160:, who was four years old at the time. Shirakawa's objective appeared to be the protection of his son from his younger brother (Horikawa's uncle), who presented a serious threat of becoming a pretender to the throne, but after his retirement Shirakawa exerted his personal power to set the cloistered rule system in motion.
609:, and the shogunate then took steps to reduce the power (and the finances) of the retired emperors. Even after the Jōkyū War, the cloistered rule system continued to exist, at least formally, for another 200 years. There were movements to take authority back into the hands of the imperial court, such as the
132:
became the first emperor in almost 200 years who was not related either by marriage or blood, or both, to the Hokke family. He exerted personal power while the Hokke family was dealing with internal conflicts between
601:, but the Insei system was not immediately abandoned. Though the shogunate took over the police force and ruled eastern Japan, the authority of the emperors and retired emperors remained considerable. However, when
81:
There were retired emperors, including cloistered emperors, both before and after the Heian period, but the notion of cloistered rule as a system usually refers to the practice put in place by
149:. He died the following year. Although he did not have time to exert power after his abdication, Sanjō had weakened the regency and paved the way for the practice of cloistered rule.
57:
regents and the warrior class. Simultaneously, the titular emperor, the former emperor's chosen successor, fulfilled all the ceremonial roles and formal duties of the monarchy.
908:
893:
813:
Hurst, G. Cameron. (1976). " Insei: Abdicated sovereigns in the
Politics of late-Heian Japan 1086–1185.' New York: Columbia University Press.
888:
842:
818:
641:
903:
207:, was an example of direct opposition between an emperor and an emperor emeritus. Finally, the end of the reign of
617:, but in general a retired emperor presided as the head of the Kyoto court, with the approval of the shogunate.
834:
605:, a grandson of Go-Shirakawa, sought to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate, his forces were defeated in the
49:
abdicated, but retained power and influence. Those retired emperors who withdrew to live in monasteries (
851:
138:
134:
620:
There were also a few examples of retired emperors supervising their successors much later, during the
145:
Regulation Decree, thus weakening the regency. In 1072, however, he fell ill and abdicated in favor of
172:(院庁) evolved around the retired emperors, and their will was put into effect through offices known as
439:
216:
208:
188:
clan, who used their membership of these units to gather political and economic power to themselves.
898:
293:
129:
846:
646:
594:
125:
101:
code allowed retired emperors to exert some limited powers, and there are early examples such as
86:
71:
200:
869:
838:
814:
794:
773:
726:
689:
686:
651:
610:
497:
311:
196:
195:
was marked by a rapid succession of cloistered emperors, to the point that there were several
153:
146:
82:
62:
614:
517:
345:
260:
157:
117:
106:
46:
602:
598:
557:
606:
477:
184:(北面の武士). The creation of these military units led eventually to the rise to power of the
102:
629:
537:
383:
141:, and was in a position to issue several laws and regulations, most notably the Enkyū
882:
769:
419:
121:
54:
799:
731:
696:
364:
204:
192:
42:
828:
110:
98:
621:
212:
128:, and the emperor increasingly became little more than a figurehead. In 1068,
859:
221:
873:
142:
822:
70:. A retired emperor who entered a Buddhist monastic community became a
53:) continued to act in ways intended to counterbalance the influence of
185:
38:
85:
in 1086 and followed by his successors until the rise of the
180:(院庁下文). Cloistered emperors also had their own troops, the
124:
held political power in Japan through the office of the
827:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).
113:in the 7th, 8th and 9th centuries respectively.
30:
24:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
8:
765:
763:
761:
759:
545: Takakura (until 1181)
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
156:in his turn abdicated in favor of his son,
866:Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869.
662:
868:Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
597:is taken to mark the beginning of the
7:
274:
265:
258:
255:
248:
116:By the end of the 10th century, the
16:Japanese system of imperial politics
680:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "
624:. The last person to use the title
858:Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
35:, lit. "monastery administration")
14:
707:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959).
642:Retired Emperor (disambiguation)
45:. In this bifurcated system, an
909:Japanese emperors who abdicated
894:Buddhism in the Kamakura period
233:The succession of power in the
1:
203:, following the death of the
199:living at the same time. The
60:Retired emperors were called
889:Buddhism in the Heian period
856:The Imperial House of Japan.
709:The Imperial House of Japan,
37:was a form of government in
239:
31:
925:
525: Rokujō (until 1176)
261:Emperor of Japan
168:Separate imperial courts (
775:History of Japan to 1334,
593:The establishment of the
25:
835:Harvard University Press
244:System of Imperial Rule
256: Reign dates
164:End of the Heian period
864:____________. (1956).
852:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard
326: 1073—1086
307: 1072—1073
289: 1067—1072
219:as the first Kamakura
178:In no Chō Kudashi Bumi
770:Sansom, George Bailey
589:During the Shogunates
316: Go-Sanjō
281: Emperors
139:Fujiwara no Norimichi
135:Fujiwara no Yorimichi
440:Emperor Go-Shirakawa
272: Emperor
237:system was complex.
217:Minamoto no Yoritomo
209:Emperor Go-Shirakawa
830:Japan encyclopedia.
562: Go-Shirakawa
542: Go-Shirakawa
522: Go-Shirakawa
502: Go-Shirakawa
482: Go-Shirakawa
459: Go-Shirakawa
253: Number
245:
690:Japan Encyclopedia
647:Cloistered Emperor
595:Kamakura shogunate
240:
211:was marked by the
87:Kamakura shogunate
72:Cloistered Emperor
904:Japanese monarchy
843:978-0-674-01753-5
611:Kenmu Restoration
586:
585:
312:Emperor Shirakawa
154:Emperor Shirakawa
147:Emperor Shirakawa
83:Emperor Shirakawa
78:太上法皇 Daijō Hōō).
916:
802:
786:
780:
767:
734:
718:
712:
705:
699:
678:
615:Emperor Go-Daigo
573: 1192—1198
553: 1184—1192
550: 82
533: 1180—1185
530: 81
518:Emperor Takakura
513: 1168—1180
510: 80
493: 1165—1168
490: 79
473: 1158—1165
470: 78
456: 1156—1158
435: 1155—1156
432: 77
415: 1141—1155
412: 76
399: 1129—1141
388: Shirakawa
379: 1123—1129
376: 75
369: Shirakawa
360: 1107—1123
357: 74
350: Shirakawa
346:Emperor Horikawa
341: 1086—1107
338: 73
329: Shirakawa
304: 72
294:Emperor Go-Sanjō
286: 71
246:
215:and the rise of
197:retired emperors
182:Hokumen no Bushi
158:Emperor Horikawa
137:and his brother
130:Emperor Go-Sanjō
36:
34:
28:
27:
924:
923:
919:
918:
917:
915:
914:
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879:
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805:
787:
783:
768:
737:
719:
715:
706:
702:
679:
664:
660:
638:
599:Kamakura period
591:
558:Emperor Go-Toba
276:
267:
252:
250:
249: Emperor's
231:
201:Hōgen Rebellion
191:The end of the
166:
126:Imperial Regent
95:
22:
20:Cloistered rule
17:
12:
11:
5:
922:
920:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
880:
877:
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862:
849:
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809:
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803:
781:
735:
713:
700:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
649:
644:
637:
634:
630:Emperor Reigen
590:
587:
584:
583:
580:
577:
576: Go-Toba
574:
571:
567:
566:
563:
560:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
540:
538:Emperor Antoku
534:
531:
527:
526:
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520:
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507:
506:
503:
500:
498:Emperor Rokujō
494:
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463:
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422:
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389:
386:
384:Emperor Sutoku
380:
377:
373:
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367:
361:
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353:
351:
348:
342:
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308:
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298:
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283:
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264:
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230:
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165:
162:
120:family of the
94:
91:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
921:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
884:
875:
871:
867:
863:
861:
857:
853:
850:
848:
847:OCLC 58053128
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
826:
824:
820:
819:9780231039321
816:
812:
811:
807:
801:
798:, p. 351, at
797:
796:
791:
785:
782:
778:
776:
771:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
736:
733:
730:, p. 385, at
729:
728:
723:
717:
714:
710:
704:
701:
698:
695:, p. 391, at
694:
693:
688:
687:
683:
677:
675:
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671:
669:
667:
663:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
613:attempted by
612:
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588:
581:
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572:
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541:
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532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
519:
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512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
499:
495:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:
465: Sutoku
464:
461:
458:
455:
453:
452:
451:
448: Sutoku
447:
444:
441:
437:
434:
431:
430:
427: Sutoku
426:
423:
421:
420:Emperor Konoe
417:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
402: Sutoku
401:
398:
396:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
381:
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371:
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321:
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313:
309:
306:
303:
302:
299:
297:
295:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
271:
262:
251: Ordinal
247:
243:
238:
236:
228:
226:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
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175:
171:
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159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
122:Fujiwara clan
119:
114:
112:
108:
107:Emperor Shōmu
104:
100:
92:
90:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
21:
865:
855:
829:
823:OCLC 1584089
800:Google Books
793:
789:
784:
774:
732:Google Books
725:
721:
716:
711:pp. 257-258.
708:
703:
697:Google Books
691:
685:
681:
625:
619:
592:
478:Emperor Nijō
365:Emperor Toba
278:
269:
266: Senior
241:
234:
232:
220:
205:Emperor Toba
193:Heian period
190:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
151:
115:
103:Empress Jitō
96:
80:
75:
67:
61:
59:
50:
43:Heian period
19:
18:
860:OCLC 194887
833:Cambridge:
788:Nussbaum, "
720:Nussbaum, "
652:Daijō Tennō
632:, in 1686.
445: Toba
424: Toba
405: Toba
391: Toba
275: Other
111:Emperor Uda
63:Daijō Tennō
41:during the
899:Abdication
883:Categories
854:. (1959).
808:References
772:. (1958).
622:Edo period
213:Genpei War
93:Background
874:182637732
692:, p. 391.
626:Daijō Hōō
607:Jōkyū War
176:(院宣) and
170:In no Chō
152:In 1086,
89:in 1192.
636:See also
99:ritsuryō
76:Japanese
55:Fujiwara
795:p. 351.
727:p. 385.
603:Go-Toba
582:
579:
565:
505:
485:
462:
442:
263:
47:emperor
872:
841:
817:
777:p. 200
556:
536:
516:
496:
476:
438:
418:
382:
363:
344:
310:
292:
277:
268:
259:
222:shōgun
792:" at
724:" at
684:" in
682:Insei
658:Notes
279:Insei
270:Insei
242:Insei
235:Insei
229:Table
186:Taira
174:Inzen
143:Shōen
118:Hokke
39:Japan
32:insei
870:OCLC
839:ISBN
815:ISBN
790:Hō-ō
628:was
109:and
97:The
68:Jōkō
66:or
885::
845:;
837:.
821:;
738:^
722:In
665:^
225:.
105:,
51:in
29:,
26:院政
779:.
74:(
23:(
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