934:Even though
933:
919:Richard Falk
915:
905:(1969), and
897:such as the
875:
853:
840:Peter Gleick
816:Norman Myers
808:
804:
800:Soviet Union
794:between the
784:World War II
777:
770:
726:
711:
687:
669:
666:
640:
639:
591:
539:Nursing home
424:Rent control
324:architecture
319:Sustainable:
254:Homelessness
244:Fair housing
233:
1877:Barry Buzan
972:agriculture
844:Joseph Romm
812:Felix Dodds
788:realpolitik
682:moral value
653:environment
489:Foster care
429:Rent strike
329:development
249:Healthiness
174:Shanty town
129:(live-work)
122:Condominium
2026:Categories
1445:Millennium
1248:(Boulder:
1231:2013-11-23
1175:References
907:Greenpeace
499:Group home
484:Ecovillage
479:Eco-cities
92:Green home
1953:Key works
1887:Ole Wæver
1490:: 63–75.
1465:143290289
1423:201778290
1130:111184119
753:fisheries
659:borders.
544:Orphanage
529:Log house
409:Redlining
159:Flophouse
72:Apartment
2037:Security
1818:Archived
1802:Archived
1782:Archived
1738:Archived
1726:Archived
1692:Archived
1484:Pirineos
1252:, 1998).
1163:See also
1072:(1992).
976:forestry
901:(1961),
885:such as
798:and the
792:Cold War
747:7 about
645:conflict
519:Hospital
469:Boomtown
349:Vagrancy
239:Eviction
224:planning
117:Tenement
87:Ecohouse
77:Bungalow
67:terraced
57:detached
21:a series
19:Part of
1917:Sectors
1870:Figures
1744:at the
1717:at the
1415:2538489
1211:2695579
988:tourism
980:fishing
850:Origins
767:History
694:changes
663:General
651:on the
107:I-house
82:Cottage
1996:(2003)
1988:(1997)
1980:(1993)
1972:(1990)
1964:(1983)
1657:
1643:
1629:
1615:
1567:about
1463:
1421:
1413:
1365:
1312:
1209:
1128:
1095:
1084:
984:mining
982:, and
549:Prison
334:living
299:Permit
229:racism
219:design
192:Issues
144:Castle
138:Hostel
1515:(PDF)
1461:S2CID
1419:S2CID
1411:JSTOR
1205:(6).
1126:S2CID
1046:1988.
994:. If
657:state
452:Other
439:YIMBY
379:NIMBY
179:Villa
164:Shack
154:Squat
133:Hotel
112:Ranch
53:House
1792:and
1655:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1548:2016
1522:2016
1430:2016
1376:2016
1363:ISBN
1342:2016
1310:ISBN
1207:SSRN
1137:mbH.
1093:ISBN
1082:ISBN
966:and
958:and
938:and
771:The
757:food
720:and
716:and
647:and
304:Rent
169:Slum
46:Main
1596:by
1492:doi
1488:163
1453:doi
1403:doi
1276:doi
1272:125
1118:doi
887:DDT
745:MDG
731:or
2028::
1486:.
1482:.
1459:.
1449:19
1447:.
1417:.
1409:.
1397:.
1393:.
1290:^
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1266:.
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1124:.
1114:33
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
