Climate change in China - Knowledge (XXG)

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threat of these floods (which have the potential effect of completely destroying vulnerable communities), largely focusing on improving the infrastructure responsible for tracking and maintaining adequate water levels. That being said, the country is promoting the extension of technologies for water allocation and water-saving mechanisms. In the country's National Climate Change Policy Program, one of the goals specifically set out is to enhance the ability to bear the impacts of climate change, as well as to raise the public awareness on climate change. China's National Climate Change Policy states that it will integrate climate change policies into the national development strategy. In China, this national policy comes in the form of its "Five Year Plans for Economic and Social Development". China's Five Year Plans serve as the strategic road maps for the country's development. The goals spelled out in the Five Year Plans are mandatory as government officials are held responsible for meeting the targets.

1361: 518: 504: 105: 1260: 490: 624: 121: 544: 443: 814: 29: 465:, states that China already suffers from the environmental impacts of climate change: increase of surface and ocean temperature, rise of sea level. Temperatures in the Tibetan Plateau of China are rising four times faster than anywhere else (data from 2011). Rising sea level is an alarming trend because China has a very long and densely populated coastline, with some of the most economically developed cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou situated there. Chinese research has estimated that a one-meter rise in sea level would inundate 92,000 square kilometers of China's coast, thereby displacing 67 million people. 1052:. After facing the 2011 smog issue, China's government launched an extensive strategy, which is to improve air quality by reducing the growth of coal consumption. Nevertheless, the trade war that involved China as one of the leading participants has resulted in the loss of control of polluting industries, especially in the steel and cement during 2018. Fortunately, nearly 70 multinational and local brands implemented the monitoring data by The Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs (IPE) in China, stimulating nearly 8,000 suppliers approaching regulatory violations. 1476: 1029:. For example, the central government makes decisions and the local governments fulfill them. As a result, the local governments receive constraints and are measured by their performance from the central governments. Solving environmental issues such as climate change requires long-term investments in money, resources, and time. It is believed that these efforts will be detrimental to economic growth, which is of particular importance to the promotion of local government executives. This is why local governments have no engagement in addressing this issue. 1606: 604:. Outstanding rises in temperature would exacerbate evapotranspiration, intensifying the risk of water shortage for agricultural production in the North. Although China's southern region has an abundance of rainfall, most of its water is lost due to flooding. As the Chinese government faces challenges managing its expanding population, increased demand for water to support the nation's economic activity and people will burden the government. In essence, a water shortage is indeed a large concern for the country. 836: 181: 241: 258: 1561: 893:

have 80 per cent of its total energy mix come from non-fossil fuel sources by 2060, and achieve a combined 1,200 GW of solar and wind capacity by 2030. In 2023, it was reported that China was on track to reach 1,371 gigawatts of wind and solar by 2025, five years ahead of target due to new renewables installations breaking records. In 2024, it was reported that China would reach its target by the end of July 2024, six years ahead of target.

6198: 5530: 1592: 5566: 5554: 5542: 6220: 280: 924:(2021 to 2025) with a target of cutting energy consumption per unit of GDP by 13.5% by the year 2025 in comparison to the level of 2020. The plan regards 17 different sectors in the economy. In some sectors 20% - 40% of the capacities are not meeting the standards they need to meet by 2025. This policy expects to benefit the biggest companies who have the possibility to reach the targets. 586:. There were more floods, drought, and extreme weather events. A major drought in 2001 resulted in China losing 6.4 billion U.S. dollars of crops as well as reducing water supply for “33 million rural people and 22 million livestock.” There may be a big impact on the spatial and temporal distribution in China's water resources, increasing extreme weather events and natural disasters. 1005:(this is its biggest investment in this domain). According to the statement of the Institute for Transportation & Development policy which accorded the award, "Thus, the city's recent investments into sustainable mobility policy and infrastructure have the potential to serve as a model for the rest of China as the nation works towards achieving carbon neutrality before 2060." 6209: 688:. Flooding decreased the yields of rice by 8% over the last 20 years. As China is the biggest food producer and importer in the world, what happens in the agricultural sector of China has an immediate effect on the global food system. China increased its grain self sufficiency by expanding agriculture areas to regions with less rain, giving them water with 1510: 677:

negative influences, causing a reduction of output in wheat, rice, and corn, and change the agricultural distribution of production. China is also dealing with agricultural issues due global demands of products such as soybeans. This global demand is causing coupled effects that stretch across oceans which in turn is affecting other countries.

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what can help, among others, the climate. More than 360 Chinese cities have dockless bike-sharing systems that deploy nearly 20 million bicycles that travel an average of 47 million kilometres per day. According to the World Resources Institute report, dockless bike-sharing systems reduced China's GHG emissions by 4.8 million tonnes of CO

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and diseases increased 4 times. 22% of that rise are due to climate change. By the year 2100 the occurrence will rise 243% under a low emission scenario and by 460% under a high emissions scenario. China is the biggest producer of wheat and rice in the world. It is in the second place in maize production.

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rose. Those gases are linked to industrial processes like production of aluminium, and non-stick cookware coatings. They account for a very little part of emissions currently, but they are thousands times stronger greenhouse gases than CO2, stay in the atmosphere for tens of thousands years and their

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of Chinese people. The high temperature has caused health risks for some groups of people, such as older people (≥65 years old), outdoor workers, or people living in poverty. In 2019, each person who is older than 65 years had to endure extra 13 days of the heatwave, and 26,800 people died because of

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China has experienced a seven-fold increase in the frequency of floods since the 1950s, rising every decade. The frequency of extreme rainfall has increased and is predicted to continue to increase in the western and southern parts of China. The country is currently undertaking efforts to reduce the

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Bicycles are common in China which is known as “kingdom of bicycles”. However, in the last 4 decades cars created a strong decline in bicycle use, what led to deterioration of air quality and traffic congestion. The Chinese government responded by introducing bicycle sharing systems and bike lanes,

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capacity, and is expected to contribute 43% of global renewable capacity growth. China's total renewable energy capacity exceeded 1,000 GW in 2021, accounting for 43.5 per cent of the country's total power generation capacity, 10.2 percentage points higher than in 2015. The country aims to

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

1040:, including agriculture, water resources, and vulnerable areas. It also mentioned that an adaptation strategy should be implemented through regional strategies. Flooding in cities is being tackled by collecting and recycling rainwater. In 2013, China issued its National Strategy for Climate Change 539:

Climate change increases forest belt limits and frequencies of pests and diseases, decreases frozen earth areas, and threatens to decrease glacial areas in northwest China. The vulnerability of ecosystems may increase due to future climate change. In the years 1970-2016 the occurrence of crop pest

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Calculations in 2021 showed that for giving the world a 50% chance of avoiding a temperature rise of 2 degrees or more China should increase its climate commitments by 7%. For a 95% chance it should increase the commitments by 24%. For giving a 50% chance of staying below 1.5 degrees China should

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are not able to catch the amount of fish that was once brought to the fish market, making that part of the economy suffer. The amount of fishing in China is unsustainable, and therefore declining. The fishing industry supplies a significant amount of jobs, exports, and domestic consumption, which

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A study published in 2017, using continuous and coherent severe weather reports from over 500 manned stations from 1961 to 2010, found a significant decreasing trend in severe weather occurrence across China, with the total number of severe weather days that have either thunderstorms, hail and/or

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Attitudes of the Chinese government on climate change, specifically regarding the role of China in climate change action, have shifted notably in recent years. Historically, climate change was largely seen as a problem that has been created by and should be solved by industrialized countries; in

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The Chinese government has strategically promoted Eco-Cities in China as a policy measure for addressing rising greenhouse gas emissions resulting from China's rapid urbanization and industrialization. These projects seek to blend green technologies and sustainable infrastructure to build large,

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before it was planned to happen. The climate policy of China can become more effective as a result of higher climate ambition of other countries and better cooperation with the USA. In March 2022 China increased its fossil fuel production "amid growing fears of global energy shortages and rising

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China observed a ground average temperature increase of 0.24 °C (0.43 °F) per decade from 1951 to 2017, exceeding the global rate. The average precipitation of China was 641.3 millimetres (25.25 in) in 2017, 1.8% more than the average precipitation of previous years. There was an

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The negative effects on China's agriculture caused by climate change have appeared. There was an increase in agricultural production instability, severe damages caused by high temperature and drought, and lower production and quality in the prairie. In the near future, climate change may cause

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According to analysis from the Global Energy Monitor: "China accounts for more than 95 per cent of the coal plant capacity beginning construction in 2023". The report said that "building new unabated coal power plants must stop to limit global warming to the critical threshold of 1.5 degrees

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China makes considerable efforts to expand and improve its public transportation network, what creates health benefits and have significant importance for emission reduction. According to official data, in 2023 the number of trips in urban public transportation increased by 27.7%.

910:(2005 to 2010), in response to worsening energy intensity in the 2002-2005 period, set a goal of a 20% improvement of energy intensity. The report stated that this goal likely was achieved or nearly achieved. The next five-year plan set a goal of improving energy intensity by 16%. 753:

can be described as "underpromise so that it can overdeliver". China sets itself low climate targets that cannot surely prevent a 2 degrees temperature rise, but it mostly achieves and even overachieve its targets. China wants to peak its carbon emissions before 2030 and became

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Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

62:. It has also been noted that higher-income countries have outsourced emissions-intensive industries to China. China is now the world's largest polluter and in 2023 recorded its hottest year on record with an average temperature of 10.7 °C. On the basis of cumulative CO 1132:

in 2020. It measures the contribution of ecosystems to the economy, including by regulating climate. In 2023, already 15 local governments have issued guidelines about it, and around 200 projects were launched. The first province to issue local rules about GEP was

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2015, China said it supports the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle, which holds that since China is still developing, its abilities and capacities to reduce emissions are comparatively lower than developed countries'.

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Climate action tracker (CAT) is an independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris Agreement. Climate action tracker found China actions to be "Highly insufficient".

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Due to overfishing, pollution, global temperature increase, and change in pH to the world's oceans, the South China Sea is suffering from a lack in biodiversity among marine life. Historically, China was the world's largest

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environmentally friendly cities nationwide. The government has launched three programs to incentivize cities to undertake eco-city construction, encouraging hundreds of cities to announce plans for eco-city developments.

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and set goals of reducing vulnerability, strengthening monitoring, and raising public awareness. Efforts on implementation have been put in adapting forestry, meteorological management, infrastructure, and risk planning.

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by 2060 by adopting "more vigorous policies and measures." China's GHG emissions will likely peak in 2025 and return to 2022 levels by 2030. However, such pathway will still lead to a 3 degrees Celsius temperature rise.

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producer, making the fish market a significant part of the Chinese economy. Due to the environmental impacts, coral reefs in the South China Sea are dying, decreasing the amount of marine life in the South China Sea.

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can help, although the government is still seen as the entity most responsible for dealing with climate change. If the government does take action, fiscal and taxation policies are seen as potentially effective.

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The People's Republic of China is an active participant in the climate change talks and other multilateral environmental negotiations, and claims to take environmental challenges seriously but is pushing for the

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In 2020 the forests of China held around 7.62 billion tonnes of carbon, (which are equivalent to 28 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide). By 2100 the number can elevate to 19.59 billion tonnes of carbon.

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intensity of the economy by 18%, increase in the share of nonfossil energy to about 20%. The change is in comparison to the numbers for the year 2021. All three targets should be achieved by 2025.

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In 2022 the cooperation on climate issues between China and US considerably improved. The countries create "a group from both countries to work toward quickly reducing greenhouse gas emissions."

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in agriculture, forestry and water resources, and is expected to continue to see increased impacts. China's government is taking some measures to increase renewable energy, and other

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In 2012, China established its National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation as part of its effort to develop world-class research in this area. Like the

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Pictured here is the conversion of three large rivers in Ningbo, China. The country is taking substantial measures to combat the flash floods predicted to intensify in the future.

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says China will "phase down" coal use from 2026 - and will not build new coal-fired projects abroad - but some governments and campaigners say the plans are not going far enough.

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Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently. In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity.

5482: 5319: 4639: 921: 907: 1580:. Organisations connected to the government, such as China Youth Climate Action Network, have also disseminated training and public awareness activities related to the issue. 6177: 4762: 4113: 4857: 1068:(NDCs) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country, which outlines specific goals and targets for the upcoming five years to help mitigate the effects of 4995: 3074:

Zhang, Wenbo; Liu, Min; Mitcheson, Yvonne Sadovy de; Cao, Ling; Leadbitter, Duncan; Newton, Richard; Little, David C.; Li, Songlin; Yang, Yi; Chen, Xiao; Zhou, Wei (2020).

5951: 5737: 1259: 3607: 2310:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 5150:

Yu, Hao; Wang, Bing; Zhang, Yue-Jun; Wang, Shouyang; Wei, Yi-Ming (22 May 2013). "Public perception of climate change in China: results from the questionnaire survey".

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to reduce emissions or purchase emission allowances from other emitters. Through this scheme, China will limit emissions while allowing economic freedom for emitters.

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In July 2023 China and the European Union hold the Fourth EU-China High Level Environment and Climate Dialogue, declaring they will continue to cooperate in stopping

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In the provinces of China, there are various projects held aiming to solve emissions reduction and energy-saving, which is a big step in tackling climate change.

3258:"CHINA POLICY 17 March 2022 16:00 China Briefing, 17 March 2022: Beijing 'doubling down on fossil fuels'; China's CO2 emissions increase; Coal production growth" 1201:, and covers 40% of China's emissions, which is 15% of world emissions. China was able to gain experience in drafting and implementation of an ETS plan from the 1444: 1190: 648:

In the future, the probability rate of malaria transmission will increase 39-140 percent because of temperature increase of 1-2 degrees Celsius in south China.

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In 2018, the government has urged countries to continue to support the Paris agreement, even in the wake of the United States' withdrawal in 2017. In 2020,

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is a legally binding international agreement. Its main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. The

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stated that China will no longer fund coal-fired power plants abroad. Xi also repeated the country's commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.

1282:'s Energy Research Institute, the National Center for Climate Change Strategy regularly works with international research institutions and think tanks. 1021:

Climate change has not been a priority to China until around 2008, when this issue was brought to a higher platform. Chinese state affairs operate as a

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launched a lead on low-carbon city development. The city is currently working with Tsinghua University to improve the urban environment by introducing

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Tong, Shilu; Berry, Helen L; Ebi, Kristie; Bambrick, Hilary; Hu, Wenbiao; Green, Donna; Hanna, Elizabeth; Wang, Zhiqiang; Butler, Colin D (2016).

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of China was adjusted to the energy efficiency standards for buildings, as of December 2023. There are around 80 standards of this type in China.

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In 2022, China issued its climate targets in the 14th Five-Year Plan. Those include: reduce the economy's energy intensity by 13.5%, reduce the CO

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damaging wind decreasing about 50% from 1961 to 2010. The reduction in severe weather occurrences correlated strongly with the weakening of the

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emissions measured from 1751 through to 2017, China is responsible for 13% globally and about half of the United States' cumulative emissions.

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In July 2023 John Kerry visited China for advance climate cooperation. The main achievement of the visit was some progress in the fields of: "

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concerns of an economic slump". In 2024, some scientists suggested the CO2 emissions from energy and cement may have peaked, but emissions of

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The investigation showed that Chinese citizens agreed that they were experiencing climate change and that it was caused by human activities.

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the country that will pay the highest financial cost if the temperature continue to rise is China. The impacts will include food insecurity,

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at Wanliguan Station were 404.4 ppm, 1907 ppb, and 329.7 ppb separately in 2016, slightly higher than the global mean concentration in 2016.

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According to a study from 2017 conducted by the China Climate Change Communication program, 94% of interviewees supported fulfilling the

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high-income resource-poor nations such as the United Kingdom, Germany and France (...) outsource carbon-intensive production to China

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The NDC target regarding the China against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris agreement are the following:

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of China declared that his country will stop financing coal power plants abroad. China achieved 9 of its 15 climate targets in the

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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

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Cumulatively over time, China is the second-largest contributor nation to global economic damage from emissions, following the U.S.

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emissions in the year 2027 at 12.2Gt and reach net zero carbon emissions before 2060 if it will change its development model.

5946: 5752: 3788: 3018: 597:. The glacial melting causes lower parts of the Yangtze River to have lower volumes of water, also disrupting farming. 301: 220: 1564:"Great Climate Wall of China", an installation featuring portraits of Chinese citizens calling for action on climate change. 3916: 3872: 2306:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 1849: 6130: 5976: 5961: 5876: 5757: 5597: 5345: 5264: 1129: 3373:"China Briefing, 24 March 2022: 14FYP energy plan; More plans on energy storage and hydrogen; China's emissions analysis" 2585: 330: 19:

This article is about climate change in the People's Republic of China. For climate change in the Republic of China, see

6161: 6156: 5936: 5886: 5881: 5722: 5707: 5682: 1267: 657: 5128: 6115: 5981: 5906: 5843: 5828: 5818: 5798: 5419: 5309: 3049: 1475: 1206: 1198: 986: 141: 5452: 5042: 4597:"Developer-led new eco-cities in China - identification, assessment and solution of environmental issues in planning" 3639:"Climate Change: China's new five-year energy efficiency targets to drive heavy industry consolidation, analysts say" 3608:"China Briefing, 3 February 2022: Power market reform; 'Energy-conserving' 14FYP scheme; Xi's trip to coal province" 312: 5991: 5966: 5941: 5891: 5848: 5833: 5782: 5767: 5677: 5672: 5657: 2002: 1573: 1346: 914: 423: 5487: 4882: 4075: 3969:

https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/China%20First/China%27s%20First%20NDC%20Submission.pdf

3152: 1217:. In July 2021, permits were being handed out for free rather than auctioned, and the market price per tonne of CO 290: 6212: 6044: 6034: 6024: 6019: 6001: 5858: 5823: 5772: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5727: 5717: 5702: 5697: 5667: 5652: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5391: 5386: 5329: 4724: 4548:

de Jong, Martin; Yu, Chang; Joss, Simon; Wennersten, Ronald; Yu, Li; Zhang, Xiaoling; Ma, Xin (15 October 2016).

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mentioned a possibility of technological help from the part of US and informational help from the part of China.

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ChinaFAQs: China's Energy Conservation Accomplishments of the 11th Five Year Plan, ChinaFAQs on 25 July 2011,

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in many regions. The government of China is trying to address the problem by different measures like reducing

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region. For example, the GEP of Chengtian Radon Spring Nature Reserve has been calculated as US$ 43 million.

6201: 6089: 6059: 5956: 5926: 5901: 5762: 5692: 5687: 5662: 5570: 4258:"India, Indonesia, Bangladesh & Vietnam host to most under-construction coal projects worldwide: Report" 3740: 1138: 750: 740: 3403:"China Briefing, 7 April 2022: Carbon peaking 'around 2027'; EU-China summit; Food systems for cutting CO2" 6120: 5916: 5911: 5868: 5409: 5314: 5280: 3917:"Tianjin, China Receives 2024 Sustainable Transport Award for Focus on Cycling and Walking Infrastructure" 2311: 1105: 954:

Such buildings can consume 70% less energy in very cold areas and 60% less in other regions. According to

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http://www.chinafaqs.org/library/chinafaqs/chinas-energy-conservation-accomplishments-11th-five-year-plan

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China has the most total annual emissions (area of rectangle) of any nation, and has higher than average

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Proactive approach to climate change (for example enhancing mechanisms to effectively defend key areas).

6219: 4549: 4370: 1183:(ETS) creates a carbon market where emitters can buy and sell emission credits. The scheme will allow 399:

Fourth in Preface: Building a Fair and Rational Global Climate Governance System for Win-Win Results.

5429: 5404: 5159: 4561: 4317: 3669:"Translating a Global Issue Into Local Priority: China's Local Government Response to Climate Change" 3326: 3164: 3087: 2857: 2792: 2393:"Study shows China's severe weather patterns changing drastically since 1960 | Penn State University" 2339: 2283: 2208: 2072: 1634: 1364: 1184: 951: 665: 337: 5467: 4696:

Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector

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are the world's highest in absolute terms, accounting for 35% of the world's total according to the

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Over the past 70 years, climate change seriously reduced China's food security, mainly by inducing

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Climate change caused an increase in sea level, threatening to impair the functions of harbors.

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is developing in replacing traditional bulbs with energy-saving light bulbs. Provinces such as

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Second in Preface: Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to climate Change.

78: 1811:"You've Heard of Outsourced Jobs, but Outsourced Pollution? It's Real, and Tough to Tally Up" 5477: 5167: 4569: 4520: 4325: 3680: 3344: 3334: 3228:"China's climate change record: Beijing tends to meet its targets, but sets the bar too low" 3172: 3103: 3095: 3075: 2973: 2932: 2924: 2883: 2865: 2816: 2800: 2733: 2422: 2363: 2347: 2258: 2216: 2108: 2080: 1760: 1464: 1452: 1400: 1286: 994: 959: 944: 881: 880:, with over triple the generation of the second-ranking country, the United States. China's 768: 759: 476: 4596: 4509:"Sustainability of Low Carbon City Initiatives in China: A Comprehensive Literature Review" 3668: 1850:"2023 was China's hottest year on record, marked by multiple deadly extreme weather events" 1560: 570:. Desertification in China destroys farmland, biodiversity, and exacerbates poverty. 5028: 4621: 3975: 3570: 2630: 2263: 2246: 1526: 1425: 1380: 1368: 1327: 1214: 1083: 1061: 990: 763: 608: 589:

Glacier melting in the Northern Region of China causes flooding in the upper parts of the

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Hunter, Garfield Wayne; Sagoe, Gideon; Vettorato, Daniele; Jiayu, Ding (11 August 2019).

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In the beginning of the year 2022 a government-supported research said China will peak CO

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China's first National Assessment of Global Climate Change, released in the 2000s by the

6223: 5163: 4823: 4565: 4321: 3330: 3168: 3091: 2861: 2796: 2343: 2212: 2076: 1941: 1371:, which includes China, meet in 2010 to discuss climate change mitigation following the 1209:(CDM). China's national ETS is the largest of its kind, and will help China achieve its 849:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters on the 2005 level.

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Network, Mitch Moxley for IPS, part of the Guardian Environment (23 September 2010).

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in New York that his country will end its contribution to global heating and achieve

889: 431: 224: 151: 51: 4226: 3539:"China is on track to meet 2030 renewable energy target six years ahead of schedule" 3200: 2660:"Climate Change Impacts on China's Environment: Biophysical Impacts | Wilson Center" 2245:

Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

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Rising sea levels affect China's coastal land. Cities along the coast such as

5546: 4556:. Special Volume: Transitions to Sustainable Consumption and Production in Cities. 2328:"Decreasing trend in severe weather occurrence over China during the past 50 years" 2143: 2017: 1688:"China National communication 3: Part III Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation" 1639: 1611: 1456: 1388: 885: 612: 4725:"China Is a Climate Leader but Still Isn't Doing Enough on Emissions, Report Says" 4573: 1973:"Guest post: Why China is set to significantly overachieve its 2030 climate goals" 1764: 4636:"China reaffirms the key principle of 'common but differentiated responsibility'" 4049: 2722:"Occurrence of crop pests and diseases has largely increased in China since 1970" 2018:"List of the populations of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories" 1383:. This alliance is an international commitment to work in partnership with 376:

There has also been an increased occurrence of climate-related disasters such as

4371:"China's Battle Against Air Pollution: An Update | Council on Foreign Relations" 3441:

For relevant chart, Canary Media credits: "Source: BloombergNEF, September 2023"

2170: 2139:"Analysis: China's carbon emissions grow at fastest rate for more than a decade" 1048:

The development of technology and economy in China share more responsibility in

722: 693: 594: 583: 579: 279: 4550:"Eco city development in China: addressing the policy implementation challenge" 4329: 3339: 2737: 2247:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic" 2221: 2196: 2085: 2060: 1428:." This was obtained despite many currently existing obstacles to cooperation. 1115:

In the NDC of China there is a list of things that have been achieved by 2014:

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was 3.5mm/year from 1980 to 2022 compared to the global average of 3.2mm/year.

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Feng, Qi; Ma, Hua; Jiang, Xuemei; Wang, Xin; Cao, Shixiong (3 November 2015).

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China is a part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

1372: 1319: 1307:, there has been an ongoing debate over China's economic responsibilities for 1289: 1266:, Special Representative for Climate Change Affairs of China, speaking at the 1026: 705: 697: 552: 495: 406:(CCP) convened in 2012, China has prioritized its response to climate change. 5179: 4796: 4581: 4534: 3692: 3684: 3184: 3117: 2987: 2879: 2812: 2359: 1822: 1772: 607:

Overfishing and rising ocean temperatures are killing the coral reefs in the

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Third in Preface: Significant Changes in China's Response to Climate Change.

42:

is having major effects on the Chinese economy, society and the environment.

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More than one fourth of China is covered by desert, which is growing due to

480: 447: 4306:"China launches world's largest carbon market: but is it ambitious enough?" 3789:"In China's Cities, A Return to Cycling Prioritizes People and the Climate" 3358: 3192: 2995: 2946: 2897: 2830: 2745: 2377: 2230: 1255:

Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation

2928: 2515:"Record rise in China's sea levels threatens coastal cities like Shanghai" 627:

At least 72% of Chinese, American and European respondents to a 2020−2021

4755:"Guest post: Why China's CO2 emissions grew 4% during first half of 2019" 2691:"In China, drastic rise in crop pests and diseases due to climate change" 1569: 1513: 1229:

but better compared to the US, which has no formal cap-and-trade program.

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climate survey stated that climate change had an impact on everyday life.

509: 472: 58:, China's carbon emissions are considerably less than countries like the 3715:"ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN CHINA: STANDARDS AND FINANCING MECHANISM" 1315:, which accounts for the majority of China's emissions, falls sharply. 4971:"What Does John Kerry's Visit Mean for U.S.-China Climate Cooperation?" 4785:"Are dictatorships better than democracies at fighting climate change?" 4525: 4508: 3289:"As China makes strides on climate change, new potent emissions emerge" 1509: 1417: 1137:, and a year later it has already decided the fate of a project in the 982: 928: 727: 681: 668:

higher than humans and other mammals can tolerate more than six hours.

590: 527: 523: 427: 377: 304: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3816:

HOW DOCKLESS BIKE-SHARING CHANGES LIVES: AN ANALYSIS OF CHINESE CITIES

3108: 3099: 2870: 2586:"Digication e-Portfolio :: Eda Charmaine Gimenez :: Welcome" 2351: 1687: 878:

world's leader in electricity production from renewable energy sources

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Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment. University of Oxford.

4850:"China's Belt and Road Initiative Could Drive Warming to 2.7 Degrees" 3492: 3490: 2042:"Nearly $ 2tn of damage inflicted on other countries by US emissions" 1577: 1384: 1350: 1226: 936: 932: 3512:"China on Track to Blow Past Xi's Clean Power Goal Five Years Early" 3498:"China to remain leader in renewable energy capacity growth in 2022" 3433:"Chart: Solar installations set to break global, US records in 2023" 939:

are promoting solar energy in the building heating system. Besides,

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caused by climate change. The investigation included 4025 samples.

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In 2022 China published a plan of energy conservation for the 14th

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Furthermore, climate change will worsen the uneven distribution of

16:

Emissions, impacts and responses of China related to climate change

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Delegation of the European Union to the People's Republic of China

2454:"China's sea-level rise raises threat to economic hubs to extreme" 1559: 1508: 1474: 1392: 1359: 1304: 1258: 1075: 812: 622: 560: 556: 542: 441: 381: 133: 43: 27: 4913:"China pledges to stop building coal-fired power plants overseas" 5229:"China's young climate heroes fight apathy – and the party line" 2484:"China Is Heating Up Faster Than The Global Average, Data Shows" 5586: 5253: 2326:

Zhang, Qinghong; Ni, Xiang; Zhang, Fuqing (17 February 2017).

829: 273: 174: 5202:"The Great Climate Wall – 'I will act on climate, will you?'" 5022:"The Response of China, India, and Brazil to Climate Change." 4202:"Zhejiang counts 'gross ecosystem product' of nature reserve" 2580: 2578: 4397:"China Will Start the World's Largest Carbon Trading Market" 3583:"China and Germany - Working for an Energy Efficient Future" 3076:"Fishing for feed in China: Facts, impacts and implications" 2913:"Climate change, food, water and population health in China" 2059:

Callahan, Christopher W.; Mankin, Justin S. (12 July 2022).

1942:"Climate change: China aims for 'carbon neutrality by 2060'" 1749:"The role of outsourcing in driving global carbon emissions" 4050:"How China Can Truly Lead the Fight Against Climate Change" 3942:

Song, Wanyuan; Patel, Anika; Evans, Simon (18 April 2024).

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Hughes, Terry P.; Huang, Hui; Young, Matthew a. L. (2013).

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by 2060 by adopting "more vigorous policies and measures."

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for the year 2024 due to its efforts to improve and expand

615:, and negatively affects the fish market economy in China. 551:

China is home to 17,300 species of plants and animals: 667

390:

First in Preface: China's New Responses to Climate Change.

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Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions

4944:"At Davos, Kerry cites progress on China-US climate group" 2781:"Threats to China's Biodiversity by Contradictions Policy" 267:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely 2197:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 77:

efforts, vowing to hit peak emissions before 2030 and be

4427:"China's carbon market scheme too limited, say analysts" 3153:"The Wicked Problem of China's Disappearing Coral Reefs" 2003:"Historical GHG Emissions / Global Historical Emissions" 1086:. As a part of this agreement it has agreed to the 2016 3667:

Ye Qi; Li Ma; Huanbo Zhang; Huimin Li (December 2008).

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products. 98.7% of interviewees supported implementing

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R. Liu, Peiran; E. Raftery, Adrian (9 February 2021).

2551:"The Indus Equation Report, Strategic Foresight Group" 1537:

at schools. Respondents were most concerned about the

50:, through an energy infrastructure heavily focused on 4465:. New York: Columbia Center on Global Energy Policy. 3921:

Institute for Transportation & Development policy

3873:"China's urban passenger trips jump 27.7 pct in 2023" 3793:

Institute for Transportation & Development policy

3019:"IPCC Warns China Will Be Hit Hard by Climate Change" 2452:

Bernard, Steven; Shepherd, Christian (12 June 2021).

1203:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

3741:"Progress made in making buildings energy-efficient" 2061:"National attribution of historical climate damages" 1909:"The hard truths of climate change — by the numbers" 483:

have already risen .12 meters in the last 50 years.

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from 1990 to 2016. The annual mean concentration of

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Greenhouse gas emissions by China § Mitigation

4824:"China coal surge threatens Paris climate targets" 2923:(10). U.S. National Library of Medicine: 759–765. 2195:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 985:, with more than 13 million dwellers received the 731:will disappear if the fishing industry collapses. 578:Climate change decreased total water resources in 5043:"China's great green wall grows in climate fight" 4969:Blaine, Tegan; Freeman, Carla; Tugendhat, Henry. 2623:"Climate Change in China | Shangri-la Institute" 5506:China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation 2779:Zheng, Heran; Cao, Shixiong (1 February 2015). 708:produced from coal can exacerbate the problem. 148:are lower than some major developed countries. 4662:"Why China's climate policy matters to us all" 2720:Wang, Chenzhi; Wang, Xuhui (9 December 2021). 1671:"China Country Climate and Development Report" 1449:Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 786:Reach net zero emissions before the year 2060. 775:The main climate targets of China as of 2022: 547:Desertification Control Project, Ningxia China 5598: 5265: 3719:CITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSITION IN CHINA 1097:Peak of carbon dioxide emissions around 2030. 8: 5066:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3673:The Journal of Environment & Development 3050:"Climate change threatens China's rice bowl" 1495:initiative aiming to combat climate change. 1443:. Both sides agree to ensure the success of 4350:"China's National Emissions Trading System" 2846:"What Has Caused Desertification in China?" 1547:Furthermore, most Chinese citizens believe 704:. But some of the measures like using more 5605: 5591: 5583: 5272: 5258: 5250: 2251:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1280:National Development and Reform Commission 1036:submission, key areas were identified for 902:A 2011 report by a project facilitated by 582:while increasing total water resources in 150:Greenhouse gas emissions stem mainly from 4524: 3348: 3338: 3107: 2977: 2962:"Climate and COVID-19: converging crises" 2936: 2917:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2887: 2869: 2820: 2367: 2262: 2220: 2084: 1747:Malik, Arunima; Lan, Jun (2 April 2016). 1221:e was around RMB 50, roughly half of the 1175:is an intensity-based trading system for 463:Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) 364:Learn how and when to remove this message 5227:Standaert, Michael (18 September 2019). 1179:, which started operating in 2021. This 265:the most intense climate change scenario 5361:State Electricity Regulatory Commission 4689: 4687: 4357:Global Economic Policy and Institutions 3459:from the original on 21 September 2023. 3439:from the original on 17 September 2023. 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 1661: 913:China set itself a target to limit its 772:emissions rate increased by up to 70%. 485: 166:emissions are from the burning of coal. 5351:National Nuclear Safety Administration 5079: 5077: 5059: 4923:from the original on 22 September 2021 4860:from the original on 25 September 2019 4765:from the original on 24 September 2019 4617: 4606: 4485: 4482:from the original on 27 February 2022. 4018:"GUIDE TO CHINESE CLIMATE POLICY 2018" 3998:from the original on 26 September 2019 3319:Communications Earth & Environment 2296:from the original on 20 September 2023 1875:"Who has contributed most to global CO 1205:(UNFCCC), where China was part of the 1173:Chinese national carbon trading scheme 1165:Chinese national carbon trading scheme 211:China has and will suffer some of the 5131:from the original on 16 December 2019 4877: 4875: 4830:from the original on 20 November 2019 4181:from the original on 15 November 2019 4163: 4161: 4136:"Nationally Determined Contributions" 3829:from the original on 14 February 2022 3645:from the original on 17 February 2022 3308: 3306: 3238:from the original on 21 February 2022 3207:from the original on 26 February 2021 2670:from the original on 15 February 2021 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2464:from the original on 21 February 2022 2423:"《中国气候变化蓝皮书》：年平均气温显著上升--人民网环保频道--人民网" 2264:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 1698:from the original on 14 November 2019 1463:by 2024. Both sides agree to support 418:annual increase in concentrations of 69:China is suffering from the negative 7: 6208: 5300:China Beijing Environmental Exchange 4735:from the original on 22 October 2019 4642:from the original on 10 October 2019 4030:from the original on 10 January 2020 3875:. Xinhua News Agency. Ukrainian news 3618:from the original on 3 February 2022 3226:Stalley, Phillip (7 February 2022). 2760:from the original on 24 January 2022 2701:from the original on 24 January 2022 1952:from the original on 26 January 2021 1936: 1934: 1889:from the original on 25 October 2021 1625:China Beijing Environmental Exchange 1303:Both internationally and within the 302:adding citations to reliable sources 4803:from the original on 4 October 2019 3435:. Canary Media. 15 September 2023. 2596:from the original on 29 August 2011 1919:from the original on 26 August 2022 1728:from the original on 3 October 2020 1722:emissions (metric tons per capita)" 1549:individual action on climate change 1195:Ministry of Ecology and Environment 1191:largest emitter of greenhouse gases 1088:Nationally Determined Contributions 1066:Nationally Determined Contributions 162:producing iron and steel. 79% of CO 146:per capita greenhouse gas emissions 5511:China National Nuclear Corporation 5463:HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong 5458:HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou 5101:from the original on 18 April 2018 4893:from the original on 19 March 2021 4822:McGrath, Matt (20 November 2019). 4672:from the original on 12 March 2022 4256:Prasad, Seema (28 November 2023). 4086:from the original on 19 March 2021 3483:from the original on 13 June 2024. 3473:"1Q 2024 Global PV Market Outlook" 3453:"3Q 2023 Global PV Market Outlook" 3383:from the original on 30 March 2022 3268:from the original on 17 March 2022 3132:from the original on 29 April 2021 2563:from the original on 28 March 2019 2391:Jackson, Liam (17 February 2017). 2119:from the original on 10 April 2018 2052:from the original on 12 July 2022. 2028:from the original on 26 June 2021. 1645:Plug-in electric vehicles in China 1211:Nationally Determined Contribution 884:sector is growing faster than its 869:This paragraph is an excerpt from 171:Impacts on the natural environment 14: 5516:Electric power companies of China 4603:from the original on 30 May 2023. 4437:from the original on 16 July 2021 4293:from the original on 3 June 2019. 3769:. United Nations. 5 December 2017 3451:Chase, Jenny (5 September 2023). 3413:from the original on 8 April 2022 3287:Bardsley, Daniel (18 July 2024). 3029:from the original on 6 March 2022 2433:from the original on 23 June 2019 2308:The Australian Academy of Science 2171:"China - Countries & Regions" 2151:from the original on 27 July 2021 2013:from the original on 21 May 2021. 1829:from the original on 25 July 2021 1809:Plumer, Brad (4 September 2018). 1787:from the original on 24 July 2021 1177:carbon dioxide emissions by China 791:increase its commitments by 41%. 640:Climate change has a significant 93:Greenhouse gas emissions by China 48:largest emitter of carbon dioxide 6218: 6207: 6197: 6196: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5529: 5528: 4975:United States Institute of Peace 4950:from the original on 26 May 2022 4942:PRENGAMAN, PETER (24 May 2022). 4698:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The 4304:Nogrady, Bianca (20 July 2021). 4237:from the original on 15 May 2021 4227:"China | Climate Action Tracker" 4116:from the original on 10 May 2021 3871:Борзенко, Тимофій (2 May 2024). 3739:Liqiang, Hou (7 December 2023). 3177:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x 2494:from the original on 20 May 2021 2403:from the original on 12 May 2021 2282:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). 1983:from the original on 23 May 2022 1630:Deforestation and climate change 1604: 1590: 1420:reduction commitments; reducing 1163:This section is an excerpt from 947:into industries and households. 834: 822:This section is an excerpt from 516: 502: 488: 450:are vulnerable to sea level rise 278: 256: 239: 179: 119: 103: 91:This section is an excerpt from 5483:Ultra-high-voltage transmission 4459:Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 4200:Mengnan, Jiang (4 April 2024). 4146:from the original on 9 May 2021 3848:Taylor, Mike (17 August 2023). 2040:Milman, Oliver (12 July 2022). 1848:Regan, Helen (5 January 2024). 783:emissions before the year 2030. 289:needs additional citations for 231:Temperature and weather changes 5121:"2017年中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知状况调研报告发布" 1459:, reach a global agreement on 1158:National carbon trading scheme 952:"nearly zero energy buildings" 35:of China between 1901 and 2019 1: 6250:Environmental issues in China 5346:China Atomic Energy Authority 4723:Wong, Edward (19 July 2018). 4574:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.083 4554:Journal of Cleaner Production 4492:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4456:Sandalow, David (July 2018). 3967:China's First NDC Submission 3822:. World Resources Institute. 3637:Ng, Eric (14 February 2022). 3471:Chase, Jenny (4 March 2024). 2979:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32579-4 2689:Hess, Lily (7 January 2022). 2513:Gan, Nectar (13 April 2023). 1765:10.1080/09535314.2016.1172475 1516:, a Chinese climate activist. 1130:Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) 1124:Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) 1078:is currently a member of the 247:Köppen climate classification 3641:. South China Morning Post. 1971:Lui, Swithin (19 May 2022). 1268:Global Climate Action Summit 658:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 593:. This ruins soil and 4395:Fialka, ClimateWire, John. 4348:Swartz, Jeff (March 2016). 2284:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 2024:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1572:staged the country's first 1207:Clean Development Mechanism 987:Sustainable Transport Award 249:map for China for 1980–2016 142:International Energy Agency 6271: 5356:SASAC of the State Council 4330:10.1038/d41586-021-01989-7 3537:Ahmed, Zo (22 July 2024). 3340:10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8 2738:10.1038/s43016-021-00428-0 2222:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 2109:"全球温室气体排放数据（最新版）_中国碳排放交易网" 2086:10.1007/s10584-022-03387-y 1502: 1347:Emba Hunutlu power station 1305:People's Republic of China 1252: 1237: 1162: 915:Primary energy consumption 868: 821: 738: 424:atmospheric carbon dioxide 90: 18: 6255:Climate change by country 6191: 5621: 5524: 5172:10.1007/s11069-013-0711-1 4694:Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). 3767:UN environmental programm 3017:Ye, Yuan (3 March 2022). 2805:10.1007/s13280-014-0526-7 2590:stonybrook.digication.com 1753:Economic Systems Research 1574:school strike for climate 1505:Environmentalism in China 1343:coal-fired power stations 1309:climate change mitigation 1249:International cooperation 1104:emission per unit of its 1038:climate change adaptation 904:World Resources Institute 871:Renewable energy in China 843:This article needs to be 702:international cooperation 412:East Asian summer monsoon 313:"Climate change in China" 213:effects of global warming 188:This section needs to be 71:effects of global warming 5624:Greenhouse gas emissions 4231:climateactiontracker.org 3992:South China Morning Post 3974:15 November 2019 at the 3685:10.1177/1070496508326123 1650:Tianjin Climate Exchange 1535:climate change education 1531:environmentally friendly 1422:China's reliance on coal 1355:greenhouse gas emissions 1339:Belt and Road Initiative 1108:(GDP), compared to 2005. 1100:60% to 65% reduction of 1017:Policies and legislation 629:European Investment Bank 602:water resources in China 138:greenhouse gas emissions 86:Greenhouse gas emissions 21:Climate change in Taiwan 6245:Climate change in China 5571:Renewable energy portal 5085:"中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知情况调研报告" 4264:. Global Energy Monitor 3569:28 October 2017 at the 2015:● Population data from 1181:emission trading scheme 1050:tackling climate change 751:climate policy of China 741:Climate policy of China 446:Coastal cities such as 6178:Small island countries 5453:HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai 5444:Electricity generation 5325:List of power stations 5206:Climate Action Network 4616:Cite journal requires 2312:Climate Action Tracker 1565: 1517: 1480: 1376: 1357:from other countries. 1271: 1106:gross domestic product 824:Energy policy of China 818: 645:the heatwave in 2019. 632: 548: 451: 36: 5488:Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC 5295:Carbon trading scheme 5092:中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知情况调研报告 4946:. Associaeted Press. 4919:. 21 September 2021. 4791:. 19 September 2019. 4076:"The Paris Agreement" 2929:10.2471/BLT.15.167031 1948:. 22 September 2020. 1915:. 18 September 2019. 1640:Green growth in China 1598:Climate change portal 1563: 1512: 1503:Further information: 1478: 1365:Environment ministers 1363: 1334:to a greater extent. 1317:CCP general secretary 1262: 906:stated that the 11th 816: 666:wet-bulb temperatures 626: 546: 445: 31: 5002:. the European Union 4761:. 5 September 2019. 4287:"China National ETS" 3587:Energiepartnershcaft 3157:Conservation Biology 2664:www.wilsoncenter.org 2007:ClimateWatchData.org 1635:Environment of China 1332:developing countries 642:impact on the health 611:. This lowers 298:improve this article 263:2071–2100 map under 5164:2013NatHa..69..459Y 5127:. 2 November 2017. 4668:. 29 October 2021. 4566:2016JCPro.134...31D 4401:Scientific American 4322:2021Natur.595..637N 4056:. 12 September 2019 3614:. 3 February 2022. 3331:2021ComEE...2...29L 3169:2013ConBi..27..261H 3092:2020AqFF...21...47Z 2960:The Lancet (2021). 2862:2015NatSR...515998F 2797:2015Ambio..44...23Z 2344:2017NatSR...742310Z 2213:2020Natur.577..618H 2077:2022ClCh..172...40C 1499:Society and culture 1397:UN General Assembly 1294:UN General Assembly 1240:Eco-Cities in China 1128:China launched the 941:Tsinghua University 917:to 5 btce by 2020. 158:, coal mining, and 5497:State-owned energy 5420:Petroleum industry 5310:Electricity sector 5027:9 May 2014 at the 5020:King et al. 2012. 4729:The New York Times 4526:10.3390/su11164342 3080:Fish and Fisheries 2850:Scientific Reports 2490:. 27 August 2020. 2332:Scientific Reports 2113:www.tanpaifang.com 1815:The New York Times 1724:. The World Bank. 1620:China Carbon Forum 1568:In 2019, activist 1566: 1518: 1481: 1377: 1353:) thus increasing 1272: 819: 690:irrigation systems 633: 549: 452: 37: 6232: 6231: 6213:Wikimedia Commons 5854:the United States 5580: 5579: 5094:. November 2017. 4883:"Party Groupings" 4709:978-0-262-54482-5 4595:Xu, Miao (2023). 4472:978-1-7261-8430-4 4169:"China first DNC" 3500:. 2 January 2022. 3379:. 24 March 2022. 3264:. 17 March 2022. 3100:10.1111/faf.12414 3048:Zhang, Hongzhou. 2871:10.1038/srep15998 2427:env.people.com.cn 2352:10.1038/srep42310 2009:. Climate Watch. 1883:Our World in Data 1461:plastic pollution 1437:biodiversity loss 1298:carbon neutrality 1292:announced at the 1032:In China's first 898:Energy efficiency 864: 863: 719:capture fisheries 656:According to the 619:Impacts on people 374: 373: 366: 348: 209: 208: 165: 6262: 6222: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6199: 6126:Marshall Islands 5607: 5600: 5593: 5584: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5532: 5531: 5478:Three Gorges Dam 5446:and transmission 5399: 5392:Hydroelectricity 5330:Renewable energy 5274: 5267: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5208:. 3 October 2010 5198: 5192: 5191: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5089: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4483: 4481: 4464: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4423: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4345: 4334: 4333: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3923:. 8 January 2024 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3795:. 22 August 2023 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3479:. BloombergNEF. 3467: 3461: 3460: 3455:. BloombergNEF. 3448: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3409:. 7 April 2022. 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3352: 3342: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3111: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2981: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2940: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2891: 2873: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2656: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2629:. Archived from 2619: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2303: 2301: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2207:(7792): 618–20. 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2088: 2053: 2038:Chart based on: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2014: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1489:Great Green Wall 1465:Circular economy 1453:High Seas Treaty 1447:, implement the 1341:is constructing 1199:its power plants 995:public transport 960:public buildings 945:renewable energy 882:renewable energy 859: 856: 850: 838: 837: 830: 809:Renewable energy 769:perfluorocarbons 760:paramount leader 749:In general, the 712:Fishing Industry 652:Economic impacts 520: 506: 492: 369: 362: 358: 355: 349: 347: 306: 282: 274: 260: 243: 204: 201: 195: 183: 182: 175: 163: 123: 107: 56:per-capita basis 6270: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6187: 6166: 6145: 6136:Solomon Islands 6104: 6065:the Netherlands 6006: 5972:the Philippines 5863: 5787: 5639: 5638:in each country 5617: 5611: 5581: 5576: 5520: 5498: 5492: 5468:HVDC Tian–Guang 5445: 5439: 5397: 5365: 5334: 5320:Energy security 5283: 5281:Energy in China 5278: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5152:Natural Hazards 5149: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5058: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5029:Wayback Machine 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4917:Financial Times 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4615: 4605: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4462: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4337: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4106:"NDC spotlight" 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3994:. 9 July 2019. 3986: 3985: 3981: 3976:Wayback Machine 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3897:. PR WIRE India 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3571:Wayback Machine 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3054:East Asia forum 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2658: 2657: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2458:Financial Times 2451: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2299: 2297: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2147:. 20 May 2021. 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2065:Climatic Change 2058: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2016: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1790: 1788: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1558: 1527:Paris agreement 1523: 1507: 1501: 1473: 1455:, cooperate in 1426:climate finance 1369:BASIC countries 1328:developed world 1257: 1251: 1242: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1215:Paris Agreement 1185:carbon emitters 1168: 1160: 1147: 1126: 1084:Paris Agreement 1062:Paris agreement 1058: 1056:Paris agreement 1019: 1011: 974: 968: 950:China advances 900: 895: 894: 874: 866: 865: 860: 854: 851: 848: 839: 835: 827: 811: 804: 797: 782: 764:Paris agreement 747: 737: 714: 674: 654: 638: 621: 609:South China Sea 576: 574:Water resources 568:desertification 537: 530: 521: 512: 507: 498: 493: 477:Victoria Harbor 440: 370: 359: 353: 350: 307: 305: 295: 283: 272: 271: 270: 269: 268: 261: 252: 251: 250: 244: 233: 221:glacier retreat 205: 199: 196: 193: 184: 180: 173: 168: 167: 131: 130: 129: 128: 127: 124: 116: 115: 108: 96: 88: 75:decarbonization 65: 33:Warming stripes 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6237: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6215: 6204: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6100:United Kingdom 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5614:Climate change 5612: 5610: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5398:power stations 5396:Hydroelectric 5389: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5305:Climate change 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5246: 5245: 5219: 5193: 5158:(1): 459–472. 5142: 5112: 5073: 5033: 5013: 4987: 4961: 4934: 4904: 4871: 4841: 4814: 4776: 4746: 4715: 4708: 4683: 4653: 4627: 4618:|journal= 4587: 4540: 4513:Sustainability 4499: 4471: 4448: 4413: 4387: 4362: 4335: 4296: 4275: 4248: 4218: 4206:China Dialogue 4192: 4157: 4127: 4097: 4067: 4041: 4009: 3979: 3960: 3934: 3908: 3886: 3863: 3840: 3806: 3780: 3754: 3731: 3706: 3679:(4): 379–400. 3656: 3629: 3599: 3574: 3555: 3529: 3518:. 28 June 2023 3503: 3486: 3462: 3443: 3424: 3394: 3364: 3302: 3291:. The National 3279: 3249: 3218: 3163:(2): 261–269. 3143: 3066: 3040: 3009: 2952: 2903: 2836: 2771: 2712: 2695:LANDSCAPE NEWS 2681: 2644: 2627:waterschool.cn 2607: 2574: 2542: 2531: 2505: 2475: 2444: 2414: 2383: 2318: 2274: 2236: 2187: 2162: 2130: 2100: 2031: 2022:britannica.com 1994: 1963: 1930: 1913:www.nature.com 1900: 1876: 1866: 1840: 1801: 1759:(2): 168–182. 1739: 1719: 1718:"DataBank - CO 1709: 1679: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1601: 1585: 1582: 1557: 1554: 1522: 1521:Public opinion 1519: 1500: 1497: 1472: 1469: 1451:, advance the 1433:climate change 1401:Chinese leader 1381:BASIC Alliance 1287:Chinese leader 1253:Main article: 1250: 1247: 1235: 1232: 1218: 1169: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1146: 1143: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1102:Carbon dioxide 1098: 1070:climate change 1057: 1054: 1027:federal system 1023:central system 1018: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1003:the World Bank 972: 967: 964: 922:five-year plan 908:five-year plan 899: 896: 875: 867: 862: 861: 842: 840: 833: 828: 820: 810: 807: 802: 795: 788: 787: 784: 780: 756:carbon neutral 736: 733: 713: 710: 673: 670: 662:water scarcity 653: 650: 637: 636:Health impacts 634: 620: 617: 575: 572: 536: 533: 532: 531: 522: 515: 513: 508: 501: 499: 494: 487: 456:sea level rise 439: 438:Sea level rise 436: 420:carbon dioxide 372: 371: 286: 284: 277: 262: 255: 254: 253: 245: 238: 237: 236: 235: 234: 232: 229: 217:sea level rise 207: 206: 200:September 2019 187: 185: 178: 172: 169: 160:blast furnaces 125: 118: 117: 109: 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 97: 89: 87: 84: 79:carbon neutral 63: 40:Climate change 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6267: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171:Other regions 6169: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150:Polar regions 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:the Caribbean 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5559:Energy portal 5555: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473:HVDC Zhoushan 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5315:Energy policy 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5220: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 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to Earth 4259: 4252: 4249: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3825: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3743:. 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