31:
227:(e.g., in infected multicellular hosts). Whereas, the cells of clones dealt with here are specialized cells of a multicellular organism (usually vertebrates), and reside at quite distant places. For instance, two plasma cells belonging to the same clone could be derived from different memory cells (in turn with shared clonality) and could be residing in quite distant locations, such as the cervical (in the neck) and inguinal (in the groin)
150:
123:(sufficiently) mutated cell, so they are technically a single clone of cells. However, during course of cell division, one of the cells can get mutated further and acquire new characteristics to diverge as a new clone. However, this view of cancer onset has been challenged in recent years and many tumors have been argued to have polyclonal origin, i.e. derived from two or more cells or clones, including malignant mesothelioma.
1362:
1350:
879:
273:
is able to replicate asexually for many generations but the dividing cells gradually age and after about 200 cell divisions, if the cells fail to undergo another autogamy or conjugation, they lose vitality and expire. This process is referred to as clonal aging. Experiments by Smith-Sonneborn,
580:
Gilley, David; Blackburn, Elizabeth H. (1994). "Lack of telomere shortening during senescence in
Paramecium" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (5): 1955–1958. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.1955G. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1955. PMC 43283.
140:
is a disorder of bone marrow cells resulting in shortened life of red blood cells, which is also a result of clonal expansion, i.e., all the altered cells are originally derived from a single cell, which also somewhat compromises the functioning of other "normal" bone marrow
197:) of DNA, thus making almost unlimited cycles of cell division possible. It is believed that the above-mentioned tissues have a constitutional elevated expression of telomerase. When ultimately many cells are produced by a single cell,
219:), wherein the cells (usually unicellular) also share a common ancestry, but which also requires the products of clonal expansion to reside at "one place", or in close proximity. A clonal colony would be well exemplified by a
570:
Holmes, George E.; Holmes, Norreen R. (July 1986). "Accumulation of DNA damages in aging
Paramecium tetraurelia". Molecular and General Genetics. 204 (1): 108–114. doi:10.1007/bf00330196. PMID 3091993.
112:(functional forms)—the antibody secreting, terminally differentiated (that is, they cannot divide further) plasma cells, and the memory and the naive cells—both of which retain their proliferative potential.
193:, continues to shorten with each cell division, and cells eventually stop dividing when they sense that their DNA is critically shortened. However, this enzyme in "youthful" cells replaces these lost bits (
561:
Smith-Sonneborn, J. (1979). "DNA repair and longevity assurance in
Paramecium tetraurelia". Science. 203 (4385): 1115–1117. Bibcode:1979Sci...203.1115S. doi:10.1126/science.424739. PMID 424739
917:
859:
910:
1287:
864:
96:
This concept of clone assumes importance as all the cells that form a clone share common ancestry, which has a very significant consequence: shared
269:, a kind of sexual interation between different cells. Clonal asexual reproduction can be initiated after completion of autogamy or conjugation.
979:
903:
30:
609:
306:
685:
342:
1262:
137:
546:
371:
275:
486:
Comertpay, Sabahattin; Pastorino, Sandra; Tanji, Mika; Mezzapelle, Rosanna; Strianese, Oriana; et al. (4 December 2014).
1252:
1052:
56:
Clonality implies the state of a cell or a substance being derived from one source or the other. Thus there are terms like
1267:
723:
1153:
1128:
1037:
974:
946:
185:
Most other cells cannot divide indefinitely as after a few cycles of cell division the cells stop expressing an enzyme
1143:
261:-like behavior of the chromosomes similar to that of cells in higher organisms. The sexual forms of reproduction are
24:
1393:
1354:
1222:
1123:
283:
1325:
1108:
1032:
602:
1300:
1196:
834:
678:
1080:
1012:
964:
941:
794:
19:"Clonal expansion" redirects here. For clonal expansion in hematopoiesis (especially as age advances), see
1186:
956:
296:
1388:
1366:
1305:
1227:
1181:
1168:
1075:
1022:
844:
799:
789:
773:
311:
266:
190:
398:"Clonal origin and expansions in neoplasms: biologic and technical aspects must be considered together"
343:"Clone definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms"
1315:
1257:
1176:
1138:
1113:
989:
595:
321:
20:
1403:
1247:
1217:
1211:
1090:
1070:
1065:
1027:
1007:
984:
883:
768:
708:
671:
651:
316:
250:
81:
642:
1277:
1272:
1239:
1206:
1201:
1148:
1100:
926:
839:
646:
542:
519:
468:
429:
350:
254:
1398:
1295:
969:
804:
718:
509:
499:
460:
419:
409:
282:. This aging process has similarities to the aging process in multicellular eukaryotes (See
131:
85:
34:
1060:
785:
713:
630:
396:
Pozo-Garcia, Lucia; Diaz-Cano, Salvador J.; Taback, Bret; Hoon, Dave S.B. (January 2003).
160: with: more examples of clonal origin in the human body/vertebrates. You can help by
127:
375:
1191:
1133:
1017:
854:
849:
816:
514:
487:
424:
397:
414:
149:
1382:
1330:
1320:
1310:
895:
211:
449:"Many different tumor types have polyclonal tumor origin: evidence and implications"
1335:
1158:
1118:
999:
930:
733:
220:
1085:
464:
194:
504:
244:
228:
186:
109:
694:
541:. Vol. 1 (16th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 616.
240:
523:
472:
433:
634:
262:
120:
116:
97:
301:
274:
Holmes and Holmes and Gilley and
Blackburn showed that accumulation of
258:
756:
746:
619:
105:
448:
372:"oligoclonal – Definition from Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary"
751:
115:
Another important area where one can talk of "clones" of cells is
29:
638:
223:
colony, or the bacterial films that are more likely to be found
899:
667:
591:
587:
144:
663:
104:
One of the most prominent usage is in describing a clone of
80:
clone. These terms are most commonly used in context of
488:"Evaluation of clonal origin of malignant mesothelioma"
161:
16:
Group of identical cells that share a common ancestry
25:
Somatic evolution in cancer § Clonal expansions
1286:
1238:
1167:
1099:
1051:
998:
955:
827:
732:
701:
53:, meaning they are derived from the same cell.
860:Stem cell laws and policy in the United States
37:and monoclonal versus polyclonal proliferation
911:
679:
603:
108:. The B cells in the body have two important
8:
253:. Asexual or clonal reproduction occurs by
918:
904:
896:
686:
672:
664:
610:
596:
588:
539:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
513:
503:
423:
413:
865:Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation
235:Paramecium clonal reproduction and aging
209:A somewhat similar concept is that of a
537:Bunn, Franklin; Wendell, Rosse (2005).
334:
278:is the likely cause of clonal aging in
189:. The genetic material, in the form of
447:Parsons, Barbara L. (September 2008).
23:. For clonal expansion in cancer, see
307:List of animals that have been cloned
7:
265:, a kind of self-fertilization, and
138:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
14:
492:Journal of Translational Medicine
402:The American Journal of Pathology
119:. Many of the tumors derive from
1361:
1360:
1349:
1348:
878:
877:
148:
1288:Biological techniques and tools
980:Genetically modified organisms
724:Induced pluripotent stem cells
1:
415:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63826-6
249:can undergo both asexual and
201:is said to have taken place.
181:Basis of clonal proliferation
947:History of molecular biology
349:. 2013-08-28. Archived from
465:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.05.004
257:. Binary fission involves
191:deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
1420:
1223:polyclonal B cell response
284:DNA damage theory of aging
18:
1344:
1326:Polymerase chain reaction
937:
873:
626:
505:10.1186/s12967-014-0301-3
835:Cellular differentiation
205:Concept of clonal colony
942:Outline of cell biology
795:Hematopoietic stem cell
297:Clone (B-cell biology)
38:
1306:In situ hybridization
1228:somatic hypermutation
1218:monoclonal antibodies
1053:Developmental biology
845:Stem cell controversy
800:Mesenchymal stem cell
790:Endothelial stem cell
312:Polyclonal antibodies
33:
1268:Molecular biologists
1043:Clone (cell biology)
709:Embryonic stem cells
322:Tumour heterogeneity
21:Clonal hematopoiesis
1253:Biochemistry topics
1154:Population genetics
1129:Genetic engineering
1038:Signal transduction
975:Genetic engineering
769:Embryonic stem cell
652:Elementary particle
571:S2CID 11992591
317:Polyclonal response
251:sexual reproduction
134:are in fact clones.
49:cells that share a
1144:Molecular genetics
647:Composite particle
643:Subatomic particle
39:
1394:Molecular biology
1376:
1375:
1355:Molecular biology
1263:Molecular biology
1240:Molecular biology
1124:Genetic disorders
927:Molecular biology
893:
892:
840:Stem cell therapy
719:Cancer stem cells
661:
660:
581:PMID 8127914
453:Mutation Research
221:bacterial culture
178:
177:
132:Graafian follicle
1411:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1109:Applied genetics
1033:Membrane biology
920:
913:
906:
897:
881:
880:
828:Related articles
805:Neural stem cell
714:Adult stem cells
688:
681:
674:
665:
612:
605:
598:
589:
582:
578:
572:
568:
562:
559:
553:
552:
534:
528:
527:
517:
507:
483:
477:
476:
444:
438:
437:
427:
417:
393:
387:
386:
384:
383:
374:. Archived from
368:
362:
361:
359:
358:
339:
239:The single-cell
199:clonal expansion
173:
170:
152:
145:
68:—derived from a
35:Clonal expansion
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1340:
1301:Electrophoresis
1282:
1234:
1197:Microbiologists
1163:
1095:
1047:
994:
951:
933:
924:
894:
889:
869:
823:
786:Progenitor cell
728:
697:
692:
662:
657:
622:
616:
586:
585:
579:
575:
569:
565:
560:
556:
549:
536:
535:
531:
485:
484:
480:
446:
445:
441:
395:
394:
390:
381:
379:
370:
369:
365:
356:
354:
347:MedicineNet.com
341:
340:
336:
331:
326:
292:
237:
215:(also called a
207:
183:
174:
168:
165:
158:needs expansion
128:granulosa cells
94:
51:common ancestry
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Growth factors
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Cell signaling
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Bioinformatics
961:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
944:
938:
935:
934:
925:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
891:
890:
888:
887:
874:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
855:Stem cell laws
852:
850:Stem cell line
847:
842:
837:
831:
829:
825:
824:
822:
821:
820:
819:
817:Precursor cell
809:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
778:
777:
776:
771:
761:
760:
759:
754:
749:
738:
736:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
703:
699:
698:
693:
691:
690:
683:
676:
668:
659:
658:
656:
655:
649:
627:
624:
623:
617:
615:
614:
607:
600:
592:
584:
583:
573:
563:
554:
547:
529:
478:
439:
408:(1): 353–355.
388:
363:
333:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
293:
291:
288:
280:P. tetraurelia
271:P. tetraurelia
255:binary fission
236:
233:
206:
203:
182:
179:
176:
175:
155:
153:
143:
142:
135:
124:
113:
93:
90:
76:—derived from
60:—derived from
45:is a group of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1416:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Southern blot
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Northern blot
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Gene knockout
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Extremophiles
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
958:
957:Biotechnology
954:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
936:
932:
928:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:
898:
886:
885:
876:
875:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
826:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
702:Sources/types
700:
696:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
669:
666:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
628:
625:
621:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
577:
574:
567:
564:
558:
555:
550:
548:0-07-144746-6
544:
540:
533:
530:
525:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:(3): 232–47.
458:
454:
450:
443:
440:
435:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
389:
378:on 2008-03-15
377:
373:
367:
364:
353:on 2012-10-25
352:
348:
344:
338:
335:
328:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
212:clonal colony
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
172:
163:
159:
156:This section
154:
151:
147:
146:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
102:
101:
99:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
26:
22:
1389:Cell biology
1367:Cell biology
1365:
1353:
1336:Western blot
1258:Biomolecules
1182:Bacteriology
1169:Microbiology
1076:Gastrulation
1042:
1023:Cytoskeleton
1000:Cell biology
931:cell biology
882:
811:
780:
763:
741:
734:Cell potency
641: >
637: >
633: >
576:
566:
557:
538:
532:
495:
491:
481:
456:
452:
442:
405:
401:
391:
380:. Retrieved
376:the original
366:
355:. Retrieved
351:the original
346:
337:
279:
270:
243:
238:
224:
216:
210:
208:
198:
184:
166:
162:adding to it
157:
95:
77:
73:
72:clones; and
69:
65:
61:
57:
55:
50:
46:
42:
40:
1316:Microscopes
1248:Biochemists
1177:Antibiotics
1139:Geneticists
1114:Chromosomes
1086:Neurulation
990:Vaccination
781:Multipotent
764:Pluripotent
267:conjugation
247:tetraurelia
229:lymph nodes
195:nucleotides
86:immunocytes
66:oligoclonal
1404:Immunology
1383:Categories
1212:Immunology
1091:Teratogens
1071:Morphogens
1066:Embryology
1028:Organelles
1008:Cell cycle
985:Stem cells
742:Totipotent
695:Stem cells
498:(1): 301.
382:2008-05-05
357:2008-05-04
329:References
276:DNA damage
245:Paramecium
187:telomerase
110:phenotypes
82:antibodies
74:monoclonal
58:polyclonal
812:Unipotent
241:eukaryote
117:neoplasms
47:identical
1278:Proteins
1273:Peptides
1207:Virology
1202:Mycology
1149:Mutation
1101:Genetics
884:Category
635:Molecule
524:25471750
473:18614394
434:12507918
290:See also
263:autogamy
169:May 2008
126:All the
98:genotype
92:Contexts
64:clones;
1399:Cloning
1296:Cloning
970:Cloning
515:4255423
425:1851102
302:Cloning
259:mitosis
225:in vivo
106:B cells
1061:Ageing
774:Callus
757:Morula
747:Zygote
631:Object
620:matter
545:
522:
512:
471:
432:
422:
141:cells.
1192:Fungi
1134:Genes
1018:Cells
752:Spore
618:Into
217:genet
130:in a
43:clone
929:and
639:Atom
543:ISBN
520:PMID
469:PMID
430:PMID
62:many
1159:RNA
1119:DNA
510:PMC
500:doi
461:doi
457:659
420:PMC
410:doi
406:162
286:).
164:.
121:one
84:or
78:one
70:few
1385::
1214::
788::
518:.
508:.
496:12
494:.
490:.
467:.
455:.
451:.
428:.
418:.
404:.
400:.
345:.
231:.
100:.
88:.
41:A
919:e
912:t
905:v
687:e
680:t
673:v
654:)
645:(
611:e
604:t
597:v
551:.
526:.
502::
475:.
463::
436:.
412::
385:.
360:.
171:)
167:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
