132:
25:
42:
128:. It has rainfall from February to November (which is decreasing to the north), and has peak rainfall from June to September. Southern Ethiopia has a rainfall pattern similar to the one in East Africa. There are two distinct wet seasons every year, February to May, and October to November. Central and eastern Ethiopia has some rainfall between February and November, with a smaller peak in rainfall from March to May and a second higher peak from June to September.
143:
112:
1980:
252:. Agriculture suffers as a result. This means even regions where overall rainfall is expected to remain relatively stable will experience these impacts. These regions include central and northern Europe. Without climate change mitigation, around one third of land areas are likely to experience moderate or more severe drought by 2100. Due to global warming droughts are more frequent and intense than in the past.
2002:
673:(without irrigation systems). This applies to around 98% of total cropland as of 2012. So changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change will reduce economic activities in the basin. Rainfall shocks have a direct impact on agriculture. A rainfall decrease in the Awash basin could lead to a 5% decline in the basin's overall GDP. The agricultural GDP could even drop by as much as 10%.
1991:
902:
189:
The exact attribution of climate change to the occurrence of droughts and floods in
Ethiopia is difficult. One study from 2022 stated for Ethiopia: "While regional models predict increase in rainfall, higher resolution analyses for Ethiopia suggest spatial variations in which there are both increases
244:
again. Warming over land increases the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world. In some tropical and subtropical regions of the world, there will probably be less rain due to global warming. This will make them more prone to drought. Droughts are set to worsen in many regions of
739:
Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,
115:
Rainfall regimes vary across
Ethiopia. Left figure: Annual average rainfall in mm/day with the interquartile range (25th–75th) of monthly rainfall in mm/day indicated by black contours (1981–2020). Right figure: Three rainfall zones in Ethiopia with different seasonal rainfall patterns. The green
764:
Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris
Climate
218:
are likely to become more severe when they do occur. The interactions between rainfall and flooding are complex. There are some regions in which flooding is expected to become rarer. This depends on several factors. These include changes in rain and snowmelt, but also
223:. Climate change leaves soils drier in some areas, so they may absorb rainfall more quickly. This leads to less flooding. Dry soils can also become harder. In this case heavy rainfall runs off into rivers and lakes. This increases risks of flooding.
85:
will reduce economic activities in the basin. Rainfall shocks have a direct impact on agriculture. A rainfall decrease in the Awash basin could lead to a 5% decline in the basin's overall GDP. The agricultural GDP could even drop by as much as 10%.
190:
and decreases in the overall rainfall averages. An increase in the rainfall variability is also predicted, with a rising frequency of both extreme flooding and droughts that could seriously affect agricultural production."
186:, and 4.4 million people needed help to access water. Food prices have increased a lot due to the drought conditions. Many people in the affected area have experienced food shortages due to the water insecurity situation.
953:
World Bank. A Country Study on the
Economic Impacts of Climate Change, Environment and Natural Resource Management, Sustainable Development Department, Africa Region, Development Prospects Group. 2008 Report No.
245:
the world. These include
Central America, the Amazon and south-western South America. They also include West and Southern Africa. The Mediterranean and south-western Australia are also some of these regions.
1197:
Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
932:
934:
Climate-Resilient Green
Economy (CRGE); CRGE. Green economy strategy of Ethiopia, editor. Ethiopia's Climate-Resilient Green Economy Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
124:
per year. It rains in the spring and summer. These seasonal patterns of rainfall vary a lot across the country. Western
Ethiopia has a seasonal rainfall pattern that is similar to the
175:
193:
Significant droughts lead to drying of water resources and eventually water scarcity. Subsequent outcomes include poor hygiene and can lead to faeco-oral transmission of disease.
158:
in the last forty years. It came about due to four consecutive rainy seasons which did not produce enough rain. This drought increased water insecurity for more than 8 million
1058:
1959:
1733:
1519:
805:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario.
1386:
2204:
1204:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2332:
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287:
878:"The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia"
2554:
2038:
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1964:
876:
Borgomeo, Edoardo; Vadheim, Bryan; Woldeyes, Firew B.; Alamirew, Tena; Tamru, Seneshaw; Charles, Katrina J.; Kebede, Seifu; Walker, Oliver (2018).
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2418:
919:
Conway D, Schipper ELF. Adaptation to climate change in Africa: Challenges and opportunities identified from
Ethiopia. Global Environmental Change
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2214:
1278:
788:
1907:
1088:"Evaluating the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia: Creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash basin"
376:
179:
70:
997:"Potential predictability of the Ethiopian summer rains: Understanding local variations and their implications for water management decisions"
2435:
1917:
951:
614:
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199:, leaving at least 200 people dead and over 200,000 people homeless as seasonal rains came early to the country. Causes for floods can be
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2051:
335:
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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
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Several impacts make their impacts worse. These are increased water demand, population growth and urban expansion in many areas.
30:
2425:
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81:(without irrigation systems). This applies to around 98% of total cropland as of 2012. So changes in rainfall patterns due to
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442:
801:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can.
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203:, presence of rivers such as the Baro, Akobo, Gilo, and Alwero, in low lying homogeneous topography and climate change.
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972:"CHIRPS: Rainfall Estimates from Rain Gauge and Satellite Observations | Climate Hazards Center - UC Santa Barbara"
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World Bank. License: CC BY 30 Unported. Washington DC: 2010. Economics of
Adaptation to Climate Change, Ethiopia
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Between 1960 and 2006, the mean annual temperature increased by 1.3°C. On average, the rate would be 0.28°C in
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1983:
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2124:
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1902:
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806:
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103:
per decade. A study from 2008 predicted further warming of 0.7°C and 2.3°C by 2020s and 1.4°C by 2050s.
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2589:
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2344:
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361:
351:
116:
zone has two separate rainy seasons, and the red zone has a single peak in rainfall in Jun to September.
2001:
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1206:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210,
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Simane, B.; Beyene, H.; Deressa, W.; Kumie, A.; Berhane, K.; Samet, J. (23 June 2022).
669:
in central Ethiopia floods and droughts are common. Agriculture in the basin is mainly
82:
77:
in central Ethiopia floods and droughts are common. Agriculture in the basin is mainly
662:(GDP) of the country by reducing between 0.5% and 2.5% each year (estimate for 2010).
2827:
2737:
2114:
1121:
1038:
220:
200:
167:
1264:
1021:
996:
740:
Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).
1059:"Future climate of Ethiopia from PRECIS Regional Climate Model Experimental Design"
894:
877:
259:
1324:
666:
241:
159:
136:
100:
74:
995:
Taye, Meron Teferi; Dyer, Ellen; Charles, Katrina J.; Hirons, Linda C. (2021).
742:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"
716:
691:
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2236:
2199:
1248:
1211:
151:
121:
1256:
1364:
248:
Higher temperatures increase evaporation. This dries the soil and increases
66:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1030:
855:
725:
1279:"Scientists confirm global floods and droughts worsened by climate change"
1223:
Cook, Benjamin I.; Mankin, Justin S.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J. (2018-05-12).
834:
The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development = Ya'ityopya Tena Lemat Mashet
2047:
62:
2072:
1337:
Daniel Tsegai, Miriam Medel, Patrick Augenstein, Zhuojing Huang (2022)
971:
901:
237:
155:
1203:
16:
Emissions, impacts and responses of Ethiopia related to climate change
1112:
1087:
215:
171:
2016:
1303:
Mishra, A. K.; Singh, V. P. (2011). "Drought modeling – A review".
265:
1339:
Drought in Numbers 2022 - restoration for readiness and resilience
1139:"Ethiopia: Drought Update No. 4, June 2022 - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb"
141:
130:
125:
110:
1086:
Dyer, Ellen; Washington, Richard; Teferi Taye, Meron (May 2020).
2189:
2020:
1368:
269:
258:
can help reduce the impact of droughts. One example of this is
183:
1341:, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
905:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
240:. These include how much rain falls and how fast the rain
51:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely
692:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"
1164:"Ethiopia: 28 People Killed in Floods in Remote Regions"
907:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
236:
Climate change affects many factors associated with
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595:
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400:
344:
303:
690:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020).
1225:"Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future"
1133:
1131:
830:"Review of Climate Change and Health in Ethiopia"
871:
869:
867:
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2032:
1380:
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281:
214:Due to an increase in heavy rainfall events,
8:
150:In 2022 Ethiopia had one of the most severe
2608:
2514:
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2263:
2039:
2025:
2017:
1387:
1373:
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746:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
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274:
266:
1111:
1020:
893:
845:
757:
715:
682:
336:1994 Merriespruit tailings dam disaster
331:1994 Dronka floods and lightning strike
921:. Vol. 21. 2011. pp. 227–37.
791:from the original on 20 September 2023
377:2009 Angola, Namibia and Zambia floods
759:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847
7:
1990:
1092:International Journal of Climatology
823:
821:
819:
817:
230:Effects of climate change § Droughts
197:In 2016, deadly floods hit Ethiopia
209:Effects of climate change § Floods
182:. About 7.2 million people needed
14:
803:The Australian Academy of Science
90:Impact on the natural environment
49:the worst climate change scenario
2000:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1001:Science of the Total Environment
900:
777:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022).
658:Climate change also affects the
408:2010–2011 Southern Africa floods
228:This section is an excerpt from
207:This section is an excerpt from
40:
23:
1022:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142604
575:2023 African Great Lakes floods
532:2022 Kasese District landslides
95:Temperature and weather changes
1229:Current Climate Change Reports
1200:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes
895:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038
33:map for Ethiopia for 1980–2016
1:
1325:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049
107:Rainfall, droughts and floods
31:Köppen climate classification
1351:Bank, World (January 2010).
458:2019–2020 Congo River floods
418:2015 Southeast Africa floods
392:Early 2000 Madagascar floods
2205:Federal Democratic Republic
779:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"
135:Cattle herd in riverbed of
61:is affecting the people in
2865:
717:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3
227:
206:
59:Climate change in Ethiopia
2849:Climate change by country
2790:
2611:
2517:
2380:
2266:
1973:
1403:
1249:10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2
1212:10.1017/9781009157896.010
542:2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods
474:2020 African Sahel floods
453:2019 Durban Easter floods
443:2016–2017 Zimbabwe floods
311:1908 Port Elizabeth flood
146:Gilgel Abbay during flood
65:due to increased floods,
2844:Climate change in Africa
2227:War in Somalia (2006–09)
1406:Greenhouse gas emissions
585:2023 Western Cape floods
580:2023 South Africa floods
527:2022 Eastern Cape floods
512:2022 Antananarivo floods
321:1987 South Africa floods
2834:Environment of Ethiopia
479:2020 East Africa floods
433:2016 Johannesburg flood
382:2009 West Africa floods
2555:Industrial development
2469:National Defense Force
2210:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
1960:Small island countries
807:Climate Action Tracker
660:gross domestic product
147:
139:
120:Ethiopia has two main
117:
2839:Geography of Ethiopia
2249:Territorial evolution
2144:Italo-Ethiopian wars
1057:Abebe, Dawit (2010).
840:(1 Spec Iss): 28–41.
362:2007 Mozambican flood
352:2000 Mozambique flood
316:1981 Laingsburg flood
145:
134:
114:
2778:World Heritage Sites
2715:Water and sanitation
2140:Menelik's Expansions
1305:Journal of Hydrology
940:. 2011. p. 188.
882:Ecological Economics
537:2022 Kinshasa floods
428:2016 Ethiopian flood
47:2071–2100 map under
1317:2011JHyd..403..157M
1241:2018CCCR....4..164C
1166:. VOA. 5 April 2016
1104:2020IJCli..40.2964D
1013:2021ScTEn.755n2604T
708:2020Natur.577..618H
630:Arbaat Dam collapse
547:2022 Nigeria floods
372:2008 Namibia floods
357:2007 African floods
71:infectious diseases
2575:Telecommunications
2489:Army of the Empire
2170:Italian occupation
2125:Ethiopian–Adal War
2083:Kingdom of Wolaita
596:2024 Africa floods
567:2023 Africa floods
552:2022 Rwanda floods
517:2022 Bukavu floods
499:2022 Africa floods
180:South-West regions
148:
140:
118:
2821:
2820:
2786:
2785:
2685:Human trafficking
2598:
2597:
2504:
2503:
2446:Foreign relations
2436:Political parties
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2220:2018 peace summit
2110:Solomonic dynasty
2014:
2013:
1995:Wikimedia Commons
1636:the United States
645:
644:
557:2022 Sudan floods
507:2022 Accra floods
489:2021 Niger floods
484:2020 Sudan floods
448:2018 Sudan floods
423:2016 Accra floods
413:2013 Sudan floods
387:2008 Benin floods
367:2007 Sudan floods
326:1988 Sudan floods
164:agro-pastoralists
2856:
2806:
2799:
2609:
2535:
2515:
2484:Military history
2378:
2268:
2264:
2185:1974 coup d'Ă©tat
2130:Gondarine period
2120:Kingdom of Kaffa
2088:Ethiopian Empire
2078:Kingdom of Aksum
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1908:Marshall Islands
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1311:(1–2): 157–175.
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1113:10.1002/joc.6377
1098:(6): 2964–2985.
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1007:(Pt 1): 142604.
992:
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976:www.chc.ucsb.edu
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719:
702:(7792): 618–20.
687:
654:Economic impacts
649:Impact on people
522:2022 Chad floods
438:2016 Niger flood
297:Floods in Africa
290:
283:
276:
267:
256:Land restoration
44:
27:
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2710:Public holidays
2695:Law enforcement
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2359:
2314:
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2215:Border conflict
2135:Zemene Mesafint
2073:Kingdom of DĘżmt
2054:
2045:
2015:
2010:
1969:
1948:
1927:
1918:Solomon Islands
1886:
1847:the Netherlands
1788:
1754:the Philippines
1645:
1569:
1421:
1420:in each country
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2628:
2623:
2621:Child marriage
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2414:Prime Minister
2411:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2320:Administrative
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:Historiography
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:Civil conflict
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1882:United Kingdom
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:Climate change
1394:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1343:
1330:
1295:
1270:
1235:(2): 164–179.
1215:
1177:
1155:
1127:
1078:
1044:
987:
963:
943:
924:
910:
861:
813:
769:
731:
681:
680:
678:
675:
655:
652:
650:
647:
643:
642:
640:
639:
634:
633:
632:
622:
617:
612:
611:
610:
603:Kenya–Tanzania
599:
597:
593:
592:
590:
589:
588:
587:
577:
571:
569:
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
503:
501:
495:
494:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
468:
464:
463:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
402:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
346:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
305:
301:
300:
295:
293:
292:
285:
278:
270:
234:
226:
213:
205:
108:
105:
96:
93:
91:
88:
83:climate change
46:
39:
38:
37:
29:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2861:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Ethnic groups
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Manufacturing
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Ground Forces
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Zagwe dynasty
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:Other regions
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:Polar regions
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:the Caribbean
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1145:. 3 June 2022
1144:
1143:reliefweb.int
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1067:
1066:Met Office UK
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
977:
973:
967:
964:
956:
955:
947:
944:
936:
935:
928:
925:
920:
914:
911:
908:
903:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
808:
804:
790:
786:
785:
780:
773:
770:
766:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
732:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
663:
661:
653:
648:
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
600:
598:
594:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
570:
568:
564:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
502:
500:
496:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
469:
467:2020 and 2021
465:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
403:
399:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
347:
343:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
306:
302:
298:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
271:
268:
261:
257:
253:
251:
246:
243:
239:
231:
222:
221:soil moisture
217:
210:
204:
202:
201:deforestation
198:
194:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
138:
133:
129:
127:
123:
113:
106:
104:
102:
94:
89:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
50:
43:
32:
26:
2673:Human rights
2626:Demographics
2616:Architecture
2585:Trade unions
2385:Constitution
2175:World War II
2103:regnal lists
1729:the Maldives
1574:the Americas
1535:South Africa
1520:North Africa
1459:
1353:
1346:
1333:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1285:. 2023-03-13
1283:PBS NewsHour
1282:
1273:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1168:. Retrieved
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1004:
1000:
990:
979:. Retrieved
975:
966:
952:
946:
933:
927:
918:
913:
885:
881:
837:
833:
800:
795:30 September
793:. Retrieved
782:
772:
765:Agreement...
763:
749:
745:
734:
699:
695:
685:
664:
657:
615:South Africa
304:20th century
260:agroforestry
250:plant stress
247:
235:
195:
192:
188:
160:pastoralists
149:
119:
98:
58:
57:
2560:Land reform
2550:Foreign aid
2522:Agriculture
2451:Foreign aid
2300:Earthquakes
2165:World War I
2068:Prehistoric
1913:New Zealand
1759:South Korea
1744:North Korea
1734:Middle East
1659:Afghanistan
1540:South Sudan
888:: 621–632.
752:: 343–371.
667:Awash basin
637:West Africa
620:South Sudan
137:Afar Region
122:wet seasons
101:temperature
75:Awash basin
2828:Categories
2753:Literature
2656:Healthcare
2534:(currency)
2431:Parliament
2397:Government
2237:Tigray War
2200:Ogaden War
2180:Revolution
2006:Wiktionary
1944:the Arctic
1939:Antarctica
1719:Kyrgyzstan
1669:Bangladesh
1664:Azerbaijan
1505:Mozambique
1490:Madagascar
1465:the Gambia
1418:adaptation
1414:mitigation
1398:by country
1289:2023-05-01
1149:2022-07-06
981:2022-09-14
677:References
242:evaporates
67:heat waves
2690:Languages
2631:Education
2590:Transport
2540:Companies
2479:Air Force
2441:Elections
2402:President
2333:Governors
2295:Volcanoes
2280:Mountains
2259:Geography
2195:Civil War
1898:Australia
1764:Sri Lanka
1689:Indonesia
1626:Nicaragua
1611:Guatemala
1601:Greenland
1581:Argentina
1257:2198-6061
1122:210622749
1071:21 August
1039:225052023
608:Mai Mahiu
154:-induced
73:. In the
2813:Category
2768:Religion
2705:Polygamy
2661:Maternal
2570:Taxation
2461:Military
2373:Politics
2052:articles
2048:Ethiopia
1984:Category
1774:Thailand
1749:Pakistan
1724:Malaysia
1674:Cambodia
1631:Suriname
1616:Honduras
1565:Zimbabwe
1550:Tanzania
1460:Ethiopia
1455:Eswatini
1440:Botswana
1265:53624756
1031:33092844
954:46946-ET
856:28867919
789:Archived
726:31996825
238:droughts
184:food aid
156:droughts
63:Ethiopia
2797:Outline
2743:Cuisine
2730:Culture
2666:Women's
2641:Famines
2604:Society
2580:Tourism
2510:Economy
2426:Council
2390:history
2345:Woredas
2328:Regions
2272:Geology
2148:1887–89
2093:Emperor
2060:History
1965:Tropics
1891:Oceania
1837:Ireland
1827:Germany
1817:Finland
1807:Belgium
1802:Austria
1784:Vietnam
1641:Uruguay
1606:Grenada
1555:Tunisia
1530:Somalia
1525:Senegal
1515:Nigeria
1510:Namibia
1500:Morocco
1485:Liberia
1480:Lesotho
1450:Eritrea
1435:Algeria
1410:impacts
1313:Bibcode
1237:Bibcode
1170:14 June
1100:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
847:5578710
704:Bibcode
671:rainfed
665:In the
166:in the
152:La Niña
79:rainfed
2773:Sports
2700:People
2651:Health
2545:Energy
2355:Kebele
2350:Cities
2285:Rivers
2158:Second
2050:
1999:
1988:
1977:
1923:Tuvalu
1877:Sweden
1867:Turkey
1862:Russia
1857:Poland
1852:Norway
1832:Greece
1822:France
1812:Cyprus
1794:Europe
1779:Turkey
1769:Taiwan
1714:Jordan
1704:Israel
1621:Mexico
1591:Canada
1586:Brazil
1560:Uganda
1495:Malawi
1427:Africa
1263:
1255:
1120:
1037:
1029:
854:
844:
784:Cosmos
724:
696:Nature
216:floods
172:Oromia
168:Somali
2804:Index
2763:Music
2758:Media
2720:Women
2532:Birr
2527:Banks
2340:Zones
2310:Fauna
2305:Flora
2290:Lakes
2153:First
1872:Spain
1842:Italy
1739:Nepal
1709:Japan
1684:India
1679:China
1545:Sudan
1475:Kenya
1470:Ghana
1445:Egypt
1261:S2CID
1202:. In
1118:S2CID
1062:(PDF)
1035:S2CID
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938:(PDF)
625:Sudan
401:2010s
345:2000s
126:Sahel
2747:wine
2678:LGBT
2646:Flag
2494:Navy
2419:list
2407:list
2190:Derg
2098:list
1903:Fiji
1699:Iraq
1694:Iran
1651:Asia
1416:and
1253:ISSN
1172:2016
1073:2022
1027:PMID
852:PMID
797:2023
722:PMID
178:and
176:SNNP
162:and
69:and
2738:Art
1321:doi
1309:403
1245:doi
1208:doi
1108:doi
1017:doi
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