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major systems and sectors at scale. These are energy, land and ecosystems, urban and infrastructure, and industrial and societal. Structural changes are also recognized as transformational. Changing land use regulations in a coastal community and establishing a programme of managed retreat are examples of structural changes. However, transformations may fail if they do not integrate social justice, consider power differences and political inclusion, and if they do not deliver improvements in incomes and wellbeing for everyone.
162:
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climate change impacts before they happen. Finally, a climate resilience perspective encourages greater cross-scale connectedness of systems. Creating mechanisms of adaptation that occur in isolation at local, state, or national levels may leave the overall social-ecological system vulnerable. A resilience-based framework would require far more cross-talk, and the creation of environmental protections that are more holistically generated and implemented.
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population growth all contribute to increasing vulnerability and exposure, and greater probability of catastrophic failures. To reduce this vulnerability, and in recognition of limited resources and future uncertainty about climate projections, new and existing long-lasting infrastructure must undergo a risk-based engineering and economic analyses to properly allocate resources and design for climate resilience.
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712:, institutional, behavioural and nature-based options. Some examples of these are building seawalls or inland flood defenses, providing new insurance schemes, changing crop planting times or varieties, and installing green roofs or green spaces. Adaptation can be reactive (responding to climate impacts as they happen) or proactive (taking steps in anticipation of future climate change).
651:
of a community that are important for resilience. A survey of the available tools found many differences between tools with no standardized approaches to assess resilience. One category of tools focuses mainly on measuring outcomes. In contrast tools that focus on measuring resilience at the 'starting point' or early stages and continuously over a project are a less common.
718:. For instance, coastal regions might prioritize sea-level rise defenses and mangrove restoration. Arid areas could focus on water scarcity solutions, land restoration and heat management. The needs for adaptation will also depend on how much the climate changes or is expected to change, which is different from place to place. Adaptation is particularly important in
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61:. Climate resilience is a broader concept that includes adaptation but also emphasizes a system-wide approach to managing risks. The changes have to be implemented at all scales of society, from local community action all the way to global treaties. It also emphasizes the need to transform systems and societies and to better cope with a changed climate.
591:
hotspots, a better understanding of the drivers of resilience, and tools to infer the impact and effectiveness of resilience-building interventions. In recent years, a large number of resilience measurement tools have emerged, offering ways to track and measure resilience at a range of scales - from individuals and households to communities and nations.
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for adaptive design methods, characterization of extremes, development of flood design criteria, flood load calculation and the application of adaptive risk management principals account for more severe climate/weather extremes. One example is the "Climate
Resiliency Design Guidelines" by New York City.
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Climate change caused by humans can worsen ecosystem resilience. It can lead to regime shifts in ecosystems, often to less desirable and degraded conditions. On the hand, some human actions can make ecosystems more resilient and help species adapt. Examples are protecting larger areas of semi-natural
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Most objective approaches use fixed and transparent definitions of resilience and allow for different groups of people to be compared through standardized metrics. However, as many resilience processes and capacities are intangible, objective approaches are heavily reliant on crude proxies. Examples
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Building climate resilience is a challenging activity that involves a wide range of actors and agents. It can involve individuals, community organizations, corporations, government at all levels as well as international organizations. Research shows that the strongest indicator of successful climate
108:
Climate resilience is generally considered to be the ability to recover from, or to mitigate vulnerability to, climate-related shocks such as floods and droughts. It is a political process that strengthens the ability of all to mitigate vulnerability to risks from, and adapt to changing patterns in,
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Community resilience assessment is an important step toward reducing disasters from climate hazards. They are also helpful for being ready to take advantage of the opportunities to reorganize. There are many tools available for investigating the environmental, social, economic and physical features
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Infrastructure failures can have broad-reaching consequences extending away from the site of the original event, and for a considerable duration after the immediate failure. Furthermore, increasing reliance infrastructure system interdependence, in combination with the effects of climate change and
49:. Different actions can increase climate resilience of communities and ecosystems to help them cope. They can help to keep systems working in the face of external forces. For example, building a seawall to protect a coastal community from flooding might help maintain existing ways of life there.
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less likely to happen. The approach, also called DRR or disaster risk management, also aims to make disasters less damaging when they do occur. DRR aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. In technical terms, it aims to make them more resilient or less vulnerable.
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Efforts to measure climate resilience currently face several technical challenges. Firstly, the definition of resilience is heavily contested, making it difficult to choose appropriate characteristics and indicators to track. Secondly, the resilience or households or communities cannot be measured
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Incorporating climate projections into building and infrastructure design standards, investment and appraisal criteria, and model building codes is currently not common. Some resilience guidelines and risk-informed frameworks have been developed by public entities. Such manuals can offer guidance
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is always going to be a key consideration, making changes after the fact has a limited capability to help communities and nations deal with climate change. By working to build climate resilience, policymakers and governments can take a more comprehensive stance that works to mitigate the harms of
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Currently, the majority of work regarding climate resilience has focused on actions taken to maintain existing systems and structures. Such adaptations are also considered to be incremental actions rather than transformational ones. They can help to keep the system working in the face of external
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Governments and development agencies are spending increasing amounts of finance to support resilience-building interventions. Resilience measurement can make valuable contributions in guiding resource allocations towards resilience-building. This includes targeted identification of vulnerability
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Climate resilient policies can be useful for allocating water, keeping in mind that less water may be available in future. This requires a good understanding of the current and future hydroclimatic situation. For example, a better understanding of future changes in climate variability leads to a
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To achieve climate resilient development, the following actions are needed: increasing climate information, and financing and technical capacity for flexible and dynamic systems. This needs to be coupled with greater consideration of the socio-ecological resilience and context-specific values of
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On the other hand, climate resilience projects can also be activities to promote and support transformational adaptation. This is because transformational adaptation is connected with implementation at scale and ideally at the system-level. Transformations, and the processes of transition, cover
99:
Tools exist to measure climate resilience. They allow for comparisons of different groups of people through standardized metrics. Objective tools use fixed and transparent definitions of resilience. Two examples for objective tools are the
Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA) and the
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because they are most vulnerable to climate change. Adaptation needs are high for food, water and other sectors important for economic output, jobs and incomes. One of the challenges is to prioritize the needs of communities, including the poorest, to help ensure they are not disproportionately
607:
Indicator approaches use a composite index of many individual quantifiable indicators. To generate the index value or 'score', most often a simple average is calculated across a set of standardized values. However, sometimes weighting is done according what are thought to be the most important
123:
According to one framework, the three basic capacities of resilience are adaptive, anticipatory and absorptive capacity. Each of these capacities are more readily recognizable which also means that any changes can more easily be tracked. The focus is on resilience as an outcome of an action or
56:
of people, communities and countries. This can be done in many different ways. They can be technological and infrastructural changes (including buildings and roads) or policy (eg. laws and regulation). There are also social and community approaches, as well as nature-based ones, for example by
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Subjective approaches to resilience measurement take a contrasting view. They assume that people have a valid understanding of their resilience and seek to factor perceptions into the measurement process. They challenge the notion that experts are best placed to evaluate other people's lives.
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involves a more systematic approach to absorbing change. It involves using those changes to become more efficient. The idea is that people can intervene to reorganize the system when disturbance creates an opportunity to do so. Climate resilience is an important part of building system-level
119:
Resilience is a useful concept because it speaks across sectors and disciplines but this also makes it open to interpretation resulting in differing, and at times competing, definitions. The definition of climate resilience is heavily debated, in both conceptual and practical terms.
411:) are services that provide access to high quality drinking water during all seasons and even during extreme weather events. Climate resilience in general is the ability to recover from, or to mitigate vulnerability to, climate-related shocks such as floods and droughts.
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is a closely related area of work and research topic that has recently emerged. It describes situations in which adaptation, mitigation and development solutions are pursued together. It is able to benefit from synergies from among the actions and reduce trade-offs.
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Tools for resilience assessment vary depending on the sector, the scale and the entity such as households, communities or species. They vary also by the type of assessment, for example if the aim is to understand effectiveness of resilience-building interventions.
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Grasham, Catherine Fallon; Calow, Roger; Casey, Vincent; Charles, Katrina J.; de Wit, Sara; Dyer, Ellen; Fullwood-Thomas, Jess; Hirons, Mark; Hope, Robert; Hoque, Sonia
Ferdous; Jepson, Wendy; Korzenevica, Marina; Murphy, Rebecca; Plastow, John; Ross, Ian (2021).
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Grasham, Catherine Fallon; Calow, Roger; Casey, Vincent; Charles, Katrina J.; de Wit, Sara; Dyer, Ellen; Fullwood-Thomas, Jess; Hirons, Mark; Hope, Robert; Hoque, Sonia
Ferdous; Jepson, Wendy; Korzenevica, Marina; Murphy, Rebecca; Plastow, John; Ross, Ian (2021).
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Grasham, Catherine Fallon; Calow, Roger; Casey, Vincent; Charles, Katrina J.; de Wit, Sara; Dyer, Ellen; Fullwood-Thomas, Jess; Hirons, Mark; Hope, Robert; Hoque, Sonia
Ferdous; Jepson, Wendy; Korzenevica, Marina; Murphy, Rebecca; Plastow, John; Ross, Ian (2021).
708:. It also aims to exploit opportunities. Humans may also intervene to help adjustment for natural systems. There are many adaptation strategies or options. They can help manage impacts and risks to people and nature. The four types of adaptation actions are
174:
forces. For example, building a seawall to protect a coastal community from flooding might help maintain existing ways of life there. In this way, implemented adaptation builds upon resilience as a way of bouncing back to recover after a disturbance.
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relevant to specific users; developing metrics for monitoring climate resilience in water systems (this will help to track progress and guide investments for water security); and using new institutional models that improve water security.
850:. People from local communities, agencies or federal governments can all propose DRR strategies. DRR policies aim to "define goals and objectives across different timescales and with concrete targets, indicators and time frames."
794:, and fishing communities are livelihoods that may be especially vulnerable. Further drivers for vulnerability are unsustainable land and ocean use, inequity, marginalization, and historical and ongoing patterns of
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A climate resilience framework can better equip governments and policymakers to develop sustainable solutions that combat the effects of climate change. To begin with, climate resilience establishes the idea of
250:
marginalized communities and meaningful engagement with the most vulnerable in decision making. Consequently, resilience produces a range of challenges and opportunities when applied to sustainable development.
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Charles, Katrina J.; Howard, Guy; Villalobos Prats, Elena; Gruber, Joshua; Alam, Sadekul; Alamgir, A.S.M.; Baidya, Manish; Flora, Meerjady
Sabrina; Haque, Farhana; Hassan, S.M. Quamrul; Islam, Saiful (2022).
980:
Charles, Katrina J.; Howard, Guy; Villalobos Prats, Elena; Gruber, Joshua; Alam, Sadekul; Alamgir, A.S.M.; Baidya, Manish; Flora, Meerjady
Sabrina; Haque, Farhana; Hassan, S.M. Quamrul; Islam, Saiful (2022).
375:
There are attempts to mainstream CSA into core government policies and planning frameworks. In order for CSA policies to be effective, they must contribute to broader economic growth and poverty reduction.
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Most of the recent initiatives to measure resilience in rural development contexts share two shortcomings: complexity and high cost. USAID published a field guide for assessing climate resilience in
246:. Climate resilient development is facilitated by developing partnerships with traditionally marginalized groups, including women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, local communities and ethnic minorities.
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Sherbinin, Alex de; Bukvic, Anamaria; Rohat, Guillaume; Gall, Melanie; McCusker, Brent; Preston, Benjamin; Apotsos, Alex; Fish, Carolyn; Kienberger, Stefan; Muhonda, Park; Wilhelmi, Olga (2019).
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because both have to do with strengthening the capacity of a system to withstand climate events. Adaptation and resilience are often used interchangeably, however, there are key differences.
116:
considers climate resilience to be "the capacity of social, economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance". It includes the abilities to reorganize and learn.
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O'Neill, B., M. van Aalst, Z. Zaiton
Ibrahim, L. Berrang Ford, S. Bhadwal, H. Buhaug, D. Diaz, K. Frieler, M. Garschagen, A. Magnan, G. Midgley, A. Mirzabaev, A. Thomas, and R.Warren, 2022:
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O'Neill, B., M. van Aalst, Z. Zaiton
Ibrahim, L. Berrang Ford, S. Bhadwal, H. Buhaug, D. Diaz, K. Frieler, M. Garschagen, A. Magnan, G. Midgley, A. Mirzabaev, A. Thomas, and R.Warren, 2022:
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Livelihoods Change Over Time (LCOT). Subjective approaches on the other hand use people's feelings of what constitutes resilience. People then make their own assessment of their resilience.
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Folke, C., Carpenter,S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., Holling C.S., Walker, B. (2002). "Resilience and
Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations".
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is intimately connected to climate change. On every continent, governments are adopting policies for climate resilient economies, driven in part by international frameworks such as the
671:
Subjective approaches use people's menu of what constitutes resilience and allow them to self-evaluate accordingly. An example is the Subjectively-Evaluated Resilience Score (SERS).
768:. It differs within communities and also across societies, regions, and countries. It can increase or decrease over time. Vulnerability is generally a bigger problem for people in
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624:(socio-ecological systems can actually stabilize around a multitude of possible states). Secondly, climate resilience has played a critical role in emphasizing the importance of
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Malhi, Yadvinder; Roberts, J Timmons; Betts, Richard A; Killeen, Timothy J; Li, Wenhong; Nobre, Carlos A (2008). "Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon".
1948:
Folke, C.; Carpenter, S.; Walker, B.; Scheffer, M.; Elmqvist, T.; Gunderson, L.; Holling, C.S. (2004). "Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management".
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Tall, A., Lynagh, S., Blanco Vecchi, C., Bardouille, P., Montoya Pino, F., Shabahat, E., Stenek, V., Stewart, F., Power, S., Paladines, C., Neves, P., & Kerr, L. (2021).
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2005:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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is closely connected to climate change. On every continent, governments are now adopting policies for climate resilient economies. International frameworks such as the
2064:
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To make societies more resilient, climate policies and plans should be shaped by choices that support sustainability. This kind of development has come to be known as
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approaches). Climate-smart agriculture works as an integrated approach to managing land. This approach helps farmers to adapt their agricultural methods (for raising
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Maxwell, Keely B.; Julius, Susan Herrod; Grambsch, Anne E.; Kosmal, Ann R.; Larson, Elisabeth; Sonti, Nancy (2018). "Built Environment, Urban Systems, and Cities".
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using a single observable metric. Resilience is made up of a range of processes and characteristics, many of which are intangible and difficult to observe (such as
2020:
O'Brien, Karen; Eriksen, Siri; Sygna, Linda; Otto Naess, Lars (2006). "Questioning Complacency: Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation in Norway".
72:. It influences theory and practice across all sectors globally. Two approaches that fall under this kind of development are climate resilient infrastructure and
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1999:
Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022:
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Deliverable 10 of the Resilient Regions: Clyde Rebuilt project. Published by Clyde Rebuilt, Glasgow, Scotland Copyright: Resilient Regions: Clyde Rebuilt, 2020
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is any action or process that helps people or nature adjust to negative impacts of climate change. More rarely, it is about taking advantage of those changes.
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2432:"Unprecedented Impacts of Climate Change Disproportionately Burdening Developing Countries, Delegate Stresses, as Second Committee Concludes General Debate"
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to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems (or ecosystems). Issues around the capacity to cope and
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Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P. Wester, 2022:
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Tompkins, Emma L., and W. Neil Adger. 2004. "Does Adaptive Management of Natural Resources Enhance Resilience to Climate Change?" Ecology and Society.
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Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P. Wester, 2022:
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2343:"An Introduction to Assessing Climate Resilience in Smallholder Supply Chains USAID Feed the Future Learning Community for Supply Chain Resilience"
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of commonly used objective measures include the Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA) and the Livelihoods Change Over Time (LCOT).
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Simpler Resilience Measurement: Tools to Diagnose and Improve How Households Fare in Difficult Circumstances from Conflict to Climate Change
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572:, this includes the development of more sensitive and far-reaching early warning systems for extreme weather events, creation of emergency
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There are different actions to adapt to the future challenges for crops and livestock. For example, with regard to rising temperatures and
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events. On every continent, governments are now adopting policies for climate resilient economies. International frameworks such as the
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The need for adaptation varies from place to place. Different regions must adapt differently because they each face particular sets of
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Birkmann, J., E. Liwenga, R. Pandey, E. Boyd, R. Djalante, F. Gemenne, W. Leal Filho, P.F. Pinho, L. Stringer, and D. Wrathall, 2022:
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restoring ecosystems like forests to act as natural barriers against climate impacts. These types of approaches are also known as
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event or trend or disturbance". For example, climate resilience can be the ability to recover from climate-related shocks such as
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that is already positioned to effectively take on the work of identifying and addressing the risks posed by climate change.
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Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology for disaster risk reduction
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1089:"Resilient, but from whose perspective? Like-for-like comparisons of objective and subjective measures of resilience"
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309:(CSA) (or climate resilient agriculture) is a set of farming methods that has three main objectives with regards to
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for all". It involves questions of equity and system transitions, and includes adaptations for human, ecosystem and
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419:. This concept thus influences theory and practice across all sectors globally. This is particularly true in the
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2421:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2411–2538, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.025.
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Water Security for Climate Resilience Report: A synthesis of research from the Oxford University REACH programme
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events. The formal definition of the term is the "capacity of social, economic and ecosystems to cope with a
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2100:"Resilience isn't the same for all: Comparing subjective and objective approaches to resilience measurement"
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904:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.
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resilience efforts at all scales is a well developed, existing network of social, political, economic and
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Folke, C (2006). "Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses".
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2065:"A comparative overview of resilience measurement frameworks analyzing indicators and approaches"
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of processes and structures predominates. When such thresholds are associated with a critical or
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by resisting damage and subsequently recovering. Such perturbations and disturbances can include
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Climate resilient development "integrates adaptation measures and their enabling conditions with
215:, influencing theory and practice across all sectors globally. This is particularly true in the
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At larger governmental levels, general programs to improve climate resiliency through greater
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1875:"Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate"
1793:"Engaging with the politics of climate resilience towards clean water and sanitation for all"
1121:"Engaging with the politics of climate resilience towards clean water and sanitation for all"
924:"Engaging with the politics of climate resilience towards clean water and sanitation for all"
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1728:"Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies"
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983:"Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies"
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604:). As a result, many resilience toolkits resort to using large lists of proxy indicators.
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190:, states, and nations that have already developed such networks generally have far higher
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2458:"Global adaptation readiness and income mitigate sectoral climate change vulnerabilities"
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Bahadur, A. V., Peters, K., Wilkinson, E., Pichon, F., Gray, K. and Tanner, T. (2015)
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the effects of disasters. This means DRR can make risky events fewer and less severe.
4263:
4150:
4082:
3807:
3629:
3614:
3549:
3444:
2501:
1849:
Murgatroyd A, Charles KJ, Chautard A, Dyer E, Grasham C, Hope R, et al. (2021).
1536:
825:
525:
or duration can profoundly affect an ecosystem and may force an ecosystem to reach a
514:
326:
2456:
Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu; Ahmed, Maruf Yakubu; Owusu, Phebe Asantewaa (2022-04-05).
2431:
2279:
2049:
1752:
1727:
1239:
1007:
982:
4035:
3832:
3476:
3466:
3123:
3007:
2920:
1562:
1383:"Understanding resilience in sustainable development: Rallying call or siren song?"
1325:
What Does Transformational Adaptation Look Like? Literature review synthesis paper.
765:
715:
660:
618:
538:
443:
420:
383:
267:
216:
2522:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1171–1274,
2397:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2411–2538,
2373:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930,
2314:
2297:
1339:"The political underpinnings of cities' accumulated resilience to climate change"
517:, fracking of the ground for oil extraction, pesticide sprayed in soil, and the
211:"Climate resilient development" has become a new (albeit contested) paradigm for
4062:
3579:
3571:
2831:
2007:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 197–377,
1307:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196,
1209:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196,
791:
573:
550:
habitat and creating links between parts of the landscape to help species move.
357:
321:(this also builds resilience to climate change). Secondly, they aim to increase
2474:
2457:
1817:
1792:
1165:
1145:
1120:
948:
923:
4094:
3471:
3108:
2574:
2527:
2402:
2378:
2151:
1598:
1312:
1214:
829:
701:
498:
191:
2676:
2621:
2569:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33,
2493:
2156:"Adaptation to Environmental Change: Contributions of a Resilience Framework"
2133:
1826:
1674:
1363:
1338:
1154:
957:
3049:
2263:
2207:
2190:
745:
510:
490:
342:
166:
30:
2271:
2041:
1920:
1771:
1494:
1026:
2332:. Philadelphia, PA: The Committee on SustainabilityAssessment © COSA 2017.
1518:
2588:"Climate vulnerability mapping: A systematic review and future prospects"
2484:
820:
704:
aims to moderate or avoid harm for people, and is usually done alongside
565:
506:
365:
2298:"A critical review of selected tools for assessing community resilience"
1280:
What is the difference between climate change adaptation and resilience?
472:
3027:
1856:
1832:
1160:
963:
775:
482:
46:
2519:
2418:
2394:
2217:
2004:
1304:
1206:
4030:
1253:
846:
It is possible to include DRR in almost all areas of development and
569:
530:
187:
38:
2612:
2587:
2191:"Anticipatory Learning for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience"
2124:
2099:
1395:
1382:
1265:
1044:
2668:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
1460:
3037:
568:
preparedness are being implemented. For example, in cases such as
502:
471:
263:
257:
160:
42:
2685:
1663:"Why 'climate-smart agriculture' isn't all it's cracked up to be"
576:
power sources, enhanced public transportation systems, and more.
270:
are being developed to improve the climate resilience of the city
1266:
Enabling Private Investment in Climate Adaptation and Resilience
863: – Capacity of ecosystems to resist and recover from change
397:
346:
3981:
3686:
3422:
2982:
2894:
2775:
2727:
2689:
2653:"Climate hazards and disasters: the need for capacity building"
2633:
2631:
2361:
2359:
1619:
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
1588:
1586:
1268:. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35203
764:
are also part of this concept. Vulnerability is a component of
1183:. BRACED working paper. London: Overseas Development Institute
3944:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1860:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1836:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1164:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
967:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
513:, insect population explosions, and human activities such as
1913:
10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0437:rasdba]2.0.co;2
446:: Carrying out a detailed analysis of climate risk to make
165:
Climate Resilience Graphic used in re-election campaign of
52:
To increase climate resilience means one has to reduce the
1453:
Risk Analysis in Engineering and Economics, Second Edition
4120:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
80:. These are services that provide access to high quality
2034:
10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[50:qccciv]2.0.co;2
2001:
Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services
477:
Lake and Mulga ecosystems with alternative stable states
774:
Higher levels of vulnerability are found in areas with
628:
when assessing the effects of climate change. Although
16:
Form of adaptive capacity for a socio-ecological system
2328:
COSA. 2017. Elena Serfilippi and Daniele Giovannucci,
1862:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1838:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1416:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science
1166:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1068:"A Common Analytical Model for Resilience Measurement"
969:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
824:
When DRR is successful, it makes communities less the
3961:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1412:"Socioeconomic Impacts of Infrastructure Disruptions"
1950:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
521:
plant or animal species. Disturbances of sufficient
4138:
4023:
3992:
3921:
3856:
3778:
3700:
3651:
3568:
3525:
3435:
3342:
3205:
3152:
2995:
2819:
2788:
1513:. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
1094:. London School of Economics and Political Science.
786:. Also, some livelihoods are more sensitive to the
744:is a concept that describes how strongly people or
1873:Taye, Meron Teferi; Dyer, Ellen (22 August 2019).
1644:"Climate-Smart Agriculture Policies and planning"
700:. These can be both current or expected impacts.
4161:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2516:Poverty, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development
2415:Chapter 16: Key Risks Across Sectors and Regions
2391:Chapter 16: Key Risks Across Sectors and Regions
2070:. Overseas Development Institute. Archived from
1045:"Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis - II"
840:. So development efforts often consider DRR and
2104:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
1301:Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts
1203:Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts
337:as much as possible (for example by following
124:program, and how to measure an improvement.
2906:History of climate change policy and politics
2701:
2462:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
1696:"The Debate Over 'Climate-Smart' Agriculture"
8:
1933:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
772:than for those in high-income countries.
293:Climate change adaptation § Agriculture
29:is a concept to describe how well people or
3023:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1785:
1783:
1781:
4242:
4230:
3989:
3978:
3697:
3683:
3432:
3419:
2992:
2979:
2891:
2785:
2772:
2724:
2708:
2694:
2686:
2651:McBean, Gordon; Rodgers, Caroline (2010).
2161:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
2145:
2143:
1977:Critical transitions in nature and society
1181:The 3As: tracking Resilience Across BRACED
454:better response to their possible impacts.
370:appropriate housing and spacing for cattle
127:Climate resilience is strongly related to
3788:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2931:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2641:. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
2611:
2483:
2473:
2313:
2253:
2216:
2206:
2173:
2123:
1816:
1763:1983/92cc5791-168b-457a-93c7-458890f1bf26
1761:
1751:
1493:
1394:
1362:
1323:Watkiss, P. and Cimato, F. (eds) (2020).
1144:
1018:1983/92cc5791-168b-457a-93c7-458890f1bf26
1016:
1006:
947:
867:Resilience (engineering and construction)
335:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
33:are prepared to bounce back from certain
3492:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1962:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711
319:effects of climate change on agriculture
289:Effects of climate change on agriculture
3848:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3637:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2175:10.1146/annurev.energy.32.051807.090348
878:
3497:Economics of climate change mitigation
3460:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2811:Scientific consensus on climate change
1926:
1486:The Fourth National Climate Assessment
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
4156:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2291:
2289:
2093:
2091:
1428:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.66
1376:
1374:
916:
914:
912:
910:
646:Community resilience assessment tools
7:
4178:Representative Concentration Pathway
3129:Tipping points in the climate system
2805:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
2189:Tschakert, P; Dietrich, K A (2010).
1661:Anderson, Teresa (17 October 2014).
1621:"What is Climate Smart Agriculture?"
1551:Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines
1175:
1173:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1082:
1080:
1073:. Food Security Information Network.
1061:
1059:
1057:
1038:
1036:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
4275:Environmental impact of agriculture
3949:Nationally determined contributions
3659:Individual action on climate change
2874:World energy supply and consumption
1853:(Report). University of Oxford, UK.
696:is the process of adjusting to the
398:WASH § Improving climate resilience
96:are drivers for such initiatives.
84:during all seasons and even during
68:. It has become a new paradigm for
4088:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1509:Ayyub, Bilal M, ed. (2018-10-04).
1410:Chang, Stephanie E. (2016-10-26).
1254:http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/202863/
790:than others. Smallholder farmers,
435:are drivers for such initiatives.
360:, CSA can include the planting of
14:
4015:Satellite temperature measurement
3620:forestry for carbon sequestration
2911:History of climate change science
1975:Scheffer, Marten (26 July 2009).
1694:Schmitt, Talia (April 27, 2016).
1568:Food and Agriculture Organization
1087:Jones, Lindsey; D'Errico (2019).
382:has been criticized as a form of
109:climate hazards and variability.
4241:
4229:
4218:
4217:
4205:
3866:Climate Change Performance Index
2296:Sharifi, Ayyoob (October 2016).
1855:
1831:
1732:Science of the Total Environment
1683:– via www.theguardian.com.
1650:from the original on 2016-03-31.
1511:Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
1159:
987:Science of the Total Environment
962:
808:This section is an excerpt from
752:. Its formal definition is the "
733:This section is an excerpt from
685:This section is an excerpt from
493:to respond to a perturbation or
464:This section is an excerpt from
415:has become the new paradigm for
405:Climate-resilient water services
396:This section is an excerpt from
298:This section is an excerpt from
78:climate-resilient water services
4005:Instrumental temperature record
3956:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1753:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876
1706:from the original on 2016-04-28
1240:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
1008:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876
438:Several activities can improve
4073:Climate variability and change
3114:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1979:. Princeton University Press.
1381:Park, Albert Sanghoon (2023).
333:. Thirdly, they try to reduce
149:
139:resilience to multiple shocks.
1:
4183:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3718:Climate emergency declaration
2315:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.023
2009:doi:10.1017/9781009325844.004
748:are likely to be affected by
655:Livelihoods and food security
433:Sustainable Development Goals
413:Climate resilient development
229:Sustainable Development Goals
150:Climate resilient development
94:Sustainable Development Goals
66:climate resilient development
4166:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
3392:Middle East and North Africa
1343:Environment and Urbanization
742:Climate change vulnerability
735:Climate change vulnerability
728:Climate change vulnerability
612:Climate resilience framework
608:determinants of resilience.
114:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1594:"Climate-Smart Agriculture"
1563:"Climate-Smart Agriculture"
1451:Ayyub, Bilal (2014-03-20).
1228:Global Environmental Change
723:affected by climate change.
541:may also be referred to as
442:and increase resilience to
21:Resilience (disambiguation)
4301:
4000:Global surface temperature
3891:Popular culture depictions
3803:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3533:Carbon capture and storage
3455:Carbon offsets and credits
2475:10.1057/s41599-022-01130-7
1818:10.1038/s41545-021-00133-2
1146:10.1038/s41545-021-00133-2
949:10.1038/s41545-021-00133-2
807:
732:
684:
583:
557:
463:
395:
317:methods to respond to the
297:
286:
18:
4285:Climate change mitigation
4212:Climate change portal
4199:
4105:Extreme event attribution
3988:
3977:
3728:School Strike for Climate
3696:
3682:
3607:Climate-smart agriculture
3431:
3418:
2991:
2978:
2901:
2890:
2784:
2771:
2754:Climate change adaptation
2749:Climate change mitigation
2744:Effects of climate change
2734:
2723:
2575:10.1017/9781009325844.001
2528:10.1017/9781009325844.010
2403:10.1017/9781009325844.025
2379:10.1017/9781009325844.029
2154:; Brown, Katrina (2007).
1337:Satterthwaite, D (2013).
1313:10.1017/9781009325844.003
1215:10.1017/9781009325844.003
842:climate change adaptation
788:effects of climate change
706:climate change mitigation
698:effects of climate change
694:Climate change adaptation
687:Climate change adaptation
680:Climate change adaptation
529:beyond which a different
380:climate-smart agriculture
351:effects of climate change
323:agricultural productivity
307:Climate-smart agriculture
300:Climate-smart agriculture
129:climate change adaptation
74:climate-smart agriculture
59:climate change adaptation
4115:Global warming potential
3922:International agreements
3569:Preserving and enhancing
3013:Arctic methane emissions
2935:Years in climate change
2842:Greenhouse gas emissions
2739:Causes of climate change
2549:Summary for Policymakers
1364:10.1177/0956247813500902
898:Summary for Policymakers
622:socio-ecological systems
586:Vulnerability assessment
4146:Climate change scenario
3798:Disaster risk reduction
3450:Carbon emission trading
3260:U.S. insurance industry
3240:Civilizational collapse
3087:sea surface temperature
2264:10.1126/science.1146961
2208:10.5751/es-03335-150211
2098:Jones, Lindsey (2019).
2063:Schipper, Lisa (2015).
1387:Sustainable Development
817:Disaster risk reduction
810:Disaster risk reduction
803:Disaster risk reduction
560:Disaster risk reduction
417:sustainable development
240:sustainable development
213:sustainable development
70:sustainable development
4139:Research and modelling
3823:Nature-based solutions
3643:Nature-based solutions
3585:Carbon dioxide removal
3502:Fossil fuel divestment
3487:Climate risk insurance
3397:Small island countries
3018:Arctic sea ice decline
1495:10.7930/nca4.2018.ch11
595:Indicators and indices
519:introduction of exotic
489:is the capacity of an
479:
409:climate-resilient WASH
368:, boundary trees, and
271:
196:gross domestic product
184:financial institutions
170:
76:. Another example are
4280:Environmental justice
4100:Earth's energy budget
3983:Background and theory
3871:Climate crisis (term)
3543:Fossil fuel phase-out
3437:Economics and finance
3402:by individual country
3344:By country and region
3319:Security and conflict
3314:Psychological impacts
3003:Abrupt climate change
2926:Charles David Keeling
2759:By country and region
2302:Ecological Indicators
1570:of the United Nations
1549:New York City (2020)
1519:10.1061/9780784415191
861:Ecological resilience
580:Resilience assessment
475:
466:Ecological resilience
261:
164:
54:climate vulnerability
3929:Glasgow Climate Pact
3590:Carbon sequestration
3165:Mass mortality event
2657:WIREs Climate Change
2592:WIREs Climate Change
2350:Sustainable Food Lab
1278:Sara Mehryar, 2022,
798:and poor governance.
770:low-income countries
720:developing countries
543:critical transitions
391:Water and sanitation
313:. Firstly, they use
19:For other uses, see
4270:Ecology terminology
4068:Climate sensitivity
3843:The Adaptation Fund
3299:Infectious diseases
3206:Social and economic
2604:2019WIRCC..10E.600D
2246:2008Sci...319..169M
2195:Ecology and Society
2150:Nelson, Donald R.;
2116:2019WIRCC..10E.552J
1809:2021npjCW...4...42G
1744:2022ScTEn.81351876C
1355:2013EnUrb..25..381S
1137:2021npjCW...4...42G
999:2022ScTEn.813o1876C
940:2021npjCW...4...42G
554:Disaster management
448:climate information
386:for big businesses.
3639:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3611:Forest management
3595:Direct air capture
3560:Sustainable energy
3517:Net zero emissions
3512:Low-carbon economy
3507:Green Climate Fund
3294:Indigenous peoples
3197:Plant biodiversity
2985:Effects and issues
2565:2022-03-18 at the
2554:2023-01-22 at the
2367:Annex II: Glossary
480:
272:
262:An aerial view of
171:
27:Climate resilience
4257:
4256:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4130:Radiative forcing
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3793:Adaptive capacity
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3538:Energy transition
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3134:Tropical cyclones
3060:Urban heat island
2974:
2973:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2847:Carbon accounting
2801:Greenhouse effect
2767:
2766:
1470:978-1-4665-1825-4
848:humanitarian work
626:preventive action
535:bifurcation point
4292:
4245:
4244:
4233:
4232:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4173:Paleoclimatology
3990:
3979:
3740:Ecological grief
3723:Climate movement
3698:
3684:
3664:Plant-based diet
3555:Renewable energy
3433:
3420:
3255:Economic impacts
3187:Invasive species
3043:Coastal flooding
2993:
2980:
2916:Svante Arrhenius
2892:
2862:from agriculture
2852:Carbon footprint
2837:Greenhouse gases
2786:
2773:
2725:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2583:
2577:
2545:
2530:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2477:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:. 8 October 2019
2428:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2387:
2381:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2257:
2240:(5860): 169–72.
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2210:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2017:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:The Conversation
1870:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1488:. Vol. II.
1481:
1475:
1474:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1297:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1115:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1010:
977:
971:
966:
961:
951:
918:
905:
894:
675:Related concepts
364:crop varieties,
331:world population
244:planetary health
4300:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4206:
4204:
4187:
4134:
4125:Orbital forcing
4019:
3984:
3965:
3939:Paris Agreement
3917:
3913:Warming stripes
3852:
3818:Managed retreat
3813:Loss and damage
3774:
3708:Business action
3692:
3670:
3647:
3570:
3564:
3521:
3482:Climate finance
3427:
3406:
3338:
3201:
3177:Extinction risk
3153:Flora and fauna
3148:
3109:Permafrost thaw
3104:Ozone depletion
3033:Extreme weather
2987:
2970:
2897:
2878:
2815:
2780:
2763:
2730:
2719:
2714:
2684:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2613:10.1002/wcc.600
2585:
2584:
2580:
2567:Wayback Machine
2556:Wayback Machine
2546:
2533:
2513:
2509:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2388:
2384:
2364:
2357:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2255:10.1.1.389.7410
2231:
2230:
2226:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2125:10.1002/wcc.552
2097:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1925:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1797:npj Clean Water
1789:
1788:
1779:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1700:Pulitzer Center
1693:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1529:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:10.1002/sd.2645
1380:
1379:
1372:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1200:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1125:npj Clean Water
1117:
1116:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1034:
979:
978:
974:
928:npj Clean Water
920:
919:
908:
895:
880:
876:
857:
852:
851:
838:climate hazards
813:
805:
800:
799:
780:poor governance
738:
730:
725:
724:
710:infrastructural
690:
682:
677:
663:supply chains.
657:
648:
639:
614:
597:
588:
582:
562:
556:
547:
546:
501:events such as
478:
469:
461:
456:
455:
429:Paris Agreement
401:
393:
388:
387:
303:
295:
285:
266:, India, where
256:
225:Paris Agreement
209:
204:
159:
106:
90:Paris Agreement
86:extreme weather
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4078:Cloud feedback
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3936:
3934:Kyoto Protocol
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3886:Media coverage
3883:
3878:
3876:Climate spiral
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3765:Public opinion
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3713:Climate action
3710:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3625:REDD and REDD+
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3602:Carbon farming
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3334:Water security
3331:
3329:Water scarcity
3326:
3324:Urban flooding
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Forest dieback
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Sea level rise
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3092:stratification
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Carbon leakage
2854:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2796:Climate system
2792:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2717:Climate change
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2669:10.1002/wcc.77
2663:(6): 871–884.
2643:
2627:
2578:
2531:
2507:
2448:
2436:United Nations
2423:
2406:
2382:
2355:
2334:
2321:
2285:
2224:
2181:
2152:Adger, W. Neil
2139:
2087:
2055:
2012:
1992:
1986:978-0691122045
1985:
1967:
1940:
1907:(5): 437–440.
1891:
1865:
1841:
1777:
1717:
1686:
1653:
1635:
1611:
1582:
1554:
1542:
1527:
1501:
1476:
1469:
1461:10.1201/b16663
1443:
1436:
1402:
1370:
1349:(2): 381–391.
1329:
1316:
1285:
1270:
1257:
1245:
1234:(3): 253–267.
1218:
1185:
1169:
1097:
1076:
1053:
1032:
972:
906:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
864:
856:
853:
834:Climate change
814:
806:
804:
801:
758:predisposition
750:climate change
739:
731:
729:
726:
691:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
656:
653:
647:
644:
638:
635:
613:
610:
602:social capital
596:
593:
581:
578:
558:Main article:
555:
552:
476:
470:
462:
460:
457:
440:water security
425:water security
402:
394:
392:
389:
339:carbon farming
329:for a growing
325:and to ensure
311:climate change
304:
296:
284:
281:
255:
254:Infrastructure
252:
221:water security
208:
205:
203:
200:
158:
157:Implementation
155:
147:
146:
140:
105:
102:
82:drinking water
35:climate hazard
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4297:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4250:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Climate model
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:Cloud forcing
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3976:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3858:Communication
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Vulnerability
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Flood control
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3630:reforestation
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:afforestation
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Nuclear power
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
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3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
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3483:
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3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Carbon budget
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:Mental health
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3223:United States
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
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3157:
3155:
3151:
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3142:
3140:
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3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:deoxygenation
3075:
3073:
3072:acidification
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
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3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
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2977:
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2952:
2950:
2947:
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2940:
2937:
2936:
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2929:
2927:
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2914:
2912:
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2903:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:from wetlands
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Deforestation
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:UNGA (2016).
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
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2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2485:11250/2999578
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2404:
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2322:
2316:
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2307:
2303:
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2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
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2247:
2243:
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2204:
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2185:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
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2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2077:on 2021-01-30
2073:
2066:
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2043:
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2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
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1798:
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1759:
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1749:
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1741:
1737:
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1721:
1718:
1705:
1701:
1697:
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3467:Carbon price
3289:Human rights
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1572:. 2019-06-19
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3906:video games
3580:Blue carbon
3213:Agriculture
3192:Marine life
3139:Water cycle
3097:temperature
2832:Fossil fuel
2598:(5): e600.
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828:because it
661:smallholder
574:electricity
495:disturbance
358:heat stress
283:Agriculture
238:to advance
207:Development
192:net incomes
169:in the U.S.
4264:Categories
4095:Cryosphere
4056:permafrost
3828:Resilience
3780:Adaptation
3755:Litigation
3745:Governance
3690:adaptation
3472:Carbon tax
3425:Mitigation
3362:Antarctica
3250:Disability
2442:2019-12-12
2218:10535/6243
2081:2019-08-08
1738:: 151876.
1680:2019-07-26
1629:2022-06-04
1605:2019-07-26
1599:World Bank
1576:2019-07-26
993:: 151876.
874:References
826:vulnerable
754:propensity
746:ecosystems
702:Adaptation
630:adaptation
584:See also:
511:windstorms
499:stochastic
487:resilience
459:Ecosystems
315:adaptation
287:See also:
236:mitigation
143:Adaptation
136:Resilience
104:Definition
31:ecosystems
4110:Feedbacks
3881:Education
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3377:Australia
3304:Migration
3267:Fisheries
3218:Livestock
3144:Wildfires
3050:Heat wave
2677:1757-7780
2622:1757-7799
2502:247956525
2494:2662-9992
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821:disasters
527:threshold
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4224:Category
4046:biologic
3760:Politics
3652:Personal
3357:Americas
3230:Children
2996:Physical
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2729:Overview
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2552:Archived
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2272:18048654
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3901:fiction
3750:Justice
3701:Society
3309:Poverty
3028:Drought
2896:History
2820:Sources
2600:Bibcode
2352:. 2018.
2242:Bibcode
2234:Science
2112:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1740:Bibcode
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936:Bibcode
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