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37:
611:
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range is extreme. A variation of about 70 centimetres (2.3 ft) between high and low water on the
Caribbean coast contrasts sharply with over 700 cm (23 ft) on the Pacific coast, and some 130 km (81 mi) up the RĂo Tuira, the tidal range is still over 500 cm (16 ft). A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 1,016 km of tidal flats in Panama, making it the 32nd ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.
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573:
1927:
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Panama's tropical environment supports an abundance of plants. Forests dominate, interrupted in places by grasslands, scrub, and crops. Nearly 40 percent of Panama is wooded. Deforestation is a continuing threat to the rain-drenched woodlands. Tree cover has been reduced by more than 50 percent since
626:
Climatic regions are determined less on the basis of temperature than on rainfall, which varies regionally from less than 1,300 millimeters (51.2 in) to more than 3,000 millimeters (118.1 in) per year. Almost all of the rain falls during the rainy season, which is usually from May through
622:
Temperatures on the
Pacific side of the isthmus are somewhat lower than on the Caribbean, and breezes tend to rise after dusk in most parts of the country. Temperatures are markedly cooler in the higher parts of the mountain ranges, and frosts occur in the Cordillera de Talamanca in western Panama.
618:
Panama has a tropical climate. Temperatures are uniformly high—as is the relative humidity—and there is little seasonal variation. Diurnal ranges are low; on a typical dry-season day in the capital city, the early morning minimum may be 24 °C (75.2 °F) and the afternoon maximum 29 °C
1814:
The
Pacific coastal waters are extraordinarily shallow. Depths of 180 metres (591 ft) are reached only outside the perimeters of both the Gulf of Panama and the Golfo de ChiriquĂ, and wide mud flats extend up to 70 km (43 mi) seaward from the coastlines. As a consequence, the tidal
2288:
Defant, Mare J.; Clark, Lee F.; Stewart, Robert H.; Drummond, Mark S.; de Boer, Jelle Z.; Maury, René C.; Bellon, Hervé; Jackson, Thomas E.; Restrepo, Juan F. (1 January 1991). "Andesite and dacite genesis via contrasting processes: the geology and geochemistry of El Valle
Volcano, Panama".
596:, at 3,475 meters (11,401 ft). Volcán BarĂş (or Volcán de ChiriquĂ) last erupted in 1550 and is the apex of a highland that includes Panama's richest soil. Further east are the lower SerranĂa de Tabasará and Sierra de Veraguas ranges, the latter extending towards the Panama Canal.
631:. The cycle of rainfall is determined primarily by two factors: moisture from the Caribbean, which is transported by north and northeast winds prevailing during most of the year, and the continental divide, which acts as a rain shield for the Pacific lowlands. Panama lies outside the
580:
The dominant feature of Panama's landform is the central spine of mountains and hills that forms the continental divide. The divide does not form part of the great mountain chains of North
America, and only near the Colombian border are there highlands related to the
2270:
strategic location at eastern end of
Central America; controls Panama Canal that links Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with Pacific Ocean. Central Panama has the unusual distinction of having the sun rise over the Pacific and set over the Atlantic.
1871:. The provinces are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into sections called corregimientos. Configurations of the corregimientos are changed periodically to accommodate population changes as revealed in the census reports.
1779:
The
Caribbean coastline is marked by several good natural harbors. The numerous islands of the Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, near the Beaches of Costa Rica, provide an extensive natural roadstead and shield the banana port of
209:
646:, which form a partial rainshield for much of central Panama. Rainfall is generally much heavier on the Caribbean than on the Pacific side. The annual average in Panama City is little more than half of that in ColĂłn.
1830:
More than 300 rivers empty into the
Pacific. These Pacific-oriented rivers are longer and slower running than those of the Caribbean side. Their basins are also more extensive. One of the longest is the
642:
A third influence that is present during the late autumn is the southwest wind off the
Pacific. This wind brings some precipitation to the Pacific lowlands, modified by the highlands of the
3530:
1765:
plantations occupying deltas near Costa Rica. In many places, a multi-canopied rain forest abuts the swamp on one side of Panama and increases to the lower reaches of slopes in the other.
1823:
Nearly 500 rivers lace Panama's rugged landscape. Mostly unnavigable, many originate as swift highland streams, meander in valleys, and form coastal deltas. The RĂo Chepo and the
588:
The western portion of the spine, the
Cordillera Central, extends from Costa Rica to a low saddle near the Panama Canal. Within the Cordillera Central are three ranges. The lofty
2203:
1827:
are sources of hydroelectric power. The Kampia lake and Madden Lake (also filled with water from the RĂo Chagres) provide hydroelectricity for the area of the former Canal Zone.
3611:
256:. Panama encompasses approximately 75,417 km (29,119 sq mi). It is 772 km (480 mi) long, and between 60 and 177 kilometers (37 and 110 miles) wide.
585:
system of South America. The spine that forms the divide is the highly eroded arch of an uplift from the sea bottom, in which peaks were formed by volcanic intrusions.
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Subsistence farming, widely practiced from the northeastern jungles to the southwestern grasslands, consists largely of corn, bean, and tuber plots.
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flows from five to 10 million years ago are the oldest rocks, followed by a period of quiet 3.4 million years ago and newer dacite
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indicate that the region was a separate magmatic arc until 20 million years ago. In the south, pre-collision basement rocks include
3674:
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1939:
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69:
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2412:"The Geology of the Darien, Panama, and the late Miocene-Pliocene collision of the Panama arc with northwestern South America"
4029:
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3744:
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2802:
2588:
4114:
2625:
Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019).
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3011:
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1811:, a tourist attraction that can be seen from Panama City. In all, there are some 1,000 islands off the Pacific coast.
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interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
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335,646 km (129,594 sq mi) and 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres) or edge of continental margin
1788:, near Colombia, are strung out for more than 160 km (99 mi) along the sheltered Caribbean coastline.
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36:
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632:
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maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
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3333:
3308:
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3253:
3115:
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2082:
619:(84.2 °F). The temperature seldom exceeds 32 °C (89.6 °F) for more than a short time.
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318:
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610:
436:
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3149:
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1408:
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1035:
593:
550:
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366:
284:
242:
154:
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509:
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178:
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and western Panama, the Panama Basin formed between 27 and eight million years ago due to
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The combination of these forces produced the Isthmus of Panama and resulted in different
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2427:
2332:
Haug, Gerald H.; Tiedemann, Ralf; Zahn, Rainer; Ravelo, A. Christina (9 November 2018).
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November, but varies in length from seven to nine months, with certain exception due to
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between 900,000 and 200,000 years ago. The volcano was the result of crust subduction.
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Coates, A. G.; Collins, L. S.; Aubry, M.-P.; Berggren, W. A. (1 November 2004).
2174:
605:
572:
513:
497:
426:
416:
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326:
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A. G. Coates, D. F. McNeill, M-P. Aubry, W. A. Berggren, L. S. Collins (2005).
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1941:
84:
71:
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1973:
553:
546:
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362:
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222:
57:
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2365:"An Introduction to the Geology of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama"
2160:
occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area, earthquakes
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527:
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542:
483:
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272:
217:
1857:
A map of Panama showing its ten provinces and five provincial-level
523:
from the Miocene deposited during the collision with South America.
2189:; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources
2718:
1925:
1852:
1744:
609:
582:
571:
493:
429:
208:
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2675:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
592:
extends east from Costa Rica and contains Panama's highest peak,
538:
3883:
3593:
3185:
2722:
2711:
1878:
1865:
Panama is divided into 10 provinces, plus several indigenous
2451:"Structure and tectonic history of the eastern Panama Basin"
1839:
and is the nation's only river navigable by larger vessels.
2350:
10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0207:ROPUOO>2.0.CO;2
329:
oceanic crust, which also produced the four kilometer high
248:
This S-shaped isthmus is situated between 7° and 10° north
1089:
Source 2: ETESA (sunshine data recorded at Albrook Field)
2475:
10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<981:SATHOT>2.0.CO;2
345:
moved northward. The El Valle volcano is the easternmost
2627:"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats"
1902:
1807:
in the Golfo de ChiriquĂ, and the decorative island of
2169:
from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources;
387:
since 4.2 million years ago. It also resulted in
2449:
LONSDALE, PETER; KLITGORD, KIM D. (9 November 1978).
2334:"Role of Panama uplift on oceanic freshwater balance"
4043:
3917:
3762:
3627:
3416:
3217:
3086:
3034:
2970:
2872:
2811:
2760:
2611:"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Colon, Panama"
198:
186:
174:
162:
150:
142:
134:
126:
118:
110:
100:
63:
53:
43:
2539:(in Spanish). Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A
2515:"World Weather Information Service – Panama City"
614:Panama map of Köppen climate classification zones
2537:"Datos HistĂłricos : EstaciĂłn Albrook Field"
2585:"Datos Historicos- Hidrometeorologica de ETESA"
537:between the Nazca and Cocos plates. The Mapelo
1761:swamps occur along parts of both coasts, with
466:. These rocks and others in the north such as
454:in the northeast and southwest, dating to the
333:. The western edge of the Caribbean Plate—the
3895:
3605:
3197:
2734:
2011:Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km
407:on the western Caribbean coast records local
325:during the subduction of the unusually thick
8:
3531:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2395:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
549:. Between 22 and 20 million years ago,
29:
2559:"World Weather Information Service – David"
1791:The major port on the Pacific coastline is
3902:
3888:
3880:
3612:
3598:
3590:
3204:
3190:
3182:
3040:
2976:
2878:
2817:
2741:
2727:
2719:
1470:
1463:Source 2: ETESA (humidity and sun values)
1096:
654:
241:. Panama is located on the narrow and low
35:
28:
2291:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1795:. The principal islands are those of the
658:Climate data for Panama City (1971–2000)
264:The Cocos and Nazca plates formed in the
202:335,646 km (129,594 sq mi)
2280:
2193:Environment - international agreements:
146:Total border: 555 km (345 mi)
114:75,417 km (29,119 sq mi)
2455:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2416:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2388:
547:old and now inactive spreading centers
2565:from the original on October 28, 2012
2561:. World Meteorological Organization.
2060:Northernmost point: Point Manzanillo
545:in the eastern basin are remnants of
7:
2591:from the original on October 9, 2012
2096:Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
2517:. World Meteorological Organization
268:. The Panama microplate is made of
2032:24 nautical miles (44 kilometres)
2027:12 nautical miles (22 kilometres)
25:
1930:Economic activity in Panama, 1981
1896:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1456:World Meteorological Organisation
1100:Climate data for David, ChiriquĂ
1083:World Meteorological Organization
194:425 km (164 sq mi)
4025:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3753:
3735:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3407:
3374:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2699: This article incorporates
2694:
2670:
2152:Total renewable water resources:
1883:
309:The center of the isthmus, from
2615:Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
2087:Easternmost point: Border with
2077:Westernmost point: Border with
1849:Provinces and regions of Panama
2803:Reunification of Gran Colombia
1976:and sometimes Central America
395:and brought global changes in
389:massive interchange of species
1:
2208:Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
2164:Environment - current issues:
1663:Average rainfall mm (inches)
1289:Average rainfall mm (inches)
917:Average rainfall mm (inches)
519:includes three kilometers of
425:overlying Miocene basalt and
335:Central American Volcanic Arc
158:3,475 metres (11,401 ft)
138:2,490 km (1,550 mi)
4150:United States Virgin Islands
3869:United States Virgin Islands
3621:Geography of North America
2372:Caribbean Journal of Science
1972:Northern South America, the
3078:Water supply and sanitation
1593:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1523:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1219:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1149:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
847:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
707:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
435:In the remote southeastern
4187:
3911:Climate of North America
2220:Environmental Modification
1846:
1803:, the penal colony on the
1797:Archipiélago de las Perlas
1772:
1732:
1473:
1462:
1453:
1099:
1088:
1080:
657:
606:Panama City § Climate
603:
411:through this period, with
405:Bocas del Toro Archipelago
341:and was compressed as the
4125:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3844:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3751:
3549:
3516:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3405:
3212:Geography of the Americas
3143:
3043:
2979:
2881:
2820:
2688:Federal Research Division
2643:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8
2495:. Smithsonian Institution
2260:signed, but not ratified:
1775:List of islands of Panama
1749:Panama's vegetation, 1981
1662:
1592:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1406:
1358:
1288:
1218:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1033:
986:
916:
846:
776:
706:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
182:231 km (144 mi)
34:
4145:Turks and Caicos Islands
3864:Turks and Caicos Islands
3536:Turks and Caicos Islands
2886:Administrative divisions
2798:Separation from Colombia
2493:Global Volcanism Program
2263:Marine Life Conservation
2069:Cerro Hoya National Park
2035:exclusive economic zone:
1909:may contain suggestions.
1894:may need to be rewritten
1843:Administrative divisions
302:extending from southern
221:is a country located in
18:Climate change in Panama
2185:threatens siltation of
1935:Geographic coordinates:
1474:Climate data for ColĂłn
633:Main Development Region
590:Cordillera de Talamanca
508:and folding formed the
199:Exclusive economic zone
4075:British Virgin Islands
3794:British Virgin Islands
3451:British Virgin Islands
2701:public domain material
2236:Ozone Layer Protection
1931:
1862:
1750:
615:
577:
337:—also collided in the
213:
4015:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3725:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3364:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2148:346.2 km (2003)
1929:
1861:(indigenous regions).
1856:
1835:which flows into the
1799:in the middle of the
1748:
1458:(UN) (30 yr record),
613:
575:
279:at the bottom of the
252:and 77° and 83° west
225:, bordering both the
211:
2613:. Weatherbase. 2011.
2422:(11–12): 1327–1344.
2063:Southernmost point:
1733:Source: Weatherbase
343:South American Plate
289:convergent tectonics
170:0 metres (0 ft)
4171:Geography of Panama
4030:Trinidad and Tobago
3925:Antigua and Barbuda
3740:Trinidad and Tobago
3635:Antigua and Barbuda
3541:U.S. Virgin Islands
3384:Trinidad and Tobago
3229:Antigua and Barbuda
2467:1978GSAB...89..981L
2428:2004GSAB..116.1327C
2303:1991CoMP..106..309D
2154:148 km (2011)
1951: /
1837:Golfo de San Miguel
987:Average rainy days
777:Daily mean °C (°F)
644:PenĂnsula de Azuero
576:Panama's topography
81: /
31:
30:Geography of Panama
3965:Dominican Republic
3675:Dominican Republic
3294:Dominican Republic
3012:Telecommunications
2707:The World Factbook
2311:10.1007/bf00324560
2248:Tropical Timber 94
2244:Tropical Timber 83
2216:Endangered Species
2106:Natural resources:
2100:Volcan de Chiriqui
1932:
1863:
1859:comarcas indĂgenas
1751:
616:
578:
535:seafloor spreading
391:between North and
298:, which created a
214:
127: • Water
111: • Total
4158:
4157:
4047:other territories
3877:
3876:
3766:other territories
3587:
3586:
3179:
3178:
3139:
3138:
3030:
3029:
2966:
2965:
2926:Political parties
2916:National Assembly
2901:Foreign relations
2868:
2867:
2637:(7738): 222–225.
2268:Geography - note:
2083:ChiriquĂ Province
2009:border countries:
1924:
1923:
1898:quality standards
1737:
1736:
1467:
1466:
1361:relative humidity
1093:
1092:
476:basaltic andesite
401:ocean circulation
367:pyroclastic flows
285:isthmus of Panama
275:, similar to the
243:Isthmus of Panama
206:
205:
119: • Land
16:(Redirected from
4178:
4115:Saint Barthélemy
4045:Dependencies and
3918:Sovereign states
3904:
3897:
3890:
3881:
3834:Saint Barthélemy
3764:Dependencies and
3757:
3628:Sovereign states
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3506:Saint Barthélemy
3466:Falkland Islands
3411:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3159:
3152:
3041:
3002:Mineral industry
2997:
2977:
2879:
2818:
2793:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2715:
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2697:
2691:
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2673:
2663:
2662:
2622:
2616:
2614:
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2601:
2600:
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2575:
2574:
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2555:
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2548:
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2544:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2436:10.1130/B25275.1
2407:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2285:
2224:Hazardous Wastes
2179:land degradation
2158:Natural hazards:
2135:permanent crops:
2113:mahogany forests
2030:contiguous zone:
2025:territorial sea:
2021:Maritime claims:
2000:Land boundaries:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:9.000°N 80.000°W
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1887:
1879:
1786:San Blas Islands
1471:
1097:
990:
655:
637:tropical cyclone
541:and the Yaquina
448:San Blas Complex
319:El Valle volcano
179:Chucunaque River
96:
95:
93:
92:
91:
86:
85:9.000°N 80.000°W
82:
79:
78:
77:
74:
39:
32:
21:
4186:
4185:
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4048:
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3913:
3908:
3878:
3873:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3623:
3618:
3588:
3583:
3561:Central America
3545:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3180:
3175:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3135:
3131:Public holidays
3082:
3026:
2995:
2962:
2941:National Police
2911:Law enforcement
2864:
2807:
2791:
2756:
2747:
2704:
2695:
2683:Country Studies
2680:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2448:
2447:
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2409:
2408:
2404:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2258:
2212:Desertification
2195:
2167:water pollution
2146:Irrigated land:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2098:Highest point:
2097:
2095:
2093:Darién Province
2056:Extreme points:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1991:74,340 km
1987:
1986:75,420 km
1982:
1970:Map references:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1901:
1888:
1877:
1851:
1845:
1821:
1784:. The over 350
1777:
1771:
1743:
1738:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
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1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
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1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1468:
1353:
1348:
1343:
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1328:
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1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
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1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1094:
988:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
652:
608:
602:
570:
437:Darién Province
351:Central America
331:Talamanca Range
296:subduction zone
293:eastern Pacific
262:
212:A map of Panama
193:
181:
169:
157:
89:
87:
83:
80:
75:
72:
70:
68:
67:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Sint Eustatius
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Cayman Islands
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Sint Eustatius
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Cayman Islands
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3748:
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3662:
3657:
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3647:
3642:
3637:
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3625:
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3619:
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3609:
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3594:
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3581:
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3568:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Sint Eustatius
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Cayman Islands
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
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3376:
3371:
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3361:
3356:
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3326:
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3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
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3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
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2960:
2959:
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2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:National parks
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2692:
2665:
2664:
2617:
2602:
2576:
2550:
2528:
2506:
2480:
2441:
2402:
2355:
2324:
2297:(3): 309–324.
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2240:Ship Pollution
2232:Marine Dumping
2228:Law of the Sea
2204:Climate Change
2142:90.33% (2011)
2017:2,490 km
1996:1,080 km
1960:9.000; -80.000
1922:
1921:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1847:Main article:
1844:
1841:
1820:
1817:
1801:Gulf of Panama
1770:
1767:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
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1441:
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1432:
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1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:sunshine hours
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
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1376:
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1065:
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1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:sunshine hours
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
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723:
718:
713:
708:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
653:
651:
648:
601:
598:
569:
566:
556:generated the
321:in Panama was
311:Arenal Volcano
287:formed due to
277:basalt plateau
261:
258:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
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164:
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132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
90:9.000; -80.000
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4183:
4172:
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4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4035:United States
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
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3996:
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3991:
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3787:
3785:
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3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3746:
3745:United States
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
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3636:
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3601:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3578:South America
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:North America
3552:
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3539:
3537:
3534:
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3527:
3524:
3522:
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3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:French Guiana
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
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3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:United States
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
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3277:
3275:
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3267:
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3255:
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3250:
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2969:
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2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:Public Forces
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
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2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
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2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2677:public domain
2669:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:deforestation
2168:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:3,475 m
2101:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:Punta Mariato
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1936:
1928:
1918:
1915:December 2020
1908:
1904:
1900:, as section.
1899:
1895:
1892:This article
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:General facts
1874:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:Isla de Coiba
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1477:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:Mean monthly
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1103:
1098:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:Mean monthly
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
985:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
915:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
845:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
775:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
705:
661:
656:
649:
647:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
624:
620:
612:
607:
599:
597:
595:
591:
586:
584:
574:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:pillow basalt
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:basement rock
442:
438:
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:South America
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:stratovolcano
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
304:North America
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Caribbean Sea
278:
274:
271:
270:oceanic crust
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Pacific Ocean
228:
227:Caribbean Sea
224:
220:
219:
210:
201:
197:
192:
189:
185:
180:
177:
175:Longest river
173:
168:
167:Pacific Ocean
165:
161:
156:
153:
151:Highest point
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
94:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
48:North America
46:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
4140:Sint Maarten
4120:Saint Martin
3859:Sint Maarten
3839:Saint Martin
3719:
3576:
3553:
3526:Sint Maarten
3511:Saint Martin
3418:Dependencies
3348:
3053:Demographics
3007:Panama Canal
2921:Penal system
2891:Constitution
2812:
2706:
2682:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2391:cite journal
2380:. Retrieved
2378:(3): 374–391
2375:
2371:
2358:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2200:Biodiversity
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:Panama Canal
2183:soil erosion
2173:of tropical
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:arable land:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2076:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:555 km
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1934:
1933:
1912:
1903:You can help
1893:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1790:
1778:
1756:
1752:
641:
625:
621:
617:
587:
579:
560:, Cocos and
526:Offshore of
525:
480:granodiorite
434:
409:stratigraphy
379:between the
371:
308:
300:magmatic arc
263:
247:
216:
215:
187:Largest lake
163:Lowest point
105:Ranked 116th
26:
4110:Puerto Rico
4020:Saint Lucia
3970:El Salvador
3829:Puerto Rico
3730:Saint Lucia
3680:El Salvador
3496:Puerto Rico
3423:territories
3369:Saint Lucia
3304:El Salvador
3068:LGBT rights
2984:Agriculture
2840:Earthquakes
2175:rain forest
1958: /
1825:RĂo Chagres
1754:the 1940s.
639:activity.
594:Volcán Barú
491:radiolarian
441:crystalline
427:siliclastic
417:Pleistocene
374:sea surface
327:Cocos Ridge
155:Volcán Barú
88: /
64:Coordinates
4105:Montserrat
4100:Martinique
4095:Guadeloupe
3950:Costa Rica
3824:Montserrat
3819:Martinique
3814:Guadeloupe
3660:Costa Rica
3491:Montserrat
3486:Martinique
3481:Guadeloupe
3279:Costa Rica
3111:Literature
2996:(currency)
2931:Presidents
2835:Darién Gap
2595:October 9,
2569:October 9,
2461:(7): 981.
2382:2018-11-09
2344:(3): 207.
2275:References
2121:hydropower
2079:Costa Rica
2015:Coastline:
1773:See also:
1741:Vegetation
1454:Source 1:
1081:Source 1:
989:(≥ 0.1 mm)
604:See also:
532:asymmetric
510:Chucunaque
504:. Complex
456:Cretaceous
423:carbonates
420:coral reef
315:Costa Rica
239:Costa Rica
233:, between
191:Gatun Lake
4090:Greenland
4005:Nicaragua
3980:Guatemala
3809:Greenland
3715:Nicaragua
3690:Guatemala
3566:Caribbean
3476:Greenland
3399:Venezuela
3344:Nicaragua
3314:Guatemala
3234:Argentina
3219:Sovereign
3058:Education
3022:Transport
2951:SENAFRONT
2896:Elections
2860:Volcanism
2813:Geography
2785:1964–1977
2780:1904–1964
2775:1821–1903
2587:. ETESA.
2319:130132647
2197:party to:
2126:Land use:
1974:Caribbean
1907:talk page
1833:RĂo Tuira
1819:Waterways
1782:Almirante
1354:(103.17)
568:Elevation
554:volcanism
521:sediments
460:Paleocene
254:longitude
223:Caribbean
135:Coastline
58:Caribbean
44:Continent
4165:Category
4055:Anguilla
3990:Honduras
3960:Dominica
3935:Barbados
3774:Anguilla
3700:Honduras
3670:Dominica
3645:Barbados
3431:Anguilla
3379:Suriname
3354:Paraguay
3329:Honduras
3289:Dominica
3274:Colombia
3244:Barbados
3166:Category
3073:Religion
2874:Politics
2754:articles
2659:56481043
2651:30568300
2589:Archived
2563:Archived
2543:10 April
2521:10 April
2499:27 April
2252:Wetlands
2089:Colombia
2073:Veraguas
2050:Terrain:
2044:tropical
2041:Climate:
1868:comarcas
1759:Mangrove
1728:(136.5)
1449:2,250.7
1359:Average
1344:(11.63)
1339:(15.77)
1334:(16.01)
1329:(13.40)
1324:(11.41)
1319:(12.70)
1314:(11.69)
1076:1,743.5
982:(75.09)
967:(13.02)
962:(10.00)
650:Examples
629:monsoons
564:ridges.
558:Carnegie
528:Colombia
506:faulting
468:rhyolite
413:Pliocene
385:Atlantic
377:salinity
359:andesite
323:uplifted
250:latitude
235:Colombia
229:and the
4085:Curaçao
4070:Bonaire
4065:Bermuda
3995:Jamaica
3975:Grenada
3930:Bahamas
3804:Curaçao
3789:Bonaire
3784:Bermuda
3705:Jamaica
3685:Grenada
3640:Bahamas
3461:Curaçao
3446:Bonaire
3441:Bermuda
3394:Uruguay
3334:Jamaica
3309:Grenada
3299:Ecuador
3254:Bolivia
3239:Bahamas
3150:Outline
3096:Cuisine
3088:Culture
3036:Society
3017:Tourism
2994:Balboa
2989:Banking
2972:Economy
2845:Islands
2792:present
2770:to 1821
2762:History
2463:Bibcode
2424:Bibcode
2338:Geology
2299:Bibcode
2256:Whaling
1946:80°00′W
1769:Harbors
1723:(12.6)
1718:(24.4)
1713:(18.4)
1708:(11.5)
1703:(16.4)
1698:(16.5)
1693:(14.5)
1688:(10.8)
1352:2,620.2
1349:(3.05)
1309:(4.04)
1304:(1.40)
1299:(0.76)
1294:(1.31)
1284:(73.0)
1279:(72.0)
1274:(73.0)
1269:(73.0)
1264:(73.0)
1259:(73.0)
1254:(73.9)
1249:(73.9)
1244:(73.9)
1239:(73.9)
1234:(73.0)
1229:(72.0)
1224:(71.1)
1214:(88.7)
1209:(88.0)
1204:(86.0)
1199:(86.0)
1194:(87.1)
1189:(87.1)
1184:(87.1)
1179:(88.0)
1174:(89.1)
1169:(91.9)
1164:(93.0)
1159:(91.9)
1154:(90.0)
980:1,907.2
977:(4.12)
972:(9.93)
957:(8.66)
952:(6.63)
947:(9.25)
942:(8.86)
937:(2.55)
932:(0.52)
927:(0.40)
922:(1.15)
912:(76.6)
907:(75.9)
902:(75.9)
897:(75.9)
892:(75.9)
887:(77.0)
882:(77.0)
877:(77.0)
872:(78.1)
867:(78.1)
862:(77.0)
857:(75.9)
852:(75.9)
842:(82.6)
837:(81.5)
832:(81.0)
827:(80.6)
822:(81.0)
817:(82.0)
812:(82.0)
807:(82.0)
802:(82.9)
797:(84.0)
792:(83.5)
787:(82.6)
782:(82.6)
772:(87.8)
767:(87.1)
762:(86.0)
757:(84.9)
752:(86.0)
747:(87.1)
742:(87.1)
737:(87.1)
732:(88.0)
727:(90.0)
722:(90.0)
717:(89.1)
712:(89.1)
600:Climate
562:Malpelo
551:hotspot
502:diabase
487:diorite
452:massifs
446:of the
397:climate
381:Pacific
339:Neogene
291:of the
266:Miocene
260:Geology
143:Borders
76:80°00′W
4010:Panama
4000:Mexico
3945:Canada
3940:Belize
3720:Panama
3710:Mexico
3655:Canada
3650:Belize
3349:Panama
3339:Mexico
3319:Guyana
3264:Canada
3259:Brazil
3249:Belize
3221:states
3171:Portal
3126:People
3063:Health
2855:Rivers
2830:Cities
2752:
2750:Panama
2679:.
2657:
2649:
2631:Nature
2489:"BarĂş"
2317:
2140:other:
2137:2.51%
2132:7.16%
2117:shrimp
2109:copper
2004:total:
1994:water:
1984:total:
1943:9°00′N
1905:. The
1809:Taboga
1793:Balboa
1763:banana
1683:(3.7)
1678:(1.4)
1673:(2.0)
1668:(4.3)
1479:Month
1446:218.7
1443:154.5
1440:139.5
1437:135.4
1434:148.6
1431:141.1
1428:128.3
1425:160.4
1422:216.2
1419:270.5
1416:262.0
1413:275.5
1105:Month
1073:120.5
1070:139.8
1067:103.9
1061:118.1
1058:106.1
1055:116.3
1052:108.5
1049:173.1
1046:183.9
1043:245.2
1040:228.9
1029:131.0
663:Month
583:Andean
543:graben
484:quartz
472:dacite
464:Eocene
450:forms
403:. The
355:Dacite
283:. The
273:basalt
218:Panama
122:98.57%
73:9°00′N
54:Region
4060:Aruba
3985:Haiti
3779:Aruba
3695:Haiti
3436:Aruba
3324:Haiti
3269:Chile
3157:Index
3121:Music
3116:Media
3101:Films
3048:Crime
2946:SENAN
2825:Biota
2790:1977–
2703:from
2655:S2CID
2368:(PDF)
2315:S2CID
1989:land:
1980:Area:
1726:3,471
1658:(75)
1653:(75)
1648:(74)
1643:(74)
1638:(75)
1633:(75)
1628:(75)
1623:(75)
1618:(76)
1613:(77)
1608:(76)
1603:(76)
1598:(76)
1588:(85)
1583:(84)
1578:(84)
1573:(86)
1568:(87)
1563:(85)
1558:(85)
1553:(86)
1548:(87)
1543:(86)
1538:(85)
1533:(84)
1528:(84)
1518:Year
1402:75.7
1399:75.5
1396:82.8
1393:83.8
1390:82.1
1387:81.1
1384:80.4
1381:81.1
1378:79.5
1375:69.6
1372:62.4
1369:62.6
1366:67.7
1342:295.4
1337:400.5
1332:406.6
1327:340.3
1322:289.8
1317:322.6
1312:297.0
1307:102.5
1144:Year
1064:99.2
1023:16.0
1020:20.0
1017:17.0
1014:15.0
1011:14.0
1008:16.0
1005:15.0
975:104.6
970:252.3
965:330.7
960:253.9
955:219.9
950:168.5
945:235.0
940:225.1
702:Year
517:Basin
514:Tuira
494:chert
430:shale
363:domes
130:1.43%
4130:Saba
3955:Cuba
3849:Saba
3665:Cuba
3501:Saba
3421:and
3359:Peru
3284:Cuba
3106:Flag
2647:PMID
2597:2012
2571:2012
2545:2013
2523:2013
2501:2021
2397:link
2181:and
1515:Dec
1512:Nov
1509:Oct
1506:Sep
1503:Aug
1500:Jul
1497:Jun
1494:May
1491:Apr
1488:Mar
1485:Feb
1482:Jan
1363:(%)
1347:77.4
1302:35.5
1297:19.3
1292:33.3
1282:22.8
1277:22.2
1272:22.8
1267:22.8
1262:22.8
1257:22.8
1252:23.3
1247:23.3
1242:23.3
1237:23.3
1232:22.8
1227:22.2
1222:21.7
1212:31.5
1207:31.1
1202:30.0
1197:30.0
1192:30.6
1187:30.6
1182:30.6
1177:31.1
1172:31.7
1167:33.3
1162:33.9
1157:33.3
1152:32.2
1141:Dec
1138:Nov
1135:Oct
1132:Sep
1129:Aug
1126:Jul
1123:Jun
1120:May
1117:Apr
1114:Mar
1111:Feb
1108:Jan
1026:7.5
1002:4.9
999:1.4
996:1.3
993:2.9
935:64.7
930:13.1
925:10.1
920:29.3
910:24.8
905:24.4
900:24.4
895:24.4
890:24.4
885:25.0
880:25.0
875:25.0
870:25.6
865:25.6
860:25.0
855:24.4
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