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During closing arguments, counsel may not (among other restrictions) vouch for the credibility of witnesses, indicate their personal opinions of the case, comment on the absence of evidence that they themselves have caused to be excluded, or attempt to exhort the jury to irrational, emotional
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In some countries (e.g. France or
Germany), in criminal cases, the defendant's counsel always makes their closing argument last, after the public prosecutor or any other party. Sometimes the defendant is allowed to address the court directly after his or her counsel's closing argument.
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usually goes second. The plaintiff or prosecution is usually then permitted a final rebuttal argument. In some jurisdictions, however, this form is condensed, and the prosecution or plaintiff goes second, after the defense, with no rebuttals. Either party may
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Plaidoyer prononcé à l’audience du Châtelet de Paris, tous les services assemblés, du Lundi 1er mars 1790, par M. Desèze, avocat au
Parlement, pour M. Le Baron de Besenval, accusé , contre M. Le Procureur du Roi au Châtelet,
277:. The closing is often planned early in the trial planning process. The attorneys will integrate the closing with the overall case strategy through either a theme and theory or, with more advanced strategies, a
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of the offence. In the United States, there are often several limits as to what the prosecution may or may not say, including precluding the prosecution from using a defendant's exercise of his
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during closing arguments, except for egregious behavior. However, such objections, when made, can prove critical later in order to preserve appellate issues.
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Numéro 225, supplément au
Journal de Paris, Vendredi, 13 août 1790, de la Lune le 4, de l’imprimerie de Quillau, rue Plâtrière, 11, Paris, supplément (no. 59)
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is also known as summing up. In this case, the judge is merely articulating the law and questions of fact upon which the jury is asked to
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See
Cantrell, Charles L., Prosecutorial Misconduct: Recognizing Errors in Closing Argument, 26 Am. J. Trial Advoc. 535 (2003)
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Numéro 343, Mercredi, 9 décembre 1789, de la Lune 23, de l’imprimerie de
Quillau, rue Plâtrière, 11, Paris, p. 1607
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http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=charles_cantrell
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O'Toole, Tom (PhD) & Schmid, Jill (PhD); Tsongas
Litigation Consulting.
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351:"The Abuse of Opening Statements and Closing Arguments in Civil Litigation"
200:. A closing argument may not contain any new information and may only use
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The purposes and techniques of closing argument are taught in courses on
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chez Prault, Imprimeur du Roi, Quai des
Augustins, Paris, 1790
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This article is about the legal term. For the album, see
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Concluding statement of each party's counsel in a trial
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will restate all the evidence which helps prove each
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Effective
Opening Statements and Closing Arguments.
204:introduced at trial. It is not customary to raise
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397:Strategy, Planning & Litigating to Win
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
399:; Conatus, Boston, MA, 2012, p. 2;
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