33:
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reinforcements from the 1st
Battalion of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment; the latter were also ambushed, and due to an electronic communications failure, it was some time before further British relief arrived. While waiting for reinforcements, the British were involved in one of the fiercest engagements they fought in Iraq. The fighting involved close-quarter rifle fire and bayonets. The battle lasted for about three hours, during which 28 Mahdi Army insurgents were killed; the British suffered some wounded, but none were killed in the action.
2115:(PTU) are the primary units that engage in CQB domestically. Situations involving the potential for CQB generally involve threats outside of conventional police capabilities, and thus PTUs are trained, equipped, and organized to handle these situations. Additionally, police action is often within what can be considered "close quarters", so members of PTUs are often well-trained in or already experienced with CQB, to the point that some PTUs may train military service members in CQB principles such as breaching and room clearing.
1912:, as it was considered a hostage rescue tactic. As late as the 1990s, some infantry manuals on urban combat described close-quarters room clearing essentially the same basic way it was described 60 years prior: a grenade being thrown into an enclosed area, followed by an infantry assault with automatic fire. The special forces "monopoly" on CQB was broken following the experiences of urban warfare and close-quarters battles in the 1990s, during the
2048:
2023:(special ops unit of the Royal Malaysia Police) turned to hand-to-hand combat, using batons and rattan canes, after the Malaysian Prime Minister ordered the resolution of the hostage crisis without the use of firearms. The result was a victory for the police, and the five prisoners holding hostages in Pudu Prison were arrested.
2032:
took place close to the city of Amarah in southern Iraq on 14 May 2004, between
British soldiers and about 100 Iraqi insurgents of the Mahdi Army. The insurgents ambushed a patrol of Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders close to a checkpoint known as Danny Boy near Majar al-Kabir. The Argylls called in
1774:
special forces in defendu. During this period, he expanded defendu's lethality for military purposes, calling it the "Silent
Killing Close Quarters Combat method"; this became standard combat training for British special forces. He also published a textbook for CQB training called
1979:
at regular infantry being taught CQB, especially in organizational politics and internal matters such as securing budgets; a unit with CQB training requires expensive equipment and training facilities, using up funding that could be used for other units or purposes.
2181:
may maintain units that are trained in CQB. These teams may be responsible for responding to an incident at a facility operated by a government agency that has hired their security services, or to provide protection for VIPs in combat zones. For instance, the
1755:". The aim of defendu was to be as brutally effective as possible, while also being relatively easy for recruits and trainees to learn compared to other martial arts. The method incorporated both less-lethal and lethal fighting tactics, such as
1963:
against the city, and lacked proper CQB training and equipment to effectively clear buildings, causing numerous civilian and allied casualties and severely damaging the city. With similar struggles in towns and cities among
1997:. The men of the Northern and Southern armies were periodically forced into a bloody hand to hand struggle reminiscent of ancient battles, with the men using swords, knives, bayonets, and even with sticks and bare hands.
2089:
Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in basic CQB doctrine as it relates to common tasks such as building entry, clearing a room, and using different types of grenades.
32:
2085:
and fight CQB within them. Hostage rescue or extraction units may involve even more esoteric adaptations or variations, depending on environments, weapons technology, political considerations, or personnel.
2118:
Police CQB doctrine is often specialized by unit type and mission. Depending on the unit or agency's jurisdiction or scope, PTUs may have different goals with different tactics and technology; for example,
1854:
For a lengthy period following World War II, urban warfare and CQB had barely changed in infantry tactics. Modern firearm CQB tactics were developed in the 1970s as "close-quarters battle" by
Western
1889:
casualties; these CQB tactics were shared between these special forces units, who were closely-knit and frequently trained together. The
Special Air Service used CQB tactics during the 1980
2130:
Unlike their military counterparts, PTUs, as law enforcement officers, are tasked with ideally apprehending suspects alive; for this reason, they are often trained in
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elements, and in other similar situations. CQB is typically defined as a short duration, high intensity conflict characterized by sudden violence at close range.
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2010:, turned into close combat when the British exhausted their ammunition. It resulted in a decisive victory for Zulus over the modern British army.
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Private military and security companies known to maintain units that are trained in, or are capable of training other units in, CQB include
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without using lethal force, while a police anti-gang unit may be trained in CQB against multiple enemies that may be difficult to identify.
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Close-Quarters Battle has existed since the beginning of warfare, in the form of melee combat, the use of ranged weaponry (such as
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Lessons
Learned: Infantry Squad Tactics in Military Operations in Urban Terrain During Operation Phantom Fury in Fallujah, Iraq
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1972:, a proper approach to infantry in urban warfare became crucial, and CQB tactics began to be more widely taught to infantry.
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procedures, non-lethal takedowns, and standoff negotiation instead of solely combat. They may be equipped with
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The origins of modern Close-Quarters Battle lie in the combat methods pioneered by
Assistant Commissioner
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Private
Security Companies during the Iraq War: Military Performance and the Use of Deadly Force
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Royal Air Force Common Core and
Deployment Skills Aide-Memoire AP 3242B VOL 5, ABBREVIATIONS
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and aggressive policing. After absorbing the most appropriate elements from a variety of
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1831:. Other military martial arts were later introduced elsewhere, including European
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Military uses of close-quarters battle vary by unit type, branch, and mission.
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2496:
America's Covert
Warriors: Inside the World of Private Military Contractors
2530:- Earl J. Catagnus Jr.; Brad Z. Edison; James D. Keeling; David A. Moon,
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1944:
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1832:
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2074:. Specialized forces may adapt MOUT tactics to their own needs, such as
2362:
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1886:
1800:
1752:
1743:, Fairbairn was tasked with developing a dedicated auxiliary squad for
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experts, Fairbairn condensed these arts into a martial art he called "
2470:
Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies
2282:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
2131:
1804:
1796:
1760:
1709:
1132:
645:
499:
305:
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may maintain a unit trained in CQB in compact indoors areas such as
1795:, and adopted the program for the training of Allied operatives at
2139:
2097:
2046:
1874:
1865:. The units trained in the aftermath of the massacre, such as the
1844:
1689:
1677:
705:
350:
346:
31:
2338:"Close Quarters Battle: Urban Combat and 'Special Forcification'"
2105:
2082:
1948:
1902:
1878:
165:
161:
2538:"An Infantryman's Guide to Combat in Built-Up Areas" FM 90-10-1
2285:, Washington, D.C., U.S. National Park Service (2008), p. 191.
61:
1975:
According to scholar Anthony King, some special forces units
1791:
were taught Fairbairn's methods at a training facility in
42:
officers engaged in Close-Quarters Battle during a joint
2058:
soldier preparing to breach a structure during training
1908:
However, CQB was still not widely taught to regular
1939:were the watershed moments for infantry CQB, when
2499:. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. pp.
1759:, firearm combat techniques, and the use of more
1664:), is a close combat situation between multiple
1807:. Applegate published his work in 1943, called
2395:The whites of their eyes: close-quarter combat
2422:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 200–206.
1628:
8:
2006:on 22 January 1879, the first battle in the
1993:took place between 9–21 May 1864 during the
2081:teams being trained specifically to search
1811:. During the war, training was provided to
2258:U.S. Marine Close Combat Fighting Handbook
1635:
1621:
51:
2361:
1943:, under pressure to capture the city of
797:List of military strategies and concepts
2248:
1712:) at close range, and the necessity of
59:
2186:employed such security teams in Iraq.
1763:weapons such as chairs or table legs.
7:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
1770:, Fairbairn was recruited to train
2418:U S Department of Defense (2007).
2207:List of established military terms
2064:Military operations other than war
1991:Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
25:
2336:King, Anthony C. (25 June 2015).
1737:Shanghai International Settlement
2393:Ford, Roger; Tim Ripley (2001).
2296:"History of Modern Self-Defence"
2260:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. 2011.
2108:officers conducting CQB training
1720:, CQB was a significant part of
79:
2447:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 43.
2103:Atlantic City Police Department
2015:On 22 October 1986, during the
1905:teams, by the 1980s and 1990s.
2472:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
27:Physical combat at close range
1:
1680:combat. It can occur between
37:Los Angeles Police Department
1739:(1854–1943). After the 1925
2443:Fitzsimmons, Scott (2016).
1893:. CQB tactics soon reached
1817:First Special Service Force
1198:Military–industrial complex
773:Operational manoeuvre group
2570:
2342:Armed Forces & Society
2179:private military companies
2094:Police and law enforcement
1933:Second Battles of Fallujah
1735:, the police force of the
2493:Engbrecht, Shawn (2011).
2420:U.S. Army Ranger Handbook
2397:. Brassey's. p. 16.
1861:units following the 1972
1733:Shanghai Municipal Police
1247:Loss-of-strength gradient
343:Combat information center
2354:10.1177/0095327x15588292
2184:U.S. Department of State
1501:Military science fiction
1092:Technology and equipment
622:List of military tactics
1556:Wartime sexual violence
1361:Full-spectrum dominance
1210:Supply-chain management
2468:Axelrod, Alan (2013).
2195:SCG International Risk
2109:
2059:
1741:May Thirtieth Movement
1646:
1485:Awards and decorations
1464:Peace through strength
1444:Low-intensity conflict
1153:Conscientious objector
1052:Area of responsibility
2113:Police tactical units
2101:
2050:
1895:police tactical units
1891:Iranian Embassy siege
1658:close-quarters combat
1650:Close-quarters battle
368:Torpedo data computer
360:Ship gun fire-control
35:
18:Close quarters battle
2532:Marine Corps Gazette
2136:less-lethal weaponry
2066:(MOOTW) may involve
2021:Special Actions Unit
2004:Battle of Isandlwana
1955:, used conventional
1729:William E. Fairbairn
1581:Military occupations
1448:Military engineering
1370:Unrestricted Warfare
1255:Force multiplication
381:Military manoeuvrers
2279:Chambers, John W.,
2212:Hand-to-hand combat
2030:Battle of Danny Boy
1914:Battle of Mogadishu
1901:, such as American
1867:Special Air Service
1328:Penal military unit
1316:Rules of engagement
1060:Command and control
751:Operations research
339:Director (military)
331:Fire-control system
154:Command and control
55:Part of a series on
2302:on 15 October 2014
2110:
2060:
1995:American Civil War
1970:War in Afghanistan
1883:Joint Task Force 2
1843:, and the Israeli
1809:Kill or Get Killed
1647:
1416:Counter-insurgency
1353:Command of the sea
1308:Jewish laws on war
1288:Geneva Conventions
918:Divide and conquer
747:Military operation
718:Tactical objective
335:Fire-control radar
318:Electronic-warfare
2534:; Sep 2005; 89, 9
2429:978-1-60239-052-2
2404:978-1-57488-379-4
2017:Pudu Prison siege
1922:First Chechen War
1825:U.S. Army Rangers
1813:British Commandos
1645:
1644:
1552:Horses in warfare
1509:Anti-war movement
1432:Gunboat diplomacy
1424:Disaster response
1383:Philosophy of war
1379:Principles of war
1357:Deterrence theory
1312:Right of conquest
1251:Lanchester's laws
1068:Principles of war
817:Counter-offensive
801:Military campaign
722:Target saturation
662:Counterinsurgency
364:Gun data computer
314:Close air support
285:Aircraft carriers
44:training exercise
16:(Redirected from
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2515:
2514:
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2459:
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2298:. Archived from
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2271:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2232:Charge (warfare)
2227:Mozambique Drill
2175:Private security
2170:Private industry
1856:counterterrorist
1637:
1630:
1623:
1436:Humanitarian aid
1387:Security dilemma
1243:Power projection
1072:Economy of force
1056:Chain of command
825:Defence in depth
813:Commerce raiding
666:Defeat in detail
158:Defense ministry
83:
74:
73:
64:
52:
21:
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2255:
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2250:
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2172:
2160:plastic bullets
2096:
2045:
2040:
1986:
1977:express disdain
1863:Munich massacre
1698:
1686:law enforcement
1656:), also called
1641:
1612:
1611:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1452:Multilateralism
1440:Law enforcement
1408:
1398:
1397:
1375:Just war theory
1341:
1331:
1330:
1292:Geneva Protocol
1268:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1011:
1001:
1000:
946:Network-centric
882:
872:
871:
794:
784:
783:
743:
733:
732:
694:Rapid dominance
619:
609:
608:
574:Electromagnetic
502:
492:
491:
482:
449:
412:
400:* Aerospace **
398:
388:
387:
385:Combat training
370:
353:
327:Combat systems:
324:
295:
293:Auxiliary ships
266:
237:
235:Military police
208:
146:
136:
135:
93:
67:
66:
65:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2523:
2522:External links
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2348:(2): 276–300.
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2056:Special Forces
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2012:
2011:
2008:Anglo-Zulu War
1999:
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1982:
1899:paramilitaries
1859:special forces
1829:Marine Raiders
1789:Anthony Biddle
1757:point shooting
1722:trench warfare
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950:New generation
930:Fleet in being
883:
880:Grand strategy
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869:Scorched earth
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790:
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765:Deep operation
744:
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620:
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606:Unconventional
562:Disinformation
503:
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377:Basic training
322:Reconnaissance
260:Special forces
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2297:
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2264:
2259:
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2238:
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2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:prison guards
2116:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1957:combined arms
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
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1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
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1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
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1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Rex Applegate
1782:
1778:
1773:
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1762:
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1746:
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1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Warrior caste
1490:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:Show of force
1465:
1461:
1460:Peacebuilding
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1402:
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1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Air supremacy
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Islamic rules
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:Court-martial
1277:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Arms industry
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1180:
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1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
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1032:
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1024:
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1016:
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1005:
1004:
999:
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987:
983:
979:
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947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:Broken-backed
891:
887:
881:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
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814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
788:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Expeditionary
758:
757:
752:
748:
742:
737:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Counterattack
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
613:
612:
607:
603:
599:
598:Psychological
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Combined arms
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
496:
495:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Fortification
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
397:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
289:Landing craft
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
202:Standing army
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
140:
139:
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126:
122:
118:
117:pike and shot
114:
110:
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98:
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87:
86:
82:
78:
77:
71:
63:
58:
54:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2554:Land warfare
2531:
2495:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2444:
2438:
2419:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2345:
2341:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2290:
2281:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2256:"Overview".
2251:
2188:
2173:
2144:pepper spray
2129:
2117:
2111:
2088:
2072:riot control
2068:peacekeeping
2061:
1974:
1961:fire support
1941:U.S. Marines
1926:
1907:
1897:and similar
1853:
1823:operatives,
1808:
1776:
1768:World War II
1765:
1749:martial arts
1745:riot control
1726:
1699:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1560:Fifth column
1544:War resister
1540:Women in war
1456:Peacekeeping
1412:Arms control
1368:
1121:Mobilization
1117:Conscription
1084:Intelligence
1046:Organization
754:
698:Encirclement
602:Radiological
550:Conventional
443:Subterranean
373:Development:
372:
355:
326:
297:
269:Naval units:
268:
264:Signal corps
239:
223:Intelligence
211:Specialties:
210:
150:Organization
113:Early modern
29:
2540:12 May 1993
2363:10871/17093
2306:28 November
2222:Knife fight
1968:during the
1966:ABCA Armies
1935:during the
1918:Bosnian War
1871:Delta Force
1718:World War I
1676:-based) or
1672:(typically
1548:War studies
1406:Non-warfare
1349:Appeasement
1320:Martial law
1194:War economy
1145:Transgender
1109:Recruitment
914:Containment
821:Culminating
805:Anti-access
741:Operational
678:Envelopment
634:Air assault
538:Air cavalry
506:Air defence
489:Information
419:Cold-region
396:Battlespace
356:Historical:
240:Land units:
182:Space force
178:Coast guard
125:Late modern
97:Prehistoric
2243:References
2237:Combatives
2217:Kill house
2191:Blackwater
1953:insurgents
1920:, and the
1835:, Chinese
1668:involving
1666:combatants
1597:War crimes
1589:Operations
1513:Foot drill
1489:Battle cry
1420:deterrence
1149:Harassment
1129:Specialism
986:Technology
982:Succession
938:Liberation
886:Asymmetric
833:Empty fort
756:Blitzkrieg
730:Withdrawal
702:Investment
526:Camouflage
522:Biological
476:Underwater
456:Amphibious
298:Air units:
281:Submarines
133:fourth-gen
129:industrial
121:napoleonic
2380:146961496
2372:0095-327X
2148:riot guns
2053:U.S. Army
1849:Krav Maga
1839:, Soviet
1783:officers
1781:U.S. Army
1777:Get Tough
1716:. During
1505:War novel
1428:Grey-zone
1395:War games
1365:Overmatch
1324:War crime
1284:Desertion
1276:Ceasefire
1272:Armistice
1184:Logistics
1165:Mercenary
1157:Volunteer
1103:Personnel
1080:Engineers
1035:Sociology
998:World war
994:Total war
978:Strategic
970:Religious
958:Political
954:Perpetual
934:Irregular
865:Offensive
845:Defensive
841:Deception
809:Attrition
686:Guerrilla
682:Formation
638:Airbridge
582:Loitering
514:Artillery
256:Artillery
219:Engineers
194:Irregular
170:Air force
48:U.S. Navy
46:with the
2548:Category
2201:See also
2152:tear gas
2150:to fire
2138:such as
2043:Military
1984:Examples
1945:Fallujah
1937:Iraq War
1910:infantry
1833:Unifight
1793:Scotland
1714:bayonets
1690:criminal
1682:military
1517:War song
1497:War film
1206:Materiel
1141:Children
1125:Training
1076:Medicine
1064:Doctrine
1027:Training
974:Resource
962:Princely
922:Economic
910:Conquest
906:Colonial
902:Cold war
890:Blockade
792:Strategy
769:Maneuver
578:Infantry
542:Chemical
435:Mountain
406:Airborne
302:Fighters
277:Warships
244:Infantry
186:Reserves
144:Military
1887:hostage
1837:sanshou
1801:Ontario
1766:During
1753:defendu
1731:of the
1710:muskets
1696:History
1684:units,
1674:firearm
1609:Writers
1605:Weapons
1577:Battles
1535:Related
1525:Wargame
1521:Uniform
1479:Culture
1304:Perfidy
1300:Justice
1237:Science
1226:Outpost
1190:History
1173:Warrior
1169:Soldier
1161:foreign
1113:counter
1031:Service
990:Theater
942:Limited
926:Endemic
857:Nuclear
670:Foxhole
650:Cavalry
642:Airdrop
630:Airlift
617:Tactics
594:Nuclear
586:Missile
530:Cavalry
518:Barrage
500:Weapons
472:Surface
310:Command
306:Bombers
273:Frogman
252:Cavalry
231:Medical
206:Militia
190:Regular
174:Marines
109:castles
101:Ancient
91:History
70:outline
2507:
2476:
2451:
2426:
2401:
2378:
2370:
2146:, and
2140:tasers
2132:arrest
2076:marine
2019:, the
1916:, the
1881:, and
1827:, and
1815:, the
1805:Canada
1797:Camp X
1772:Allied
1761:ad hoc
1708:, and
1702:slings
1670:ranged
1593:Sieges
1339:Theory
1133:Morale
1019:Policy
1015:Branch
837:Mosaic
829:Fabian
781:Covert
726:Trench
714:Screen
654:Charge
646:Battle
626:Aerial
558:Denial
534:Horses
480:Seabed
447:Tunnel
431:Jungle
423:Desert
402:Aerial
50:, 2007
2376:S2CID
2162:, or
2125:cells
2083:ships
1951:from
1929:First
1875:GSG 9
1845:kapap
1841:sambo
1678:melee
1571:Lists
1137:Women
1088:Ranks
1023:Staff
966:Proxy
898:Class
861:Naval
849:Depth
710:Swarm
706:Siege
690:Naval
674:Drone
590:Music
570:Robot
566:Drone
554:Cyber
510:Armor
485:Cyber
468:Green
464:Brown
439:Urban
410:Space
351:Radar
347:Sonar
248:Armor
215:Staff
198:Ranks
2505:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2368:ISSN
2308:2013
2193:and
2177:and
2106:SWAT
2028:The
2002:The
1989:The
1959:and
1949:Iraq
1931:and
1927:The
1903:SWAT
1879:GIGN
1847:and
1787:and
1706:bows
1688:and
1601:Wars
1214:Base
853:Goal
777:Raid
478:***
460:Blue
445:***
415:Land
166:Navy
162:Army
40:SWAT
2358:hdl
2350:doi
2070:or
2038:Use
1924:.
1821:OSS
1799:in
1662:CQC
1654:CQB
1462:**
1458:**
1389:**
1266:Law
1253:**
1224:**
1222:FOB
1220:**
1218:MOB
1216:**
1204:**
1200:**
1159:**
1111:**
704:**
640:**
636:**
632:**
536:**
532:**
474:**
470:**
466:**
462:**
458:**
454:**
452:Sea
441:**
437:**
433:**
429:**
425:**
421:**
417:**
408:**
404:**
131:**
127:**
119:**
115:**
107:**
62:War
2550::
2503:.
2501:87
2374:.
2366:.
2356:.
2346:42
2344:.
2340:.
2316:^
2197:.
2166:.
2158:,
2154:,
2142:,
2051:A
1947:,
1877:,
1873:,
1869:,
1851:.
1819:,
1803:,
1779:.
1704:,
1607:*
1603:*
1599:*
1595:*
1591:*
1587:*
1583:*
1579:*
1575:*
1558:*
1554:*
1550:*
1546:*
1542:*
1538:*
1523:*
1519:*
1515:*
1511:*
1507:*
1503:*
1499:*
1495:*
1491:*
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1483:*
1466:*
1454:*
1450:*
1446:*
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1434:*
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1422:*
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1414:*
1410:*
1393:*
1385:*
1381:*
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1373:*
1367:*
1363:*
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1343:*
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1322:*
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1290:*
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1278:*
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1270:*
1249:*
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1241:*
1212:*
1208:*
1196:*
1192:*
1188:*
1171:/
1167:*
1163:*
1155:*
1151:*
1147:*
1143:*
1139:*
1135:*
1131:*
1127:*
1123:*
1119:*
1115:*
1107:*
1090:*
1086:*
1082:*
1078:*
1074:*
1070:*
1066:*
1062:*
1058:*
1054:*
1050:*
1033:*
1029:*
1025:*
1021:*
1017:*
1013:*
996:*
992:*
988:*
984:*
980:*
976:*
972:*
968:*
964:*
960:*
956:*
952:*
948:*
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940:*
936:*
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928:*
924:*
920:*
916:*
912:*
908:*
904:*
900:*
896:*
892:*
888:*
884:*
867:*
863:*
859:*
855:*
851:*
847:*
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807:*
803:*
799:*
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759:*
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250:**
246:*
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204:/
192:/
123:*
111:*
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99:*
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2513:.
2482:.
2457:.
2432:.
2407:.
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2360::
2352::
2310:.
1660:(
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354:*
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238:*
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72:)
68:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
