311:
125:
219:
236:
2120:
1962:
1984:
20:
1973:
964:
Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,
252:
West Africa is expected to be affected by climate change caused by rising temperatures, decreased rainfall, increased mega-storms and rising sea levels. Average temperatures over west Africa are projected to increase by between 1.5 and 4 °C (34.7 and 39.2 °F) by mid-century, relative to
989:
Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris
Climate
386:
Sea level rise is expected to displace a large percentage of
Senegal's population. Nearly 70% of the population lives in coastal zones. The government is already moving communities in high-risk flood areas. Additionally nearly 90% of industry in Senegal is in that same
373:
region, will be severally impacted, because weather variability will lead to increased overgrazing, pressure on water supplies, and subsequent effects on the economic viability of herding communities. For example, in 2017, pressures on lands led to increased demand for
38:
will cause an increase in average temperatures over west Africa by between 1.5 and 4 °C (3 °F and 7 °F) by mid-century, relative to 1986–2005. Projections of rainfall indicate an overall decrease in rainfall and an increase in intense mega-storm events over the
1081:
277:
deficits and increased variability due to climate change will likely reduce aquifer recharge rates. Major population centers are already realizing saltwater intrusion into aquifers and arable land.
109:
362:
for millet and sorghum include options such as increasing crop tolerances to high temperatures during the flowering period and increasing cultivars’ thermal time requirement.
1941:
1715:
1501:
1030:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario.
358:. For example, some projections suggest that between 2000 - 2009 there was a 10 -20% reduction in millet and a 5 - 15% reduction in sorghum yields due to climate change.
1368:
412:. A National Committee on Climate Change was appointed by presidential degree to support the program. Additionally, there is a Climate Fund that is an instrument of
1089:
2142:
141:
425:
113:
108:
policies and plans are important to help
Senegal prepare and adapt. In 2006, Senegal submitted its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to the
310:
1818:
788:
2020:
1946:
1325:
409:
1013:
2433:
2192:
1889:
112:. The NAPA identifies water resources, agriculture, and coastal zones as the country's most vulnerable sectors. In 2015, Senegal released its
1899:
2278:
2266:
1863:
281:
and decreased rainfall will exacerbate salinity issues. As more saltwater intrusion happens, this will threaten fish stock in the country.
242:
253:
1986–2005. Projections of rainfall indicate an overall decrease in rainfall and an increase in intense mega-storm events over the Sahel.
2218:
1617:
441:
At the same time that these policies are in place, there is evidence that they are not fully being acted on. For example, an article in
2557:
2104:
1273:
Sultan, B; Roudier, P; Quirion, P; Alhassane, A; Muller, B; Dingkuhn, M; Ciais, P; Guimberteau, M; Traore, S; Baron, C (2013-03-01).
2567:
2522:
2177:
2033:
1828:
1735:
1027:
1034:
predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
224:
2562:
2162:
1577:
1354:
720:
1710:
1516:
1026:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can.
2337:
1894:
1740:
1725:
1640:
1521:
1361:
1182:"Projected changes in crop yield mean and variability over West Africa in a world 1.5K warmer than the pre-industrial era"
817:
2408:
2246:
2233:
2059:
2013:
1925:
1920:
1700:
1650:
1645:
1486:
1471:
1446:
56:
2366:
2147:
1879:
1745:
1670:
1607:
1592:
1582:
1562:
1275:"Assessing climate change impacts on sorghum and millet yields in the Sudanian and Sahelian savannas of West Africa"
2491:
2256:
2172:
2069:
1755:
1730:
1705:
1655:
1612:
1597:
1546:
1531:
1441:
1436:
1421:
408:
In 2006, Senegal initiated a
National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) as part of the larger trend to create
86:
is expected to cause damage to coastal infrastructure and displace a large percentage of the population living in
2496:
2288:
2182:
2167:
2064:
1976:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1765:
1622:
1587:
1536:
1511:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1466:
1461:
1431:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1391:
359:
140:
per person per year (compared to the global average of over 6 tons per person per year) and placing 150th in the
105:
2398:
2383:
2109:
2099:
1904:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1775:
1760:
1750:
1695:
1685:
1602:
1572:
1567:
1541:
1476:
1408:
1387:
52:
842:
1051:
2461:
2423:
2388:
2352:
2261:
2251:
2228:
2119:
2006:
1965:
1853:
1823:
1720:
1690:
1665:
1660:
1526:
1456:
1451:
1426:
2418:
2324:
2314:
2049:
1884:
1680:
1675:
1632:
1031:
355:
75:
2476:
2273:
454:
124:
1115:"Evidence of crop production losses in West Africa due to historical global warming in two crop models"
684:
1983:
497:"Larger Future Intensification of Rainfall in the West African Sahel in a Convection-Permitting Model"
2413:
2393:
2347:
2283:
2241:
2130:
1286:
1237:
1126:
1003:
928:
508:
2428:
2378:
2206:
2187:
2079:
1224:
Guan, Kaiyu; Sultan, Benjamin; Biasutti, Michela; Baron, Christian; Lobell, David B. (2017-01-15).
2515:
2466:
2443:
2342:
2332:
2302:
2223:
2084:
2074:
2041:
761:
218:
495:
Berthou, S.; Kendon, E. J.; Rowell, D. P.; Roberts, M. J.; Tucker, S.; Stratton, R. A. (2019).
235:
2456:
2403:
2319:
1304:
1255:
1203:
1162:
1144:
1008:
946:
692:
588:
570:
526:
196:
Historically, Senegal was not a major producer of fossil fuels but significant discoveries in
173:
165:
481:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1199–1265.
2531:
2486:
2481:
1294:
1245:
1193:
1152:
1134:
978:
936:
652:
644:
578:
560:
516:
392:
91:
789:"National Adaptation Plans in focus: Lessons from Senegal | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation"
609:
477:
Niang, I; Ruppel, O.C; Abdrabo, M.A; Essel, A; Lennard, C; Padgham, J; Urquhart, P (2014).
2471:
2089:
1226:"Assessing climate adaptation options and uncertainties for cereal systems in West Africa"
983:
966:
450:
446:
413:
328:
290:
270:
95:
83:
185:
1987:
1290:
1241:
1130:
932:
512:
2536:
1377:
1299:
1274:
1157:
1114:
583:
548:
388:
278:
133:
79:
35:
891:
289:
The combination of increased temperatures and decreased rainfall will likely increase
2551:
2451:
336:
177:
1250:
1225:
1181:
965:
Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).
867:"Power Africa in Senegal | Power Africa | U.S. Agency for International Development"
453:, a site that had been identified by the government as a displacement location for
378:, causing prices to skyrocket and farmers to sell large portions of their herds.
261:
The sea level is expected to rise faster in West Africa then the global average.
2054:
1180:
Parkes, B.; Defrance, Dimitri; Sultan, Benjamin; Ciais, P.; Wang, X. H. (2018).
375:
324:
197:
169:
116:(INDC's) that indicated climate change would be treated as a national priority.
67:
44:
1139:
967:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"
941:
916:
428:(NDC's) that indicated climate change would be treated as a national priority.
2094:
442:
340:
71:
1308:
1259:
1207:
1148:
696:
574:
530:
346:
Climate change is likely to result in reduced yields of key crops, including
2152:
1346:
866:
565:
1198:
1166:
950:
592:
19:
521:
496:
274:
2029:
656:
366:
347:
156:
However, it is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change.
63:
48:
31:
1113:
Sultan, Benjamin; Defrance, Dimitri; Iizumi, Toshichika (2019-09-06).
351:
294:
99:
16:
Emissions, impacts and responses of
Senegal related to climate change
843:"4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors"
638:
1998:
1082:"Senegal factsheet: Climate information and agricultural planning"
648:
370:
332:
309:
87:
40:
18:
637:
Croitoru, Lelia; Miranda, Juan José; Sarraf, Maria (2019-03-13).
685:"In Senegal, Climate Change Is Robbing Thousands of Their Homes"
181:
2002:
1350:
1326:"How climate change is plunging Senegal's herders into poverty"
841:
Ge, Mengpin; Friedrich, Johannes; Vigna, Leandro (2020-02-06).
2118:
818:"Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action in Senegal"
70:, and causing food and job insecurity. More than 70% of the
30:
will have wide reaching impacts on many aspects of life in
356:
agriculture employs about 70% of the population of
Senegal
245:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely
917:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"
90:
areas. Climate change also has the potential to increase
369:, which include about 2.5 million people in the broader
549:"Dry soils can intensify mesoscale convective systems"
547:
Klein, Cornelia; Taylor, Christopher M. (2020-09-01).
314:
Direct economic loss attribute to disasters in
Senegal
110:
United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2442:
2365:
2301:
2205:
2129:
2040:
1934:
1913:
1872:
1774:
1631:
1555:
1407:
822:
International
Institute for Sustainable Development
640:
The Cost of
Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa
172:, predominantly diesel and gas. A small portion of
98:in eastern Senegal, leading to an expansion of the
915:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020).
449:described how a coal fire power plan was built in
293:in eastern Senegal, leading to expansion of the
132:Senegal is currently not a major contributor to
1219:
1217:
1108:
1106:
733:emissions of all world countries - 2018 Report"
553:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
395:could jeopardize these major economic centers.
136:. The country contributes less than a ton of CO
51:is currently not a major contributor to global
354:, placing pressure on rural livelihoods since
200:, have led to a major increase in production.
128:Senegal Greenhouse gas emission from 1990–2016
43:. The sea level is expected to rise faster in
2014:
1362:
8:
114:Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
2371:
2307:
2211:
2135:
2021:
2007:
1999:
1369:
1355:
1347:
971:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
762:"Senegal | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation"
1298:
1249:
1197:
1156:
1138:
982:
940:
582:
564:
520:
176:comes from renewable energy, such as the
610:"Sea-Level Rise: West Africa Is Sinking"
243:the most intense climate change scenario
123:
466:
455:communities displaced by sea level rise
1016:from the original on 20 September 2023
273:in Senegal are dependent on rainfall.
1320:
1318:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1046:
1044:
1042:
984:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847
812:
810:
808:
714:
712:
632:
630:
604:
602:
335:region is expected to greatly effect
331:including more severe drought in the
7:
2110:Bissau-Guinean Civil War involvement
1972:
783:
781:
756:
754:
752:
737:EU Science Hub - European Commission
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
542:
540:
490:
488:
472:
470:
1230:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
892:"Senegal Energy Outlook – Analysis"
614:Earth.Org - Past | Present | Future
426:Nationally Determined Contributions
1086:2016report.futureclimateafrica.org
204:Impacts on the natural environment
55:, it is one of the countries most
47:than the global average. Although
14:
1028:The Australian Academy of Science
23:Economic impact of 2°C in Senegal
1982:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1002:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022).
234:
217:
1251:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.021
1052:"Climate Risk Profile: Senegal"
209:Temperature and weather changes
134:global greenhouse gas emissions
1279:Environmental Research Letters
643:. World Bank, Washington, DC.
424:In 2015, Senegal released its
1:
391:. Extreme weather events and
227:map for Senegal for 1980–2016
225:Köppen climate classification
1300:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014040
501:Geophysical Research Letters
2434:Water supply and sanitation
1004:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"
683:Judt, Daniel (2019-09-24).
2584:
2267:Chief of the General Staff
1140:10.1038/s41598-019-49167-0
942:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3
719:team, FPFIS (2018-11-22).
367:animal herding communities
94:that will likely increase
2558:Climate change by country
2509:
2374:
2310:
2214:
2138:
2116:
2065:Trans-Saharan slave trade
1955:
1385:
847:World Resources Institute
420:International cooperation
410:National Adaptation Plans
399:Mitigation and adaptation
360:Climate change adaptation
106:Climate change adaptation
28:Climate change in Senegal
2568:Climate change in Africa
2219:Administrative divisions
2100:Senegambia Confederation
1388:Greenhouse gas emissions
404:Policies and legislation
376:manufactured animal feed
120:Greenhouse gas emissions
53:greenhouse gas emissions
793:www.adaptation-undp.org
766:www.adaptation-undp.org
566:10.1073/pnas.2007998117
323:Like in other parts of
184:and a new wind farm in
2563:Environment of Senegal
2123:
1942:Small island countries
1199:10.5194/esd-9-119-2018
1032:Climate Action Tracker
315:
192:Fossil fuel production
129:
24:
2122:
1186:Earth System Dynamics
313:
142:list of countries by
127:
22:
2193:World Heritage Sites
2163:Environmental issues
2060:Precolonial kingdoms
1330:The New Humanitarian
522:10.1029/2019GL083544
241:2071–2100 map under
2234:Court of Cassation
2080:African slave trade
1291:2013ERL.....8a4040S
1242:2017AgFM..232..291G
1131:2019NatSR...912834S
933:2020Natur.577..618H
559:(35): 21132–21137.
513:2019GeoRL..4613299B
507:(22): 13299–13307.
432:Society and culture
341:agricultural yields
76:agricultural sector
74:is employed in the
59:to climate change.
2338:Telecommunications
2224:Casamance conflict
2143:Biosphere Reserves
2124:
2075:French West Africa
1119:Scientific Reports
382:Impacts on housing
316:
160:Energy consumption
130:
25:
2545:
2544:
2505:
2504:
2409:Human trafficking
2361:
2360:
2297:
2296:
2279:Political parties
2247:Foreign relations
2201:
2200:
1996:
1995:
1977:Wikimedia Commons
1618:the United States
301:Impacts on people
168:is produced from
166:energy in Senegal
2575:
2525:
2518:
2372:
2328:
2308:
2237:
2212:
2136:
2085:British invasion
2050:Regional history
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1890:Marshall Islands
1371:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1142:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1088:. Archived from
1078:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1021:
999:
993:
992:
986:
961:
955:
954:
944:
927:(7792): 618–20.
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
814:
803:
802:
800:
799:
785:
776:
775:
773:
772:
758:
747:
746:
744:
743:
732:
731:
730:
716:
707:
706:
704:
703:
680:
661:
660:
634:
625:
624:
622:
621:
606:
597:
596:
586:
568:
544:
535:
534:
524:
492:
483:
482:
474:
393:coastal flooding
306:Economic impacts
238:
221:
174:Senegal's energy
153:
152:
151:
92:land degradation
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2501:
2492:Public holidays
2438:
2357:
2326:
2293:
2257:Law enforcement
2235:
2197:
2125:
2114:
2090:Mali Federation
2070:French conquest
2036:
2027:
1997:
1992:
1951:
1930:
1909:
1900:Solomon Islands
1868:
1829:the Netherlands
1770:
1736:the Philippines
1627:
1551:
1403:
1402:in each country
1381:
1375:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1019:
1017:
1001:
1000:
996:
963:
962:
958:
914:
913:
909:
900:
898:
890:
889:
885:
876:
874:
865:
864:
860:
851:
849:
840:
839:
835:
826:
824:
816:
815:
806:
797:
795:
787:
786:
779:
770:
768:
760:
759:
750:
741:
739:
729:
726:
725:
724:
722:
718:
717:
710:
701:
699:
682:
681:
664:
636:
635:
628:
619:
617:
608:
607:
600:
546:
545:
538:
494:
493:
486:
476:
475:
468:
463:
451:Bargny, Senegal
447:climate justice
439:
434:
422:
414:climate finance
406:
401:
384:
329:extreme weather
327:, the expected
321:
308:
303:
291:desertification
287:
271:water resources
267:
265:Water resources
259:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
239:
230:
229:
228:
222:
211:
206:
194:
162:
150:
147:
146:
145:
143:
139:
122:
96:desertification
84:coastal erosion
17:
12:
11:
5:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Child marriage
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2289:Prime Minister
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2178:National parks
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Climate change
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1968:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1864:United Kingdom
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
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2462:Coat of arms
2424:Prostitution
2389:Demographics
2252:Human rights
2229:Constitution
2157:
1711:the Maldives
1556:the Americas
1517:South Africa
1506:
1502:North Africa
1334:. Retrieved
1332:. 2018-10-10
1329:
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1094:. Retrieved
1090:the original
1085:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:Climatelinks
1055:
1025:
1020:30 September
1018:. Retrieved
1007:
997:
990:Agreement...
988:
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899:. Retrieved
895:
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875:. Retrieved
873:. 2020-04-16
870:
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850:. Retrieved
846:
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792:
769:. Retrieved
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740:. Retrieved
736:
700:. Retrieved
688:
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618:. Retrieved
616:. 2019-09-24
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170:fossil fuels
163:
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104:
61:
27:
26:
2419:LGBT rights
2315:Agriculture
2236:(judiciary)
2055:Mali Empire
1895:New Zealand
1741:South Korea
1726:North Korea
1716:Middle East
1641:Afghanistan
1522:South Sudan
1236:: 291–305.
977:: 343–371.
657:10986/31428
445:focused on
325:West Africa
319:Agriculture
198:natural gas
68:agriculture
45:West Africa
2552:Categories
2477:Literature
2327:(currency)
2274:Parliament
2105:Border War
2095:Senegambia
1988:Wiktionary
1926:the Arctic
1921:Antarctica
1701:Kyrgyzstan
1651:Bangladesh
1646:Azerbaijan
1487:Mozambique
1472:Madagascar
1447:the Gambia
1400:adaptation
1396:mitigation
1380:by country
1336:2020-11-26
1096:2020-04-22
1062:2020-04-22
901:2020-04-28
877:2020-04-28
852:2020-11-27
827:2020-11-26
798:2020-04-22
771:2020-04-22
742:2020-11-26
702:2020-04-22
689:The Nation
620:2020-11-26
461:References
443:The Nation
365:Moreover,
285:Ecosystems
154:emissions.
72:population
57:vulnerable
2414:Languages
2394:Education
2348:Transport
2284:President
2242:Elections
2153:Casamance
2131:Geography
1880:Australia
1746:Sri Lanka
1671:Indonesia
1608:Nicaragua
1593:Guatemala
1583:Greenland
1563:Argentina
1309:1748-9326
1260:0168-1923
1208:2190-4979
1149:2045-2322
697:0027-8378
575:0027-8424
531:1944-8007
269:The main
2532:Category
2429:Religion
2379:Abortion
2262:Military
2207:Politics
2188:Wildlife
2034:articles
1966:Category
1756:Thailand
1731:Pakistan
1706:Malaysia
1656:Cambodia
1613:Suriname
1598:Honduras
1547:Zimbabwe
1532:Tanzania
1442:Ethiopia
1437:Eswatini
1422:Botswana
1167:31492929
1014:Archived
951:31996825
721:"Fossil
593:32817526
437:Activism
275:Rainfall
62:Extreme
2516:Outline
2467:Cuisine
2444:Culture
2367:Society
2343:Tourism
2333:Housing
2303:Economy
2173:Islands
2148:Borders
2042:History
2030:Senegal
1947:Tropics
1873:Oceania
1819:Ireland
1809:Germany
1799:Finland
1789:Belgium
1784:Austria
1766:Vietnam
1623:Uruguay
1588:Grenada
1537:Tunisia
1512:Somalia
1507:Senegal
1497:Nigeria
1492:Namibia
1482:Morocco
1467:Liberia
1462:Lesotho
1432:Eritrea
1417:Algeria
1392:impacts
1287:Bibcode
1238:Bibcode
1158:6731230
1127:Bibcode
1058:. USAID
929:Bibcode
584:7474668
509:Bibcode
348:sorghum
88:coastal
64:drought
49:Senegal
32:Senegal
2537:Portal
2497:Sports
2457:Cinema
2452:Anthem
2404:Health
2353:Unions
2325:Franc
2320:Energy
2183:Rivers
2168:Cities
2032:
1981:
1970:
1959:
1905:Tuvalu
1859:Sweden
1849:Turkey
1844:Russia
1839:Poland
1834:Norway
1814:Greece
1804:France
1794:Cyprus
1776:Europe
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1751:Taiwan
1696:Jordan
1686:Israel
1603:Mexico
1573:Canada
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1542:Uganda
1477:Malawi
1409:Africa
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1009:Cosmos
949:
921:Nature
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573:
529:
479:Africa
352:millet
295:Sahara
100:Sahara
2523:Index
2487:Music
2482:Media
1854:Spain
1824:Italy
1721:Nepal
1691:Japan
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1527:Sudan
1457:Kenya
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371:Sahel
333:Sahel
186:Thiès
164:Most
41:Sahel
2472:Flag
1885:Fiji
1681:Iraq
1676:Iran
1633:Asia
1398:and
1305:ISSN
1256:ISSN
1204:ISSN
1163:PMID
1145:ISSN
1022:2023
947:PMID
693:ISSN
589:PMID
571:ISSN
527:ISSN
350:and
339:and
182:Mali
1295:doi
1246:doi
1234:232
1194:doi
1153:PMC
1135:doi
979:doi
937:doi
925:577
896:IEA
653:hdl
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