581:
rudimental drumming, open rolls, consisting of double strokes, are often measured out to a specific number of strokes. A 3 stroke roll is the shortest possible open double stroke roll, but is commonly referred to by the specific name "Drag," "Ruff," or "Half Drag." Typically, any roll with an odd number of strokes is played with a single accent and any roll with an even number of strokes is played with 2 accents. This patterns holds for the 5 Stroke, 6 Stroke, 7 Stroke, 9 Stroke, 10 Stroke, 11 Stroke, 13 Stroke, 15 Stroke, and 17 Stroke Rolls of the PAS 40 rudiments. Note that some numbers between 5 and 17 are missing. These additional rolls are possible and are taught in modern hybrid drumming and in older pre-NARD rudimental systems, as well as those from other countries, notably the Basel and Scotch cultures. For example, the 8 Stroke Roll is present in the
Moeller Book from 1925 but is lost in later publications. The 4 Stroke, 8 Stroke, 12 Stroke, 14 Stroke, and 16 Stroke are rare but all exist in official published sources. The Scotch Pipe Band style has a rudimental roll up to 25 strokes. This provides the drummer with a consistent set of rolls from 3 to 17 plus the 25, with any other number being an extrapolation from this system.
832:
subsequent, at the bottom or end of the down stroke motion, the rim is contacted approximately 1 inch in front of the thumb and forefinger. Contact with the rim rocks the front portion of the stick upwards from the point of contact with the rim. At this moment, the wrist is located just below the rim and the bead is a couple inches above the head. From the bottom of the down-stroke, the hand is then raised for the upstroke. While the hand raises, the bead of the stick is returning toward the head after its bounce off the rim. As the raising hand and falling bead reach the same height, the head is struck for the second time. This creates two beats contacting the drum head out of a single stroke motion of the arm. The precise moment of contact with the rim momentarily creates a new fulcrum at the drum stick's physical point of contact with the rim. This is one of the easier and more commonly used forms of a "one handed roll". When executed with precision, this doubling of contact means 16th notes can be played while the arm only strokes 8th notes, or 32nd notes can be played while stroking only 16th notes. The technique is also known amongst many drummers as the
272:
216:
160:
540:
play in time with the beat of the music and so a regular subdivision, such as 8th note triplets, 16th notes, or 16th note triplets must be chosen and maintained. The drawback of metered rolls is that the ideal rolling speed (for the player, the room, the sticks, and the instrument) may lie between exact subdivisions, depending on the tempo, and the sound quality may vary by tempo. The benefit is that it makes all the rolls fit neatly into the music in time and is easier to count. Unmetered rolls require the player to perform the best possible sounding roll they can, whether or not the arm movements correspond to the musical tempo. The drawback to this approach is that the player must count the beats of the music independently to, and in complete disregard of, the speed of the roll and the corresponding arm motion. The benefit is that the roll sounds optimal and smooth at any tempo. The metered closed roll should not be confused with the open or measured roll, as described below.
536:
instrument which inherently produces a short, staccato sound. Because a multiple bounce stroke on a drum head loses energy, and volume, with each successive bounce, it is necessary to use special tactics and techniques to mitigate the loss of sound and cause the repeated notes to sound even. This involves the arm, the wrist, and the fingers. One way to mitigate the loss of sound is to overlap the 3rd bounce from one hand with the first bounce of the next in the manner of a Flam Tap, only much faster and smaller. The loud first bounce occurring closer to the quiet 3rd bounce from the preceding hand give the illusion that the bounces have a more even volume.
481:
627:
636:
490:
282:
226:
170:
300:
244:
188:
291:
235:
179:
301:
245:
189:
416:
53:
844:
A tremolo in percussion indicates a roll on any percussion instrument, whether tuned or untuned. A tremolo is notated using strokes, or slashes, through the stem of a note. In the case of whole notes, the strokes or slashes are drawn above or below the note, where the stem would be if there were one.
539:
There are many interpretations of concert rolls and while the variations result in a similar rolling sound, there are subtle audible differences. One major point of differentiation between rolling techniques is between
Metered and Unmetered rolls. Metered rolls require the players arms and wrists to
381:
The roll consists of an even reiteration of beats sufficiently rapid to prohibit rhythmic analysis. To produce an impression of sustentation, these beats must be absolutely even both in power and in sequence. Uneven beats in a roll destroy the impression of sustentation. Evenness is then the primary
801:
on timpani require a faster roll to maintain a sustained sound; some timpanists choose to use a buzz roll on higher notes at lower volumes; although there is no definite rule, most timpanists who employ this technique do so on a high "G", and above. In the end, it often comes down to the discretion
911:
Depending on the sheet music, individual notes with labeled sticking patterns can also be rolls. These rolls can be single stroke rolls, double stroke rolls, triple stroke rolls, or any multiple bounce roll variation. Rolls that don't use tremolos typically incorporate different articulations and
535:
roll is the closed roll. The closed concert roll (orchestral roll, buzz roll, or press roll) is performed by creating 3 (or more) equal sounding bounces on each hand alternating right to left, repeatedly and quickly. The aim of a closed roll is to reproduce the effect of a sustained note on an
831:
The fulcrum roll, or freehand roll, is a roll in which the rim of the drum momentarily replaces the original finger-created fulcrum. Thus is qualifies as a dual-fulcrum or multiple-fulcrum stroke. The initial stroke creates contact with the drum head in a relatively normal manner. Immediately
756:
Also, the six-stroke roll is often used in snare solo and marching percussion situations and is a favorite for jazz and rock drummers. It has four variations; each note is equal in length and consists of two double strokes (RRLL) and two singles (R L). The strokes are most commonly taught as
580:
roll" or "long roll") is played with double strokes alternating between the left and right hands. Using a forearm stroke for the first and the fingers for the second stroke, the 2 strokes can be made to sound identical. This produces a near-continuous sound when the technique is mastered. In
792:
are almost exclusively single-stroked. Due to the instruments' resonance, a fairly open roll is usually used, although the exact rate at which a roll is played depends greatly on the acoustic conditions, the size of the drum, the pitch to which is it tuned and the
371:...Sustentation is accomplished upon wind instruments by blowing into the instrument; it is accomplished upon the violin and the allied instruments by drawing the bow across the string; it is accomplished upon the drum and allied percussion instruments by the
103:
822:
To get these faster rolls, percussionists (keyboard, snare and timpani) all often use the muscles of their fingers instead of those of the wrists. The fingers have a shorter rotation length and can move faster with less effort than the wrist.
814:
than plastic ones can be on a xylophone, because the extra reverberation of a marimba will mask the silent gaps between strokes. For this reason, the rolls can be much slower and still effective. But for xylophone and
508:
271:
215:
159:
654:
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243:
187:
509:
392:
The "open roll" is produced by slow hand alternation. Two strokes in each hand alternately are produced by wrist movement and each beat should follow its predecessor in clock-like precision.
106:
110:
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105:
104:
655:
111:
845:
For the case of a snare drum and some other percussion instruments, rolls may be indicated by individual notes or with the use of tremolos, depending on the sheet music's notation.
819:
a much swifter roll is required, especially for rubber or plastic mallets. A brass mallet used with orchestra bells will add extra vibration to aid in the smoothing of the sound.
584:
The snare drum was the standard for military communication from about 1700 to the 1860s, and a list of
British army drum calls from 1800 included the long roll as a call to
71:
1019:
108:
810:
These are similar to the timpani rolls in that they are done nearly the same way and are both single-stroked. Yarn mallets usually can be rolled much more easily on a
499:
1331:
645:
884:
In a 4/4 time signature, a triple slash quarter note would entail playing double strokes for two eighth notes with a single slash each, or four sixteenth notes
1584:
1848:
140:
129:
107:
848:
In percussion, three types of tremolos may be seen in sheet music; a tremolo with a single, double, or triple slash going through the stem:
1683:
1594:
426:
760:
French and Dutch drumming include several variations on rolls with an uneven number of strokes between the hands. For example, the French
437:
1120:
1324:
385:
There are two possible ways of producing an absolutely even sequence: (1) hand alternation of single stroke and (2) hand alternation of
908:
In the case of a half note or whole note, it's common to play alternating double stroke sixteenth notes for the duration of the note.
507:
1303:
993:
615:
Other than the open roll, there are many other rolls and rudiments that sound like rolls when they are played fast enough (like the
455:
89:
653:
1023:
1645:
1317:
1650:
836:, though gravity is not required as the technique can be performed inverted, sideways, or in a gravity free environment.
1428:
984:
964:
1640:
1574:
1513:
1676:
1569:
1418:
878:
indicates four diddles, playing two double strokes twice from each hand, that subdivides the note into eight.
480:
1075:
1853:
1579:
1523:
626:
1493:
557:
Scotch - Buzz Roll, stroked rolls 5 through 25 (metered closed rolls in
Scottish tradition), and Trizzlet
1533:
1528:
1343:
430:
that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1433:
1357:
682:
367:
1782:
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1620:
1615:
41:
1827:
1757:
1589:
1543:
1538:
1503:
1392:
900:
A single slash sixteenth note would entail playing one pair of double stroke thirty-second notes
589:
361:
116:
1191:
868:
indicates two diddles, or two double strokes from each hand, that subdivides the note in four.
855:
indicates a diddle, or two double strokes from a single hand, that subdivides the note in two.
1772:
1732:
1382:
1299:
1127:
989:
678:
1553:
139:
1817:
1777:
1498:
1413:
935:
892:. A double slash eighth note would entail playing double strokes for four sixteenth notes
397:
31:
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1747:
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1387:
544:
1842:
1742:
1717:
1548:
1518:
1488:
1473:
1372:
1340:
996:. "The purpose of the roll is to sustain the sound over the value of a written note."
940:
833:
798:
585:
386:
340:
128:
1767:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1707:
1635:
1478:
1448:
1438:
1423:
1397:
1362:
816:
348:
148:
The rhythm of a snare drum roll may be notated explicitly or as three-line tremolo.
1252:
652:
506:
298:
242:
186:
1807:
1696:
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1377:
577:
1049:
1822:
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1712:
1468:
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794:
667:
620:
532:
521:
474:
313:
257:
201:
382:
quality to strive for in roll; speed is the secondary quality to strive for.
1692:
1630:
1443:
355:
All drum figures are based upon three fundamental beats, technically called
17:
389:...The snare drum roll is produced by hand alternation of double strokes.
1661:
1309:
547:
that are similar to, or precisely like, a concert closed roll include:
1802:
811:
789:
344:
1792:
1727:
551:
American - Multiple Bounce Roll, Triple Stroke Roll, and
Crushed Ruff
1121:"A Study of the Rudiments Used in Foreign Military Drumming Styles"
592:
the long roll called the troops to assemble and signaled an attack.
101:
764:, or mixed stick, can be played in repeating combinations of 3:
1665:
1313:
1238:
677:
In the table below, lower-case letters represent grace notes (
409:
46:
1101:
1099:
1020:"The Basic Principles of the Modern Concert Snare Drum Roll"
634:
488:
280:
224:
168:
1192:"Investigacion sobre los Tambores y Bombos del Bajo Aragon"
1153:
Marsen en
Signalen voor de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Armee.
965:
The
Gardner Modern Method for the Instruments of Percussion
427:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1226:
Moeller, Sanford. The Art of Snare
Drumming. Ludwig, 1925.
473:"Closed roll" redirects here. For the English record, see
1076:"ORCHESTRAL SNARE DRUM PERFORMANCE: AN HISTORICAL STUDY"
433:
67:
1055:. ACADEMY OF MUSIC AND DRAMA, UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG
40:"Long roll" redirects here. For the bread roll, see
1603:
1562:
1406:
1350:
62:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
601:Again to my listening ears the cannon responsive.
594:
353:
1677:
1325:
8:
1585:National Association of Rudimental Drummers
1296:Snare Drum Rudiment Dictionary: Handy Guide
1684:
1670:
1662:
1332:
1318:
1310:
115:Visual/audio example of the drum rudiment
958:
956:
456:Learn how and when to remove this message
90:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:, without removing the technical details.
1074:Gauthreaux II, Guy Gregoire (May 1989).
978:
976:
974:
625:
479:
1167:. Mexico: Secretariat of Defense, 1999.
1043:
1041:
952:
827:Fulcrum roll/Gravity roll/Freehand roll
616:
665:
519:
311:
255:
199:
72:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1595:Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association
914:although this is not always the case
599:Again the attacking cannon, mortars,
597:Again the long roll of the drummers,
715:Triple-stroke roll (or French Roll)
685:etc.) and hyphens represent rests.
1212:Guizzi, Febo; et al. (2006).
968:, p.4. C. Fischer, Incorporated. .
572:Eporedian (Ivrea, Italy) - Rullo
339:for short) is a technique used by
25:
1849:Percussion performance techniques
1216:. Italy: Liberia Musicale Italia.
666:Problems playing this file? See
650:
520:Problems playing this file? See
504:
414:
312:Problems playing this file? See
296:
270:
256:Problems playing this file? See
240:
214:
200:Problems playing this file? See
184:
158:
138:
127:
51:
1281:. New York: Hudson Music, 2018.
1109:. New York: Hudson Music, 2019.
30:For the 1993 Russian film, see
1646:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
1298:, p. 2–10. Alfred Music.
563:Mexican - Rau Tau and Redoble
1:
1651:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
1009:. USA: JR Publications, 1967.
962:Gardner, Carl Edward (1919).
566:Spanish - Redoble de Zumbido
1165:Manual de Toques y Ademanes
982:Cirone, Anthony J. (1991).
569:Bajoaragonés - Los Rufaos
1870:
1641:Indoor percussion ensemble
1575:Winter Guard International
1251:Aubrecht, Michael (2019),
1236:Sterling, Christopher H.,
985:Simple Steps to Snare Drum
472:
39:
29:
1703:
1294:Feldstein, Sandy (1980).
1570:Drum Corps International
1419:Charles Stewart Ashworth
1580:Percussive Arts Society
1277:Bloom, Ryan Alexander.
1107:Encyclopedia Rudimentia
1105:Bloom, Ryan Alexander.
1083:Percussive Arts Society
1048:da Silva, Lúcia Viana.
576:The open roll ("double-
1180:. Canciones Del Mundo.
674:
639:
613:
528:
493:
436:by rewriting it in an
403:
347:for the duration of a
325:Example practice rolls
285:
229:
173:
120:
1733:Double- and half-time
1534:George Lawrence Stone
1050:"The Snare Drum Roll"
638:
629:
492:
483:
378:THE SNARE DRUM ROLL.
284:
228:
172:
114:
1434:George Barrett Bruce
1279:Live Drum & Bass
1190:Alquezar, Fernando.
880:RRLLRRLL or LLRRLLRR
27:Percussion technique
1783:Percussion notation
1621:Fife and drum corps
1616:Marching percussion
988:, p.30-31. Alfred.
797:being used. Higher
42:List of bread rolls
1590:Percussion Creativ
1544:Gardiner A. Strube
1539:Edward B. Straight
1504:Sanford A. Moeller
1393:Open, closed, open
1176:Bardaji, Andonio.
1026:on 28 January 2015
802:of the timpanist.
707:Double-stroke roll
699:Single-stroke roll
675:
640:
630:Quarter note roll
617:freehand technique
590:American Civil War
560:Dutch - Ra stroke
554:German - Druckruf
529:
494:
438:encyclopedic style
425:is written like a
286:
230:
174:
121:
1836:
1835:
1659:
1658:
1494:William F. Ludwig
1214:Pifferi e Tamburi
1133:on 7 October 2009
1007:Rolls Rolls Rolls
860:
754:
753:
750:RRLLRRL- LLRRLLR
747:Seven-stroke roll
731:Double paradiddle
723:Single paradiddle
694:Sticking pattern
656:
510:
466:
465:
458:
302:
246:
190:
112:
100:
99:
92:
16:(Redirected from
1861:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1554:Charles Wilcoxon
1334:
1327:
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1260:, pp. 8, 12
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1178:Bateria de Baile
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1168:
1162:
1156:
1155:The Hague, 1815.
1149:
1143:
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1140:
1138:
1132:
1126:. Archived from
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1080:
1071:
1065:
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1022:. Archived from
1016:
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739:Five-stroke roll
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1818:Rosanna shuffle
1699:
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1599:
1558:
1499:Mitch Markovich
1414:Frank Arsenault
1402:
1358:Snare technique
1346:
1338:
1291:
1289:Further reading
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1005:Rothman, Joel.
1004:
1000:
981:
972:
961:
954:
949:
936:Tambourine roll
922:
842:
829:
817:orchestra bells
808:
786:
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469:Snare drum roll
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434:help improve it
431:
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398:Carl E. Gardner
396:
345:sustained sound
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68:help improve it
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1854:Drum rudiments
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1798:Rhythm section
1795:
1790:
1788:Purdie shuffle
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1755:
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1748:Drum tablature
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1674:
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1654:
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1626:Corps of drums
1623:
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1613:
1611:Front ensemble
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1509:J. Burns Moore
1506:
1501:
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1486:
1484:Jim Kilpatrick
1481:
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1471:
1466:
1464:Ralph Hardimon
1461:
1456:
1454:Alfons Grieder
1451:
1446:
1441:
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1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
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1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:Moeller method
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
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1314:
1308:
1307:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1270:
1243:
1228:
1219:
1204:
1182:
1169:
1157:
1144:
1119:Galm, John K.
1111:
1095:
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1037:
1011:
998:
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736:
735:
734:RLRLRR LRLRLL
732:
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724:
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631:
609:Song of Myself
607:Walt Whitman,
604:
595:
574:
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561:
558:
555:
552:
545:Drum rudiments
517:
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484:Bounce stroke
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464:
463:
422:
420:
413:
407:
404:
394:
387:double strokes
341:percussionists
324:
323:
309:
295:
290:
289:
288:
279:
278:
277:
276:
269:
268:
267:
253:
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98:
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59:
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50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1866:
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1769:
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1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Drum rudiment
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
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1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:Organizations
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Jay Wanamaker
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:John S. Pratt
1517:
1515:
1514:Samuel Potter
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Levi Lovering
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Claus Hessler
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
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1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Drum rudiment
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1304:9781457414787
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1264:September 29,
1256:
1255:
1254:The Long Roll
1247:
1244:
1240:, p. 307
1239:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:Rauscher, J.
1148:
1145:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
995:
994:9780757979910
991:
987:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:
959:
957:
953:
946:
942:
941:Triangle roll
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
881:
877:
872:
871:
867:
862:
861:
854:
849:
846:
839:
837:
835:
834:gravity blast
826:
824:
820:
818:
813:
806:Keyboard roll
805:
803:
800:
796:
791:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
749:
746:
745:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
721:
718:RRRLLLRRRLLL
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
689:
686:
684:
680:
671:
669:
647:
628:
624:
622:
618:
610:
602:
593:
591:
588:. During the
587:
586:form a square
582:
579:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
548:
546:
541:
537:
534:
525:
523:
501:
482:
476:
468:
460:
457:
449:
439:
435:
429:
428:
423:This section
421:
412:
411:
405:
399:
393:
390:
388:
383:
379:
376:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
362:single stroke
358:
352:
350:
346:
343:to produce a
342:
338:
334:
317:
315:
293:
273:
261:
259:
237:
217:
205:
203:
181:
161:
141:
130:
118:
117:single stroke
94:
91:
83:
73:
69:
63:
60:This article
58:
49:
48:
43:
36:
34:
19:
1812:
1808:Ride pattern
1768:Gravity roll
1738:Drum cadence
1723:Cymbal choke
1636:Fanfare band
1524:Fred Sanford
1479:Marty Hurley
1449:Robert Goute
1439:Alex Duthart
1429:Fritz Berger
1424:Bill Bachman
1398:Backsticking
1367:
1363:Drum cadence
1295:
1278:
1273:
1262:, retrieved
1253:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1185:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1137:29 September
1135:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1114:
1106:
1088:29 September
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1069:
1059:29 September
1057:. Retrieved
1030:29 September
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1014:
1006:
1001:
983:
963:
913:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
883:
879:
876:triple slash
875:
873:
870:RRLL or LLRR
869:
866:double slash
865:
863:
856:
853:single slash
852:
850:
847:
843:
830:
821:
809:
787:
784:Timpani roll
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
759:
755:
742:RRLLR LLRRL
676:
614:
608:
596:
583:
575:
543:Examples of
542:
538:
530:
452:
443:
424:
391:
384:
380:
377:
372:
366:
360:
356:
354:
349:written note
336:
332:
330:
86:
80:January 2022
77:
61:
32:
1459:Thom Hannum
1378:Drum stroke
762:Bâton Melée
702:RLRLRLRLRL
18:Closed roll
1843:Categories
1823:Snare rush
1793:Quadruplet
1763:Ghost note
1713:Blast beat
1693:Drum beats
1529:John Seton
1469:H. C. Hart
1344:percussion
1341:Rudimental
947:References
931:Snare rush
926:Banjo roll
912:dynamics,
757:(RLLRRL).
726:RLRR LRLL
668:media help
621:paradiddle
619:or single
533:snare drum
522:media help
475:Close Roll
314:media help
258:media help
202:media help
1708:Back beat
1631:Pipe band
1444:Vic Firth
1368:Drum roll
1351:Technique
788:Rolls on
710:RRLLRRLL
531:A common
446:July 2018
333:drum roll
1778:One drop
920:See also
840:Notation
691:Rudiment
605:—
395:—
33:Drumroll
1803:Rimshot
1697:strokes
1604:General
1197:June 2,
812:marimba
799:pitches
790:timpani
432:Please
66:Please
1773:Groove
1758:Gallop
1728:D-beat
1407:People
1302:
992:
857:RR or
795:sticks
776:, or
646:Listen
578:stroke
500:Listen
400:(1919)
365:, and
292:Listen
236:Listen
180:Listen
35:(film)
1828:Sting
1718:Break
1258:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
1079:(PDF)
1053:(PDF)
898:LLRR.
683:flams
679:drags
406:Types
119:four.
1813:Roll
1753:Fill
1695:and
1383:Grip
1300:ISBN
1266:2021
1199:2022
1139:2021
1090:2021
1061:2021
1032:2021
990:ISBN
894:RRLL
890:LLRR
886:RRLL
373:roll
368:flam
357:roll
337:roll
335:(or
906:LL.
904:or
896:or
888:or
778:LRR
774:RLL
770:LLR
766:RRL
623:).
70:to
1845::
1098:^
1081:.
1040:^
973:^
955:^
916:.
902:RR
874:A
864:A
859:LL
851:A
780:.
772:,
768:,
681:,
375:.
359:,
351:.
331:A
1685:e
1678:t
1671:v
1333:e
1326:t
1319:v
1306:.
1201:.
1141:.
1092:.
1063:.
1034:.
670:.
524:.
477:.
459:)
453:(
448:)
444:(
440:.
316:.
260:.
204:.
93:)
87:(
82:)
78:(
64:.
44:.
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
