30:
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135:(SIDS) are identified as a group of 38 United Nations (UN) Member States and 20 Non-UN Member/Associate Members that are located in three regions: the Caribbean; the Pacific; and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Seas (AIMS) and are home to approximately 65 million people. These nations are far from homogeneous but they do share numerous features, including narrow resource bases, dominance of economic sectors that are reliant on the natural environment, limited industrial activity, physical remoteness, and limited economies of scale.
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756:. A rise in sea level could impact coastal communities of the Caribbean if they are less than 3 metres (10 ft) above the sea. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it is expected that 29â32 million people may be affected by the sea level rise because they live below this threshold. The Bahamas is expected to be the most affected because at least 80% of the total land is below 10 meters elevation.
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1014:. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that the climate crisis has worsened human rights conditions in the Marshall Islands greatly (5.0 out of 6). Human rights experts reported that the climate crisis has negatively impacted the economy, increased rates of unemployment, and lead to relocations to higher areas or migrations to other countries.
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29:
908:. These changes, along with temperature rise, will displace Fijian communities and will prove disruptive to the national economy - tourism, agriculture and fisheries, the largest contributors to the nation's GDP, will be severely impacted by climate change causing increases in poverty and food insecurity. As a party to both the
285:. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.01 m (
1054:
Palau has lost at least one third of its coral reefs due to climate change related weather patterns. We also lost most of our agricultural production due to drought and extreme high tides. These are not theoretical, scientific losses -- they are the losses of our resources and our livelihoods.... For
1946:
Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US,
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The Human Rights
Measurement Initiative finds that the climate crisis has worsened human rights conditions in the Solomon Islands greatly (5.0 out of 6). Human rights experts provided that the climate crisis has contributed to conflict in communities, negative future socio-economic outlook, and food
1158:
years to
September 2008) and the sea level in the Funafuti area rose approximately 9.14 cm during that period of time. As well as this, the dangerous peak high tides in Tuvalu are becoming higher causing greater danger. In response to sea level rise, Tuvalu is considering resettlement plans in
937:
is imperilled by rising sea levels, with the country losing land every year. Many of its islands are currently or becoming inhabitable due to their shrinking size. Thus, the majority of the country's population resides in only a handful of islands, with more than half of its residents living on one
1125:
is a small
Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean. It can be found about halfway between Hawaii and Australia. It is made up of nine tiny islands, five of which are coral atolls while the other four consists of land rising from the sea bed. All are low-lying islands with no point on
521:
argue that the potential loss of entire atoll countries, and consequently the loss of national sovereignty, self-determination, cultures, and indigenous lifestyles cannot be compensated for financially. Some researchers suggest that the focus of international dialogues on these issues should shift
3522:
Chou, Sin Chan; de Arruda Lyra, AndrĂ©; Gomes, Jorge LuĂs; Rodriguez, Daniel AndrĂ©s; Alves
Martins, Minella; Costa Resende, Nicole; da Silva Tavares, Priscila; Pereira Dereczynski, Claudine; Lopes Pilotto, Isabel; Martins, Alessandro Marques; Alves de Carvalho, LuĂs Felipe; Lima Onofre, JosĂ© Luiz;
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in the decades ahead will have major implications for the island-nation. It has taken a three-prong approach to the issue - researching how the nation will be affected in specific details, implementing mitigation measures and adapting to the coming changes. For the research, a Centre for
Climate
432:. Rising sea levels and severe weather such as flooding and droughts may render agricultural land unusable and contaminate freshwater drinking supplies. Flooding and rising sea levels also directly threaten populations, and in some cases may be a threat to the entire existence of the island.
313: ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2â3 m (7â10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19â22 metres (62â72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F).
554:
showed that its SWH industry now boasts over 50,000 installations. These have saved consumers as much as US$ 137 million since the early 1970s. The report suggested that
Barbados' experience could be easily replicated in other SIDS with high fossil fuel imports and abundant sunshine.
254:
rose by 15â25 cm (6â10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013â2022.
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Small island developing states (SIDS) have long been recognized as being particularly at risk to climate change. These nations are often described as being on the âfrontlines of climate changeâ, as âhot spots of climate changeâ, or as being âcanaries in the coalmineâ. The
1854:; Xiao, C.; AĂ°algeirsdĂłttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; PĂ©an, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
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Atmospheric temperature extremes have already increased in frequency and intensity in SIDS and are projected to continue along this trend. Heavy precipitation events in SIDS have also increased in frequency and intensity and are expected to further increase.
1009:
are particularly vulnerable, and the issue poses significant implications for the country's population. These threats have prompted
Marshallese political leaders to make climate change a key diplomatic issue, who have responded with initiatives such as the
184:, with a combined total of less than 1%. However, that does not indicate that greenhouse emissions are not produced at all, and it is recorded that the annual total greenhouse gas emissions from islands could range from 292.1 to 29,096.2 tonne CO
614:, highlighting that although they are negligible contributors to anthropogenic climate change, they are among the most vulnerable to its impacts. The 43 members of the alliance have held the position of limiting global warming to
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669:. The governments of both of these countries have cooperated with environmental advocacy networks, non-governmental organisations and the media to draw attention to the threat of climate change to their countries. At the
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by 2030; in
Pacific SIDS, it will be 0.75–6.5% GDP by 2030. Caribbean SIDS will have average annual losses of 5% by 2025, escalating to 20% by 2100 in projections without regional mitigation strategies. The
370:. As ocean temperatures rise and the pH of oceans decreases, many fish and other marine species would die out or change their habits and range. As well as this, water supplies and local ecosystems such as
111:
Efforts to combat these challenges are ongoing and multinational. Many of the small island developing countries have a high vulnerability to climate change, whilst having contributed very little to global
768:, or Timor-Leste, faces numerous challenges as a result of climate change and increased global temperatures. As an island country, rising sea levels threaten its coastal areas, including the capital city
419:
Climate change impacts small island ecosystems in ways that have a detrimental effect on public health. In island nations, changes in sea levels, temperature, and humidity may increase the prevalence of
281:'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human
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reduction of already limited water resources to the point that they become insufficient to meet demand during low-rainfall periods by mid-century, especially on small islands (such as in the
538:(CARICOM) implementation plan for climate change-resilient development. SIDS often rely heavily on imported fossil fuels, spending an ever-larger proportion of their GDP on energy imports.
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or problematic, although migration may likely form a part of adaptation. Mobility has long been a part of life in islands, but could be used in combination with local adaptation measures.
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776:, flooding, heatwaves, and drought. As a large percentage of the population is dependent on local agriculture, these changes are expected to impact industry in the country as well.
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is expected to lead to changes in the economy, environment and population of the
Caribbean. Temperature rise of 2°C above preindustrial levels can increase the likelihood of extreme
2540:
Beckford, Clinton L.; Rhiney, Kevon (2016). "Geographies of Globalization, Climate Change and Food and Agriculture in the Caribbean". In Clinton L. Beckford; Kevon Rhiney (eds.).
2007:
This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr.
5599:
2893:
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
846:, with "future sea levels projected to increase in the range of 10 to 100 centimeters by the year 2100, the entire country could be submerged". The Maldives is striving to
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Costa Resende Ferreira, Nicole; Martins, Minella; da Silva Tavares, Priscila; Chan Chou, Sin; Monteiro, Armando; Gomes, Ludmila; Santana, Adérito (11 February 2021).
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158:. A common feature of SIDS is a high ratio of coastline-to-land area, with large portions of populations, infrastructure, and assets being located along the coast.
210:
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was launched in 2003 to mitigate the country's vulnerability to the issue. In 2008, fresh water supplies began being encroached by seawater, prompting President
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A study that engaged the experiences of residents in atoll communities found that the cultural identities of these populations are strongly tied to these lands.
230:
Sea level rise is especially threatening to low-lying island nations because seas are encroaching upon limited habitable land and threatening existing cultures.
5923:
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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
670:
619:
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Winston Moore; Wayne Elliot; Troy Lorde (1 April 2017). "Climate change, Atlantic storm activity and the regional socio-economic impacts on the Caribbean".
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Clement Lewsey; Gonzalo Cid; Edward Kruse (1 September 2004). "Assessing climate change impacts on coastal infrastructure in the Eastern Caribbean".
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to its impacts. Climate change is projected to lead to an increased number of warm days and nights, hotter temperatures and increased precipitation.
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Due to close connections between human communities and coastal environments, SIDS are particularly exposed to hazards associated with the ocean and
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island states, time is not running out. It has run out. And our path may very well be the window to your own future and the future of our planet.
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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that the climate crisis has worsened human rights conditions moderately (4.6 out of 6) in Fiji.
916:, Fiji hopes to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 which, along with national policies, will help to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
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addition to pushing for increased action in confronting climate change at the UN. On 10 November 2023, Tuvalu signed the Falepili Union, a
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warned already in 2001 that small island countries will experience considerable economic and social consequences due to climate change.
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in Germany, notes "even limiting warming to 2 degrees, in my view, will still commit some island nations and coastal cities to drown."
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347:. Once the limited available soil on these islands becomes salinated, it becomes very difficult to produce subsistence crops such as
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has committed $ 3.62 billion to help small island developing states with climate change, transport, energy, and health projects.
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Some small and low population islands do not have the resources to protect their islands and natural resources. They experience
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81:. Those countries have been quite vocal in calling attention to the challenges they face from climate change. For example, the
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from ways to relocate entire communities to strategies that instead allow for these communities to remain on their lands.
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Mycoo, M., M.Wairiu, D. Campbell, V. Duvat, Y. Golbuu, S. Maharaj, J. Nalau, P. Nunn, J. Pinnegar, and O.Warrick, 2022: "
1199:
Between 1950 and 2010, SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe experienced an increase of 1.5 °C in average annual temperature due to
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to cope with disasters like severe storms. Worldwide, climate change is projected to have an average annual loss of 0.5%
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3289:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative â The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
3165:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative â The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
1686:(1 May 2016). "Interactions between sea-level rise and wave exposure on reef island dynamics in the Solomon Islands".
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sector of many island countries is particularly threatened by increased occurrences of extreme weather events such as
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942:. This leads to other issues such as severe overcrowding in such a small area. In 1999, the uninhabited islands of
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invasion by non-native species increasing with higher temperatures, particularly in mid- and high-latitude islands.
343:. As sea level rises, island nations are at increased risk of losing coastal arable land to degradation as well as
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in IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group 2: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
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1768:"Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment"
1372:
Thomas, Adelle; Baptiste, April; Martyr-Koller, Rosanne; Pringle, Patrick; Rhiney, Kevon (17 October 2020).
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particularly have played a prominent role on the international stage. In 2002, Tuvalu threatened to sue the
635:
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1925:
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have the advantage of providing energy at a lower cost than fossil fuels and making SIDS more sustainable.
448:, which will likely affect local resources such as fisheries, as well as the value of tourism destinations.
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5281:
5223:
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4006:
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1163:, under which Australia will provide a pathway for citizens of Tuvalu to migrate to Australia, to enable
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5373:
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4564:
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Mortreux, Colette; Barnett, Jon (2009). "Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu".
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was the most populated of these with 25 families living on it; 11 houses washed into the sea by 2011.
93:
are already experiencing considerable impacts of climate change. It is critical for them to implement
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2088:
1978:
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Neumann, Barbara; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Zimmermann, Juliane; Nicholls, Robert J. (11 March 2015).
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in areas such as flood control, early warning systems, and integrated water resource management.
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Borja G. Reguero; Iñigo J. Losada; Pedro DĂaz-Simal; Fernando J. MĂ©ndez; Michael W. Beck (2015).
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842:. By 2050, 80% of the country could become uninhabitable due to global warming. According to the
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531:
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approach for the populations of islands threatened by sea level rise. These depictions are often
17:
2025:
Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia
104:
which impact on human health, livelihoods, and inhabitable space. This can lead to pressure to
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3424:
2943:
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2760:
2721:"Effects of Climate Change on Exposure to Coastal Flooding in Latin America and the Caribbean"
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to request international assistance to begin relocating the country's population elsewhere.
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interact to result in high risk of small island developing states (SIDS) to climate change.
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is a major issue for the country. As with many countries made up of low-lying islands, the
351:. This would severely impact the agricultural and commercial sector in nations such as the
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2859:"Facing dire sea level rise threat, Maldives turns to climate change solutions to survive"
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2020:
4313:
3645:"National Day Rally 2019: Three-pronged approach for Singapore to tackle climate change"
3410:
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2092:
1982:
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1701:
1608:
1593:"Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from waste management approaches in the islands"
1446:
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2671:"Climate change may make extreme hurricane rainfall five times more likely, study says"
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1244:, the impacts of climate change were observable in precipitation, air temperature and
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to the threats of climate change, including beginning to build a wall around the city.
772:. The country is considered highly vulnerable and is expected to experience worsening
206:
The global average sea level has risen about 250 millimetres (9.8 in) since 1880.
116:. Therefore, some small island countries have made advocacy for global cooperation on
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5253:
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Barnett, Jon; Adger, W. Neil (December 2003). "Climate Dangers and Atoll Countries".
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3525:"Downscaling projections of climate change in Sao Tome and Principe Islands, Africa"
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1834:
http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2015/06/opinions/sutter-two-degrees-marshall-islands/
1632:
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1333:" . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043â2121,
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will be major issues for the islands and climate change will have major impacts on
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34:
2654:
2638:"'1.5°C to stay alive': climate change, imperialism and justice for the Caribbean"
2637:
2469:"Small states and international politics: Climate change, the Maldives and Tuvalu"
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2705:
2573:
RamĂłn Bueno; Cornella Herzfeld; Elizabeth A. Stanton; Frank Ackerman (May 2008).
2388:"This is why these Pacific islands need the Paris climate change deal to succeed"
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3494:
2833:
979:
631:
58:
3588:
3540:
2001:
1410:
710:
Graph showing historic temperature change globally and in the Caribbean region.
77:(SIDS) are a heterogenous group of countries but many of them are particularly
5733:
5110:
4747:
3187:
3185:
3058:
2888:
2606:
2549:
2100:
1991:
1966:
1952:
1454:
1338:
1249:
1241:
959:
843:
765:
733:
729:
429:
421:
348:
260:
139:
41:
to the island, with its highest point being only three metres above sea level.
3597:
3571:
3548:
3524:
2803:
2614:
2492:
2154:
2108:
1801:
1744:
1709:
1616:
1569:
1512:
1462:
1399:
838:
in the Indian Ocean, the existence of the Maldives is severely threatened by
4688:
3672:
2076:
1654:"Climate Change Indicators: Sea Level / Figure 1. Absolute Sea Level Change"
1430:
717:
658:
452:
251:
70:
3428:
2811:
2764:
2180:"Climate change and its impact on health on small island developing states"
1819:
1624:
1520:
1144:, identified that the sea level rise rate was 5.9 mm per year (in the
3240:"Palau president challenges Hawai'i to take action against global warming"
1717:
1489:"Climate Change in the Seychelles: Implications for Water and Coral Reefs"
259:
due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting
1141:
934:
827:
646:
543:
371:
356:
3572:"Assessment of crop risk due to climate change in Sao Tome and Principe"
3517:
3515:
2362:"A tiny island in the Pacific Ocean is about to be completely destroyed"
1752:
1732:
720:. The main environmental changes expected to affect the Caribbean are a
477:
Governments face a complex task when combining grey infrastructure with
4666:
1405:
947:
817:
773:
745:
456:
425:
408:
400:
264:
3288:
3164:
2484:
1936:
1330:
808:
5669:
2344:
Seizing the sunshine â Barbados' thriving solar water heater industry
1122:
1107:
1006:
984:
939:
650:
267:
accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from
162:
101:
3473:"Joint Statement on the Falepili Union between Tuvalu and Australia"
3419:
3394:
2468:
2414:"How the historic Paris deal over climate change was finally agreed"
1114:
2036:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1892:"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change"
1845:
1843:
1841:
1560:
1543:
665:
for their contribution to climate change and for not ratifying the
180:
Small island developing states make minimal contribution to global
4676:
3139:"Paradise lost: climate change forces South Sea islanders to seek"
2019:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011).
1183:
1113:
1101:
978:
880:
807:
778:
705:
570:
562:
278:
272:
209:
201:
28:
4324:
1223:
began developing a National Adaptation Plan in 2022 to implement
850:, and Maldivian authorities have been prominent in international
3523:
Major, Idalécio; Penhor, Manuel; Santana, Adérito (1 May 2020).
3475:. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 10 November 2023
897:
787:
769:
749:
567:
International meeting of Small Island Developing States in 2014.
5620:
5325:
5061:
4621:
4533:
4414:
4366:
4328:
3676:
2913:
2911:
2780:"Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Change in East Timor"
2440:"Pacific islands demand climate action as China, US woo region"
1126:
Tuvalu being higher than 4.5m above sea level. The analysis of
444:
deterioration in coastal conditions, such as beach erosion and
2216:
International Impacts & Adaptation: Climate Change: US EPA
1865:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US.
1431:"Adapting to climate change in small island developing states"
530:
Many SIDS now understand the need to move towards low-carbon,
395:
391:
5583:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1409:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1256:
event in 1998. Water management will be critically impacted.
2219:. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 14 June 2012.
3262:"Five Pacific islands vanish from sight as sea levels rise"
3218:"Palau seeks Security Council protection on climate change"
3088:"BBC News | Sci/Tech | Islands disappear under rising seas"
2778:
Barnett, Jon; Dessai, Suraje; Jones, Roger N. (July 2007).
2231:"ADB's Work on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management"
892:
is an exceptionally pressing issue for the country - as an
1080:, while another six shrunk by between 20 and 62 per cent.
1036:
on the island nation. In 2008 Palau requested that the UN
5759:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2796:
10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[372:VTCVAC]2.0.CO;2
2155:"Coping with climate change in the Pacific island region"
2063:
Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts
1660:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2022.
1505:
10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[182:CCITSI]2.0.CO;2
1248:
by the early 2000s. Climate change poses a threat to its
716:
in the Caribbean poses major risks to the islands in the
2027:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p.
2971:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2576:
The Caribbean and climate change: The costs of inaction
1252:
ecosystems, with drought conditions in 1999 and a mass
677:
and demand a comprehensive, legally binding agreement.
362:
In addition, local fisheries would also be affected by
1411:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5600:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1733:"Sea-Level Rise and Small Island States: An Overview"
3453:. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
3311:
3309:
3113:"Kiribati Adaptation Program (KAP) | Climate Change"
2542:
Globalization, Agriculture and Food in the Caribbean
1894:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023.
1731:
Leatherman, Stephen P.; Beller-Simms, Nancy (1997).
587:
The governments of several island nations have made
5777:
5662:
5631:
5560:
5495:
5417:
5339:
5290:
5207:
5164:
5074:
4981:
4844:
4791:
4634:
4458:
4427:
4260:
4239:
4198:
4100:
3957:
3881:
3733:
2131:
http://www.ifad.org/events/apr09/impact/islands.pdf
1856:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
1374:"Climate Change and Small Island Developing States"
1267:
Geography of Singapore § Climate change initiatives
1178:
Geography of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe § Climate change
506:has been discussed in popular media as a potential
108:but resources to do so are often lacking as well.
47:
effects of climate change on small island countries
610:(ASIS) has been a strong negotiating group in the
1678:Simon Albert; Javier X Leon; Alistair R Grinham;
900:is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels,
5800:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
3017:"Kiribati's President: "Our Lives Are At Stake""
2254:
2252:
1161:bilateral diplomatic relationship with Australia
3359:Than Aung, Awnesh Singh and Uma Prasad (2009).
1277:Research Singapore (CCRS) has been established.
2965:"Fiji Submits Long-Term National Climate Plan"
2284:
2282:
69:, their peoples and cultures. They also alter
49:are affecting people in coastal areas through
4545:History of climate change policy and politics
4340:
3688:
1032:The Palau government are concerned about the
671:2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
620:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
73:and natural environments in those countries.
8:
3495:"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"
2834:"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"
4662:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3043:"Kiribati: an environmental 'perfect storm"
2948:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2595:Environment, Development and Sustainability
2349:Climate & Development Knowledge Network
1965:WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018).
1487:Payet, Rolph; Agricole, Wills (June 2006).
552:Climate & Development Knowledge Network
546:has been successful in adopting the use of
5881:
5869:
5628:
5617:
5336:
5322:
5071:
5058:
4631:
4618:
4530:
4424:
4411:
4363:
4347:
4333:
4325:
3695:
3681:
3673:
1378:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1072:Between 1947 and 2014, six islands of the
277:Sea level rise lags behind changes in the
5427:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
4570:United Nations Climate Change conferences
3587:
3418:
2784:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment
2754:
2744:
2653:
2000:
1990:
1809:
1791:
1559:
1493:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment
1389:
1367:
1118:Satellite Image of Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu
885:Temperature change in Fiji, 1901 to 2020.
382:SIDS may also have reduced financial and
175:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5131:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3451:"Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty"
3193:"Marshall Islands - HRMI Rights Tracker"
2920:"How Fiji is Affected by Climate Change"
2636:Sealey-Huggins, Leon (2 November 2017).
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
440:Other impacts on small islands include:
5487:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5276:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
3317:"Solomon Islands - HRMI Rights Tracker"
3041:Storey, Donovan; Hunter, Shawn (2010).
2963:UN Climate Change News (5 March 2019).
1664:from the original on 4 September 2023.
1318:
550:(SWHs). A 2012 report published by the
5136:Economics of climate change mitigation
5099:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
4450:Scientific consensus on climate change
2941:
1967:"Global sea-level budget 1993âpresent"
1666:Data sources: CSIRO, 2017. NOAA, 2022.
991:Climate change in the Marshall Islands
973:Climate change in the Marshall Islands
744:rainfall by four to five times in the
673:, Tuvalu delegate Ian Fry spearheaded
591:for greater international ambition on
214:Surface area change of islands in the
37:, Kiribati pointing out the threat of
5795:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
3242:. Hawaii Independent. 14 October 2008
2462:
2460:
2148:
2146:
1898:from the original on 17 December 2023
1391:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083355
1068:Climate change in the Solomon Islands
424:and diseases carried by them such as
165:, high levels of exposure, and acute
7:
5924:Climate change by country and region
5817:Representative Concentration Pathway
4768:Tipping points in the climate system
4444:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4298:
3499:climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org
3395:"Climate science: A sinking feeling"
3368:American Journal of Applied Sciences
3220:. Global Dashboard. 16 February 2008
2838:climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org
1872:from the original on 24 October 2022
1482:
1480:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1229:United Nations Environment Programme
1050:, the president of Palau, has said:
374:, are threatened by global warming.
5588:Nationally determined contributions
5298:Individual action on climate change
4513:World energy supply and consumption
2669:BERARDELLI, JEFF (29 August 2020).
1542:Wong, Poh Poh (27 September 2010).
1429:Betzold, Carola (1 December 2015).
1203:. The country is considered highly
638:at the conference. Meetings of the
335:in many Pacific Islands, impacting
250:Between 1901 and 2018, the average
5929:Regional effects of climate change
5909:Climate change and the environment
5727:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2322:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004559.08755.88
234:, a professor of Ocean Physics at
25:
5654:Satellite temperature measurement
5259:forestry for carbon sequestration
4550:History of climate change science
2884:"Climate Change in the Maldives!"
2291:University of Colorado Law Review
2053:from the original on 30 June 2023
950:both disappeared underwater. The
18:Climate change in Solomon Islands
5880:
5868:
5857:
5856:
5844:
5505:Climate Change Performance Index
4308:
4297:
4287:
4286:
2208: This article incorporates
2203:
1544:"Small island developing states"
1404:
1308:Tarawa Climate Change Conference
1265:This section is an excerpt from
1176:This section is an excerpt from
1024:This section is an excerpt from
1005:. The atoll and capital city of
971:This section is an excerpt from
929:Environmental issues in Kiribati
873:This section is an excerpt from
800:This section is an excerpt from
698:This section is an excerpt from
618:, and advocated for this at the
318:Changes in temperatures and rain
242:This section is an excerpt from
53:, increasing heavy rain events,
5644:Instrumental temperature record
5595:Sustainable Development Goal 13
2467:Jaschik, Kevin (1 March 2014).
2273:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.006
1908:Press Release Number: 21042023.
1597:Waste Management & Research
1227:efforts, with support from the
933:The existence of the nation of
816:infrastructure in capital city
700:Climate change in the Caribbean
642:have also discussed the issue.
622:, influencing the goals of the
608:Alliance of Small Island States
331:Climate change poses a risk to
65:threaten the existence of many
5919:Small Island Developing States
5712:Climate variability and change
4753:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1689:Environmental Research Letters
1026:Environment of Palau § Climate
802:Climate change in the Maldives
784:September 2019 climate strikes
675:an effort to halt negotiations
663:International Court of Justice
299: ft) or even 1.6 m (
133:Small island developing states
75:Small island developing states
1:
5822:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5357:Climate emergency declaration
3576:Regional Environmental Change
2655:10.1080/01436597.2017.1368013
2515:"ADB's Work in FCAS and SIDS"
2081:Regional Environmental Change
2075:Barnett, Jon (1 March 2011).
1702:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054011
1140:years of sea level data from
812:The Maldives government have
603:and international alliances.
581:Climate Vulnerability Monitor
534:economies, as set out in the
5805:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5031:Middle East and North Africa
3651:. Singapore. 18 August 2019.
3361:"Sea Level Threat in Tuvalu"
2991:"Fiji - HRMI Rights Tracker"
2746:10.1371/journal.pone.0133409
2706:10.1016/j.marpol.2003.10.016
1793:10.1371/journal.pone.0118571
1040:consider protection against
579:speaks at the launch of the
2261:Global Environmental Change
1737:Journal of Coastal Research
1293:Climate change in Singapore
956:Kiribati Adaptation Program
634:was central in forming the
526:Climate resilient economies
5945:
5639:Global surface temperature
5530:Popular culture depictions
5442:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5172:Carbon capture and storage
5094:Carbon offsets and credits
3589:10.1007/s10113-021-01746-6
3541:10.1007/s00382-020-05212-7
3293:humanrightsmeasurement.org
3169:humanrightsmeasurement.org
1272:Singapore recognises that
1264:
1175:
1095:
1065:
1023:
970:
926:
872:
799:
697:
496:
470:
241:
195:
5851:Climate change portal
5838:
5744:Extreme event attribution
5627:
5616:
5367:School Strike for Climate
5335:
5321:
5246:Climate-smart agriculture
5070:
5057:
4630:
4617:
4540:
4529:
4423:
4410:
4393:Climate change adaptation
4388:Climate change mitigation
4383:Effects of climate change
4373:
4362:
4281:
3711:
3665:Chapter 15: Small Islands
3059:10.1080/00049181003742294
2607:10.1007/s10668-016-9763-1
2550:10.1057/978-1-137-53837-6
2544:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
2184:World Health Organization
2101:10.1007/s10113-010-0160-2
1992:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
1971:Earth System Science Data
1953:10.1017/9781009157896.001
1455:10.1007/s10584-015-1408-0
1339:10.1017/9781009325844.017
1327:Chapter 15: Small Islands
1034:effects of climate change
856:climate change mitigation
826:is a major issue for the
597:climate change adaptation
593:climate change mitigation
559:International cooperation
473:Climate change adaptation
364:higher ocean temperatures
327:Agriculture and fisheries
198:Effects of climate change
118:climate change mitigation
95:climate change adaptation
79:at risk to climate change
63:effects of climate change
5754:Global warming potential
5561:International agreements
5208:Preserving and enhancing
4652:Arctic methane emissions
4574:Years in climate change
4481:Greenhouse gas emissions
4378:Causes of climate change
3714:Greenhouse gas emissions
3393:Patel, Samir S. (2006).
3342:"Tuvalu country profile"
1926:Summary for Policymakers
1617:10.1177/0734242X17707573
1165:climate-related mobility
1098:Climate change in Tuvalu
997:is highly vulnerable to
493:Relocation and migration
487:disaster risk management
283:greenhouse gas emissions
182:greenhouse gas emissions
114:greenhouse gas emissions
5785:Climate change scenario
5437:Disaster risk reduction
5089:Carbon emission trading
4899:U.S. insurance industry
4879:Civilizational collapse
4726:sea surface temperature
1591:Chen, Ying-Chu (2017).
1246:sea surface temperature
1044:due to climate change.
914:Paris Climate Agreement
848:adapt to climate change
830:. As an archipelago of
636:High Ambition Coalition
388:mitigate climate change
161:Patterns of increasing
5778:Research and modelling
5462:Nature-based solutions
5282:Nature-based solutions
5224:Carbon dioxide removal
5141:Fossil fuel divestment
5126:Climate risk insurance
5036:Small island countries
4657:Arctic sea ice decline
4268:Small island countries
2519:Asian Development Bank
2473:International Politics
2235:Asian Development Bank
2210:public domain material
1197:
1119:
1111:
1106:Temperature change in
1057:
988:
890:Climate change in Fiji
886:
875:Climate change in Fiji
821:
791:
711:
682:Asian Development Bank
680:As of March 2022, the
584:
568:
540:Renewable technologies
519:Human rights activists
483:nature-based solutions
390:risk, as many rely on
222:
207:
146:, extreme sea levels,
120:a key aspect of their
42:
5739:Earth's energy budget
5622:Background and theory
5510:Climate crisis (term)
5182:Fossil fuel phase-out
5076:Economics and finance
5041:by individual country
4983:By country and region
4958:Security and conflict
4953:Psychological impacts
4642:Abrupt climate change
4565:Charles David Keeling
4398:By country and region
3047:Australian Geographer
2642:Third World Quarterly
2136:23 March 2021 at the
1194:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1187:
1171:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1117:
1105:
1066:Further information:
1052:
1001:and other impacts of
982:
927:Further information:
884:
811:
782:
709:
688:By country and region
640:Pacific Islands Forum
599:a component of their
574:
566:
497:Further information:
213:
205:
32:
5568:Glasgow Climate Pact
5229:Carbon sequestration
4804:Mass mortality event
2351:, 17 September 2012.
1548:WIREs Climate Change
1219:in the country. The
479:green infrastructure
5707:Climate sensitivity
5482:The Adaptation Fund
4938:Infectious diseases
4845:Social and economic
3411:2006Natur.440..734P
2737:2015PLoSO..1033409R
2093:2011REnvC..11S.229B
2002:20.500.11850/287786
1983:2018ESSD...10.1551W
1784:2015PLoSO..1018571N
1609:2017WMR....35..691C
1447:2015ClCh..133..481B
1213:saltwater intrusion
1190:temperature anomaly
1076:disappeared due to
748:and three times in
575:Maldives President
548:solar water heaters
536:Caribbean Community
368:ocean acidification
156:ocean acidification
106:leave these islands
85:and nations of the
5278:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5250:Forest management
5234:Direct air capture
5199:Sustainable energy
5156:Net zero emissions
5151:Low-carbon economy
5146:Green Climate Fund
4933:Indigenous peoples
4836:Plant biodiversity
4624:Effects and issues
2420:. 13 December 2015
2394:. 12 December 2015
2237:. 11 November 2020
1942:2023-05-26 at the
1931:2021-08-11 at the
1682:; Badin R Gibbes;
1303:Majuro Declaration
1225:climate adaptation
1198:
1120:
1112:
1012:Majuro Declaration
989:
987:, Marshall Islands
887:
852:political advocacy
822:
792:
754:Dominican Republic
712:
589:political advocacy
585:
569:
236:Potsdam University
223:
208:
43:
5896:
5895:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5769:Radiative forcing
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5432:Adaptive capacity
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5177:Energy transition
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
4773:Tropical cyclones
4699:Urban heat island
4613:
4612:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4486:Carbon accounting
4440:Greenhouse effect
4406:
4405:
4322:
4321:
4303:Wikimedia Commons
3944:the United States
3649:The Straits Times
3348:. 24 August 2017.
3321:rightstracker.org
3197:rightstracker.org
2995:rightstracker.org
2930:on 28 August 2022
2648:(11): 2444â2463.
2559:978-1-137-53837-6
2485:10.1057/ip.2014.5
2444:www.aljazeera.com
2368:. 2 December 2015
2046:978-0-309-15176-4
1852:Hewitt, Helene T.
1684:Colin D Woodroffe
1042:rising sea levels
832:low-lying islands
722:rise in sea level
532:climate resilient
504:Climate migration
499:Climate migration
392:international aid
269:thermal expansion
148:tropical cyclones
55:tropical cyclones
16:(Redirected from
5936:
5914:Island countries
5884:
5883:
5872:
5871:
5860:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5812:Paleoclimatology
5629:
5618:
5379:Ecological grief
5362:Climate movement
5337:
5323:
5303:Plant-based diet
5194:Renewable energy
5072:
5059:
4894:Economic impacts
4826:Invasive species
4682:Coastal flooding
4632:
4619:
4555:Svante Arrhenius
4531:
4501:from agriculture
4491:Carbon footprint
4476:Greenhouse gases
4425:
4412:
4364:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4326:
4312:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4216:Marshall Islands
3697:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3591:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3535:(9): 4021â4042.
3529:Climate Dynamics
3519:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3115:. Archived from
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2926:. Archived from
2915:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2892:. Archived from
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1977:(3): 1551â1590.
1962:
1956:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1850:Fox-Kemper, B.;
1847:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1426:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1369:
1342:
1323:
1288:Ambo Declaration
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1048:Tommy Remengesau
1038:Security Council
995:Marshall Islands
966:Marshall Islands
628:Marshall Islands
378:Economic impacts
353:Marshall Islands
312:
311:
307:
304:
298:
297:
293:
290:
232:Stefan Rahmstorf
152:marine heatwaves
67:island countries
21:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5845:
5843:
5826:
5773:
5764:Orbital forcing
5658:
5623:
5604:
5578:Paris Agreement
5556:
5552:Warming stripes
5491:
5457:Managed retreat
5452:Loss and damage
5413:
5347:Business action
5331:
5309:
5286:
5209:
5203:
5160:
5121:Climate finance
5066:
5045:
4977:
4840:
4816:Extinction risk
4792:Flora and fauna
4787:
4748:Permafrost thaw
4743:Ozone depletion
4672:Extreme weather
4626:
4609:
4536:
4517:
4454:
4419:
4402:
4369:
4358:
4353:
4323:
4318:
4277:
4256:
4235:
4226:Solomon Islands
4194:
4155:the Netherlands
4096:
4062:the Philippines
3953:
3877:
3729:
3728:in each country
3707:
3701:
3661:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3420:10.1038/440734a
3405:(7085): 734â6.
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3143:The Independent
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3119:on 28 July 2022
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2731:(7): e0133409.
2718:
2717:
2713:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2521:. 30 March 2022
2513:
2512:
2508:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2392:The Independent
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2366:The Independent
2360:
2359:
2355:
2341:
2337:
2310:Climatic Change
2307:
2306:
2302:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2138:Wayback Machine
2128:
2124:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1944:Wayback Machine
1933:Wayback Machine
1923:
1914:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1778:(3): e0118571.
1765:
1764:
1760:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1435:Climatic Change
1428:
1427:
1416:
1371:
1370:
1345:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1196:, 1901 to 2020.
1181:
1173:
1167:for Tuvaluans.
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1110:, 1901 to 2020.
1100:
1094:
1082:Nuatambu Island
1074:Solomon Islands
1070:
1064:
1062:Solomon Islands
1059:
1058:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1015:
976:
968:
931:
925:
920:
919:
906:extreme weather
902:coastal erosion
878:
870:
865:
863:Pacific islands
860:
859:
805:
797:
763:
758:
757:
736:. As a result,
703:
695:
690:
630:Prime Minister
624:Paris Agreement
577:Mohamed Nasheed
561:
528:
501:
495:
475:
469:
446:coral bleaching
438:
417:
380:
329:
320:
315:
314:
309:
305:
302:
300:
295:
291:
288:
286:
247:
228:
220:Solomon Islands
216:Central Pacific
200:
194:
187:
130:
128:Common features
102:climate hazards
97:measures fast.
91:Pacific Islands
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5942:
5940:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5901:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5878:
5866:
5854:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5717:Cloud feedback
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5573:Kyoto Protocol
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5525:Media coverage
5522:
5517:
5515:Climate spiral
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5404:Public opinion
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5352:Climate action
5349:
5343:
5341:
5333:
5332:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5264:REDD and REDD+
5261:
5256:
5248:
5243:
5241:Carbon farming
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4973:Water security
4970:
4968:Water scarcity
4965:
4963:Urban flooding
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Forest dieback
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Sea level rise
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4731:stratification
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4496:Carbon leakage
4493:
4488:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4437:
4435:Climate system
4431:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4360:
4359:
4356:Climate change
4354:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4305:
4294:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4190:United Kingdom
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:Climate change
3702:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3659:External links
3657:
3655:
3654:
3636:
3611:
3562:
3511:
3486:
3464:
3442:
3385:
3374:(6): 1169â1174
3351:
3333:
3305:
3280:
3253:
3231:
3209:
3181:
3156:
3130:
3104:
3092:news.bbc.co.uk
3079:
3053:(2): 167â181.
3033:
3007:
2982:
2955:
2907:
2896:on 9 June 2016
2875:
2850:
2825:
2790:(5): 372â378.
2770:
2711:
2700:(5): 393â409.
2684:
2661:
2628:
2601:(2): 707â726.
2585:
2565:
2558:
2532:
2506:
2479:(2): 272â293.
2456:
2431:
2405:
2379:
2353:
2335:
2316:(3): 321â337.
2300:
2278:
2267:(1): 105â112.
2248:
2222:
2196:
2171:
2142:
2122:
2087:(1): 229â237.
2067:
2045:
2037:10.17226/12877
2011:
1957:
1912:
1883:
1837:
1825:
1758:
1723:
1670:
1645:
1603:(7): 691â699.
1583:
1561:10.1002/wcc.84
1534:
1499:(4): 182â189.
1476:
1441:(3): 481â489.
1414:
1343:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1274:climate change
1271:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1237:
1234:
1209:Sea level rise
1201:climate change
1182:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1078:sea level rise
1063:
1060:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1003:climate change
999:sea level rise
977:
969:
967:
964:
938:island alone,
924:
921:
910:Kyoto Protocol
879:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
840:sea level rise
824:Climate change
806:
798:
796:
793:
762:
759:
738:climate change
714:Climate change
704:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
667:Kyoto Protocol
601:foreign policy
560:
557:
527:
524:
512:sensationalist
494:
491:
471:Main article:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
449:
437:
434:
416:
413:
379:
376:
366:and increased
328:
325:
319:
316:
257:Climate change
248:
244:Sea level rise
240:
227:
226:Sea level rise
224:
193:
190:
185:
144:sea level rise
129:
126:
122:foreign policy
51:sea level rise
39:sea level rise
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5941:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5889:
5888:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:Climate model
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5722:Cloud forcing
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5615:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
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5550:
5546:
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5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5497:Communication
5494:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Vulnerability
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Flood control
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5269:reforestation
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:afforestation
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5189:Nuclear power
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:Carbon budget
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4921:Mental health
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4862:United States
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:deoxygenation
4714:
4712:
4711:acidification
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4532:
4528:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:from wetlands
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Deforestation
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:Other regions
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:Polar regions
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:the Caribbean
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3267:New Scientist
3263:
3257:
3254:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3145:. 5 June 2008
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:Marine Policy
2688:
2685:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2393:
2389:
2383:
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2346:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:(5): 054011.
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1680:John A Church
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Islands First
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1143:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1088:instability.
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
981:
974:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
930:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:island nation
891:
883:
876:
867:
862:
857:
854:to implement
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
819:
815:
810:
803:
794:
790:, East Timor.
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
701:
692:
687:
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:United States
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
578:
573:
565:
558:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
492:
490:
488:
485:to help with
484:
480:
474:
466:
461:
458:
457:Pacific Ocean
454:
450:
447:
443:
442:
441:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
415:Public health
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:human capital
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:food security
326:
324:
317:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
245:
239:
237:
233:
225:
221:
217:
212:
204:
199:
191:
189:
188:-equivalent.
183:
178:
176:
170:
168:
167:vulnerability
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
109:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5842:
5675:Carbon cycle
5632:Measurements
5327:Society and
5211:carbon sinks
5116:Climate debt
5106:Carbon price
5035:
4928:Human rights
4763:Season creep
4721:heat content
4647:Anoxic event
4560:James Hansen
4267:
4037:the Maldives
3882:the Americas
3843:South Africa
3828:North Africa
3670:
3648:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3624:www.unep.org
3623:
3614:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3532:
3528:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3445:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3371:
3367:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3196:
3172:. Retrieved
3168:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3142:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3117:the original
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3050:
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2994:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2968:
2958:
2932:. Retrieved
2928:the original
2923:
2898:. Retrieved
2894:the original
2887:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:
2828:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2664:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2575:
2568:
2541:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2476:
2472:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
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