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is unprecedented in all dynasties in ancient China. In addition, the waist skirt was raised extremely high to even the underarms (a picture provided on the right for reference) in order to show a chubby body shape. In addition to the style, the colors are rich such as deep red, apricot yellow, deep purple, moon green, grass green, and turmeric and so on. This is because people in Tang dynasty admire the plump body figure and are pursuit of personal preference and the resplendent beauty boldly. Moreover, such aesthetics benefits from the extreme open thoughts and cultural environment that greatly reduces the restrictions on women. Therefore, women possess more freedom to make the clothing choice, by which they can display individuality, for example, through showing off body figure or dressing in favourite colours.
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transformed into the lively flower, birds, fish or natural landscape, which needs various complicated techniques to accomplish. Even if there is no pattern in some porcelains, then the shapes and glazing colour will be the primary artistic appreciations. There are many techniques have been improved or innovated such as hollow out, embossing, appliqué (add material on the surface) and making glazing colour varying in one porcelain(the colour of glaze can look like a waterfall). The porcelain products that contain clever design, unique technique or exquisite craftsmanship are praised and pursued as Song dynasty was a period of highly developed science and technology as well as prosperity of porcelain crafts.
286:, which means there are five characters or seven characters and a similar vowel in the end of every line. Sometimes, the regular style of Shi is characterised by the equal length with six syllables. However, Ci is the dominant literature form in the Song dynasty since it becomes separated from Shi and develops rapidly. It is a literary form based on songs in which invites new words to fill and maintain the original patterns. As being a more unrestricted form of poetry comparing to the Shi, Ci allows writers to compose more freely. It is more suitable to be wrote to express emotions and record realistic actual events.
130:(triple-colour ceramics) and the greatly developed porcelain styles respectively. Tang is the most prosperous dynasty in history of China, in which one distinctive style ceramics Sancai is outstanding. Sancai is not only remarkable for its shape, decoration and glaze firing, but also for its artistic style—colourful and lively. There are many colours such as yellow, auburn, green, white and navy used in the Sancai making, which reflects an open and flourishing culture in Tang and the pursuit of resplendence in aesthetics. Such an aesthetic are also revealed by the vivid shape of
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pursued instead of the deliberate unique. This style of the clothing wrapping people's body into a cylinder through its straight outline, which demonstrates a sense of restraint and abstinence tendency. This tendency emerged from the essential Neo-confucianism that emphasizes strict order and absolute superiority-inferiority relationship and subordination between the monarch and subjects, father and son, and husband and wife.
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94:. The most prominent feature is the straight collars that parallel to each other with side slits. The sleeves can be wide or narrow, and the length of the clothes can reach to the knees or ankles or above knees. The colours are usually pure and less bright, which represents Song people's different aesthetics that like simplicity, calmness and sense comparing to the unrestrained clothing style in Tang dynasty.
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the tree peony was degraded. Also, the bloom of the plum blossom in cold weather conditions represented tenacious spirit, increasing people's favor of it. Because the aesthetics in Song dynasty were dominated by a rationalist way of thinking influenced by Neo-Confucianism, adoring the spirits of those can express the beautiful qualities of human beings, such as perseverance, bravery and reason.
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instituted in Tang and Song
Dynasties that needs profound and solid foundation of writing, higher literary ability are commanded and advocated in society. Moreover, the poetry including Shi and Ci are considered as "the most refined and elevated means of expression" which require significant literary
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to some degree that reflected in simplicity of clothing choices, the porcelain style still develops diversely. This aesthetics change is due to the cultural transformation in the Song dynasty. The spirit of
Chinese classical aesthetics developed to extreme, in which the style of simple and elegant is
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formed a unique fashion in the Tang dynasty and Tang people have their distinctive aesthetics. One significant feature of this clothing is that the original collar was transformed into a low collar in the Tang dynasty. This style of collar, which is so low that nearly makes women's breast half-naked,
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theory motivated the artists and literature to emphasise the moral quality and aesthetic taste in a sublime way. There were plenty of criticisms, such as “beauty is bound to shatter public morals”, inflicted on the tree peony after the most flourishing period of Tang dynasty, and thus the status of
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Another possible reason is the climate that can promote further exploration and enrichment of the meaning of a national flower. For instance, in North China, tree peony grows better due to its cold and arid climate, while it may hinder the growth of plum blossom, because it favors a warm and humid
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As for the literary orientation, poems in Tang and Song
Dynasties are in different tendency. The society is open to the world and exotic during the Tang dynasty. With a stable political environment and powerful economic and military strength, China in Tang dynasty is a great nation for people to
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is unprecedented, with multifarious vessel shapes and rich and colourful decorative patterns. It does not means that there is no change in the aesthetics in Song. In contrast, people in Song dynasty pursued the charm of extreme in aspect of porcelain. The contents of the decorative patterns have
134:, which is shaped with regards of many aspects in reality, for instance, buildings, livestock, human figure, and daily items (plates, lights, pillows, bottles. etc.). For example, the figures of horse are lively and natural for the smooth curves of the muscle of its legs and delicate saddle.
197:, because of its large and gorgeous flowers, is often regarded as a symbol of prosperity, splendor, wealth and rank. It is also an essential symbol of the glorious and prosperous age of the Tang dynasty. Usually, its beauty gives a graceful, noble impression to people.
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reside in and for poets to compose. Thus, the contents are more related to adventures in frontier, personal sentiment. By contrast, the daily life, social responsibility, politics, national situation and contemplation of philosophy are more involved in Song dynasty.
245:, as a small and delicate flower, is regarded as a symbol of the spiritual quality of the Chinese nation's tenacity, perseverance and self-improvement. It reflects the cultural connotation of the Song dynasty that emphasizes elegance, rationality, and introspection.
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The most salient reason for the change is the transformation of the aesthetic culture. The tree peony fits into the cultural atmosphere of prosperity, tolerance and freedom in the Tang dynasty. However, in the Song dynasty, the rise and development of
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skills, becoming appreciated and adorable. Gradually, these literature forms become the symbol of beauty of
Chinese characters due to the profound cultural meanings and literary techniques behind, which are greatly pursued.
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climate that can be provided by
Southern China. Therefore, the change is more reasonable since the most common flower is much more likely to be lucky enough to be given the beautiful meanings by people intellectually.
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achieved dominance. The form of Shi is fully developed in the climax of the Tang dynasty, and there is rarely text wrote in form of Ci. Usually, Shi is following a strict pattern in terms of even-length style,
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There are different aesthetics in flowers as well in two dynasties. In Tang dynasty, the tree peony was more popular and beloved, while in the Song dynasty, the plum blossom was highly valued.
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38:(CE 960–1279) are the primary periods in which ancient China refers. There are four remarkable aesthetic categories of these two dynasties, including clothing, famous
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Wang, Zhaopeng (July 2007). "Evolution of Ci Poetry of the dynasties of Tang and Song in the perspective of dissociation and integration of Shi and Ci".
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Two examples of the form of Shi in Tang dynasty in heptasyllabic (with seven characters) and pentasyllabic (with five characters) style:
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Lomová, O. (2013). Traditional
Chinese Poetry. Chinese Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0005
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Wang, Z. “Evolution of Ci Poetry of the
Dynasties of Tang and Song in the Perspective of Dissociation and Integration of Shi and Ci.”
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http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/flourishing-poetry-tang-618-906-and-song-960-1279-dynasties
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There are mainly five genres in ancient
Chinese literature that refers to poetry, while in Tang and Song dynasties the
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http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/porcelain-tang-618%E2%80%93906-and-song-
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1, no. 3 (2007): 449–475. http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1007/s11702-007-0021-7.
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On the other hand, the most common clothing for both man and women and represents their aesthetics in
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Cai, Z. (2008). How to read
Chinese poetry : a guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press.
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Since the form of Shi and Ci is extremely different and distinctive, some examples are provided.
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General survey of
Chinese ceramic during Sui, Tang, Song and. Yuan Dynasties (581-1368)
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General survey of Chinese ceramic during Sui, Tang, Song and. Yuan Dynasties (581-1368)
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483:"A National Flower's Symbolic Value During the Tang and Song Dynasties in China"
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658:"The Flourishing of Poetry in the Tang (618-906) and Song (960-1279) Dynasties"
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A National Flower’s Symbolic Value During the Tang and Song Dynasties in China
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This can be seen from the numerous related works. For example, the great poet
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776:(Vol. 27, p. 391). Beijing, People's Republic of China: Zhonghua Shuju.
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But when bedewed or caressed by the vernal breeze, she’d look even prettier
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627:"Song Period Literature, Thought, and Philosophy (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
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Oh, a divinity she must be, diving into our mundane life just off and on
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However, in Song dynasty, even though the aesthetics is influenced by
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And pampered by the monarch’s affection, she could never be outshone
529:. Beijing, People’s Republic of China: Zhonghua Shuju. p. 391.
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440:"Porcelain in the Tang (618–906) and Song (960–1279) Dynasties"
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Porcelain in the Tang (618-906) and Song (960-1279) Dynasties.
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was defined by a number of notable aesthetic traditions. The
3536:
Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry
402:(updated ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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However, because of the development and dominance of the
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dynasties, the representative achievements are the Tang
715:. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu chubanshe. pp. 688–689.
338:纷纷暮雪下辕门，风掣红旗冻不翻。 永结无情游，相期邈云汉。
335:中军置酒饮归客，胡琴琵琶与羌笛。 醒时同交欢，醉后各分散。
332:瀚海阑干百丈冰，愁云惨淡万里凝。 我歌月徘徊，我舞影零乱。
329:将军角弓不得控，都护铁衣冷难着。 暂伴月将影，行乐须及春。
326:散入珠帘湿罗幕，狐裘不暖锦衾薄。 月既不解饮，影徒随我身。
323:忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开。 举杯邀明月，对影成三人。
320:北风卷地白草折，胡天八月即飞雪。 花间一壶酒，独酌无相亲。
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In iridescent raiment, she looks lovely like the flower
2035:
The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities
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The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature
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700:. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji chu ban she. p. 467.
685:. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji chu ban she. p. 424.
1358:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction
42:, favoured flowers, and dominant literary form.
428:. Beijing: The Forbidden City Publishing House.
66:is women's clothing, in which the traditional "
566:How to read Chinese poetry: a guided anthology
188:A typical image of tree peony in ancient China
3586:
3282:
2169:
819:
747:Tang (618-906) and Song (960-1279) Dynasties.
8:
2602:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
362:酒酣胸胆尚开张，鬓微霜，又何妨？持节云中，何日遣冯唐？会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。
359:老夫聊发少年狂，左牵黄，右擎苍，锦帽貂裘，千骑卷平冈。为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎。
1283:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy
161:The development of porcelain technology in
149:Porcelain vases, Song dynasty, Hunan Museum
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2620:
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2162:
2154:
1757:
1340:
1091:
826:
812:
804:
762:. Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press.
1379:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
498:
2088:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
1207:Protectorate General to Pacify the South
1202:Protectorate General to Pacify the North
792:https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217749765
233:
183:
73:
49:
1212:Protectorate General to Pacify the East
1185:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
371:
3170:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
3095:Endless power transmitting chain drive
798:Frontiers of Literary Studies in China
783:. The Forbidden City Publishing House.
581:Frontiers of Literary Studies in China
568:. New York: Columbia University Press.
652:
650:
648:
646:
7:
3639:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
742:Asian Art Musesm/Education. (2012).
729:Asian Art Musesm/Education. (2012).
698:Bai Xue Ge Song Wu Pan Guan Gui Jing
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790:. Space and Culture, 21(1), 46–59.
312:） 月下独酌（
541:"Song Dynasty: Art & Religion"
78:Beizi in Song dynasty. Painted by
62:The most eye-catching clothing in
25:
141:Tang Sancai camel with a merchant
3694:
3615:History of clothing and textiles
2354:
981:
744:The Flourishing of Poetry in the
696:Cen, Sen (1986). Peng, D (ed.).
208:(杨玉环), and here is one of them:
28:Popular fashion in ancient China
4022:impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
3404:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
681:Li, Bai (1986). Peng, D (ed.).
347:Example of Ci in Song dynasty:
238:A typical image of plum blossom
54:An example of Ruqun painted by
2596:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
760:Chinese clothing (Updated ed.)
1:
3514:Chinese poems (category list)
3031:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1982:Islam during the Tang dynasty
1222:Gyerim Territory Area Command
713:Tang Song Ci Jianshang Cidian
1308:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum
662:Asian Art Museum | Education
444:Asian Art Museum | Education
4119:Culture of the Tang dynasty
3938:1920s–1950s Western fashion
3868:1830s–1910s Western fashion
3805:1500s–1820s Western fashion
2443:Department of State Affairs
1104:Department of State Affairs
854:Transition from Sui to Tang
230:(Li, 1960, Vol. 27, p. 391)
4160:
2405:Bureau of Military Affairs
1180:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
738:960%E2%80%931279-dynasties
295:examinations for officials
4129:History of Asian clothing
3692:
3620:History of fashion design
3609:
2352:
2277:Alliance Conducted at Sea
2267:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
979:
593:10.1007/s11702-007-0021-7
481:Ying, Wang (2018-01-04).
18:Clothing in ancient China
3945:Suffrage Movement period
3425:Three Hundred Tang Poems
3312:Classical Chinese poetry
2608:Four Great Books of Song
2049:Ten Computational Canons
1262:Three Hundred Tang Poems
1025:Administrative divisions
500:10.1177/1206331217749765
351:江城子· 密州出猎 （
3604:of clothing and fashion
3519:List of poems (article)
2459:Secretariat-Chancellery
1120:Secretariat-Chancellery
941:Niu–Li factional strife
711:Tang, Guizhang (1988).
80:Emperor Huizong of Song
3090:Early Bessemer process
3058:Science and technology
2257:Nong Zhigao rebellions
2001:Science and technology
1290:Huaisu's Autobiography
1190:Four Garrisons of Anxi
956:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts
894:Tang–Western Turks War
864:Tang–Eastern Turks War
239:
189:
158:
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110:As a great country of
83:
59:
4033:By country and region
3507:Individual poems list
3317:Modern Chinese poetry
2478:Ministry of Personnel
2383:Imperial examinations
1436:Green Satchel Classic
1335:Thousand-Buddha Cliff
1330:Rongxian Giant Buddha
1303:Kashyapa & Ananda
1139:Ministry of Personnel
1049:Imperial examinations
631:www.chinaknowledge.de
564:Cai, Zhongqi (2008).
237:
187:
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148:
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53:
4000:2000–present fashion
3463:Antithetical couplet
3346:Six Dynasties poetry
2614:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
2388:Administrative units
2262:Song–Tibet relations
2237:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1197:Beiting Protectorate
973:Huang Chao Rebellion
889:Tang–Tibet relations
859:Xuanwu Gate Incident
772:. In D. Peng (Ed.),
68:Ruqun" (Ru Dress 襦裙)
4040:Indian subcontinent
3969:1960s-1990s fashion
3528:Modern compilations
3418:Complete Tang Poems
3164:Forensic entomology
3125:Watertight bulkhead
3004:Joint-stock company
2498:Ministry of Justice
2483:Ministry of Revenue
2393:Sixteen Prefectures
1987:Chinese Manichaeism
1325:Leshan Giant Buddha
1297:Night-Shining White
1159:Ministry of Justice
1144:Ministry of Revenue
931:An Lushan rebellion
250:Reasons for change:
179:Meaning and status:
4144:History of fashion
4139:Flowers in culture
3411:Nineteen Old Poems
3100:Astronomical clock
2307:Treaty of Shaoxing
2107:Woodblock printing
1970:Church of the East
1415:The Classic of Tea
1320:Dazu Rock Carvings
951:Sweet Dew incident
869:Tang–Xueyantuo War
625:Theobald, Ulrich.
240:
190:
159:
151:
143:
84:
60:
4106:
4105:
3568:
3567:
3390:Classic of Poetry
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3179:Dream Pool Essays
3071:Gunpowder weapons
2984:
2983:
2511:
2510:
2503:Ministry of Works
2488:Ministry of Rites
2435:Three Departments
2272:Fang La rebellion
2252:Wang Ze rebellion
2151:
2150:
1995:
1994:
1878:Dongshan Liangjie
1866:Zhaozhou Congshen
1749:
1748:
1400:The Tale of Li Wa
1234:
1233:
1217:Ungjin Commandery
1164:Ministry of Works
1149:Ministry of Rites
1096:Three Departments
1054:Official headwear
874:Goguryeo–Tang War
786:Ying, W. (2018).
487:Space and Culture
398:Hua, Mei (2011).
344:山回路转不见君，雪上空留马行处。
341:轮台东门送君去，去时雪满天山路。
251:
180:
106:Popular porcelain
58:(713–755) in Tang
34:(CE 618–907) and
16:(Redirected from
4151:
4124:Song dynasty art
3852:Directoire style
3698:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3560:Cantonese poetry
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3210:
3207:
3186:
2934:
2933: 1174–1189
2931:
2873:
2872: 1050–1080
2870:
2765:
2764: 1111–1117
2762:
2621:
2571:Longquan celadon
2539:Five Great Kilns
2431:
2358:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
1934:Neo-Confucianism
1836:Baizhang Huaihai
1758:
1366:Empress Zhangsun
1341:
1276:A Palace Concert
1092:
985:
946:Changqing Treaty
828:
821:
814:
805:
758:Hua, M. (2011).
717:
716:
708:
702:
701:
693:
687:
686:
678:
672:
671:
669:
668:
654:
641:
640:
638:
637:
622:
613:
612:
576:
570:
569:
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
537:
531:
530:
525:Peng, D (1960).
522:
513:
512:
502:
478:
459:
458:
456:
455:
446:. Archived from
436:
430:
429:
421:
404:
403:
400:Chinese clothing
395:
258:Neo-Confucianism
249:
178:
99:Neo-Confucianism
21:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4134:Chinese fashion
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4071:
4028:
3995:
3964:
3933:
3863:
3800:
3699:
3690:
3625:
3624:
3605:
3599:
3569:
3564:
3553:Regional styles
3548:
3523:
3502:
3451:
3382:and collections
3381:
3375:
3321:
3300:
3295:
3265:
3256:
3208:
3184:
3140:Horner's method
3052:
2980:
2932:
2884:Emperor Huizong
2871:
2805:
2763:
2619:
2507:
2493:Ministry of War
2464:
2429:
2359:
2350:
2329:Mongol conquest
2247:Chanyuan Treaty
2207:Chenqiao mutiny
2188:
2182:
2152:
2147:
2138:Salt Commission
2133:Kaiyuan Tongbao
2111:
1991:
1958:
1920:
1895:
1745:
1666:
1661:Liêu Hữu Phương
1443:
1339:
1230:
1168:
1154:Ministry of War
1125:
1090:
1084:Turkic generals
1069:Imperial guards
986:
977:
936:Qingshui Treaty
926:Battle of Talas
879:Baekje–Tang War
838:
832:
779:Ye, Z. (2003).
768:Li, B. (1960).
749:Retriebed from
733:Retriebed from
726:
721:
720:
710:
709:
705:
695:
694:
690:
683:Yue Xia Du Zhuo
680:
679:
675:
666:
664:
656:
655:
644:
635:
633:
624:
623:
616:
578:
577:
573:
563:
562:
558:
549:
547:
539:
538:
534:
524:
523:
516:
480:
479:
462:
453:
451:
438:
437:
433:
423:
422:
407:
397:
396:
373:
368:
271:
269:Literature form
253:
182:
172:
170:Popular flowers
157:Sancai in Tang
108:
48:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4157:
4155:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Jian'an poetry
3338:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:Chinese poetry
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3209: 10th c.
3199:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:Wujing Zongyao
3073:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2727:Huang Tingjian
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:Six Ministries
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Qingli Reforms
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2230:Gaoliang River
2227:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:Gautama Siddha
2078:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1909:Cheng Xuanying
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1848:Yaoshan Weiyan
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1505:Wang Changling
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1131:Six Ministries
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
994:
992:
988:
987:
980:
978:
976:
975:
970:
969:
968:
963:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
891:
886:
884:Silla–Tang War
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:
848:
840:
839:
833:
831:
830:
823:
816:
808:
802:
801:
794:
784:
777:
770:Qing Ping Diao
766:
763:
756:
753:
740:
725:
722:
719:
718:
703:
688:
673:
642:
614:
587:(3): 449–475.
571:
556:
532:
514:
460:
431:
424:Ye, Z (2003).
405:
370:
369:
367:
364:
270:
267:
252:
247:
232:
231:
225:
220:
215:
181:
176:
171:
168:
107:
104:
47:
44:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4156:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:Western world
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:Yingzao Fashi
3153:
3151:
3150:Liaodi Pagoda
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Tianchi basin
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
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2225:Southern Tang
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2100:
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2084:
2083:(fl 714–724)
2082:
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2063:
2062:
2061:Xinxiu bencao
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2033:
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2031:
2030:Liang Lingzan
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2016:Jigu Suanjing
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:Wang Xiaotong
2007:
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1173:Protectorates
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774:Quan Tang Shi
771:
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764:
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748:
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728:
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527:Quan Tang Shi
521:
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450:on 2018-03-16
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308:白雪歌送武判官归京 （
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76:
72:
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52:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
3643:
3541:
3534:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3444:
3437:
3432:Wangchuan ji
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:Poetry works
3251:Guo Shoujing
3177:
3168:
3154:
3145:Architecture
3130:Fishing reel
3105:Movable type
3075:
3045:
2939:Zhou Jichang
2890:Zhang Zeduan
2739:Zhou Bangyan
2631:Fan Zhongyan
2612:
2600:
2586:Yaozhou ware
2581:Qingbai ware
2415:New Policies
2220:Southern Han
2211:Unification
2185:Song dynasty
2086:
2059:
2047:
2034:
2014:
1926:Confucianism
1911:(fl 631–655)
1790:(fl 602–664)
1613:Niu Yingzhen
1589:Liu Zongyuan
1434:
1429:Yang Yunsong
1423:Du Guangting
1413:
1398:
1393:Bai Xingjian
1377:
1356:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1270:Playing card
1260:
899:Oasis states
835:Tang dynasty
797:
787:
780:
773:
769:
759:
746:
743:
730:
724:Bibliography
712:
706:
697:
691:
682:
676:
665:. Retrieved
661:
634:. Retrieved
630:
584:
580:
574:
565:
559:
548:. Retrieved
544:
535:
526:
493:(1): 46–59.
490:
486:
452:. Retrieved
448:the original
443:
434:
425:
399:
361:
358:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
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319:
307:
306:
303:
300:
292:
288:
272:
263:
254:
243:Plum blossom
242:
241:
227:
222:
217:
212:
199:
192:
191:
173:
163:Song dynasty
160:
109:
96:
88:Song dynasty
85:
64:Tang dynasty
61:
36:Song dynasty
32:Tang dynasty
27:
26:
4076:By clothing
3739:Western Xia
3729:Jurchen Jin
3711:Anglo-Saxon
3704:Middle Ages
3649:Han Chinese
3456:Major forms
3371:Qing poetry
3366:Ming poetry
3361:Yuan poetry
3356:Song poetry
3351:Tang poetry
3253:(1231–1316)
3247:(1202–1261)
3245:Qin Jiushao
3241:(1192-1279)
3235:(1186–1249)
3229:(1031–1095)
3223:(1020–1101)
3217:(1010–1070)
3202:Zhang Sixun
3047:Zhu Fan Zhi
3036:Champa rice
3000:(1021–1086)
2977:(1235–1305)
2971:(1222–1307)
2965:(1210–1269)
2959:(1199–1295)
2953:(1190–1230)
2947:(1178–1249)
2926:Lin Tinggui
2922:(1140–1210)
2916:(1120–1182)
2910:(1100–1197)
2904:(1096–1119)
2902:Wang Ximeng
2898:(1094-1172)
2892:(1085–1145)
2886:(1082–1135)
2880:(1051–1107)
2861:(1049–1106)
2855:(1036–1093)
2849:(1020–1090)
2843:(1019–1079)
2837:(1000–1064)
2802:(1170–1231)
2796:(1140–1207)
2790:(1130–1200)
2784:(1127–1206)
2778:(1126–1193)
2776:Fan Chengda
2772:(1125–1209)
2753:(1085–1144)
2747:(1084–1155)
2745:Li Qingzhao
2741:(1056–1121)
2735:(1047–1126)
2729:(1045–1105)
2723:(1039–1112)
2717:(1037–1101)
2711:(1033–1107)
2705:(1032–1085)
2699:(1022–1077)
2693:(1019–1086)
2687:(1019–1083)
2681:(1017–1073)
2675:(1012–1067)
2669:(1011–1077)
2663:(1009–1066)
2657:(1007–1072)
2651:(1002–1060)
2649:Mei Yaochen
2576:Cizhou ware
2453:Chancellery
2448:Secretariat
2376:Family tree
2334:Diaoyucheng
2143:Flying cash
2042:Li Chunfeng
2024:Xu Jingzong
1975:Xi'an Stele
1953:Kong Yingda
1824:Amoghavajra
1655:Du Qiuniang
1643:Mo Xuanqing
1637:Li Shangyin
1631:Wen Tingyun
1493:Meng Haoran
1481:He Zhizhang
1475:Chen Zi'ang
1457:Luo Binwang
1114:Chancellery
1109:Secretariat
1074:Shence Army
1030:Jimi system
1013:Family tree
206:Yang Yuhuan
82:(1082–1135)
4113:Categories
3796:Vietnamese
3754:400s–1000s
3446:Zhuying ji
3336:Han poetry
3326:Poetry by
3305:Major eras
3198:(972–1051)
3115:Pound lock
3041:Nanhai One
2998:Wang Anshi
2896:Su Hanchen
2859:Li Gonglin
2829:Zhao Chang
2825:(970–1053)
2823:Xu Daoning
2819:(960–1030)
2800:Zhao Rukuo
2782:Yang Wanli
2691:Sima Guang
2679:Zhou Dunyi
2655:Ouyang Xiu
2645:(998–1061)
2639:(991–1055)
2633:(989–1052)
2364:Government
2102:Toothbrush
2069:Sun Simiao
2044:(602–670)
2011:(580–640)
1915:Lü Dongbin
1830:Mazu Daoyi
1812:Vajrabodhi
1710:Zhang Xuan
1559:Wei Yingwu
1463:Du Shenyan
1410:(733–804)
1395:(776–826)
1353:(596–667)
1313:Autumn Dew
1020:Chancellor
991:Government
667:2019-05-31
636:2019-05-31
550:2019-05-12
454:2019-05-17
366:References
194:Tree peony
92:beizi (背子)
56:Zhang Xuan
3960:1945–1960
3955:1930–1945
3917:Edwardian
3875:Victorian
3847:1795–1820
3842:1775–1795
3837:1750–1775
3832:1700–1750
3827:1650–1700
3822:1600–1650
3817:1550–1600
3812:1500–1550
3791:Tocharian
3716:Byzantine
3189:Inventors
3066:Gunpowder
2975:Qian Xuan
2941:(12th c.)
2920:Liang Kai
2914:Zhao Boju
2853:Wang Shen
2835:Yi Yuanji
2831:(10th c.)
2703:Cheng Hao
2697:Zhang Zai
2685:Zeng Gong
2673:Cai Xiang
2667:Shao Yong
2591:Jian ware
2554:Guan ware
2544:Ding ware
2339:Xiangyang
2215:Later Shu
2098:(730–805)
2077:(683–727)
2026:(592-672)
1955:(574–648)
1947:(772–841)
1941:(768–824)
1886:(862–949)
1880:(807–869)
1868:(778–897)
1862:(770–860)
1856:(746–805)
1850:(745–827)
1844:(730–790)
1838:(720–814)
1832:(709–788)
1826:(705–774)
1820:(688–763)
1814:(671–741)
1808:(638–689)
1802:(635–713)
1796:(632–682)
1784:(613–681)
1778:(562–645)
1772:(549–623)
1736:(855–915)
1730:(832–912)
1724:(730–780)
1722:Zhou Fang
1718:(723–787)
1716:Han Huang
1712:(713–755)
1706:(706–783)
1694:(699–759)
1688:(680–760)
1682:(600–673)
1680:Yan Liben
1651:(840–868)
1649:Yu Xuanji
1639:(813–858)
1633:(812–866)
1627:(803–852)
1609:(790–817)
1597:(779–831)
1595:Yuan Zhen
1591:(773–819)
1585:(772–846)
1579:(772–842)
1573:(768–824)
1567:(739–799)
1561:(737–792)
1555:(722–789)
1549:(715–770)
1543:(712–779)
1537:(712–770)
1531:(709–785)
1525:(704–765)
1519:(701–762)
1513:(699–759)
1507:(698–756)
1501:(690–751)
1495:(689–740)
1489:(673–740)
1483:(659–744)
1477:(656–702)
1471:(650–676)
1465:(645–708)
1459:(619–684)
1431:(9th c.)
1425:(850–933)
1389:(751–762)
1374:(7th c.)
1368:(601–636)
1079:Shumiyuan
904:Karakhoja
843:History (
609:195071486
601:1673-7318
545:Study.com
509:1206-3312
112:porcelain
40:porcelain
4098:Swimwear
4062:Thailand
3720:Chinese
3686:Thracian
3671:Biblical
3661:Egyptian
3602:Timeline
3439:Wen Xuan
3227:Shen Kuo
3215:Jia Xian
3196:Bi Sheng
3120:Dry dock
3009:Banknote
2969:Gong Kai
2841:Wen Tong
2817:Fan Kuan
2810:Painters
2794:Xin Qiji
2751:Zhu Bian
2733:Cai Jing
2709:Cheng Yi
2559:Jun ware
2529:Religion
2400:Military
2371:Emperors
2302:Yancheng
2287:Jingkang
2198:Timeline
2071:(d. 682)
2056:Su Jing
1892:(9th c.)
1874:(8th c.)
1872:Zhisheng
1818:Jianzhen
1788:Xuanzang
1762:Buddhism
1754:Religion
1742:(9th c.)
1734:Jing Hao
1700:(7th c.)
1692:Wang Wei
1686:Wu Daozi
1672:Painters
1663:(9th c.)
1657:(9th c.)
1621:(8th c.)
1619:Zhang Xu
1615:(8th c.)
1603:(d. 784)
1583:Bai Juyi
1577:Liu Yuxi
1547:Cen Shen
1541:Zhang Ji
1511:Wang Wei
1064:Jiedushi
1059:Military
966:Songping
919:Conquest
909:Karasahr
845:Timeline
116:ceramics
46:Clothing
3786:Ottoman
3750:Europe
3746:English
3631:Ancient
3328:dynasty
3233:Song Ci
3221:Su Song
3110:Compass
2990:Economy
2951:Li Song
2865:Cui Bai
2643:Song Qi
2637:Yan Shu
2624:Writers
2564:Ru ware
2549:Ge ware
2521:Society
2517:Culture
2322:Caizhou
2312:Tangdao
2194:History
2128:Liu Yan
2123:Diwu Qi
2116:Economy
2096:Jia Dan
2075:Yi Xing
1917:(796-?)
1782:Shandao
1776:Daochuo
1740:Sun Wei
1728:Guanxiu
1704:Han Gan
1645:(834-?)
1523:Gao Shi
1469:Wang Bo
1387:Du Huan
1351:Daoxuan
1344:Writers
1239:Culture
1035:Fanzhen
998:Emperor
4088:Corset
4083:Bikini
3781:Korean
3397:Chu Ci
3019:Guanzi
3014:Jiaozi
2847:Guo Xi
2788:Zhu Xi
2770:Lu You
2757:Zhu Yu
2721:Su Zhe
2715:Su Shi
2661:Su Xun
2534:Poetry
2317:Caishi
2187:topics
1939:Han Yu
1901:Taoism
1854:Huiguo
1842:Wukong
1800:Yijing
1770:Jizang
1571:Han Yu
1565:Lu Lun
1517:Li Bai
1372:Bianji
1256:Poetry
1251:Sancai
837:topics
607:
599:
507:
202:Li Bai
132:Sancai
128:Sancai
4055:Meiji
4050:Japan
4045:Italy
4017:2020s
4012:2010s
4007:2000s
3991:1990s
3986:1980s
3981:1970s
3976:1960s
3950:1920s
3927:1910s
3922:1900s
3910:1890s
3905:1880s
3900:1870s
3895:1860s
3890:1850s
3885:1840s
3880:1830s
3859:1820s
3774:1400s
3769:1300s
3764:1200s
3759:1100s
3681:Roman
3676:Greek
3666:Inuit
3644:China
3497:yuefu
3239:Li Ye
3024:Huizi
2908:Li Di
2878:Mi Fu
2344:Yamen
2297:De'an
1963:Other
1945:Li Ao
1860:Puhua
1794:Kuiji
1625:Du Mu
1607:Li He
1601:Li Ye
1553:Li Bi
1535:Du Fu
1499:Li Qi
1449:Poets
1408:Lu Yu
1040:Hebei
1008:House
961:Annan
914:Kucha
605:S2CID
284:rhyme
4093:Hide
3734:Yuan
3724:Liao
3085:Coke
2963:Muqi
2519:and
1890:Gikū
1806:Faru
1003:List
597:ISSN
505:ISSN
277:and
124:Song
122:and
120:Tang
114:and
3654:Shu
3483:shi
3206:fl.
2930:fl.
2869:fl.
2761:fl.
1246:Art
589:doi
495:doi
275:Shi
90:is
4115::
3490:qu
3476:fu
3469:ci
660:.
645:^
629:.
617:^
603:.
595:.
583:.
543:.
517:^
503:.
491:21
489:.
485:.
463:^
442:.
408:^
374:^
353:苏轼
314:李白
310:岑参
279:Ci
3594:e
3587:t
3580:v
3290:e
3283:t
3276:v
3211:)
3204:(
2935:)
2928:(
2874:)
2867:(
2766:)
2759:(
2461:)
2457:(
2200:)
2196:(
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
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1118:(
847:)
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820:t
813:v
670:.
639:.
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591::
585:1
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511:.
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355:）
316:）
20:)
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