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332:(WHO) estimates that clitoridectomies have been performed on 200 million girls and women that are currently alive. The regions that most clitoridectomies take place are Asia, the Middle East and west, north and east Africa. The practice also exists in migrants originating from these regions. Most of the surgeries are for cultural or religious reasons.
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Post-operative care may employ the use of suction drainage to allow the deeper tissues to heal toward the surface. Follow-up after surgery includes the stripping of the drainage device to prevent blockage. A typical hospital stay can last up to two weeks. The site of the surgery is left unbandaged to
296:
Sexual behavior is another reason for clitoridectomies. Author Sarah
Rodriguez stated that the history of medical textbooks has indirectly created accepted ideas about the female body. Medical and gynecological textbooks are also at fault in the way that the clitoris is described in comparison to a
231:
scholarship has described clitoridectomy as a practice aimed at controlling women's sexuality, the historic emergence of the practice in ancient
European and Middle Eastern cultures may also have derived from ideas about what a normal female genitalia should look like and the policing of boundaries
235:
In the seventeenth century, anatomists remained divided on whether a clitoris was a normal female organ, with some arguing that it was an abnormality in female development and, if large enough to be visible, it should always be removed at birth. In the 19th century, a clitoridectomy was thought by
301:. The importance and originality of a female's clitoris is underscored because it is seen as "a less significant organ, since anatomy texts compared the penis and the clitoris in only one direction." Rodriguez said that a male's penis created the framework of the sexual organ.
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to permit it to sit closer to her vaginal opening. These sorts of clitoral surgeries, contrary to reducing women's sexual pleasure, actually appear aimed at making coitus more pleasurable for women, though it is unclear if that is ever their actual outcome.
308:
studied
African clitoral surgical practices and showed that these often involved removal of the clitoral hood, not the clitoris. She also had a surgery done to her own clitoris by the Viennese surgeon Dr Halban, which entailed cutting the
646:
Alison M. Moore, Victorian
Medicine Was Not Responsible for Repressing the Clitoris: Rethinking Homology in the Long History of Women’s Genital Anatomy. Signs: The Journal of Women in Culture and Society 44 (1) August 2018, 53-81. DOI:
164:. Other factors that will affect the technique selected are age, other existing medical conditions, and obesity. Other considerations are the probability of extended hospital care and the development of infection at the surgical site.
511:
Horbach, Sophie E.R.; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Smit, Jan
Maerten; Ă–zer, MĂĽjde; Buncamper, Marlon E.; Mullender, Margriet G. (2015). "Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques".
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that cause a clitoromegaly is controversial when it takes place during childhood or under duress. Many women who were exposed to such treatment have reported loss of physical sensation in the affected area, and loss of
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in the region, then the affected muscle tissue is also removed. In some cases, the surgeon is able to preserve the clitoris despite extensive malignancy. The cancerous tissue is removed and the incision is closed.
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that often reduces the size of the clitoris without its total removal. The atypical size of the clitoris is due to an endocrine imbalance in utero. Other reasons for the surgery include issues involving
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Clitoridectomy surgical techniques are used to remove an invasive malignancy that extends to the clitoris. Standard surgical procedures are followed in these cases. This includes evaluation and
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and preserved nerves back onto the stump. In a less common surgery called clitoral recession, the surgeon hides the clitoral shaft under a fold of skin so only the glans remains visible.
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In 2013, it was disclosed in a medical journal that four unnamed elite female athletes from developing countries were subjected to gonadectomies and partial clitoridectomies after
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195:; not removing the saphenous vein during the surgery can help prevent this. In some instances, the buildup of fluid can be reduced through methods such as foot elevation,
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Not all historical examples of clitoral surgeries should be assumed to be clitoridectomy (removal of the clitoris). In the nineteen thirties, the French psychoanalyst
712:
3253:
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PĹ«ras, Dainius; Special
Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (April 4, 2016),
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on health, Dainius PĹ«ras, condemned this treatment as a form of genital mutilation "in the absence of symptoms or health issues warranting those procedures."
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is first done. The extent of the surgical site extends 1 to 2 cm (0.39 to 0.79 in) beyond the boundaries of malignancy. Superficial
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Norbert
Finzsch, Der Widerspenstigen Verstümmelung: Eine Geschichte der Kliteridektomie im „Westen”, 1500-2000. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2021.
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were related to female reproductive organs and that removing the clitoris would cure the neurosis. This treatment was discontinued in 1867.
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to infants and therefore whether a child's genitalia is normal, but what is considered ambiguous or normal can vary from person to person.
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943:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. MĂ©ndez, A.HRC.22.53"
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1047:"Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism"
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344:. In recent years, multiple human rights institutions have criticized early surgical management of such characteristics.
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210:, the clitoris is often reduced instead of removed. The surgeon cuts the shaft of the elongated phallus and sews the
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Promoting and
Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics
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has developed in or spread to the clitoris. Commonly, non-medical removal of the clitoris is performed during
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260:, and he worked "to remove whenever he had the opportunity of doing so", according to his obituary in the
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458:"New study shows female genital mutilation exposes women and babies to significant risk at childbirth"
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Relocating Marie
Bonaparte’s Clitoris. Australian Feminist Studies 24 (60), April 2009, 149-165.
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I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me: Medically
Unnecessary Surgeries on Intersex Children in the US
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may determine clitoral norms. A lack of ambiguity of the genitalia is seen as necessary in the
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writes that Brown's views caused outrage, and he died penniless after being expelled from the
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On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females
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Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children
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Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of Medical Treatment
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797:(2. Paperback printing. ed.). New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers Univ. Press. p. 43.
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742:
Atoki, Morayo (August 1995). "Should female circumcision continue to be banned?".
660:(October 19, 1963). "Masturbation and Clitoridectomy: A Nineteenth-Century View".
2444:
1045:
Fénichel, Patrick; Paris, Françoise; Philibert, Pascal; et al. (June 2013).
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Clitoridectomies are the most common form of female genital mutilation. The
17:
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681:
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Occasionally, in American and English medicine of the nineteenth century,
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Sport and healthy lifestyles and the right to health. Report A/HRC/32/33
609:
Sexing the body : gender politics and the construction of sexuality
58:
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3992:
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1808:
1776:
1669:
1473:
757:
76:
1114:
1003:
Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016).
525:
460:(Press release). World Health Organization. 2006-06-02. Archived from
112:
of the clitoris. This is sometimes done along with a radical complete
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3789:
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2631:
1488:
1425:
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161:
84:
83:. It is rarely used as a therapeutic medical procedure, such as when
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4167:
4162:
4157:
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3602:
Children Act 1989 (Amendment) (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 2019
1553:
1229:
557:
Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide
298:
257:
211:
132:
179:
may also need to be removed. If the malignancy is present in any
3695:
3633:
434:
Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD)
248:
believed that the "unnatural irritation" of the clitoris caused
3732:
3637:
3101:
2448:
1619:
1184:
875:
244:(1812–1873), an English gynaecologist who was president of the
355:
variation or disorder of sex development. In April 2016, the
876:"Is Growing up in Silence Better Than Growing up Different?"
123:
Removal of the clitoris may be due to malignancy or trauma.
1615:
171:, and prior to the vulvectomy/clitoridectomy an inguinal
3438:
Babiker Bedri Scientific Association for Women's Studies
613:(1. ed., ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. p.
4250:
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature
116:. Surgery may also become necessary due to therapeutic
1051:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
152:. Treatments on children raise human rights concerns.
279:
was done as a cure for insanity. Some believed that
4220:
4123:
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3983:
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3610:
3574:
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2005:
1933:
1888:
1797:
1668:
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1590:
1552:
1487:
1422:
1399:
1371:
1343:
1298:
1289:
1251:
1228:
699:
The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present
45:
37:
32:
768:; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
606:
335:Clitoridectomy of people with conditions such as
976:; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015),
135:genotype but have a clitoris size affected by
79:removal, reduction, or partial removal of the
3744:
3649:
3113:
2460:
1631:
1196:
979:Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper
911:"My coming out: The lingering intersex taboo"
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
191:Complications can include the development of
8:
3623:Activists against female genital mutilation
3587:Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985
3036:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
3021:Birth control movement in the United States
1101:(April 2014). "Sex, health, and athletes".
427:
425:
4082:
3751:
3737:
3729:
3656:
3642:
3634:
3489:
3278:
3120:
3106:
3098:
2874:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2467:
2453:
2445:
1920:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1665:
1638:
1624:
1616:
1295:
1203:
1189:
1181:
583:(Report). Human Rights Watch. 2017-07-25.
2261:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1062:
104:A clitoridectomy is often done to remove
1013:of National Human Rights Institutions.
421:
206:In a clitoridectomy for infants with a
1166:from the original on December 15, 2016
771:
29:
4240:List of organisms by chromosome count
701:. University of Chicago Press, 2000,
167:The surgery proceeds with the use of
7:
2399:
2160:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2409:
1211:Tests and procedures involving the
311:suspensory ligament of the clitoris
54:
3592:Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
2296:Medical Scientist Training Program
127:Clitoromegaly and other conditions
25:
2730:self-report sexual risk behaviors
881:Intersex Society of North America
490:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
357:United Nations Special Rapporteur
2800:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
2428:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2389:
2388:
822:. University of Rochester Press.
674:10.1001/jama.1963.63710030028012
369:
188:allow for frequent examination.
139:and are treated surgically with
27:Surgical removal of the clitoris
3861:Macrochromosome/Microchromosome
2920:Sexually transmitted infections
2429:
1027:from the original on 2017-01-15
986:from the original on 2016-01-06
955:from the original on 2016-08-24
923:from the original on 2017-12-22
888:from the original on 2016-03-05
853:from the original on 2016-06-28
587:from the original on 2017-10-05
2476:Sexual and reproductive health
2286:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1720:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
941:MĂ©ndez, Juan (February 2013).
605:Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2000).
514:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
337:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
281:mental and emotional disorders
137:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
1:
726:Also see Brown, Isaac Baker.
710:"Isaac Baker Brown, F.R.C.S."
708:For the obituary, see J.F.C.
3517:Possessing the Secret of Joy
2900:Disorders of sex development
2266:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2033:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
793:Kessler, Suzanne J. (2000).
4286:Female genital modification
4281:Surgical removal procedures
3178:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2910:Reproductive system disease
1600:Gynecologic ultrasonography
1330:Uterine artery embolization
843:"Female genital mutilation"
795:Lessons from the intersexed
131:Female infants born with a
4332:
3901:Dinoflagellate chromosomes
3291:Raqiya Haji Dualeh Abdalla
2869:Obstetrics and gynaecology
1213:female reproductive system
778:: CS1 maint: postscript (
351:revealed that they had an
321:
4316:Female genital mutilation
4245:List of sequenced genomes
4013:Chromosomal translocation
3886:A chromosome/B chromosome
3877:(or accessory chromosome)
3671:
3618:Female genital mutilation
3341:Lilian Passmore Sanderson
3129:Female genital mutilation
2785:Pregnant patients' rights
2550:Pre-conception counseling
2507:Abortion-rights movements
2384:
1567:Female genital mutilation
1219:
907:Bastien-Charlebois, Janik
847:World Health Organization
818:Rodriguez, Sarah (2014).
730:. Robert Hardwicke, 1866.
721:Medical Times and Gazette
559:. City: Wiley-Blackwell.
486:Hoffman, Barbara (2012).
405:Female genital mutilation
385:List of surgeries by type
330:World Health Organization
324:Female genital mutilation
262:Medical Times and Gazette
246:Medical Society of London
89:female genital mutilation
55:
4067:Telomere-binding protein
3881:Supernumerary chromosome
2671:Gamete Cryopreservation
2517:Circumcision controversy
2497:Compulsory sterilization
2220:Transplantation medicine
2111:Clinical neurophysiology
2028:Obstetric anesthesiology
1948:Interventional radiology
1708:Digestive system surgery
1109:(apr28 9): –2926–g2926.
199:medication, and wearing
3509:Woman, Why Do You Weep?
3031:Social hygiene movement
2884:Transgender health care
2091:Intensive care medicine
2065:Mass gathering medicine
1910:Maternal–fetal medicine
1577:Clitoral hood reduction
1544:Vaginal transplantation
555:Gundeti, Mohan (2012).
4003:Structural alterations
3468:Tahirih Justice Center
3346:Marion Scott Stevenson
3266:Religious views on FGM
2859:Genitourinary medicine
2662:In vitro fertilization
2617:Hormonal contraception
2502:Contraceptive security
1683:Cardiothoracic surgery
745:Feminist Legal Studies
4271:Gynecological surgery
4020:Numerical alterations
4008:Chromosomal inversion
3906:Homologous chromosome
3204:Prevalence by country
3188:Vesicovaginal fistula
2522:Intersex human rights
2334:Personalized medicine
2193:Reproductive medicine
2118:Occupational medicine
2072:Evolutionary medicine
1605:Hysterosalpingography
1222:Gynecological surgery
322:Further information:
318:Human rights concerns
201:compression stockings
4301:Pediatric gynecology
4296:Congenital disorders
4228:Extrachromosomal DNA
3916:Satellite chromosome
3891:Lampbrush chromosome
3831:Nuclear organization
3183:Rectovaginal fistula
3080:tax on childlessness
2836:Genital modification
2760:Unintended pregnancy
2492:Reproductive Justice
2354:Traditional medicine
2314:Alternative medicine
2181:Addiction psychiatry
1995:Transfusion medicine
1990:Medical microbiology
1905:Gynecologic oncology
1757:Reproductive surgery
1391:Endometrial ablation
1064:10.1210/jc.2012-3893
349:testosterone testing
120:to the pelvic area.
118:radiation treatments
3921:Centromere position
3896:Polytene chromosome
3866:Circular chromosome
3597:2005 (Scotland) Act
3501:Woman at Point Zero
3321:Rose Oldfield Hayes
2780:Pregnancy from rape
2637:Intrauterine device
2376:History of medicine
2359:Veterinary medicine
2166:Preventive medicine
2018:Adolescent medicine
1860:Infectious diseases
1442:Cervical conization
1325:Pelvic exenteration
1243:Salpingoophorectomy
1095:Jordan-Young, R. M.
488:Williams gynecology
291:assignment of a sex
270:Obstetrical Society
238:female masturbation
232:between the sexes.
218:Society and culture
148:and those who have
3686:Granulation tissue
3473:Zero Tolerance Day
3026:History of condoms
2915:Sexual dysfunction
2821:Sexual orientation
2775:Options counseling
2622:Male contraception
2545:Genetic counseling
2324:Molecular oncology
2281:Doctor of Medicine
2271:Master of Medicine
2188:Radiation oncology
2060:Emergency medicine
2013:Addiction medicine
1980:Clinical chemistry
1975:Clinical pathology
1767:Transplant surgery
1725:Orthopedic surgery
1703:Colorectal surgery
1459:Cervical screening
1414:Uterine myomectomy
1386:Endometrial biopsy
1097:; Sonksen, P. H.;
1057:(6): –1055–E1059.
1011:Asia Pacific Forum
909:(August 9, 2015).
758:10.1007/BF01104114
723:, 8 February 1873.
715:2023-12-23 at the
695:Allen, Peter Lewis
432:Hiort, O. (2014).
390:Genital mutilation
169:general anesthesia
150:MĂĽllerian agenesis
4311:Urethra disorders
4276:Surgical oncology
4258:
4257:
4216:
4215:
3953:Centromere number
3870:Linear chromosome
3726:
3725:
3631:
3630:
3582:Matter of Kasinga
3570:
3569:
3481:
3480:
3412:Layli Miller-Muro
3214:FGM in the Gambia
3095:
3094:
2795:Teenage pregnancy
2512:Genital integrity
2442:
2441:
2276:Master of Surgery
2240:
2239:
2225:Tropical medicine
2171:Prison healthcare
2086:Hospital medicine
2050:Disaster medicine
2040:Aviation medicine
1855:Hospital medicine
1762:Surgical oncology
1747:Pediatric surgery
1741:
1688:Endocrine surgery
1613:
1612:
1539:Vaginal wet mount
1483:
1482:
1454:Cervical cerclage
1363:Vacuum aspiration
1115:10.1136/bmj.g2926
1020:978-0-9942513-7-4
974:Council of Europe
849:. February 2016.
624:978-0-465-07714-4
526:10.1111/jsm.12868
436:. Basel: Karger.
266:Peter Lewis Allen
242:Isaac Baker Brown
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
4323:
4083:
4047:Polyploidization
3875:Extra chromosome
3790:Genetic material
3753:
3746:
3739:
3730:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3635:
3560:My Body My Rules
3490:
3336:Nawal El Saadawi
3331:Edna Adan Ismail
3279:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3057:Two-child policy
3052:One-child policy
2932:Gender dysphoria
2469:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2096:Medical genetics
2081:General practice
1958:Nuclear medicine
1833:Gastroenterology
1789:Vascular surgery
1739:
1666:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1430:
1407:
1379:
1351:
1303:
1296:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1000:
994:
993:
992:
991:
970:
964:
963:
961:
960:
954:
947:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
916:Montreal Gazette
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
839:
833:
830:
824:
823:
815:
809:
808:
790:
784:
783:
777:
769:
739:
733:
692:
686:
685:
654:
648:
644:
638:
635:
629:
628:
612:
602:
596:
595:
593:
592:
577:
571:
570:
552:
546:
545:
520:(6): 1499–1512.
508:
502:
501:
483:
466:
465:
464:on June 2, 2006.
454:
448:
447:
429:
379:
374:
373:
372:
59:edit on Wikidata
30:
21:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4291:Plastic surgery
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4212:
4119:
4081:
4051:
4040:Paleopolyploidy
3985:
3979:
3835:
3809:Heterochromatin
3772:
3766:
3757:
3727:
3722:
3711:Intussusception
3667:
3662:
3632:
3627:
3606:
3566:
3531:
3477:
3426:
3392:Ellen Gruenbaum
3382:Ayaan Hirsi Ali
3365:
3283:
3270:
3209:Laws by country
3192:
3158:Gishiri cutting
3131:
3126:
3096:
3091:
3040:
3009:
2982:United Kingdom
2936:
2888:
2879:Sexual medicine
2840:
2816:Gender identity
2804:
2750:Maternal health
2736:
2696:
2692:fertility fraud
2653:
2646:
2603:
2554:
2528:
2478:
2473:
2443:
2438:
2380:
2369:Chief physician
2302:
2247:
2236:
2230:Travel medicine
2215:Sports medicine
2198:Sexual medicine
2138:Palliative care
2133:Pain management
2077:Family medicine
2055:Diving medicine
2001:
1929:
1891:
1884:
1800:
1793:
1752:Plastic surgery
1698:General surgery
1678:Cardiac surgery
1659:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1614:
1609:
1592:Medical imaging
1586:
1548:
1479:
1423:
1418:
1400:
1395:
1372:
1367:
1344:
1339:
1335:Transplantation
1299:
1285:
1253:Fallopian tubes
1247:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
987:
972:
971:
967:
958:
956:
952:
945:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
905:
904:
900:
891:
889:
870:
869:
865:
856:
854:
841:
840:
836:
831:
827:
817:
816:
812:
805:
792:
791:
787:
770:
741:
740:
736:
717:Wayback Machine
693:
689:
656:
655:
651:
647:10.1086/698277.
645:
641:
636:
632:
625:
604:
603:
599:
590:
588:
579:
578:
574:
567:
554:
553:
549:
510:
509:
505:
498:
485:
484:
469:
456:
455:
451:
444:
431:
430:
423:
418:
377:Medicine portal
375:
370:
368:
365:
326:
320:
306:Marie Bonaparte
225:
220:
173:lymphadenectomy
158:
129:
102:
97:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4329:
4327:
4319:
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4313:
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4298:
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4288:
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4273:
4263:
4262:
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4247:
4242:
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4236:
4235:
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4057:
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4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
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3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3931:Submetacentric
3928:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3858:
3857:or heterosome)
3851:Sex chromosome
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3787:
3782:
3776:
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3768:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3718:Vasculogenesis
3715:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Maggot therapy
3678:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3614:
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3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
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3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
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3556:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
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3513:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3487:
3483:
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3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
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3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Molly Melching
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Fuambai Ahmadu
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Benoîte Groult
3313:
3311:Asma El Dareer
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3275:Writers/groups
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3254:United Kingdom
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:colonial Kenya
3221:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Husband stitch
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Clitoridectomy
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2998:teen pregnancy
2990:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2669:
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2658:
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2356:
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2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
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2308:
2307:Related topics
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Medical school
2252:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:Sleep medicine
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2023:Anesthesiology
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:Neuroradiology
1950:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:Obstetrics and
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1772:Trauma surgery
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1735:Otolaryngology
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1661:subspecialties
1651:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1582:Vestibulectomy
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1517:husband stitch
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1347:Uterine cavity
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1281:Tubal reversal
1278:
1273:
1271:Tubal ligation
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1160:United Nations
1144:
1086:
1037:
1019:
995:
965:
933:
898:
872:Holmes, Morgan
863:
834:
825:
810:
804:978-0813525297
803:
785:
734:
732:
731:
724:
687:
668:(3): 246–248.
649:
639:
630:
623:
597:
572:
565:
547:
503:
496:
467:
449:
442:
420:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
380:
364:
361:
319:
316:
224:
221:
219:
216:
157:
154:
128:
125:
101:
98:
96:
93:
69:Clitoridectomy
64:
63:
56:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
33:Clitoridectomy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4328:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
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4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
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4272:
4269:
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4251:
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4238:
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4231:
4230:
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4181:
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4169:
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4136:
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4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
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4106:
4103:
4101:
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4096:
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4088:
4084:
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4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
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4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
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4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:and evolution
3982:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
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3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Isochromosome
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
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3852:
3848:
3845:
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3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
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3819:
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3807:
3805:
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3797:
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3783:
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3778:
3777:
3775:
3769:
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3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Growth factor
3689:
3687:
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3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3665:Wound healing
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
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3600:
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3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
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3573:
3562:
3561:
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3554:
3553:
3552:Desert Flower
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3526:
3525:Desert Flower
3522:
3519:
3518:
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3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
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3497:
3495:
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3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Comfort Momoh
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3361:Amina Warsame
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Efua Dorkenoo
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:and activists
3282:Early writers
3280:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:United States
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
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3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
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3174:
3171:
3169:
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3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:Health issues
3134:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:child benefit
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3003:birth control
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:United States
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Prenatal care
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:Sterilization
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2609:Contraception
2606:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Birth spacing
2575:
2573:
2572:childlessness
2569:
2568:Childfreeness
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Sex education
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Public health
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Allied health
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Oral medicine
2126:
2124:
2123:Ophthalmology
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Cytopathology
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1925:Urogynecology
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Endocrinology
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
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1691:
1689:
1686:
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1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
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1667:
1664:
1662:
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1652:
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1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1606:
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1601:
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1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Hymenorrhaphy
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Culdocentesis
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
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1392:
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1387:
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1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Salpingectomy
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
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1165:
1161:
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1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
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1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
999:
996:
985:
981:
980:
975:
969:
966:
951:
944:
937:
934:
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
902:
899:
887:
883:
882:
877:
873:
867:
864:
852:
848:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
821:
814:
811:
806:
800:
796:
789:
786:
781:
775:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:
738:
735:
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
650:
643:
640:
634:
631:
626:
620:
616:
611:
610:
601:
598:
586:
582:
576:
573:
568:
566:9781444335538
562:
558:
551:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
504:
499:
497:9780071716727
493:
489:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
453:
450:
445:
443:9783318025583
439:
435:
428:
426:
422:
415:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Clitoromegaly
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
367:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
338:
333:
331:
325:
317:
315:
312:
307:
302:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:some to curb
233:
230:
222:
217:
215:
213:
209:
208:clitoromegaly
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
146:microphallism
142:
138:
134:
126:
124:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
99:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
60:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3952:
3920:
3760:Cytogenetics
3706:Angiogenesis
3558:
3550:
3542:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3443:Equality Now
3422:Alice Walker
3402:Gerry Mackie
3356:Nahid Toubia
3351:Hulda Stumpf
3296:Janice Boddy
3244:Sierra Leone
3173:Keloid scars
3168:Infibulation
3148:Dysmenorrhea
3142:
3087:Abortion law
3070:bachelor tax
2720:vulvovaginal
2654:reproduction
2344:Rural health
2329:Nanomedicine
1880:Rheumatology
1811: /
1730:Hand surgery
1715:Neurosurgery
1529:Colpocleisis
1469:Cervicectomy
1424:
1401:
1373:
1358:Hysteroscopy
1345:
1315:Hysterectomy
1310:Genitoplasty
1300:
1261:Falloposcopy
1238:Oophorectomy
1168:, retrieved
1154:
1147:
1106:
1102:
1099:Karkazis, K.
1089:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1005:
998:
988:, retrieved
978:
968:
957:. Retrieved
936:
925:. Retrieved
914:
901:
890:. Retrieved
879:
866:
855:. Retrieved
837:
828:
819:
813:
794:
788:
774:cite journal
749:
743:
737:
727:
720:
698:
690:
665:
661:
652:
642:
633:
608:
600:
589:. Retrieved
575:
556:
550:
517:
513:
506:
487:
462:the original
452:
433:
410:Circumcision
395:Vaginoplasty
346:
334:
327:
303:
295:
285:
277:circumcision
274:
261:
234:
226:
205:
190:
186:
166:
159:
141:vaginoplasty
130:
122:
103:
100:Malignancies
95:Medical uses
73:clitorectomy
72:
68:
67:
41:Clitorectomy
18:Clitorectomy
4306:Chromosomes
3973:Polycentric
3963:Monocentric
3946:Holocentric
3941:Acrocentric
3936:Telocentric
3926:Metacentric
3804:Euchromatin
3764:chromosomes
3575:Legislation
3397:Asha Ismail
3387:Waris Dirie
3326:Fran Hosken
3234:New Zealand
3153:Dyspareunia
2973:Philippines
2905:Infertility
2864:Gynaecology
2831:Transgender
2599:Sperm theft
2592:foster care
2414:Wikiproject
2203:Venereology
2148:Neonatology
2045:Dermatology
1900:Gynaecology
1892:gynaecology
1875:Pulmonology
1693:Eye surgery
1655:Specialties
1572:Labiaplasty
1497:Vaginectomy
1375:Endometrium
1320:Hysterotomy
658:Duffy, John
227:While much
177:lymph nodes
38:Other names
4265:Categories
4125:Centromere
4056:Structures
4035:Polyploidy
4025:Aneuploidy
3826:Nucleosome
3816:Chromosome
3611:Categories
3197:By country
3065:baby bonus
3061:Financial
2941:By country
2765:childbirth
2755:Obstetrics
2687:Sperm bank
2176:Psychiatry
2162:(PM&R)
2155:Phlebology
2143:Pediatrics
1970:Anatomical
1935:Diagnostic
1915:Obstetrics
1865:Nephrology
1850:Hematology
1845:Geriatrics
1838:Hepatology
1823:Cardiology
1813:Immunology
1562:Vulvectomy
1524:Hymenotomy
1512:Episiotomy
1502:Culdoscopy
1437:Colposcopy
1403:Myometrium
1170:August 27,
1031:2016-08-27
990:2016-08-27
959:2016-08-27
927:2016-08-26
892:2016-08-26
857:2016-03-26
752:(2): 229.
591:2021-12-17
416:References
287:Aesthetics
193:lymphedema
114:vulvectomy
106:malignancy
51:Gynecology
4077:Protamine
3984:Processes
3968:Dicentric
3821:Chromatid
3799:Chromatin
3780:Karyotype
3701:Stem cell
3301:Mary Daly
3229:Kurdistan
2978:Singapore
2893:Disorders
2854:Andrology
2742:Pregnancy
2726:Research
2582:Parenting
2533:Education
2364:Physician
2248:education
2106:Neurology
2101:Narcology
1965:Pathology
1943:Radiology
1818:Angiology
1782:Andrology
1476:insertion
1123:1756-1833
1073:0021-972X
766:144198914
534:1743-6095
156:Technique
47:Specialty
4221:See also
4063:Telomere
4030:Euploidy
3958:Acentric
3855:allosome
3847:Autosome
3773:concepts
3676:Fibrosis
3544:Moolaadé
2968:Pakistan
2846:Medicine
2826:Intersex
2809:Identity
2770:Abortion
2652:Assisted
2627:Safe sex
2587:adoption
2560:Planning
2394:Category
1870:Oncology
1801:medicine
1799:Internal
1647:Medicine
1463:pap test
1301:General:
1164:archived
1131:24776640
1081:23633205
1025:Archived
984:archived
950:Archived
921:Archived
886:Archived
851:Archived
713:Archived
682:14057114
585:Archived
542:25817066
363:See also
353:intersex
342:autonomy
254:hysteria
250:epilepsy
229:feminist
197:diuretic
110:necrosis
81:clitoris
77:surgical
4233:Plasmid
4087:Histone
3998:Meiosis
3993:Mitosis
3448:FORWARD
3239:Nigeria
3014:History
2963:Ireland
2715:Women's
2434:Outline
2404:Commons
2349:Therapy
2246:Medical
1809:Allergy
1777:Urology
1670:Surgery
1474:Pessary
1230:Ovaries
1139:2198650
297:male's
223:General
181:muscles
75:is the
3794:Genome
3785:Ploidy
3563:(2015)
3555:(2009)
3547:(2004)
3528:(1998)
3520:(1992)
3512:(1982)
3504:(1975)
3463:Tostan
3458:RAINBO
3431:Groups
3370:Others
3045:Policy
2925:clinic
2702:Health
2632:Condom
2484:Rights
2424:Portal
2291:MD–PhD
1489:Vagina
1426:Cervix
1291:Uterus
1276:Essure
1137:
1129:
1121:
1079:
1071:
1017:
801:
764:
703:p. 106
680:
621:
563:
540:
532:
494:
440:
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