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gender, ethnicity, and clinical characteristics such as symptoms (e.g. cough and fever) and the results of clinical tests (e.g. pneumonia on chest X-ray). Place criteria will usually specify a geographical entity such as a town, state, or country, but may be as small as an institution, a school class, or a restaurant meal session. Shared definition of the phenomenon impacts the study methods and ensures terminology is used in a consistent manner.
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A case definition defines a case by placing limits on time, person, place, and shared definition with data collection of the phenomenon being studied. Time criteria may include all cases of a disease identified from, for example, January 1, 2008 to March 1, 2008. Person criteria may include age,
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investigation—that is, whether a person is considered directly affected by an outbreak. Absent an outbreak, case definitions are used in the surveillance of public health in order to categorize those conditions present in a population (e.g.,
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Case definitions are often used to label individuals as suspect, probable, or confirmed cases. For example, in the investigation of an outbreak of pneumococcal pneumonia in a nursing home the case definition may be specified as:
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When diagnostic criteria are universally accepted they can be considered a "clinical definition" because they define the limits of the affected population, determining which patients are inside and outside of the set.
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José Roberto
Lambertucci, Revisiting the concept of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and its challenges using traditional and new tools, Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. vol. 47 no. 2 Uberaba Mar./Apr. 2014 Epub Apr 11, 2014,
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As investigations proceed, a case definition may be expanded or narrowed, a characteristic of the dynamic nature of outbreak investigations. At any given time, the case definition is supposed to be the
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Keou FX1 BĂ©lec L, Esunge PM, Cancre N, Gresenguet G (October 1992). "World Health
Organization clinical case definition for AIDS in Africa: an analysis of evaluations".
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case definition, usually applied after the outbreak is considered more well understood, will exclude most non-cases, but will also exclude some actual cases.
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Meet the probable case definition plus have pneumococcal infection confirmed by blood culture or other isolation of pneumococci from normally sterile site.
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A clinical definition should be regarded as a statistical analysis tool, and not a substitute for a pathological definition when this is required.
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By creating a case definition, public health professionals are better equipped to study an outbreak and determine possible causes.
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case definition, often applied early in an outbreak, will capture all cases, but will include many non-cases. A
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Disease
Clusters: An Overview Case Definition from the United States Department of Health and Human Services
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All residents of
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professionals determine whether a person's illness is included as a
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designates a case definition with a specific combination of
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