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806:, a center of high atmospheric pressure that seasonally changes its position over the ocean. Madagascar has two seasons: a warm, wet season from November to April; and a cooler, dry season from May to October. There is, however, great variation in climate owing to elevation and position relative to dominant winds. Overall, surface water is most abundant along the east coast and in the far north (with the exception of the area around Cap d'Ambre, which has relatively little surface water). Amounts diminish to the west and south, and the driest regions are in the extreme south.
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395:, an 800-kilometre (497 mi)-long lagoon formed naturally by the washing of sand up on the island by the Indian Ocean currents and by the silting of rivers, is a feature of the coast; it has been used both as a means of transportation up and down the coast and as a fishing area. The beach slopes steeply into deep water. The east coast is considered dangerous for swimmers and sailors because of the large number of sharks that frequent the shoreline.
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irrigated rice fields. The
Central Highlands extend from the Tsaratanana Massif in the north to the Ivakoany Massif in the south. They are defined rather clearly by the escarpments along the east coast, and they slope gently to the west coast. The Central Highlands include the Anjafy High Plateaus; the volcanic formations of Itasy (
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continent. Although it is assumed that most life forms on the island had an
African (or South American) origin, isolation has allowed old species—elsewhere extinct—to survive and new species unique to the island to evolve. Thus, a great number of plant, insect, reptile, and fish species are
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Madagascar can be divided into five general geographical regions: the east coast, the
Tsaratanana Massif, the Central Highlands, the west coast, and the southwest. The highest elevations parallel the east coast. The total size is 587,040 square kilometres (226,660 sq mi), which makes it the
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Antananarivo receives practically all of its average annual 1,400 mm (55.1 in) of rainfall between
November and April. The dry season is sunny, although somewhat chilly, especially in the mornings. Although frosts are rare in Antananarivo, they are common at higher elevations. Hail is
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since ancient times; thus, the area has served as an important bridge between
Madagascar and the outside world. Silting up of harbors on this coast, caused by sediment from the high levels of erosion suffered inland in Madagascar, is a major problem. The broad alluvial plains found on the coast
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The
Central Highlands, which range from 800 to 1,800 m (2,625 to 5,906 ft) in elevation, contain a wide variety of topographies: rounded and eroded hills, massive granite outcrops, extinct volcanoes, eroded peneplains, and alluvial plains and marshes, which have been converted into
384:, and an intermediate zone composed of steep bluffs alternating with ravines bordering an escarpment of about 500 metres (1,640 ft) in elevation, which gives access to the Central Highlands. The coastal region runs roughly from north of Baie d'Antongil, the most prominent feature on the
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Many of the characteristic
African species—large mammals such as the elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe, zebra, and antelope and predators such as lions and leopards—do not exist in Madagascar. In addition, the island has been spared the great variety of venomous snakes indigenous to the African
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are concentrated on the steep hillsides along a slender north–south axis bordering the east coast, from the
Tsaratanana Massif in the north to Tolagnaro in the south. Secondary growth, which has replaced the original forest and consists to a large extent of
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The island of
Madagascar has been described as an "alternate world" or a "world apart" because of the uniqueness and rarity of many of its plant and animal species. Their characteristics are believed to reflect the island's origins as a part of
312:. It has a total area of 587,040 square kilometres (226,660 sq mi) with 581,540 square kilometres (224,530 sq mi) of land and 6,900 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi) of water. Madagascar is the
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A 2019 global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 1,748 square kilometres (675 sq mi) of tidal flats in
Madagascar, making it the 18th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.
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3146:, and contamination of surface water with raw sewage and organic waste. Several species of flora and fauna that are unique to the islands are endangered. Regular cyclones cause flooding in low-lying coastal regions.
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The southwest is bordered on the east by the Ivakoany Massif and on the north by the Isalo Ruiniform Massif. It includes two regions along the south coast, the Mahafaly Plateau and the desert region occupied by the
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alone). More than 20,000 homes were destroyed, as well as 413 public buildings and 3,400 schools were damaged, including 1,400 schools completely destroyed. The Cyclone left an estimated damage of US$ 250 million.
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to the west. The mountainous topography of the Tsaratanana Massif limits the potential of the port at Antsiranana by impeding the flow of traffic from other parts of the island. They are a focus for
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Antananarivo, the national capital, is located in the northern portion of the Central Highlands at 1,276 m (4,186 ft) above sea level. A prominent feature of the Central Highlands is a
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is in a volcanic crater) and the Ankaratra Massif, reaching a height of 2,643 m (8,671 ft). The Isalo Ruiniform Massif lies between the central highlands and the west coast.
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The west coast, composed of sedimentary formations, is more indented than the east coast, thus offering a number of harbors sheltered from cyclones, such as the harbor at
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Peninsula, to the far north of the island. The coastline is straight, with the exception of a bay, offering less in the way of natural harbors than the west coast.
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624:, which flows past Antananarivo, is a tributary of the Betsiboka. The Onilahy, located in the driest part of the island, occasionally dries up during droughts.
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2840:. The cyclone killed seventy people and destroyed enough property to leave approximately 500,000 homeless, including 30,000 in Antananarivo and 80,000 in
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813:, it has the highest rainfall, averaging as high as 4,000 mm (157.5 in) annually in some places. This region has a hot, humid climate in which
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by the time they reach this region. The southwest and the extreme south are semidesert; as little as 330 mm (13 in) of rain falls annually at
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supercontinent. Its west coast was formed when Africa broke off from Gondwana around 165 million years ago. Madagascar eventually broke off from
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soils. The red soils predominate the Central Highlands, although there are much richer soils in the regions of former volcanic activity,
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This is a list of the extreme points of Madagascar, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
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Wood and charcoal from the forests are used to meet 80% of domestic fuel needs. As a result, wood has become scarce. In 1990, the
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411:(Ambohitra), which is of volcanic origin. The coastline is deeply indented; two prominent features are the natural harbor at
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Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019).
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is located close to the east coast. Owing to the steep elevations, they flow rapidly, often over spectacular waterfalls.
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and 1.02% had permanent crops. Twenty-six percent of the land is forested. The majority of the population depends on
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common in many of the higher areas of the island (including Antananarivo), but there is no snowfall except on the
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are endemic. Destructive cyclones occur during the rainy season, coming in principally from the direction of the
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soils is found all along the east coast and at the mouths of the major rivers on the west coast; clay, sand, and
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launched an environmental program that has increased the planting of pine and eucalyptus to satisfy fuel needs.
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The remaining rain forest contains a great number of unique plant species. The country has some 900 species of
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and tend to be lengthier and have a lesser gradient. The major rivers on the west coast are the Sambirano, the
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The east coast consists of a narrow band of lowlands about fifty kilometres (31 mi) wide, formed from the
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practices for dry rice cultivation has denuded most of the landscape, especially in the Central Highlands.
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massif where above 2,400 m (7,874 ft) it may occasionally fall and even remain for several days.
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mixtures are found in the west; and shallow or skeletal laterite and limestone are located in the south.
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to Madagascar, and all indigenous land mammal species—66 in all—are unique to the island.
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killed at least 10 people and caused floods, power outages, and structural damages, mere weeks after
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The west coast is drier than either the east coast or the Central Highlands because the trade winds
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This astronaut photograph highlights two estuaries along the north-western coastline of Madagascar
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415:(Diego Suárez), just south of the Cap d'Ambre (Tanjon' i Bobaomby), and the large island of
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2815:. Infectious diseases are also expected to increase. Madagascar is a signatory to the
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and its many millions of years of isolation following the breakup of the landmass.
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Madagascar has been called the "Great Red Island" because of the prominence of red
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Madagascar is currently suffering in some areas from soil erosion as a result of
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Climate data for Toliara (Tulear), Madagascar (1961–1990, extremes 1951–present)
3441:"Antananarivo Climate Normals 1981–2010 (Temperatures, Precipitation, Humidity)"
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reported 237 dead, 181 missing, 879 injured, and 304,000 homeless (174,000 in
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3616:"Cyclone kills at least 10 in Madagascar, destroying homes and cutting power"
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2773:'s environment and people. Climate change has raised temperatures, made the
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Massif region in the north of the island, at 2,876 metres (9,436 ft).
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This article is about the island itself. For the nation on the island, see
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3108:. In 2011, it was estimated that 5.96% of the land area was used for
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The east coast has a tropical rainforest climate; being most directly
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rivers flow from the Central Highlands to the east coast, as does the
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The Tsaratanana Massif region at the north end of the island contains
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Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
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Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
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running north to south, located east of Antananarivo and including
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about 88 million years ago. It is geologically located within the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Land coverage (left) and topographical (right) maps of Madagascar
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Madagascar was once covered almost completely by forests, but
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Climate data for Toamasina (1961–1990, extremes 1889–present)
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located 400 kilometres (250 mi) off the eastern coast of
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2729:(humidity, 1951–1980), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)
2098:(humidity, 1951–1967), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)
798:
in the south. The weather is dominated by the southeastern
3104:. There are also fishing areas offshore and potential for
2871:
had killed 55 and displaced 130,000 people on the island.
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and forest habitats, and threaten native species such as
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Madagascar has a number of natural resources, including
3037:, and other tropical plants grow on the coasts, and the
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The rivers flowing to the west coast discharge into the
3373:"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats"
343:
near the centre of the island. It has the 25th largest
2836:. During February 2–4, 1994, Madagascar was struck by
514:(ultra heavy oil) lie towards the west of the island.
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Madagascar map of Köppen climate classification zones
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During March 1–18, 2004, Madagascar was impacted by
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3419:"Antananarivo Climate Normals 1961–1990 (Sunhours)"
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66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3488:"Klimatafel von Toamasina (Tamatave) / Madagaskar"
3197:Westernmost Point (mainland) - Pointe Mananonoka,
2832:Madagascar occasionally experiences the impact of
3421:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3124:. The manufacturing sector is small but growing.
2795:Climate change is projected to drive declines in
2760:Tropical cyclones are set to become more intense
347:of 1,225,259 km (473,075 sq mi).
3543:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3467:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3564:"Klimatafel von Toliary (Tulear) / Madagaskar"
3463:"Tamatave/Toamasina Climate Normals 1961–1990"
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627:Important lakes, aside from Alaotra, include
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577:. These rivers tend to be short because the
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2923:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
287:1,225,259 km (473,075 sq mi)
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3539:"Tulear/Toliara Climate Normals 1961–1990"
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847:Climate data for Antananarivo (1981–2010)
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2943:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:587,041 km (226,658 sq mi)
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
3172:Easternmost point (mainland) - Cap Est,
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2762:in the country due to climate change.
709:Madagascar originated as part of the
561:. Other rivers flowing east into the
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2921:adding citations to reliable sources
64:adding citations to reliable sources
3614:Rabary, Lovasoa (6 February 2022).
3573:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
3497:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
2807:due to severe impacts on water and
802:that originate in the Indian Ocean
316:in the world. The highest point is
3642:Peter J. Schraeder. "Madagascar".
3158:Northernmost Point - Cap D'Ambre,
3134:Environmental issues in Madagascar
506:activity. The giant oil fields of
465:, and earth tremors are frequent.
25:
3165:Easternmost Point - Ile Ngontsy,
2803:. The human population is highly
4974:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4744:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4550:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4320:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3631:
3306:. WorldAtlas.com. Archived from
3242:
2893:
2742:This section is an excerpt from
685:
671:
659:
644:
441:Village in the central highlands
40:
3304:"Island Countries Of The World"
3210:Geographic center (mainland) -
745:to the north. A narrow band of
51:needs additional citations for
3190:Westernmost Point - Nosy Hao,
600:is located at the mouth), the
433:Central Highlands (Madagascar)
1:
5083:Geography of the Indian Ocean
3277:Cortez USA Tours & Travel
2508:Average rainfall mm (inches)
1877:Average rainfall mm (inches)
757:and grazing cause aggressive
333:second-largest island country
247:4,828 km (3,000 mi)
5093:Climate change in Madagascar
3233:List of rivers of Madagascar
3228:List of cities in Madagascar
2779:more intense tropical storms
2744:Climate change in Madagascar
537:List of rivers of Madagascar
267:2,876 metres (9,436 ft)
3352:. U. S. Library of Congress
3247:Geographic data related to
2777:longer and has resulted in
2769:is a significant threat to
2368:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2228:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1737:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1597:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1106:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
966:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
541:List of lakes of Madagascar
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2819:and has set out goals for
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811:exposed to the trade winds
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335:in the world. Its capital
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3650:Federal Research Division
3595:(in French). Meteo Climat
3519:(in French). Meteo Climat
3389:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8
2821:climate change adaptation
2793:life are being impacted.
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75:"Geography of Madagascar"
4729:Central African Republic
4305:Central African Republic
3718:Indian Ocean slave trade
3238:Ecoregions of Madagascar
3201:at 22°15′04″S 43°13′13″E
3194:at 22°05′13″S 43°11′18″E
3187:at 25°36′24″S 45°10′02″E
3176:at 15°15′56″S 50°29′10″E
3169:at 15°15′48″S 50°29′36″E
3162:at 11°57′00″S 49°15′56″E
2811:, with implications for
2758:approaching Madagascar.
5078:Geography of Madagascar
3249:Geography of Madagascar
3084:, rare Earth elements,
3045:, is widespread today.
2781:. The country's unique
504:hydrocarbon exploration
364:world's second largest
345:exclusive economic zone
284:Exclusive economic zone
139:Geography of Madagascar
3806:
3783:Transitional Authority
3346:"Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY"
2966:
2763:
2727:Deutscher Wetterdienst
2096:Deutscher Wetterdienst
783:
494:between Mahajanga and
442:
360:
329:Republic of Madagascar
5088:Continental fragments
4889:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4749:Republic of the Congo
4465:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4325:Republic of the Congo
3805:
3778:2009 political crisis
3733:Malagasy Protectorate
3216:Antananarivo Province
3179:Southernmost Point -
2958:
2753:
781:
440:
358:
314:fourth-largest island
18:Climate of Madagascar
3881:World Heritage Sites
3204:Geographic center -
3183:(Cap Sainte Marie),
3174:Antsiranana Province
3167:Antsiranana Province
3160:Antsiranana Province
3128:Environmental issues
2917:improve this section
2158:Record high °C (°F)
1527:Record high °C (°F)
896:Record high °C (°F)
500:Madagascar mangroves
393:Canal des Pangalanes
351:Geographical regions
60:improve this article
4964:States with limited
4540:States with limited
4251:Geography of Africa
3768:Democratic Republic
3517:"Station Toamasina"
3114:subsistence farming
3041:tree, brought from
2885:Flora of Madagascar
2881:Fauna of Madagascar
2754:Satellite image of
2578:Average rainy days
2438:Record low °C (°F)
2298:Daily mean °C (°F)
1947:Average rainy days
1807:Record low °C (°F)
1667:Daily mean °C (°F)
1320:Average rainy days
1176:Record low °C (°F)
1036:Daily mean °C (°F)
834:lose their humidity
761:in many locations.
700:Geographic features
557:, which flows from
190: /
140:
4675:Climate of Africa
3826:Biosphere reserves
3807:
3743:Colonial governors
3273:"About Madagascar"
2967:
2863:In February 2022,
2764:
784:
651:Majahilo river at
639:in the southwest.
635:in the center and
631:in the northwest,
586:Mozambique Channel
443:
399:Tsaratanana Massif
361:
236: • Water
220: • Total
5065:
5064:
4991:other territories
4764:Equatorial Guinea
4641:
4640:
4567:other territories
4340:Equatorial Guinea
4217:
4216:
4177:
4176:
4059:
4058:
3977:
3976:
3954:Political parties
3942:National Assembly
3917:Foreign relations
3889:
3888:
3788:COVID-19 pandemic
3763:Malagasy Republic
3753:Malagasy Uprising
3738:French Madagascar
3593:"Station Toliara"
3383:(7738): 222–225.
3350:countrystudies.us
3142:and overgrazing,
3056:Natural resources
2996:traveller's trees
2953:
2952:
2945:
2733:
2732:
2627:relative humidity
2102:
2101:
1996:relative humidity
1471:
1470:
1366:relative humidity
819:Mascarene Islands
790:along the coast,
679:Tsiribihina River
427:Central Highlands
421:big wall climbing
341:Central Highlands
291:
290:
228: • Land
194:20.000°S 47.000°E
136:
135:
128:
110:
16:(Redirected from
5100:
5052:
5051:(United Kingdom)
5047:Tristan da Cunha
5043:Ascension Island
5035:
5022:
5013:
4989:Dependencies and
4682:Sovereign states
4668:
4661:
4654:
4645:
4628:
4627:(United Kingdom)
4623:Tristan da Cunha
4619:Ascension Island
4611:
4598:
4589:
4565:Dependencies and
4258:Sovereign states
4244:
4237:
4230:
4221:
4197:
4190:
4070:
4003:
3988:
3900:
3819:
3793:2021–2022 famine
3728:Franco-Hova Wars
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3653:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3443:. .pogodaiklimat
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3342:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3246:
3245:
3199:Toliara Province
3192:Toliara Province
3185:Toliara Province
2948:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2897:
2889:
2865:Cyclone Batsirai
2756:Cyclone Batsirai
2581:
2106:
1950:
1475:
844:
689:
675:
663:
648:
531:Rivers and lakes
510:(heavy oil) and
409:Montagne d'Ambre
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
195:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
148:
141:
131:
124:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
44:
36:
21:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5033:
5020:
5011:
4992:
4990:
4983:
4967:
4965:
4958:
4677:
4672:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4609:
4596:
4587:
4568:
4566:
4559:
4543:
4541:
4534:
4253:
4248:
4218:
4213:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4173:
4159:Public holidays
4055:
4032:
4023:Illegal logging
4001:
3973:
3927:Law enforcement
3885:
3851:Protected areas
3808:
3797:
3694:
3685:
3645:Country Studies
3641:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3243:
3224:
3152:
3144:desertification
3136:
3130:
3058:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2914:
2898:
2887:
2877:
2875:Flora and fauna
2838:Cyclone Geralda
2830:
2825:
2824:
2817:Paris Agreement
2747:
2739:
2734:
2720:Source 1: NOAA
2579:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2103:
2089:Source 1: NOAA
1948:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1472:
1459:Source 1: NOAA
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
815:tropical fevers
786:The climate is
776:
767:
727:
707:
702:
695:
690:
681:
676:
667:
664:
655:
649:
543:
535:Main articles:
533:
520:
471:
435:
429:
401:
374:
353:
306:Southern Africa
278:
266:
199:-20.000; 47.000
198:
196:
192:
189:
184:
181:
179:
177:
176:
132:
121:
115:
112:
69:
67:
57:
45:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:Western Sahara
5053:
5036:
5023:
5014:
5000:Canary Islands
4996:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:Western Sahara
4629:
4612:
4599:
4590:
4576:Canary Islands
4572:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3964:Prime Minister
3961:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Third Republic
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Merina Kingdom
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3626:
3625:
3606:
3584:
3555:
3530:
3508:
3479:
3454:
3432:
3410:
3363:
3320:
3290:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3151:
3150:Extreme points
3148:
3132:Main article:
3129:
3126:
3057:
3054:
2987:slash and burn
2951:
2950:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2876:
2873:
2849:Cyclone Gafilo
2829:
2826:
2767:Climate change
2748:
2740:
2738:
2737:Climate change
2735:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2675:sunshine hours
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:sunshine hours
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:sunshine hours
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
842:
775:
772:
766:
763:
726:
723:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
684:
682:
677:
670:
668:
665:
658:
656:
650:
643:
610:South Mahavavy
532:
529:
519:
516:
470:
467:
431:Main article:
428:
425:
400:
397:
382:alluvial soils
373:
370:
366:island country
352:
349:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
273:
269:
268:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
134:
133:
48:
46:
39:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5105:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Guinea-Bissau
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4633:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Guinea-Bissau
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Ethnic groups
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Food security
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3638:public domain
3630:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3310:on 2017-12-07
3309:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3253:OpenStreetMap
3250:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3181:Cape Vohimena
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:deforestation
3135:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:semi-precious
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2936:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2902:This section
2900:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:food security
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:Mean monthly
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:Mean monthly
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:Mean monthly
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1248:precipitation
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
964:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
850:
845:
841:
839:
835:
830:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
780:
773:
771:
764:
762:
760:
756:
755:Deforestation
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
704:
699:
694:
688:
683:
680:
674:
669:
662:
657:
654:
647:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
542:
538:
530:
528:
526:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
439:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:sedimentation
371:
369:
367:
357:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
265:
262:
260:Highest point
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
203:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
147:
142:
130:
127:
119:
116:February 2016
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77: –
76:
72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
55:
54:
49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
19:
5039:Saint Helena
5010:
4914:South Africa
4904:Sierra Leone
4709:Burkina Faso
4615:Saint Helena
4586:
4490:South Africa
4480:Sierra Leone
4409:
4285:Burkina Faso
4107:Demographics
4092:Architecture
4008:Central bank
3969:Subdivisions
3922:Human rights
3907:Constitution
3813:
3758:Independence
3748:World War II
3644:
3619:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3570:
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3494:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3413:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3349:
3312:. Retrieved
3308:the original
3281:. Retrieved
3276:
3267:
3205:
3153:
3137:
3059:
3047:
3016:
2991:Rain forests
2984:
2976:
2972:Gondwanaland
2968:
2939:
2930:
2915:Please help
2903:
2862:
2853:Antananarivo
2846:
2831:
2765:
1465:
1250:mm (inches)
831:
823:
808:
794:inland, and
785:
768:
728:
719:Somali Plate
708:
705:Somali Plate
693:Lake Tritiva
629:Lake Kinkony
626:
583:
565:include the
563:Indian Ocean
559:Lake Alaotra
544:
521:
472:
452:
444:
402:
390:
375:
362:
337:Antananarivo
326:
302:Indian Ocean
293:
292:
276:Indian Ocean
272:Lowest point
167:Indian Ocean
122:
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
26:
4966:recognition
4919:South Sudan
4809:Ivory Coast
4542:recognition
4495:South Sudan
4385:Ivory Coast
4132:LGBT rights
3995:Agriculture
3548:October 19,
3472:October 19,
3425:30 November
3110:arable land
3100:stones and
3000:raffia palm
2869:Cyclone Ana
2809:agriculture
2797:coral reefs
804:anticyclone
800:trade winds
765:Tidal Flats
743:Tsaratanana
653:Miandrivazo
637:Lake Ihotry
491:Middle East
459:Lac Alaotra
455:rift valley
413:Antsiranana
405:Maromokotro
322:Tsaratanana
318:Maromokotro
296:is a large
264:Maromokotro
214:Ranked 46th
197: /
173:Coordinates
5072:Categories
5021:(Portugal)
4979:Somaliland
4899:Seychelles
4864:Mozambique
4849:Mauritania
4834:Madagascar
4789:The Gambia
4724:Cape Verde
4597:(Portugal)
4555:Somaliland
4475:Seychelles
4440:Mozambique
4425:Mauritania
4410:Madagascar
4365:The Gambia
4300:Cape Verde
4142:newspapers
4002:(currency)
3937:Parliament
3841:Ecoregions
3723:Libertatia
3688:Madagascar
3314:2019-08-10
3259:References
3116:, largely
3106:hydropower
3050:World Bank
3039:eucalyptus
2879:See also:
2805:vulnerable
2783:ecosystems
2775:dry season
2771:Madagascar
2725:Source 2:
2580:(≥ 1.0 mm)
2094:Source 2:
1949:(≥ 1.0 mm)
1464:Source 2:
633:Lake Itasy
616:, and the
573:, and the
489:, and the
469:West coast
463:subsidence
448:Lake Itasy
372:East coast
339:is in the
310:Mozambique
308:, east of
294:Madagascar
86:newspapers
31:Madagascar
4854:Mauritius
4430:Mauritius
4154:Mythology
4127:Languages
4112:Education
4038:Transport
4013:Companies
3959:President
3912:Elections
3871:Volcanoes
3856:Provinces
3836:Districts
3814:Geography
3212:Analavory
3094:tar sands
3043:Australia
2964:Morondava
2933:July 2024
2904:does not
2842:Toamasina
1942:(132.61)
827:Ankaratra
792:temperate
751:limestone
739:Ankaratra
731:lateritic
598:Mahajanga
596:(part of
594:Betsiboka
590:Mahajamba
579:watershed
575:Mananjary
555:Maningory
525:Antandroy
518:Southwest
512:Bemolanga
508:Tsimiroro
475:Mahajanga
320:, in the
244:Coastline
153:Continent
5045: /
5041: /
5034:(France)
5028: /
5006: /
5002: /
4954:Zimbabwe
4929:Tanzania
4779:Ethiopia
4774:Eswatini
4754:Djibouti
4719:Cameroon
4704:Botswana
4621: /
4617: /
4610:(France)
4604: /
4582: /
4578: /
4530:Zimbabwe
4505:Tanzania
4355:Ethiopia
4350:Eswatini
4330:Djibouti
4295:Cameroon
4280:Botswana
4204:Category
4164:Religion
4077:Abortion
4051:Railways
3932:Military
3895:Politics
3876:Wildlife
3713:Monarchs
3692:articles
3599:April 7,
3577:April 7,
3523:April 7,
3501:April 7,
3405:56481043
3397:30568300
3283:July 24,
3222:See also
3074:chromite
3070:graphite
2857:Antalaha
2834:cyclones
2828:Cyclones
2625:Average
2573:(16.45)
2223:(108.1)
2218:(101.7)
2208:(103.1)
2178:(101.3)
2173:(103.5)
2168:(102.2)
2163:(108.1)
2084:2,410.4
1994:Average
1937:(14.07)
1912:(11.36)
1907:(10.20)
1897:(12.71)
1892:(18.83)
1887:(15.04)
1882:(16.15)
1592:(101.5)
1537:(101.5)
1454:2,626.2
1364:Average
1246:Average
788:tropical
747:alluvial
711:Gondwana
567:Bemarivo
547:Mananara
527:people.
5030:RĂ©union
5026:Mayotte
5017:Madeira
5012:(Spain)
5008:Melilla
4939:Tunisia
4909:Somalia
4894:Senegal
4879:Nigeria
4869:Namibia
4859:Morocco
4824:Liberia
4819:Lesotho
4769:Eritrea
4739:Comoros
4714:Burundi
4689:Algeria
4606:RĂ©union
4602:Mayotte
4593:Madeira
4588:(Spain)
4584:Melilla
4515:Tunisia
4485:Somalia
4470:Senegal
4455:Nigeria
4445:Namibia
4435:Morocco
4400:Liberia
4395:Lesotho
4345:Eritrea
4315:Comoros
4290:Burundi
4265:Algeria
4188:Outline
4102:Cuisine
4097:Culture
4065:Society
4046:Driving
4028:Tourism
4000:Ariary
3983:Economy
3861:Regions
3846:Islands
3700:History
3620:Reuters
3082:bauxite
3035:vanilla
3031:coconut
3027:mangoes
3023:Bananas
3008:savanna
3004:baobabs
2980:endemic
2960:Baobabs
2925:removed
2910:sources
2568:(3.82)
2563:(0.85)
2558:(0.47)
2553:(0.31)
2548:(0.22)
2543:(0.24)
2538:(0.59)
2533:(0.62)
2528:(0.70)
2523:(1.41)
2518:(3.49)
2513:(3.73)
2503:(39.6)
2498:(62.6)
2493:(57.2)
2488:(53.2)
2483:(48.2)
2478:(50.0)
2473:(47.1)
2468:(39.6)
2463:(50.4)
2458:(50.0)
2453:(62.2)
2448:(59.0)
2443:(58.3)
2433:(65.8)
2428:(71.8)
2423:(68.5)
2418:(65.3)
2413:(61.2)
2408:(58.6)
2403:(57.9)
2398:(58.6)
2393:(62.4)
2388:(67.8)
2383:(71.4)
2378:(73.2)
2373:(73.2)
2363:(75.4)
2358:(79.9)
2353:(77.5)
2348:(75.0)
2343:(72.1)
2338:(69.8)
2333:(68.5)
2328:(69.3)
2323:(72.9)
2318:(77.0)
2313:(80.2)
2308:(81.5)
2303:(81.5)
2293:(85.6)
2288:(88.3)
2283:(86.5)
2278:(84.7)
2273:(83.3)
2268:(81.9)
2263:(80.2)
2258:(80.4)
2253:(83.5)
2248:(87.1)
2243:(89.6)
2238:(90.1)
2233:(90.0)
2213:(99.9)
2203:(99.5)
2198:(99.5)
2193:(94.1)
2188:(96.3)
2183:(99.3)
1940:3,368.2
1932:(6.68)
1927:(5.22)
1922:(4.77)
1917:(8.59)
1902:(8.99)
1872:(50.0)
1867:(60.8)
1862:(56.3)
1857:(51.8)
1852:(51.8)
1847:(50.0)
1842:(53.2)
1837:(51.8)
1832:(55.8)
1827:(59.0)
1822:(62.6)
1817:(63.5)
1812:(64.4)
1802:(67.8)
1797:(71.4)
1792:(68.7)
1787:(65.7)
1782:(63.1)
1777:(62.6)
1772:(62.8)
1767:(64.0)
1762:(67.1)
1757:(70.5)
1752:(72.3)
1747:(72.9)
1742:(72.5)
1732:(74.1)
1727:(77.9)
1722:(75.7)
1717:(72.9)
1712:(70.3)
1707:(68.9)
1702:(68.7)
1697:(70.0)
1692:(73.2)
1687:(76.3)
1682:(77.9)
1677:(79.0)
1672:(78.8)
1662:(81.7)
1657:(84.9)
1652:(83.1)
1647:(80.4)
1642:(78.4)
1637:(76.8)
1632:(76.6)
1627:(78.1)
1622:(81.1)
1617:(83.8)
1612:(85.1)
1607:(86.5)
1602:(86.2)
1587:(92.5)
1582:(91.4)
1577:(91.8)
1572:(87.1)
1567:(86.4)
1562:(88.2)
1557:(85.3)
1552:(93.2)
1547:(95.0)
1542:(98.1)
1532:(99.3)
1315:(56.5)
1310:(12.2)
1260:(11.4)
1255:(13.4)
1241:(35.6)
1236:(50.9)
1231:(48.7)
1226:(42.8)
1221:(36.1)
1216:(39.9)
1211:(35.6)
1206:(35.6)
1201:(39.2)
1196:(48.2)
1191:(50.0)
1186:(51.8)
1181:(51.6)
1171:(57.2)
1166:(62.1)
1161:(59.4)
1156:(56.5)
1151:(52.5)
1146:(50.5)
1141:(49.8)
1136:(51.6)
1131:(55.8)
1126:(59.7)
1121:(62.6)
1116:(63.1)
1111:(63.1)
1101:(64.9)
1096:(69.3)
1091:(68.2)
1086:(65.7)
1081:(62.2)
1076:(58.8)
1071:(57.7)
1066:(59.2)
1061:(63.1)
1056:(67.1)
1051:(69.3)
1046:(69.4)
1041:(69.4)
1031:(76.5)
1026:(81.0)
1021:(80.6)
1016:(78.8)
1011:(75.6)
1006:(71.1)
1001:(69.1)
996:(70.2)
991:(74.7)
986:(77.9)
981:(79.7)
976:(79.7)
971:(79.9)
961:(91.9)
956:(89.8)
951:(91.9)
946:(91.6)
941:(90.1)
936:(84.0)
931:(80.6)
926:(90.7)
921:(86.4)
916:(89.2)
911:(91.4)
906:(89.6)
901:(91.4)
838:Toliara
774:Climate
759:erosion
618:Onilahy
614:Mangoky
571:Ivondro
551:Mangoro
496:Toliara
479:pirates
417:Nosy Be
386:Masoala
331:is the
300:in the
252:Borders
185:47°00′E
182:20°00′S
100:scholar
5049:
5032:
5019:
4949:Zambia
4944:Uganda
4884:Rwanda
4839:Malawi
4799:Guinea
4694:Angola
4625:
4608:
4595:
4525:Zambia
4520:Uganda
4460:Rwanda
4415:Malawi
4375:Guinea
4270:Angola
4209:Portal
4169:Sports
4082:Anthem
3947:Senate
3866:Rivers
3831:Cities
3690:
3640:.
3403:
3395:
3377:Nature
3356:15 May
3279:. 2012
3122:cattle
3090:quartz
3066:cobalt
3062:nickel
3019:orchid
3012:steppe
3002:, and
2801:lemurs
2787:animal
2715:3,597
2712:300.6
2709:316.2
2706:314.3
2703:304.4
2700:315.4
2697:295.3
2694:282.5
2691:296.4
2688:289.4
2685:299.9
2682:271.9
2679:310.7
2114:Month
2081:219.2
2078:236.0
2075:232.7
2072:209.7
2069:184.6
2066:162.8
2063:162.5
2060:192.1
2057:196.9
2054:191.0
2051:198.2
2048:224.7
1483:Month
1466:Pogoda
1451:201.1
1448:232.7
1445:251.0
1442:249.5
1439:235.0
1436:213.9
1433:206.1
1430:228.8
1427:220.5
1424:199.1
1421:178.0
1418:210.5
1305:(5.3)
1300:(2.7)
1295:(0.4)
1290:(0.2)
1285:(0.3)
1280:(0.2)
1275:(0.7)
1270:(2.2)
1265:(7.5)
852:Month
741:, and
620:. The
612:, the
604:, the
592:, the
569:, the
487:Africa
483:Europe
298:island
163:Region
157:Africa
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
5004:Ceuta
4924:Sudan
4874:Niger
4829:Libya
4814:Kenya
4794:Ghana
4784:Gabon
4759:Egypt
4699:Benin
4580:Ceuta
4500:Sudan
4450:Niger
4405:Libya
4390:Kenya
4370:Ghana
4360:Gabon
4335:Egypt
4275:Benin
4195:Index
4149:Music
4137:Media
3567:(PDF)
3491:(PDF)
3447:4 May
3401:S2CID
2962:near
2791:plant
2571:417.9
2153:Year
1935:357.3
1930:169.7
1925:132.6
1920:121.1
1915:218.2
1910:288.6
1905:259.0
1900:228.3
1895:322.8
1890:478.4
1885:382.1
1880:410.1
1522:Year
1313:1,437
891:Year
735:Itasy
725:Soils
715:India
622:Ikopa
606:North
602:Mania
481:from
231:99.7%
107:JSTOR
93:books
4934:Togo
4844:Mali
4734:Chad
4510:Togo
4420:Mali
4310:Chad
4122:Flag
4087:Seal
3601:2017
3579:2017
3550:2015
3525:2017
3503:2017
3474:2015
3449:2016
3427:2013
3393:PMID
3358:2021
3285:2017
3120:and
3118:rice
3102:mica
3086:salt
3078:coal
2908:any
2906:cite
2883:and
2789:and
2629:(%)
2566:97.0
2561:21.7
2556:11.9
2536:14.9
2531:15.8
2526:17.7
2521:35.9
2516:88.7
2511:94.7
2496:17.0
2491:14.0
2486:11.8
2476:10.0
2461:10.2
2456:10.0
2451:16.8
2446:15.0
2441:14.6
2431:18.8
2426:22.1
2421:20.3
2416:18.5
2411:16.2
2406:14.8
2401:14.4
2396:14.8
2391:16.9
2386:19.9
2381:21.9
2376:22.9
2371:22.9
2361:24.1
2356:26.6
2351:25.3
2346:23.9
2341:22.3
2336:21.0
2331:20.3
2326:20.7
2321:22.7
2316:25.0
2311:26.8
2306:27.5
2301:27.5
2291:29.8
2286:31.3
2281:30.3
2276:29.3
2271:28.5
2266:27.7
2261:26.8
2256:26.9
2251:28.6
2246:30.6
2241:32.0
2236:32.3
2231:32.2
2221:42.3
2216:38.7
2211:37.7
2206:39.5
2201:37.5
2196:37.5
2191:34.5
2186:35.7
2181:37.4
2176:38.5
2171:39.7
2166:39.0
2161:42.3
2150:Dec
2147:Nov
2144:Oct
2141:Sep
2138:Aug
2135:Jul
2132:Jun
2129:May
2126:Apr
2123:Mar
2120:Feb
2117:Jan
1998:(%)
1989:211
1870:10.0
1865:16.0
1860:13.5
1855:11.0
1850:11.0
1845:10.0
1840:11.8
1835:11.0
1830:13.2
1825:15.0
1820:17.0
1815:17.5
1810:18.0
1800:19.9
1795:21.9
1790:20.4
1785:18.7
1780:17.3
1775:17.0
1770:17.1
1765:17.8
1760:19.5
1755:21.4
1750:22.4
1745:22.7
1740:22.5
1730:23.4
1725:25.5
1720:24.3
1715:22.7
1710:21.3
1705:20.5
1700:20.4
1695:21.1
1690:22.9
1685:24.6
1680:25.5
1675:26.1
1670:26.0
1660:27.6
1655:29.4
1650:28.4
1645:26.9
1640:25.8
1635:24.9
1630:24.8
1625:25.6
1620:27.3
1615:28.8
1610:29.5
1605:30.3
1600:30.1
1590:38.6
1585:33.6
1580:33.0
1575:33.2
1570:30.6
1565:30.2
1560:31.2
1555:29.6
1550:34.0
1545:35.0
1540:36.7
1535:38.6
1530:37.4
1519:Dec
1516:Nov
1513:Oct
1510:Sep
1507:Aug
1504:Jul
1501:Jun
1498:May
1495:Apr
1492:Mar
1489:Feb
1486:Jan
1368:(%)
1359:118
1234:10.5
1189:10.0
1184:11.0
1179:10.9
1169:14.0
1164:16.7
1159:15.2
1154:13.6
1149:11.4
1144:10.3
1134:10.9
1129:13.2
1124:15.4
1119:17.0
1114:17.3
1109:17.3
1099:18.3
1094:20.7
1089:20.1
1084:18.7
1079:16.8
1074:14.9
1069:14.3
1064:15.1
1059:17.3
1054:19.5
1049:20.7
1044:20.8
1039:20.8
1029:24.7
1024:27.2
1019:27.0
1014:26.0
1009:24.2
1004:21.7
999:20.6
994:21.2
989:23.7
984:25.5
979:26.5
974:26.5
969:26.6
959:33.3
954:32.1
949:33.3
944:33.1
939:32.3
934:28.9
929:27.0
924:32.6
919:30.2
914:31.8
909:33.0
904:32.0
899:33.0
888:Dec
885:Nov
882:Oct
879:Sep
876:Aug
873:Jul
870:Jun
867:May
864:Apr
861:Mar
858:Feb
855:Jan
796:arid
737:and
608:and
549:and
545:The
539:and
391:The
327:The
255:None
239:0.3%
210:Area
79:news
3385:doi
3381:565
3251:at
3206:TBA
3010:or
2919:by
2668:75
2665:77
2662:75
2659:75
2656:74
2653:72
2650:74
2647:74
2644:75
2641:76
2638:75
2635:77
2632:77
2620:32
2551:7.8
2546:5.6
2541:6.2
2501:4.2
2481:9.0
2471:8.4
2466:4.2
2037:84
2034:84
2031:83
2028:82
2025:83
2022:85
2019:84
2016:85
2013:85
2010:84
2007:85
2004:83
2001:83
1986:17
1983:14
1980:13
1977:15
1974:20
1971:22
1968:18
1965:17
1962:18
1959:21
1956:17
1953:19
1407:76
1404:77
1401:71
1398:69
1395:70
1392:74
1389:76
1386:77
1383:77
1380:77
1377:79
1374:80
1371:79
1356:15
1353:11
1329:14
1326:17
1323:19
1308:311
1303:135
1263:191
1258:290
1253:340
1239:2.0
1229:9.3
1224:6.0
1219:2.3
1214:4.4
1209:2.0
1204:2.0
1199:4.0
1194:9.0
1139:9.9
380:of
279:0 m
62:by
5074::
3648:.
3618:.
3569:.
3541:.
3493:.
3465:.
3399:.
3391:.
3379:.
3375:.
3348:.
3323:^
3293:^
3275:.
3214:,
3096:,
3092:,
3088:,
3080:,
3076:,
3072:,
3068:,
3064:,
3033:,
3029:,
3025:,
3021:.
2998:,
2785:,
2617:5
2614:2
2611:1
2608:1
2605:1
2602:1
2599:2
2596:2
2593:2
2590:3
2587:6
2584:6
1350:8
1347:4
1344:6
1341:7
1338:5
1335:5
1332:7
1298:68
1293:10
1273:19
1268:55
840:.
721:.
485:,
423:.
368:.
4667:e
4660:t
4653:v
4243:e
4236:t
4229:v
3680:e
3673:t
3666:v
3652:.
3622:.
3603:.
3581:.
3552:.
3527:.
3505:.
3476:.
3451:.
3429:.
3407:.
3387::
3360:.
3317:.
3287:.
2946:)
2940:(
2935:)
2931:(
2927:.
2913:.
2746:.
1288:6
1283:8
1278:4
129:)
123:(
118:)
114:(
104:·
97:·
90:·
83:·
56:.
33:.
20:)
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