Climate change in Greece - Knowledge (XXG)

644:, is set to experience a deterioration of optimal thermal comfort conditions. While the Mediterranean area is extremely popular with tourists, the area is also subject to be very vulnerable to climate change. The Greek islands typically has very favourable weather conditions with warm temperatures and sunny weather. However, studies are indicating that thermal comfort-based temperature may decrease in the summer period, but increase in spring, autumn and winter, which may alter the tourism industry. These studies have shown that there will be shifts into hot extreme weather in summer alongside an elongation of the warm and hot season. The days of discomfort due to extreme temperatures is set to increase most significantly in the coastal regions and islands. Based on the Tourism Climate Index is set to change to just acceptable conditions in the near future. With this deterioration of ideal days, the tourism sector can expect a redistribution in the tourism traffic during the current high season to earlier and later (shifting to spring and autumn). While the summer period may see a decrease in tourism, the elongation of ideal climate and the shift of it into spring, autumn and winter may actually increase the overall tourism in Greece. 209:. On average, electricity production cost in the NII is 2.5 times higher than in areas connected to a main electricity grid. Due to tourist seasonal demand, absence of storage space, and technical restrictions because of solar and wind's high chance of variability, installing renewable energy becomes increasingly more difficult on the NII. Thus, during the decade of 2021 to 2030, these islands are working to become interconnected with the mainland electricity system, reducing the need for oil imports. In June 2021, the power link between the mainland and the islands of Crete was completed. These connectivity offers a two benefits for the NII, as cheaper electricity can be supplied to the islands, and more renewables can be built because the interconnection allows for the balancing of energy amounts due to variable generation and varying demand. 351: 462:. The impact of climate change on these beetles will result in the expansion of these beetles. This expansion alongside the forest's susceptibility to disease is likely to result in more outbreaks. Changes in temperature and precipitation will allow the bark beetles to thrive in increased drought conditions, while increasing the trees susceptibility to being infested by the beetles. Droughts weaken tree vigour which leads to infections by diseases and / or heightened exposure to fires. Heightened insect infections alongside heightened susceptibility to fire promotes fuel leading to devastating effects of Greece's biodiverse forests. 218: 514:

and growth. At the individual level, fish may actually benefit from warmer temperatures in terms of reaching commercial sizes faster due to faster growth. However, at the population level, the increase of extreme weather events, such as floods, cyclones, and windstorms, could largely offset the benefits caused by the faster rate of growth. Regardless of the increased growth due to warmer temperatures, warm-water fish species are expected to perform range shifts and move northwards, and cold-water fish species will decline.

292: 746:. This convention served as the first large scale agreement between signing countries and the UN to reduce the impact that climate change was predicted to have globally. Greece signed this convention in 1992 and ratified it in 1994, adopting the 1st National Programme for Climate Change in 1995. This program took into account both economic and social parameters and set a restriction for Greece to reduce their contribution to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO 309: 46: 857:

measures in the country to ensure the goal is meet. This is done by drafting and adopting the national strategy into regional plans. Further by establishing government institutions for a smooth transition towards climate neutrality, focusing on the establishment of a carbon budgeting mechanism. Lastly the goal is to be achieved by creating policies and measures that aim to mitigate emissions from high emission sectors such as building, transport and business.

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to the vulnerability that climate change causes. The impacts of increasing temperatures on economies is therefore larger on Greece compared to other European countries. A decrease in tourism could also be expected due to the fact that climate “defines the length and quality of tourism seasons, affects tourism operations, and influences environmental conditions that both attract and deter visitors”.

3405: 435:. Greece is home to 22% of the biodiverse Mediterranean species and is home to 25 times more species than its landmass would suggest it could have. Greece's position in the Mediterranean basin is reason as to why the country has extremely high levels of biodiversity. An increase of 3.6 in the global temperature could cause a loss of over 50% of plant species in the Mediterranean. 3394: 813:, with every new NDC reflecting a higher level of change and emission reduction than the previous year. This allows countries to take action on their own accord in response to climate change as opposed to the Kyoto Protocol, which enforced limitations. NDCs are not legally binding, meaning that countries don't have to achieve every action in their NDC. 627:. This means that plant species require certain chill requirements to achieve regular crop yields. The olive tree is very resistant to drought, hence why it thrives in Greece. However because the winter will be more warm, there will be a lack of cold temperatures necessary for the olive trees to bloom. The olive tree is affected by temperature changes, 773:. Greece was tasked with reducing their emissions from these 3 gasses, along with the three gasses from the 1st program, by 25%. The 2nd National Programme also expressed Greece's need to develop appropriate infrastructure to handle energy by natural gas and to further explore renewable energy sources that were able to be implemented. 382:

difference in an estimated 8 to 10 degrees. This is due a lack of green areas and poor ventilation. Thus, Greek cities will feel extra pressure during climate change than rural areas. During the period of 1971-2000 the average number of heatwaves was 1.4, and this is expected to rise to an average of 6 over the next 25 years.

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by the year 2050. The goal is to achieve this in the most environmentally sustainable way possible. The law defines climate neutrality as the balance of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from their sources and their absorptions by carbon sinks. This National Law intervenes with other legislative

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measures for all sectors in Greece that are expected to be significantly affected by change. It is a strategic document, providing guidance in climate change adaptation. The NAS was developed in 13 Regional Adaptation Action Plans (RAAPs), each form including potential adaption measures at a regional

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Climate change legislation in Greece has been harmonised alongside relevant EU directives to ensure the country is aiming for similar changes to emission. The National Energy and Climate (ENCP) Plan is a ten-year plan that has been mandated by the European member states. The aim is for Europe to meet

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begins in the summer, then the colder conditions of the winter begins the dormancy phase. Post dormancy the olive tree must be exposed to higher temperatures to break its dormancy and activate the shoot growth. Without an adequate chilling phase, the quantity and quality of the flowering on the olive

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producers in Europe. Greece accounts for almost 80% of the European Union's total cotton production. Climate change is set to reduce the water balance of the Mediterranean region and lead to a higher chance of climatic events. These weather changes will lead cotton ball retention being curtailed. The

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However, Greece's position in the Mediterranean basin also make it one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Climate change has been steadily occurring in Greece for the last century with winters and summers slowly warming. Temperatures have been increasing, but the precipitation of the

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with over 20% of Greece's coastline under threat (EUROSION, 2004). There is heightened vulnerability of this coastal erosion due to sea level rise. The impact of sea level rise will occur by inundation and erosion. The southern part of Greece will be more vulnerable to these impacts than the northern

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The Paris Agreement is an international accord with the goal of significantly reducing GHG emissions to limit global temperature increase to 2°C, with a more ambitious goal to limit global temperature increase by 1.5°C. While the Kyoto Protocol is still technically in effect, the Paris Agreement has

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The Mediterranean region is one of the most visited regions in the world, attracting 214.9 million tourists or 19% of tourism worldwide (UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2015). Greece combined with Spain and Turkey attracts 60% of the tourists worldwide. This makes the tourism industry of Greece susceptible

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The National Energy and Climate Change Plan (NECP) is the plan for strategic goals to attain specific energy and climate objectives by 2030. This plan outlines Greece's priorities and aims to serve as a key tool in drawing up the national energy and climate policy in the next decade. The objectives

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The Greek National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) was finalised in April 2016 and was formally endorsed by the Parliament in August 2016. It is currently in its 10-year implementation horizon, to be followed by a review. The NAS is the principal document that defines goals, principles and priorities for

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in the water will also decrease calcium carbonate levels, which in turn will negatively affect the skeletal growth of key marine species, such as coral. Since these species are at the bottom of the food chain, their decline could greatly affect those higher up on the food chain who are depending on

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production comes from marine life that are farmed at sea, which are subject to the environmental conditions that are outside of human control. One of these farming locations is the Mediterranean Sea which surrounds Greece's mainland and all its islands. Aquaculture in the Mediterranean is important

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The coastal zone of Greece is 18,400km in length for the mainland and 9,835km for the islands. The population among the coast is high, with 33% of the Greek population inhabiting coastal areas 1-2 km from the coast and 85% living 50km from the coast. The coastal zone provides for valuable goods and

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carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions coming from Greece decreased dramatically. In 2005, Greece hit their record high for GHG emissions, at 132.57 tonnes. Since then, the GHG emissions per capita more than halved. Greece's emissions per capita decreased at a faster rate than the

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Ali, E.; W. Cramer; J. Carnicer; E. Georgopoulou; N.J.M. Hilmi; G. Le Cozannet; P. Lionello (2022). "Cross-Chapter Paper 4: Mediterranean Region". In H.-O. Pörtner; D.C. Roberts; M. Tignor; E.S. Poloczanska; K. Mintenbeck; A. Alegría; M. Craig; S. Langsdorf; S. Löschke; V. Möller; A. Okem; B. Rama

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Monioudi, Isavela N.; Karditsa, Aikaterini; Chatzipavlis, Antonios; Alexandrakis, George; Andreadis, Olympos P.; Velegrakis, Adonis F.; Poulos, Serafim E.; Ghionis, George; Petrakis, Stylianos; Sifnioti, Dafni; Hasiotis, Thomas; Lipakis, Michalis; Kampanis, Nikolaos; Karambas, Theophanis; Marinos,

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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surrounding the sea, it is one of the areas that is highly affected by climate change. In Mediterranean sea, temperatures are increasing 20% faster than the global average. Increased temperatures due to climate change have been associated with changes in fish age at maturity, time of reproduction,

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The Greek forests have many drought-tolerant tree species and so it has been thought that these trees would be favoured with the proposed increase in temperatures. However, a severe drought in eastern Greece killed many of the drought-tolerant Mediterranean pines. The increase in temperatures will

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The Kyoto Protocol was created in 1997, but wasn't fully ratified and put into motion until 2005. It is an agreement to follow the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by setting goals for industrialized countries to limit their greenhouse gas emissions and reduce global warming.

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will cause the carrying-capacity of these highly populous beaches to become sensitive. Not only will the tourism sector be affected, but so will the economies that rely on the coast such as agriculture. Estimates for the cost of sea level rise show a cost of 24.9 billion for a 0.5m rise and 265.2

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Since the 1960s, Greece's average annual temperature has been rising. In addition, from 2000 to 2020, Greece's average annual temperature increase was 0.047°C, which is 0.011°C above the global average. Assuming the amount of global GHG emissions remain high, temperature increases in summer and

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of Environment and Energy (MEEN) is the competent authority to draft the NAS, the group that oversees and revises the strategies. The National Climate Change Adaptation Committee (NCCAC) has representatives from different areas of government, forming a group that develops and supports adapting

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However, the entire agriculture sector as a whole is not expected to be entirely affected negatively by climate change. The extension of the growing season due to increased temperatures will allow further cultivation of certain crops. This will give certain crops the opportunity to expand, for

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There are seven themes under which the NECP aims to attain its object. These seven themes are: (1) Climate change, emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, (2) Renewable energy sources, (3) Improvement in energy efficiency, (4) Security of energy supply, (5) Energy market, (6) Agriculture,

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Most Greek forests are fire-adapted, however increase in fire due to climate change threatens the natural equilibrium of the ecosystem. Fire in Greek forests are natural, with most plants being fire-adapted and are a determining factor in the development of the Greek ecosystems. With rising

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By the year 2050 it is expected that Greece will be hit by 15-20 heatwaves in a year. A heatwave is defined as a day where the temperature becomes higher than the 90th percentile of temperatures for the region. This will contribute to 'Urban Heat Islands', causing areas in cities to have a

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Greece is also one of the countries with the oldest fleet of cars within the EU, with an average vehicle age of 13.5 years in 2015. These older cars contribute more to emissions than newer models due to the new models' low-emission technology and alternative fuels that can be utilized.

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services from the natural resources. This area is highly productive for the economic activity of Greece with 80% of industrial activities, 90% of tourism and 35% of agriculture occurring in the coastal zones. Coastal erosion caused by sea level rise is a significant issue for Greece.

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accounts for 13% of the labour force in Greece, with one-third of exports in Greece being from agricultural products. Climate change is set to increase the mean average temperature leading to a positive increase in the number of hotter days and nights and frost days to decrease.

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During the touristic periods of the year in Greece, which falls from May to August, emissions from transportation such as ships, cars, and airplanes are at their highest, which is becoming more and more evident in popular tourist destinations such as in the Mediterranean area.

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Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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and provides a habitat for 20% of marine species in the Mediterranean. As storms and hurricanes become more frequent and severe, fields of posidonia reduce the power of the waves and currents, and in autumn, the dead leaves float up to the surface and protect again

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by way of increased drought, flooding, wildfires and sea level rise. These extreme weather conditions are likely to become more frequent and as a result landscapes and biodiversity will be affected. Climate change will also cause human activities such as

506:. Greece is the main EU producer for these two species of fish, with annual production exceeding 135,000 ton, accounting for 60% of the EU supply and 24% of the global supply. This industry is very significant towards Greece's economic wellbeing. 253:

GHG emissions from aviation and shipping are also of increasing importance due to the global rise in domestic and international flights as well as sea cruises and traditional commercial navigation. In 2017, aviation contributed 11.6% of Greece's

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its overall greenhouse gases emissions targets. This plan targets carbon emissions, energy efficiency, energy security and innovation. As party to this Plan, Greece has introduced policies and laws to ensure the target of the plan will be meet.

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Countries could primarily use national measures to achieve their individual emissions target amount. However, a key part of the Kyoto Protocol was the introduction of market mechanisms based on the principle of trading emissions permits.

550:. However, climate change is causing a serious decline in the posidonia species. Due to increasing temperatures, posidonia is under stress and is changing its distribution in ocean waters. These higher temperatures also attract 372:

The fire season is expected to rise by 15% and 70%, with a drop of 10% to 30% days of rainfall. This, alongside increased chance of heatwaves will further cause disruption to the Greek forests, affecting the ecosystems.

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temperatures, fires in Greece will become more common and severe, above the natural standard, leading to long-lasting damage. Climate change is furthering the likelihood of forest fires due to rising air temperatures,

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On the individual level, the per capita GHG emissions in Greece as of 2021 was 5.93 tonnes. By sector, the top three sources of GHG emissions include electricity and heat, transportation, and aviation and shipping.

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and lack of rainfall. There have been changes in the reduction of time between successive fires and the time of the fire season. The region is now seeing a longer fire season with higher frequency and intensity.

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side due to the geography of the area. Beach erosion will be damaging to Greek beaches as the beaches are vulnerable due to their small size, climatic characteristics and the negative sediment budgets. In the

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In most total energy consumption measurements, there are three components–heat, electricity, and transport. Those three components make up the largest sector releasing GHG emissions from 1990-2019 in Greece.

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and growth in accordance with Greece's National Recovery and Resilience Plan and is backed by resources from the Recovery and Resilience Facility. These include both governmental and private investments in

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and herbivorous fish, which can leave posidonia meadows completely barren. The rising sea levels can negatively affect this species as well, causing a regression due to less light reaching the meadows for

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In 2002, Greece adopted the 2nd National Programme for Climate Change, which added measures for Greece to meet the goal set by the Kyoto Protocol by setting restrictions on 3 more greenhouse gasses,

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As of 2022, 56.69% of electricity production in Greece comes from fossil fuels. That means that 43.31% of electricity production comes from renewable energy technologies. Another way to reduce CO

677: 262:, in which they are required to document and report their emissions to the EU and can buy certain levels of emission allowances, all of amount to a cap that the EU sets on how much CO 342:. The population of Greece will be more likely to demand more electricity for air conditioning during extreme heat events which may result in power outages as seen in 2017 and 2020. 1362: 180:, such as coal, oil, and natural gases, for energy production. In 2021, it was found that 79.84% of Greece's energy comes from fossil fuels, and of that, over half comes from oil. 33:

to further affect Greek's ecosystems. Ecosystems in Greece are already at their tipping point, close to their environmental limits. Policies and laws have been put in place by the

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tree is negatively affected which will affect olive production. Climate change will have impacts on the growth of olive trees and subsequently affect the economy surrounding it.

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There are specific sectoral measures of the National Climate Law that have been introduced and will be introduced to achieve the goal of climate neutrality which are as follows:

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Voloudakis, Dimitrios; Karamanos, Andreas; Economou, Garifalia; Kalivas, Dionissios; Vahamidis, Petros; Kotoulas, Vasilios; Kapsomenakis, John; Zerefos, Christos (2015-01-01).

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emissions accounted for almost 95% of all of Greece's GHG emissions, at 56.31 million tonnes. In comparison to global emission levels, Greece emits 0.15% of the world's CO

1311:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 2024:"Prediction of climate change impacts on cotton yields in Greece under eight climatic models using the AquaCrop crop simulation model and discriminant function analysis" 407:, studies are indicating a sea-level rise of 1.1 – 1.3 mm/yr. By the end of the century it is estimated that there will be a coastal retreat of more than 280m. In 1990 2789: 1809:

Chrysopolitou, V.; Apostolakis, A.; Avtzis, D.; Avtzis, N.; Diamandis, S.; Kemitzoglou, D.; Papadimos, D.; Perlerou, C.; Tsiaoussi, V.; Dafis, S. (2013-05-01).

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can be emitted in a single year. Companies can then trade for higher or lower emission allowances. So far, this system has helped reduce the aviation sector's

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in Greece. The olive tree is one of the most cultivated tree species in the Mediterranean region. Greece, as a country in the Mediterranean biome, is of a

840: 1452:"Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Future Sea Level Rise and a Comparative Study of Two Pocket Beaches in Seasonal Scale, Ios Island, Cyclades, Greece" 559:. The decline in this species creates a vicious cycle because as the meadows die due to warmer temperatures, the carbon they hold is exposed, releasing CO 331:

autumn are produced to be higher than in spring, with the mainland regions experiencing more warming than the islands in all seasons except in autumn.

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warned of these impacts stating that ‘it is likely that the impact of climate change will first be felt in the Mediterranean water resource system’.

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In the order that Greece became a party to the convention or protocol, regardless of whether the convention or protocol had entered into force yet:

350: 918:(b) Renewable energy sources (RES) to be at a minimum share of 35%. Provision has been made for RES share in electricity consumption to exceed 60% 259: 533:, a type of seagrass that provides many benefits to the marine ecosystem. Posidonia meadows are estimated to store between 11-42% of the total CO 1294: 3310: 3320: 1762: 1919:“The climate change effect in the Mediterranean. Six stories from an overheating sea” WWF Mediterranean Marine Initiative, Rome, Italy, 2021 3284: 408: 315: 1974:"Spatiotemporal Evolution of Seasonal Crop-Specific Climatic Indices under Climate Change in Greece Based on EURO-CORDEX RCM Simulations" 3038: 3429: 810: 3434: 3249: 3156: 1642:

Karymbalis, Efthimios; Chalkias, Christos; Chalkias, George; Grigoropoulou, Eleni; Manthos, George; Ferentinou, Maria (2012-12-01).

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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

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There have been two commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol, one spanning from 2008 to 2012, and one spanning from 2013 to 2020.

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Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

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Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

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The most common Mediterranean aquaculture practice is marine cage farming, and 95% of the total production is made up of European

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In 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted and opened for signature in Rio de Janeiro at the

297: 274:-equivalent transport emissions. This section of transportation has been less regulated than road and aviation, but in 2018, the 201:

One of the larger obstacles to overcome when transitioning to renewable energy sources is the dilemma of the non-interconnected

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The National Climate Law of Greece was introduced in May 2022 and sets a long-term goal of the gradual transition of Greece to

719: 1136: 3131: 2937: 915:(a) Greenhouse gas emissions reduced by more than 42% compared to 1990 emissions and more than 56% compared to 2005 emissions 1411:"Climate Change Affecting Forest Fire and Flood Risk—Facts, Predictions, and Perceptions in Central and South Greece" 1307:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 3315: 3161: 3146: 3061: 2942: 2782: 1972:

Mavromatis, Theodoros; Georgoulias, Aristeidis K.; Akritidis, Dimitris; Melas, Dimitris; Zanis, Prodromos (January 2022).

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equals more plant growth), however other climatic variables such as droughts will negatively impact productivity overall.

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From 1990-2019, Greece's largest sector releasing GHG emissions was electricity and heat. In 2022, Greece consumed 52.44

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emissions and increase of air pollution would be to transition electricity towards another low-carbon source such as

1700: 1644:"Assessment of the sensitivity of the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth (Peloponnese, Greece) to sea-level rise" 3439: 3176: 3151: 3126: 3076: 3033: 3018: 2967: 2952: 2862: 2857: 2842: 2482: 1450:

Komi, Apostolia; Petropoulos, Alexandros; Evelpidou, Niki; Poulos, Serafeim; Kapsimalis, Vasilios (November 2022).

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The plan has 106 investment initiatives, 68 reforms and will receive grants of €17.77 billion and €12.73 billion.

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example the cotton plantations as increased temperature will benefit their growth. Greece is one of the biggest

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This agreement requires member countries to annually send in their national climate plans, otherwise known as

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by over 17 million tonnes per year. In comparison, in 2017, navigation contributed up to 36.1% of Greece's CO

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in the atmosphere due to climate change will lead to more fruiting structures and cotton bolls (i.e. more CO

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did make an amendment to the EU ETS to emphasize the need to take action to reduce emissions from shipping.

3305: 3101: 3096: 3053: 2630: 1332: 1312: 943: 136: 2076:"Climate change implications for olive flowering in Crete, Greece: projections based on historical data" 963: 592: 538: 432: 335: 1701:"Accelerated sea level rise and coastal vulnerability in the Hersonisos coastal region (Crete, Greece)" 1364:

Creating Resilient Landscapes in an Era of Climate Change: Global Case Studies and Real-World Solutions

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These temperature rises pose a threat to electricity supply, as the increased heat will put stress on

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The immediate objects are set to recede the net anthropogenic greenhouse's emissions by at least:

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Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

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Anatomy of the atmospheric emissions from the transport sector in Greece: trends and challenges.

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superseded the Kyoto Protocol as the main treaty guiding the global response to climate change.

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Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

530: 1811:"Studies on forest health and vegetation changes in Greece under the effects of climate changes" 291: 2148:"Climate Change and Thermal Comfort in Top Tourist Destinations—The Case of Santorini (Greece)" 2146:

Katavoutas, George; Founda, Dimitra; Kitsara, Gianna; Giannakopoulos, Christos (January 2021).

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Projecting climate change impacts on Mediterranean finfish production: a case study in Greece.

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Forests of southeast Europe under a changing climate : conservation of genetic resources

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growth with their emissions, as several other countries have done successfully in the past.

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of species lower on the food chain such as invertebrate organisms. Increased levels of CO

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Another aspect of the Mediterranean Sea marine life at risk includes species that act as

3408: 2091: 1659: 1213: 151: 2798: 2394:, opened for signature 12 December 2015, 3156 UNTS (entered into force 4 November 2016) 1075: 743: 707: 556: 517: 455: 258:-equivalent transport emissions. All airlines flying in and out of Greece abide by the 169: 89: 70: 61: 21: 1597:"Assessment of vulnerability of the eastern Cretan beaches (Greece) to sea level rise" 76: 3423: 2227: 2117: 1842: 1685: 1561: 1390: 959: 339: 195: 97: 1734: 1628: 1502:"Assessing sea level rise costs and adaptation benefits under uncertainty in Greece" 1246:

Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

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Different sectors in Greece and how much each contributes to Greece's GHG emissions

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Convention on wetlands of international importance especially as waterfowl habitat

1937:. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2233–2272. 1546:"Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation" 921:(c) Final object for energy consumption in 2030 to be lower than recorded in 2017. 2074:

Grillakis, Manolis G.; Kapetanakis, Evangelos G.; Goumenaki, Eleni (2022-11-19).

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agreed to establish a €5 billion fund in September 2021 to support the nation's

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that has occurred in the areas for several decades. More specifically, coastal

2483:"Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan - Climate Change Laws of the World" 2211: 1942: 1826: 1772: 1668: 1643: 1612: 488: 419: 414:

Sustainability of the beach tourism sector will be challenged; the increasing

65: 2219: 2173: 2109: 2047: 1999: 1875: 1834: 1726: 1677: 1620: 1569: 1525: 1477: 1436: 1184: 2767: 2195: 1810: 1596: 1500:

Kontogianni, A.; Tourkolias, C. H.; Damigos, D.; Skourtos, M. (2014-03-01).

1079: 641: 628: 566: 245:-equivalent emissions increased by almost 25%, from 12,000 to almost 15,000 135:

emissions drop, so does the GDP. Greece is working towards decoupling their

120:

emissions whereas China, the highest contributor, emits 14.36%, as of 2021.

1231: 1104:. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 1372: 1468: 1451: 509:

Due to low water exchange with large oceans and the unique nature of the

499: 451: 1990: 1973: 1753:

Mirjana Sijačić-Nikolić; Jelena Milovanović; Marina Nonić, eds. (2019).

1427: 1410: 205:(NII). Currently, they obtain their electricity mainly from inefficient 2164: 2147: 1577: 1545: 783: 492: 415: 105: 1717: 601: 443:

affect how the disturbances of insect and pathogen outbreaks occur.

399: 2437: 926:

shipping, tourism and (7) Research, innovation and competitiveness.

786:

countries, whereas all other countries in the treaty are labeled as

431:

Greece has one of the most biodiverse regions in the Earth, being a

354:

Level of floods, drought and tropical cyclones in Greece, 2000-2020

241:-equivalent emissions. Between 1990 and 2017, the road sector's CO 616: 349: 150: 75: 54: 2410:"Report on Demonstrable Progress Under the Kyoto Protocol"(PDF). 831:

climate adaption in Greece. This policy plan lists the potential

225:-equivalent emissions from different transport sectors in Greece. 480: 2771: 459: 246: 1955:"Preserving Greek marine wildlife under a changing climate". 1122:

Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2022). "Energy".

2313:

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

2030:. Agricultural Water Management: Priorities and Challenges. 844:

policies. This committee group is the advisory to the MEEN.

696:

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

2732: 1137:"Greek islands are beautiful - but can they go green, too?" 198:. However, Greece has not explored that energy option yet. 1935:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

563:

into the atmosphere and continues to fuel global warming.

318:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely 88:

The largest contributor to the GHG emissions in Greece is

2733:"Ελλάδα 2.0 - Εθνικό Σχέδιο Ανάκαμψης και Ανθεκτικότητας" 1198:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 1544:

Mitra, G.; Poddar, M. K.; Ghosh, J. J. (December 1975).

640:

One of the most popular tourist destinations in Greece,

2539: 2277:

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

1333:"Greece Climate Resilience Policy Indicator – Analysis" 678:

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

176:

emissions. These emissions occur due to the burning of

1409:

Angra, Dimitra; Sapountzaki, Kalliopi (January 2022).

338:, reducing the efficiency and increasing the need for 2592:"adaptivegreece.gr > Adaptation to climate change" 2373:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

2289:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

726:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

684:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3355: 3334: 3293: 3195: 3052: 2976: 2828: 2685:"Greek National Energy and Climate Plan – Policies" 2325:

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

1888:"Mediterranean Sea - Economic aspects | Britannica" 1866:Stavrakidis-Zachou, O., Lika, K., Anastasiadis, P. 974:, to support the green and digital transformation. 702:

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

183:However, 19.39% of Greece's energy also comes from 172:

of energy. These emissions are mainly made up of CO

80:

Greece's GDP growth in correlation with Greece's CO

1196:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 826:National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change 2754:"Cohesion and regional development Overview 2023" 2423:"Marking the Kyoto Protocol's 25th anniversary". 537:emissions from the Mediterranean Basin since the 1100:European Parliamentary Research Service (2021). 458:, is known for causing the death of millions of 49:Total GHG emissions from 1851 to 2021 in Greece. 1361:Rastandeh, Amin; Meghann Jarchow, eds. (2022). 1014:"The Consequences Of Climate Change In Greece" 2783: 8: 1175:Paschalidou, A.K., Petrou, I., Fytianos, G. 901:Transition of Islands to Climate Neutrality 398:, being the 4th most vulnerable country in 2790: 2776: 2768: 2200:Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 1876:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03096-y 1252:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1185:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18062-5 811:nationally determined contributions (NDCs) 53:In 2021, Greece contributed 59.73 million 2163: 2099: 1989: 1716: 1667: 1467: 1456:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 1426: 1263: 1221: 895:Reduction of Emissions from Installations 782:Industrialized countries are labeled as 516: 423:billion for a 1m rise in the sea level. 316:the most intense climate change scenario 216: 73:per capita emissions from 2005 to 2015. 44: 2709:"Greece's recovery and resilience plan" 2242:"Environment - Greece in the UN-Geneva" 1804: 1802: 983: 906:National Energy and Climate Change Plan 213:Transport (incl. aviation and shipping) 123:It has also been found that Greece's CO 2679: 2677: 2652: 2650: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2586: 2584: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2477: 2475: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1967: 1965: 1927: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1297:from the original on 20 September 2023 1012:Γεωργακόπουλος, Θοδωρής (2021-12-15). 1007: 898:Reduction of Emissions from Businesses 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1589: 1587: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1265:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 1037: 1035: 1033: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 930:National Recovery and Resilience Plan 889:Reduction of Emissions from Buildings 662:Timeline of international conventions 260:EU emissions trading systems (EU ETS) 7: 3393: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 450:, which is of high abundance in the 409:United Nations Environment Programme 2658:"National energy and climate plans" 1550:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2631:"Law 4936/2022: Greek Climate Law" 1506:Environmental Science & Policy 1084:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 886:Municipal Emission Reduction Plans 495:have been severely overexploited. 439:area has been slowly decreasing. 64:emissions. From 2005 to 2021, the 14: 1309:The Australian Academy of Science 470:As of 2016, over 84% of Europe's 3403: 3392: 3382: 3381: 2194:Du, Ding; Ng, Pin (2018-04-01). 1283:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). 307: 290: 2361:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 1757:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 720:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 37:to try to manage these issues. 1082:; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). 872:Sectoral policies and measures 619:are important products in the 233:In 2017, the road transport CO 1: 2442:United Nations Climate Change 2438:"What is the Kyoto Protocol?" 2028:Agricultural Water Management 1815:Biodiversity and Conservation 1601:Regional Environmental Change 672:Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 298:Köppen climate classification 1705:Mediterranean Marine Science 1562:10.1016/0041-008x(75)90148-9 1518:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.006 593:agriculture sector in Greece 521:Image of posidonia oceanica. 394:Greece is under threat from 300:map for Greece for 1980–2016 282:Impacts on natural landscape 2520:climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu 2040:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.07.028 1699:Doukakis, E. (2004-06-01). 1285:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 127:emissions are coupled with 3458: 2565:"CoR - Greece Environment" 2101:10.1007/s10584-022-03462-4 1223:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 3430:Climate change by country 3376: 2806: 2212:10.1007/s10018-017-0200-y 1943:10.1017/9781009325844.021 1827:10.1007/s10531-013-0451-2 1669:10.2478/s13533-012-0101-3 1613:10.1007/s10113-014-0730-9 771:sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 657:International commitments 652:Mitigation and adaptation 59:carbon dioxide equivalent 3435:Climate change in Europe 2809:Greenhouse gas emissions 2758:European Investment Bank 1595:Emmanouel (2016-10-01). 1183:29, 34670–34684 (2022). 1102:Climate action in Greece 1043:"Biodiversity in Greece" 951:European Investment Bank 767:perfluorochemicals (PFC) 763:hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) 185:renewable energy sources 41:Greenhouse gas emissions 2427:. Retrieved 2023-05-08. 2414:. Retrieved 2023-05-08. 1959:. Retrieved 2023-05-02. 3363:Small island countries 1313:Climate Action Tracker 1181:Environ Sci Pollut Res 883:Zero-Emission Vehicles 880:Electricity Production 552:invasive algae species 522: 427:Terrestrial ecosystems 355: 346:Extreme weather events 226: 156: 85: 50: 2596:www.adaptivegreece.gr 2456:"The Paris Agreement" 1373:10.4324/9781003266440 1047:Climatechangepost.com 964:sustainable transport 571:mass mortality events 539:Industrial Revolution 520: 433:biodiversity hot spot 353: 220: 154: 131:, so when Greece's CO 79: 48: 2713:commission.europa.eu 2662:commission.europa.eu 2569:portal.cor.europa.eu 1469:10.3390/jmse10111673 960:urban revitalization 955:sustainable recovery 934:Developed after the 867:80% by the year 2040 864:55% by the year 2030 848:National Climate Law 817:Domestic initiatives 543:oxygenates the ocean 336:thermal power plants 314:2071–2100 map under 164:Electricity and heat 62:greenhouse gas (GHG) 2092:2022ClCh..175....7G 1991:10.3390/su142417048 1660:2012CEJG....4..561K 1428:10.3390/su142013395 1214:2020Natur.577..618H 944:digital transition. 892:Environment Permits 621:agricultural sector 511:Mediterranean Basin 454:National Park and 276:European Commission 29:, urbanisation and 2516:"Greece — English" 2165:10.3390/su13169107 1892:www.britannica.com 758:, by 15% by 2000. 569:will likely cause 531:posidonia oceanica 523: 356: 227: 221:Contribution of CO 157: 90:carbon dioxide (CO 86: 51: 3440:Climate of Greece 3417: 3416: 3398:Wikimedia Commons 3039:the United States 1957:stories.ecmwf.int 1764:978-3-319-95267-3 1141:Energy Transition 1124:Our World in Data 1088:Our World in Data 968:energy efficiency 936:COVID-19 pandemic 854:carbon neutrality 625:Temperate climate 504:gilthead seabream 466:Marine ecosystems 405:Mediterranean Sea 247:kilo-tonnes (kt). 207:diesel generators 18:climate of Greece 3447: 3407: 3396: 3395: 3385: 3384: 3311:Marshall Islands 2792: 2785: 2778: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2627: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2512: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2487:climate-laws.org 2479: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2434: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2395: 2389: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2191: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2143: 2122: 2121: 2103: 2071: 2052: 2051: 2019: 2004: 2003: 1993: 1969: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1929: 1920: 1917: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1884: 1878: 1874:165, 67 (2021). 1864: 1847: 1846: 1821:(5): 1133–1150. 1806: 1777: 1776: 1750: 1739: 1738: 1720: 1718:10.12681/mms.208 1696: 1690: 1689: 1671: 1648:Open Geosciences 1639: 1633: 1632: 1607:(7): 1951–1962. 1591: 1582: 1581: 1541: 1530: 1529: 1497: 1482: 1481: 1471: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1406: 1395: 1394: 1358: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1329: 1318: 1317: 1304: 1302: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1225: 1208:(7792): 618–20. 1193: 1187: 1173: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1133: 1127: 1120: 1105: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1072: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1039: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1009: 972:renewable energy 911:are as follows: 582:Impact on people 366:land use changes 326:Temperature rise 311: 294: 268:carbon footprint 98:nitrous oxide (N 35:Greek government 31:soil degradation 3457: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3372: 3351: 3330: 3321:Solomon Islands 3289: 3250:the Netherlands 3191: 3157:the Philippines 3048: 2972: 2824: 2823:in each country 2802: 2796: 2766: 2765: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2715: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2609: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2540:"ΥΠΕΝ Αρχική -" 2538: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2398: 2392:Paris Agreement 2390: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2193: 2192: 2181: 2145: 2144: 2125: 2080:Climatic Change 2073: 2072: 2055: 2021: 2020: 2007: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1905: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1872:Climatic Change 1865: 1850: 1808: 1807: 1780: 1765: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1543: 1542: 1533: 1499: 1498: 1485: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1408: 1407: 1398: 1383: 1360: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1300: 1298: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1174: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1108: 1099: 1095: 1076:Ritchie, Hannah 1074: 1073: 1060: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1011: 1010: 985: 980: 949:Greece and the 932: 908: 874: 850: 828: 819: 803: 801:Paris Agreement 779: 757: 753: 749: 740: 732:Paris Agreement 664: 659: 654: 638: 612: 608: 589: 584: 576: 562: 548:coastal erosion 536: 468: 429: 396:coastal erosion 388: 379: 361: 348: 328: 323: 322: 321: 320: 319: 312: 303: 302: 301: 295: 284: 273: 265: 257: 244: 240: 236: 224: 215: 193: 175: 166: 145: 134: 129:economic growth 126: 119: 115: 109: 101: 93: 83: 43: 27:land-use change 12: 11: 5: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3400: 3389: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3285:United Kingdom 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2799:Climate change 2797: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2745: 2724: 2700: 2673: 2646: 2607: 2580: 2556: 2531: 2498: 2471: 2447: 2429: 2425:United Nations 2416: 2396: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2337:Kyoto Protocol 2329: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2233: 2206:(2): 431–449. 2179: 2152:Sustainability 2123: 2053: 2005: 1978:Sustainability 1961: 1948: 1921: 1903: 1879: 1848: 1778: 1763: 1740: 1691: 1654:(4): 561–577. 1634: 1583: 1556:(3): 525–528. 1531: 1483: 1442: 1415:Sustainability 1396: 1381: 1348: 1319: 1275: 1237: 1188: 1153: 1128: 1106: 1093: 1058: 1029: 982: 981: 979: 976: 931: 928: 923: 922: 919: 916: 907: 904: 903: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 873: 870: 869: 868: 865: 849: 846: 827: 824: 818: 815: 802: 799: 778: 777:Kyoto Protocol 775: 755: 751: 747: 744:Rio Convention 739: 738:Rio Convention 736: 735: 734: 728: 722: 716: 710: 708:Kyoto Protocol 704: 698: 692: 686: 680: 674: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 637: 634: 610: 606: 588: 585: 583: 580: 574: 560: 557:photosynthesis 534: 467: 464: 456:Mount Taygetos 428: 425: 387: 386:Sea level rise 384: 378: 375: 360: 357: 347: 344: 327: 324: 313: 306: 305: 304: 296: 289: 288: 287: 286: 285: 283: 280: 271: 263: 255: 242: 238: 234: 222: 214: 211: 196:nuclear energy 191: 173: 170:terawatt hours 165: 162: 144: 141: 132: 124: 117: 113: 107: 99: 96:, followed by 91: 81: 42: 39: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3453: 3452: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356:Other regions 3354: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335:Polar regions 3333: 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