Textile manufacturing - Knowledge (XXG)

1208:. The cotton gin separates seeds and removes the "trash" (dirt, stems and leaves) from the fibre. In a saw gin, circular saws grab the fibre and pull it through a grating that is too narrow for the seeds to pass. A roller gin is used with longer-staple cotton. Here, a leather roller captures the cotton. A knife blade, set close to the roller, detaches the seeds by drawing them through teeth in circular saws and revolving brushes which clean them away. The ginned cotton fibre, known as lint, is then compressed into bales which are about 1.5 m tall and weigh almost 220 kg. Only 33% of the crop is usable lint. Commercial cotton is graded and priced according to its quality; this broadly relates to the average length of the staple and the variety of the plant. Longer-staple cotton (2½ in to 1¼ in) is called Egyptian, medium staple (1¼ in to ¾ in) is called American upland, and short staple (less than ¾ in) is called Indian. The cotton seed is pressed into cooking oil. The husks and meal are processed into animal feed, and the stems into paper. 135: 5666: 4852: 1438: 1279: 1462: 1287: 1217: 2071:, which comes from the inner bark of the plants of the Corchorus genus. It is retted like flax, sundried and baled. When spinning a small amount of oil must be added to the fibre. It can be bleached and dyed. It was used for sacks and bags but is now used for the backing for carpets. Jute can be blended with other fibres to make composite fabrics and work continues in Bangladesh to refine the processes and extend the range of usage possible. In the 1970s, jute-cotton composite fabrics were known as 1986:

textile (70 per cent). Approximately 25 per cent of energy in the total textile production like fibre production, spinning, twisting, weaving, knitting, clothing manufacturing etc. is used in dyeing. About 34 per cent of energy is consumed in spinning, 23 per cent in weaving, 38 per cent in chemical wet processing and five per cent in miscellaneous processes. Power dominates consumption pattern in spinning and weaving, while thermal energy is the major factor for chemical wet processing.

1513: 1735: 1426: 1621: 2379: 2008:. Cotton crop provides livelihood to millions of people but its production is becoming expensive because of high water consumption, use of expensive pesticides, insecticides and fertiliser. Genetically modified products aim to increase disease resistance and reduce the water required. The organic sector in India was worth $ 583 million. Genetically modified cotton, in 2007, occupied 43% of cotton growing areas in India. 1726:

handlooms often faced extreme poverty and were unable to obtain an education. The working conditions of cotton production were often harsh, with long hours, low pay, and dangerous machinery. Children, above all, were also prone to physical abuse and often forced to work in unsanitary conditions. It should also be noted that Children who worked in handlooms often faced extreme poverty and were unable to obtain an education.

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scutching machine worked by passing the cotton through a pair of rollers, and then striking it with iron or steel bars called beater bars or beaters. The beaters, which turn very quickly, strike the cotton hard and knock the seeds out. This process is done over a series of parallel bars so as to allow the seeds to fall through. At the same time, air is blown across the bars, which carries the cotton into a cotton chamber.

4282: 2453:. In organzine each single is given a few twists per inch (tpi), and combine with several other singles counter twisted hard at 10 to 14 tpi. In tram the two singles are doubled with each other with a light twist, 3 to 6 tpi. Sewing thread is two tram threads, hard twisted, and machine-twist is made of three hard-twisted tram threads. Tram for the crepe process is twisted at up to 80 tpi to make it 'kick up'. 2292: 4743: 2207: 2117: 38: 2342:

the soiled wool from around the legs and anus, graded, and baled. Grading is done on quality as well as length of the fibres. Long wool fibres can be up to 15 in, but anything over 2.5 inches is suitable for combing into worsteds. Fibres less than that form short wool and are described as clothing or carding wool, and are best suited for the jumbled arrangement of woolens.

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of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered in small teeth, and as the cotton is moved forwards, the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver: a large rope of fibres. In a wider sense, carding can refer to these four processes:

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twentieth century. Specifically, ancient civilizations in India, Egypt, China, sub-Saharan Africa, Eurasia, South America, and North and East Africa all had some forms of textile production. The first book about textile manufacturing is considered to be 'A Treatise on the Art of Weaving' by John Murphy.

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was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibres, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood. Although these artificial fibres were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century, successful modern manufacture began much later in the 1930s. Nylon, the first synthetic fibre, made its

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sheep often have dual coats; a soft, short under layer and a hardier, coarser, and longer guard layer. These can be sorted to be processed separately, or spun together. The differing characteristics of each coat allows for very different yarn; the guard hairs can be used for durable outerwear, while

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A further possibility is mercerising, during which the fabric is treated with a caustic soda solution, to cause swelling of the fibres. This results in improved lustre, strength and dye affinity. Cotton is mercerised under tension, and all alkali must be washed out before the tension is released, or

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in one piece from the sheep. Ideally, the wool is cut as close to the skin as possible to maximise fibre length. Going over the same spot twice produces small fibres that will produce pills in finished fabric, something that skilled shearers are usually able to avoid. This is then skirted to remove

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Finishing is a broad range of physical and chemical processes/treatments that complete one stage of textile manufacturing, sometimes in preparation for the next step. Finishing adds value to the product and makes it more attractive, useful and functional for the end-user. Fresh off the loom, cotton

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When a hand loom was located in the home, children helped with the weaving process from an early age. Piecing needs dexterity, and a child can be as productive as an adult. When weaving moved from the home to the mill, children were often allowed to help their older sisters, and laws had to be made

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the roving is pulled off a bobbin and fed through rollers, which are feeding at several different speeds. This thins the roving at a consistent rate. If the roving was not a consistent size, then this step could cause a break in the yarn, or jam the machine. The yarn is twisted through the spinning

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In the carding process, the fibres are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (sliver or tow). The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the fibres neatly to make them easier to spin. The carding machine consists mainly

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refers to the process of cleaning cotton of its seeds and other impurities. The first scutching machine was invented in 1797, but did not come into further mainstream use until after 1808 or 1809, when it was introduced and used in Manchester, England. By 1816, it had become generally adopted. The

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from becoming established. The working conditions of cotton production were often harsh, with long hours, low pay, and dangerous machinery. Children, above all, were also prone to physical abuse and often forced to work in unsanitary conditions. It should also be noted that Children who worked in

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Cotton Counts: Refers to the thickness of the cotton yarn where 840 yards of yarns weighs 1 pound (0.45 kg). 10-count cotton means that 8,400 yards (7,700 m) of yarn weighs 1 pound (0.45 kg). This is coarser than 40-count cotton where 40x840 yards are needed. In the United Kingdom,

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Shedding: The operation of dividing the warp into two lines so that the shuttle can pass between these lines. There are two general kinds of sheds: "open" and "closed." In an open shed, the warp threads are moved from one line to the other when the pattern requires it. In a closed shed, the warp

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Several slivers are combined. Each sliver will have thin and thick spots, and by combining several slivers together, a more consistent size can be reached. Since combining several slivers produces a very thick rope of cotton fibres, the slivers are separated into rovings. Generally speaking, for

1252:, the cotton is beaten with a beater bar to loosen it up. It is then fed through various rollers, which serve to remove the vegetable matter. The cotton, aided by fans, then collects on a screen and gets fed through more rollers where it emerges as a continuous soft fleecy sheet, known as a lap. 1985:

The consumption of energy in form of water and electricity is relatively high, especially in processes like washing, de-sizing, bleaching, rinsing, dyeing, printing, coating and finishing. Processing is time-consuming. The major portion of water in textile industry is used for wet processing of

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Dyeing is commonly carried out with an anionic direct dye by completely immersing the fabric (or yarn) in an aqueous dye bath according to a prescribed procedure. For improved fastness to washing, rubbing and light, further dyeing methods can be used. These require more complex chemistry during

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that remove the entire boll from the plant. The cotton boll is the seed pod of the cotton plant; attached to each of the thousands of seeds are fibres about 2.5 cm long. There is a higher rate of cotton being produced compared to the actual workers needed to produce the material. In 2013 a

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Gassing is the process of passing yarn very rapidly through a series of Bunsen gas flames in a gassing frame, to burn off the projecting fibres and to make the thread round and smooth and bright. Only the better qualities of yarn are gassed, like the kinds used for voiles, poplins, venetians,

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Textile manufacturing in the modern era is an evolved form of the art and craft industries. Until the 18th and 19th centuries, the textile industry was a household work. It became mechanised in the 18th and 19th centuries, and has continued to develop through science and technology since the

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are used, scouring will also remove size from the fabric, although desizing often precedes scouring and is considered to be a separate process. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other finishing processes. At this stage, even the most naturally white cotton fibres are

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Opening bales. Assorting skeins: where silk is sorted by colour, size and quality, scouring: where the silk is washed in water of 40 degrees for 12 hours to remove the natural gum, drying: either by steam heating or centrifuge, softening: by rubbing to remove any remaining hard

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remains the most widely used and common natural fiber making up 90% of all-natural fibers used in the textile industry. People often use cotton clothing and accessories because of comfort, not limited to different weathers. There are many variable processes available at the

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Dyeing: the skeins are scoured again, and discoloration removed with a sulphur process. This weakens the silk. The skeins are now tinted or dyed. They are dried and rewound onto bobbins, spools and skeins. Looming, and the weaving process on power looms is the same as with

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Scouring is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural waxes and non-fibrous impurities (like the remains of seed fragments) from the fibres and any soiling or dirt that might remain. Scouring is usually carried out in iron vessels called

1643:: The operation of projecting the shuttle from side to side of the loom through the division in the warp threads. This is done by the overpick or underpick motions. The overpick is suitable for quick-running looms, whereas the underpick is best for heavy or slow looms. 2467:

Weaving. The organzine is now warped. This is a similar process to in cotton. Firstly, thirty threads or so are wound onto a warping reel, and then using the warping reels, the threads are beamed. A thick layer of paper is laid between each layer on the beam to stop

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Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural colouration and whatever impurities remain in the cotton; the degree of bleaching is determined by the levels of whiteness and absorbency required of the fabric. Cotton, being a vegetable fibre, is bleached using an

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is done in two different ways; warp and weft. Weft knitting (as seen in the pictures) is similar in method to hand knitting with stitches all connected to each other horizontally. Various weft machines can be configured to produce textiles from a single spool of

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Plying is done by pulling yarn from two or more bobbins and twisting it together, in a direction opposite to the one it was spun in. Depending on the weight desired, the cotton may or may not be plied, and the number of strands twisted together varies.

1613:. As time progressed, new mechanisms were added that stopped the loom any time something went wrong. The mechanisms checked for such things as broken warp or weft threads, the shuttle going straight across, and if the shuttle was empty. Forty of these 3705: 5165: 2542:

The techniques used to process these fibres in yarn are essentially the same as with natural fibres, modifications have to be made as these fibres are of great length, and have no texture such as the scales in cotton and wool that aid meshing.

2315:. These are distinguished by the direction of the wool fibres in relation to the thread; woolens are perpendicularly arranged, allowing for fluffy yarns that trap air, while worsteds have parallel fibres, creating a strong and smooth yarn. 1969:

Printing is the application of colour in the form of a paste or ink to the surface of a fabric in a predetermined pattern. It can be described as a form of localised dyeing. Printing designs onto previously dyed fabric is also possible.

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The mule was an intermittent process, as the frame advanced and returned a distance of five feet. It was the descendant of the 1779 Crompton device. It produces a softer, less twisted thread that was favoured for fine fabrics and wefts.

3589: 1345:. This is a technique where the fibres are blown by air into a rotating drum, where they attach themselves to the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of the chamber. Other methods of break spinning use needles and 3545: 6205: 3605: 1364:

of the bobbin as the carriage moves out, and is rolled onto a cylinder called a spindle, which then produces a cone-shaped bundle of fibres known as a "cop", as the carriage returns. Mule spinning produces a finer thread than

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of 1769. It was a continuous process, the yarn was coarser, had a greater twist and was stronger, thus suitable for use as warp thread. Ring spinning is slow due to the distance the thread must pass around the ring.

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At this point, the thread is woven. Depending on the era, one person could manage anywhere from 3 to 100 machines. In the mid-nineteenth century, four was the standard number. A skilled weaver in 1925 could run 6

1868:. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable. However, for white bedding and for medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential. 1187:, produces the longer staple needed for mechanised textile production. The planting season is from September to mid-November, and the crop is harvested between March and June. The cotton bolls are harvested by 1779:

are processed from separate spool containers and interwoven through the cylinder with cotton yarn, giving the finished product more flexibility and preventing it from having a 'baggy' appearance. The average

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Stretching. The thread is tested for consistent size. Any uneven thickness is stretched out. The resulting thread is reeled into containing 500 yd to 2500 yd. The skeins are about 50 inches in loop length.

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Wool that has never been used is known as virgin wool and can be mixed with wool that has been recovered from rags. "Shoddy" is the term for recovered wool that is not matted, while "mungo" comes from

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Many other chemical treatments may be applied to cotton fabrics to produce low flammability, crease-resistance and other qualities, but the four most important non-chemical finishing treatments are:

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Racks of bobbins are set up to hold the thread while it is wound onto the warp beam of a loom. Because the thread is fine, often three of these would be combined to get the desired number of ends.

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and this contains 44.44% carbon. However, due to carbon emissions from fertiliser application, use of mechanized tools to harvest the cotton and so forth cotton manufacture tends to emit more CO

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in large 500-pound bales. When the cotton comes out of a bale, it is all packed together and still contains vegetable matter. The bale is broken open using a machine with large spikes, called an

218: 2413:: Oiled slivers are wound into laps, and placed in the circular comber. The worsted yarn gathers together to form a top. The shorter fibres or noils remain behind and are removed with a knife. 2345:

At the mill the wool is scoured in a detergent to remove grease (the yolk) and impurities. This is done mechanically in the opening machine. Vegetable matter can be removed chemically using

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was a major exporter of cotton and uses manual labour during the harvest. Human rights groups have expressed concerns over healthcare professionals and children being forced to pick cotton.

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Singeing is designed to burn off the surface fibres from the fabric to produce smoothness. The fabric passes over brushes to raise the fibres, then passes over a plate heated by gas flames.

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cotton farmer in Mississippi, Bower Flowers, produced around 13,000 bales of cotton in that year alone. This amount of cotton could be used to produce up to 9.4 million T-shirts.

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Warp knits do not stretch as much as a weft knits, and they are run-resistant. A weft knit is not run-resistant, but it has more stretch. This is especially true if spools of

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Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.

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counts from 10 to 40 are coarse (Oldham Counts), 40 to 80 are medium counts and above 80 is a fine count. In the United States ones, counts up to the 20s are coarse counts.

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was fully automatic and was mass-produced between 1909 and the mid-1960s. Modern looms run faster and do not use a shuttle: there are air jet looms, water jet looms, and

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After being spun and plied, the cotton thread is taken to a warping room where the winding machine takes the required length of yarn and winds it onto warpers' bobbins.

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gabardines, Egyptian cottons, etc. The thread loses around 5-8% of its weight if it's gassed. The gassed yarn is darker in shade afterwards, but should not be scorched.

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Denier: this is an alternative method. It is defined as a number that is equivalent to the weight in grams of 9000m of a single yarn. 15 denier is finer than 30 denier.

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During raising, the fabric surface is treated with sharp teeth to lift the surface fibres, thereby imparting downiness, softness and warmth, as in flannelette.

4535: 2589: 2844: 6255: 6149: 5599: 3550:, Barfoot's series of coloured lithographs of 1840 depicting the cotton manufacturing process., Spinning the Web, Manchester Libraries: Darton, p. 12 1799:

fabric not only contains impurities, including warp size, but it also requires further treatment to develop its full potential and to add to its value.

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The processes in silk production are similar to those of cotton but take account that reeled silk is a continuous fibre. The terms used are different.

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Synthetic fibres are the result of extensive development by scientists to improve upon the naturally occurring animal and plant fibres. In general,

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Depending on the size that has been used, the cloth may be steeped in a dilute acid and then rinsed, or enzymes may be used to break down the size.

1540:. These pirns are automatically changed by the loom. Thus, the yarn needs to be wrapped onto a beam, and onto pirns before weaving can commence. 3185: 5972: 4328: 2971: 2228: 2138: 55: 3040: 6220: 3680: 3650: 3615: 3571: 3400: 3101: 3074: 2640: 2041:, which means it comes in bundles under the bark of the Linum usitatissimum plant. The plant flowers and is harvested. It is subjected to 1316:

machine processing, a roving is about the width of a pencil. These rovings (or slubbings) are then what are used in the spinning process.

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the inner coat is what is traditionally used to produce the ultrafine wedding ring shawls across Europe. Spinning them together, like in

6225: 2930: 2481:. Whereas silkworms require mulberry leaves, sheep eat grass, clover, forbs and other pasture plants. Sheep, like all ruminants emit CO 4778: 6382: 6327: 6240: 5051: 4729: 3169: 2713: 2574: 2254: 2164: 121: 102: 5765: 5665: 4851: 74: 5720: 4568: 4498: 3772: 1926:

Calendering is a process in which the fabric is passed between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects.

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Lancashire Cotton Operatives and Work, 1900–1950: A Social History of Lancashire Cotton Operatives in the Twentieth Century

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Doubling and twisting. The silk is far too fine to be woven, so now it is doubled and twisted to make the warp, known as

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are looms that have sophisticated methods of shedding. They may be separate looms or mechanisms added to a plain loom. A

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There was a 1.5 million tonne cotton deficit in 2018 due to adverse weather conditions, limited water, and pest issues.

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A pirn-winding frame was used to transfer the weft from cheeses of yarn onto the pirns that would fit into the shuttle.

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Ends and Picks: Picks refer to the weft, ends refer to the warp. The coarseness of the cloth can be expressed as the

1532:. The warp, which must be strong, needs to be presented to loom on a warp beam. The weft passes across the loom in a 6083: 5740: 2327:, produces a unique yarn that combines the strength of the guard hairs with the loft and softness of the undercoat. 6367: 6053: 5821: 5585: 4693: 4321: 2594: 2236: 2221: 2146: 2131: 2011:

Before mechanisation, cotton was harvested manually by farmers in India and by African slaves in America. In 2012

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via their digestive system. Also, their pastures may sometimes be fertilised which further increases emissions.

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Heavy domestics are made from coarse yarns, such as 10's to 14's warp and weft, and about 48 ends and 52 picks.

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The spinning machines takes the roving, thins it and twists it, creating yarn which it winds onto a bobbin.

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forces. This method has replaced the older methods of ring and mule spinning. It is also easily adapted for

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is grown in locations with long, hot, dry summers with plenty of sunshine and low humidity. Indian cotton,

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Sanforisation is a form of mechanical pre-shrinking, so that the fabric will shrink less upon laundering.

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or multiple spools, depending on the size of the machine cylinder (in which the needles are bedded). In a

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solution, which forms a soap with free fatty acids. A kier is usually enclosed, so the solution of

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Unlike natural fibres, produced by plants, animals or insects, synthetic fibres are made from

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A Treatise On The Art Of Weaving, With Calculations And Tables For The Use Of Manufacturers

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Drawing: where a drawing frame combines 4 slivers into one, repeated for increased quality

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Combing is optional, but is used to remove the shorter fibres, creating a stronger yarn.

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per quarter-inch square, or per inch square. Ends is always written first. For example:

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Carding: combing the tangled lap into a thick rope of 1/2 inch in diameter, a sliver

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or printed, fabricated into cloth which is then converted into useful goods such as

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machine is needed for strengthening the warp by adding starch, to reduce breakage.

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This is the process where each of the bobbins is rewound to give a tighter bobbin.

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The process of drawing each end of the warp separately through the dents of the

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The three primary movements of a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up.

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Descriptions and calculations for purchasing all cotton processing machines.

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Wool comes from domesticated sheep. It is used to create two kinds of yarn,

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Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)

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Ginning, bale-making and transportation are done in the country of origin.

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Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences

2519: 2478: 2319: 2275: 2271: 2050: 1921: 1776: 1756: 205:

and colouration processes to the production of a wide range of products.

178: 1974:

Economic, environmental and political consequences of cotton manufacture

1383:

Sewing thread was made of several threads twisted together, or doubled.

6144: 5179: 5060: 4917: 4871: 4866: 4841: 4481: 4466: 4376: 4361: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4103: 3961: 3878: 3811: 3451:"Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production in Sheep by Isotope Dilution" 2535:

debut in the United States as a replacement for silk, and was used for

2523: 2410: 2360: 2312: 2300: 2100: 2042: 1837: 1781: 1709: 1597: 1488:

Hank: A length of 7 leas or 840 yards (the worsted hank is only 560 yd)

1273: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1059: 1050: 1042: 1032: 1023: 1014: 996: 980: 971: 962: 944: 928: 919: 910: 892: 876: 867: 858: 840: 822: 813: 799: 769: 760: 751: 721: 710: 696: 682: 671: 657: 623: 609: 579: 561: 543: 525: 511: 500: 492: 482: 473: 462: 446: 432: 411: 401: 387: 359: 350: 324: 315: 304: 286: 272: 241: 147: 143: 2334:

wool. Extract is recovered chemically from mixed cotton/wool fabrics.

5429: 5332: 5290: 5250: 5235: 5109: 4836: 4811: 4576: 4446: 4426: 4366: 4258: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4001: 3986: 3976: 3951: 3936: 3898: 3831: 2308: 1949: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1565: 589: 231: 193: 182: 174: 6236:

General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association

5577: 806: 733: 703: 689: 664: 616: 595: 518: 439: 394: 279: 3675:, John Heywood, Deansgate, Manchester, reprinted Elibron Classics, 2004:

The growth of cotton is divided into two segments i.e. organic and

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Lapping: removing the dust to create a flat sheet or lap of cotton

1285: 1277: 1215: 166: 133: 3449:

Whitelaw, F. G.; Brockway, J. M.; Reid, R. S. (22 January 1972).

3273:"Cutting cotton carbon emissions - Findings from Warangal, India" 1580:

and the eyes of the healds, in the order indicated by the draft.

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and fabric-forming stages coupled with the complexities of the

3588:, Manchester: Marsden & Company, Ltd. 1921, archived from 2792: 2373: 2200: 2110: 1124:

There are six stages to the manufacturing of cotton textiles:

31: 3330:. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). 4526:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

4480: 1617:

or automatic looms could be operated by one skilled worker.

1491:

Thread: A length of 54 in (the circumference of a warp beam)

219:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

4756: 3326:

Voora, Vivek; Larrea, Cristina; Bermudez, Steffany (2020).

5029: 3642:

Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine

2635:. Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. p. 2. 3750: 3704:, One guy from Barlick-Book Transcription, archived from 1653:

as it drives each pick of weft to the fell of the cloth.

2473:

Environmental consequences of wool and silk manufacture

2390: 2318:

Modern sheep have uniform fleeces, while primitive and

1181:

is only suitable for hand processing. American cotton,

1152: 6251:

North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association

3747:

Descriptions and illustrations of principal machines.

3231: 3229: 2932:

Technological Evolution in Cotton Spinning, 1878–1933

6246:

Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society

6211:

Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners

2970:, Manchester City Council: Libraries, archived from 2827: 2825: 2720:, Manchester City Council: Libraries, archived from 2629:

Hollen, Norma R.; Hollen, Norma R. Textiles (1988).

192:

Different types of fibres are used to produce yarn.

6427: 6391: 6305: 6274: 6198: 6092: 6041: 5920: 5809: 5673: 5618: 5554: 5528: 5422: 5348: 5198: 5172: 5067: 4951: 4905: 4859: 4794: 4712: 4654: 4544: 4491: 4344: 4165: 4132: 4084: 4061: 4052: 4030: 3917: 3797: 3788: 2349:(carbonising). Washing uses a solution of soap and 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1955:processing, and are thus more expensive to apply. 1147: 1503:Tex: is the weight in grams of 1 km of yarn. 3517:"Do Synthetic Fabrics Harm the Environment – No" 1138: 4531:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods 3672:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering 2353:. The wool is oiled before carding or combing. 1128: 215:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods 6216:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association 5593: 5045: 4772: 4322: 3766: 3429:Antiques Digest: Lost Knowledge from the Past 2295:Traditional spinner in her family's house in 1528:, and the crosswise threads are known as the 8: 5746:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co 4536:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 2590:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 2053:or combing. It is then treated like cotton. 1341:Most spinning today is done using break, or 6266:United Textile Factory Workers' Association 6256:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation 3745:1921 John Hetherington & Sons Catalogue 3645:, Cambridge University Press, p. 244, 2235:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1375:The ring was a descendant of the Arkwright 1212:Preparatory processes – preparation of yarn 165:. It is largely based on the conversion of 5600: 5586: 5578: 5052: 5038: 5030: 4779: 4765: 4757: 4329: 4315: 4307: 4058: 3794: 3773: 3759: 3751: 3301:"Doctors and nurses forced to pick cotton" 3164:. Woodhead. 29 April 2017. pp. 1–10. 2781:, Manchester City Council: Libraries, 2009 2692:Cotton and textiles — the challenges ahead 1524:. The lengthwise threads are known as the 3466: 2255:Learn how and when to remove this message 2165:Learn how and when to remove this message 2001:than is stored in the form of cellulose. 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 3096:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 90, 2684: 2682: 2680: 2270:is the main leaf fibre used; others are 1828:can be boiled under pressure, excluding 1619: 1497:Lea: A length of 80 threads or 120 yards 173:, then yarn into fabric. These are then 3739:Cotton Year Book 1910 (Textile Mercury) 3376: 3352: 3340: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3146: 3027: 3003: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2831: 2816: 2605: 1421: 1228:Ginning, bale-making and transportation 3134: 3122: 3015: 2991: 1841:yellowish, and bleaching is required. 1704:Associated job titles include piecer, 5786:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn 2938:, Stanford University, archived from 2752:, Craft Revival Trust, archived from 2742: 2740: 2738: 2518:The first artificial fibre, known as 1624:A Draper loom in the textile museum, 7: 4291: 3367:1 October 2003, accessed 20 May 2010 3192:, Manchester City Council: Libraries 3047:, Manchester City Council: Libraries 2851:, Manchester City Council: Libraries 2530:in 1924. A similar product known as 2359:Woollens: Fibre is prepared through 2233:adding citations to reliable sources 2177:These bast fibres can also be used: 2143:adding citations to reliable sources 2022:Processing of other vegetable fibres 60:adding citations to reliable sources 27:The industry which produces textiles 3604:Gurr, Duncan; Hunt, Julian (1998), 3392:The magic of Shetland lace knitting 2522:from 1799 onwards, became known as 1661:was the first semi-automatic loom. 6221:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union 5766:William Roberts & Co of Nelson 4589:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3610:, Oldham Education & Leisure, 1788:Finishing – processing of textiles 25: 6241:General Union of Loom Overlookers 2575:Glossary of textile manufacturing 1836:in the fibre. If the appropriate 189:and various industrial products. 6226:Amalgamated Weavers' Association 5664: 5163: 4850: 4741: 4290: 4281: 4280: 3725: 3468:10.1113/expphysiol.1972.sp002136 2550:, and thus require no farmland. 2377: 2205: 2115: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1058: 1049: 1031: 1022: 1013: 995: 979: 970: 961: 943: 927: 918: 909: 891: 875: 866: 857: 839: 821: 812: 805: 798: 768: 759: 750: 732: 720: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 670: 663: 656: 622: 615: 608: 594: 578: 560: 542: 524: 517: 510: 499: 481: 472: 461: 445: 438: 431: 400: 393: 386: 358: 349: 323: 314: 303: 285: 278: 271: 240: 36: 5656:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip) 3566:, Pergamon Press, p. 258, 3495:Government of Western Australia 3161:Principles of Textile Finishing 1299:Willowing: loosening the fibres 233:Cotton manufacturing processes 47:needs additional citations for 6084:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust 3069:. Learning Press. p. 80. 2793:"Planet Money Makes A T-Shirt" 2489:Processing of synthetic fibres 1978:Production of cotton requires 1256:Blending, mixing and scutching 1157: 1: 6059:Lancashire Cotton Corporation 6033:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers 5736:W & J Galloway & Sons 3698:"Arthur Robert's Engine List" 2689:Majeed, A (19 January 2009), 1820:. The fabric is boiled in an 1730:Knitting – fabric manufacture 1637:threads are all placed level. 1584:Pirning (processing the weft) 5837:John Hetherington & Sons 5721:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co 5460:Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd 4667:Conservation and restoration 2775:"Cultivating and Harvesting" 2663:. 1824. pp. 16 to 500. 1738:A circular knitting machine. 1479:Units of textile measurement 1204:The seed cotton goes into a 1143: 5822:Butterworth & Dickinson 4730:Textile manufacturing terms 3582:"Glossary of Textile Terms" 2695:, Dawn-the Internet edition 2515:, which comes from plants. 2503:are created by forcing, or 2477:Both wool and silk require 2282:Processing of wool and silk 1536:that carries the yarn on a 1520:The weaving process uses a 1320:Spinning – yarn manufacture 6517: 6054:Fine Spinners and Doublers 5662: 4694:Mathematics and fiber arts 3702:Arthur Roberts Black Book. 3607:The Cotton Mills of Oldham 3586:Arthur Roberts Black Book. 3389:Lovick, Elizabeth (2013). 3210:GREENHALGH, DAVID (2005), 2615:Career Guide to Industries 2595:Wet processing engineering 2539:and other military uses. 2492: 2103:, separating and pounding 2082: 2060: 2030: 1962: 1947: 1933: 1919: 1897: 1875: 1848: 1832:, which would degrade the 1791: 1749: 1601: 1595: 1494:Bundle: Usually 10 lb 1476: 1407: 1334: 1323: 1271: 1164:Cultivating and harvesting 1129:Cultivating and Harvesting 212: 6465:John Kay (spinning frame) 6460:John Kay (flying shuttle) 6105:Cotton-spinning machinery 5877:Parr, Curtis & Madely 5827:Curtis, Parr & Walton 5706:Browett, Lindley & Co 5161: 4959:Cotton-spinning machinery 4848: 4738: 4478: 4276: 2659:(1st ed.). Glasgow: 2526:around 1894, and finally 2449:, and the weft, known as 1414:Gassing (textile process) 1326:Cotton-spinning machinery 1102: 259: 255: 250: 5902:Textile Machinery Makers 5882:British Northrop Loom Co 5801:Woolstenhulmes & Rye 5751:John Musgrave & Sons 5631:Bradshaw Gass & Hope 1746:Close-up on the needles. 990:Sizing/slashing/dressing 257: 253: 248: 6419:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal 6079:James Burton & Sons 6069:Combined Egyptian Mills 5907:Tweedales & Smalley 3562:Collier, Ann M (1970), 3544:Barfoot, J. R. (1840), 3521:www.actforlibraries.org 2845:"Preparatory Processes" 2511:were made from natural 2093:from the inner bark of 1930:Shrinking (sanforising) 71:"Textile manufacturing" 6115:Magnetic ring spinning 6110:DREF friction spinning 5791:Willans & Robinson 5696:Bateman & Sherratt 5500:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 4979:Magnetic ring spinning 4974:DREF friction spinning 4485: 3564:A Handbook of Textiles 3547:The Progress of Cotton 3328:"Global Market Report" 3280:awsassets.wwfindia.org 3067:Clothing & Fashion 3065:Kelsie, Cruse (2016). 3018:, p. Cotton count 2565:Dref Friction Spinning 2304: 1747: 1739: 1629: 1517: 1291: 1283: 1224: 151: 6292:Mule spinners' cancer 6261:The Textile Institute 6231:Cardroom Amalgamation 6100:Textile manufacturing 5912:T. Wildman & Sons 5897:Taylor, Lang & Co 5857:Howard & Bullough 5847:John Pilling and Sons 5781:Urmson & Thompson 5691:Ashworth & Parker 5520:Margaretha Zetterberg 5206:Barber-Colman knotter 4984:Mule spinners' cancer 4569:Australian Aboriginal 4499:Clothing and textiles 4484: 3734:at Wikimedia Commons 3732:Textile manufacturing 3696:Roberts, A S (1921), 3637:Hills, Richard Leslie 3090:Fowler, Alan (2003), 2294: 1900:Singe § Textiles 1745: 1737: 1700:Associated job titles 1623: 1602:Further information: 1515: 1410:Singe § Textiles 1408:Further information: 1335:Further information: 1289: 1281: 1240:Cotton is shipped to 1219: 1134:Preparatory Processes 155:Textile manufacturing 137: 6275:Employment practices 6093:Industrial processes 5711:Buckley & Taylor 5636:F.W. Dixon & Son 5529:Employment practices 5490:Margaretha Reichardt 5480:Maria Elisabet Öberg 5445:Micheline Beauchemin 5199:Tools and techniques 5019:Wool combing machine 4704:Units of measurement 3580:Curtis, H P (1921), 3431:, Old and Sold, 1900 2756:on 26 September 2010 2229:improve this section 2139:improve this section 2006:genetically modified 1794:Finishing (textiles) 1395:Folding and twisting 1236:Opening and cleaning 228:Processing of cotton 56:improve this article 6501:Textile engineering 6287:Kissing the shuttle 6064:Bagley & Wright 6003:George Augustus Lee 5993:William Houldsworth 5963:Nathaniel Eckersley 5832:Dobson & Barlow 5776:Scott & Hodgson 5741:Benjamin Goodfellow 5726:Earnshaw & Holt 5541:Kissing the shuttle 4952:Industrial spinning 4906:Hand spinning tools 4748:Clothing portal 4545:Regional and ethnic 4519:Indian subcontinent 3365:Daily Star Magazine 2714:"Machine processes" 2618:. The Bureau. 2006. 2560:Clothing technology 1862:sodium hypochlorite 1572:Drawing in, Looming 1337:Spinning (textiles) 1189:stripper harvesters 1177:, is finer but the 234: 159:textile engineering 5943:Hugh Hornby Birley 5887:Pemberton & Co 5872:Mather & Platt 5852:Harling & Todd 5817:Brooks & Doxey 5761:Petrie of Rochdale 5756:J & W McNaught 5701:Boulton & Watt 5414:Warp-weighted loom 4677:wearable fiber art 4486: 3425:"Silk manufacture" 2974:on 24 October 2008 2929:Saxonhouse, Gary, 2749:Handicrafts India. 2724:on 23 October 2008 2580:Textile from algae 2389:. You can help by 2305: 1860:, such as diluted 1748: 1740: 1630: 1552:Warping or beaming 1518: 1292: 1284: 1225: 1184:Gossypium hirsutum 1174:Gossypium arboreum 369:Finishing scutcher 232: 152: 6478: 6477: 6435:Richard Arkwright 6414:Weavers' Triangle 6409:Queen Street Mill 6190:Lancashire boiler 6120:Open-end spinning 6042:Limited companies 6008:Charles Macintosh 5948:Joseph Brotherton 5575: 5574: 5567:Queen Street Mill 5465:Elisabeth Forsell 5027: 5026: 4969:Open-end spinning 4754: 4753: 4304: 4303: 4272: 4271: 4048: 4047: 3730:Media related to 3682:978-1-4021-4558-2 3652:978-0-521-45834-4 3617:978-0-902809-46-8 3592:on 6 October 2011 3573:978-0-08-018057-1 3402:978-1-84448-935-0 3307:. 16 October 2012 3103:978-0-7546-0116-6 3076:978-1-280-29435-8 2871:, pp. 66, 67 2642:978-0-02-367530-0 2532:cellulose acetate 2407: 2406: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2197:Other leaf fibres 2175: 2174: 2167: 2107:Other bast fibres 1989:Cotton acts as a 1887:will take place. 1878:Mercerised cotton 1866:hydrogen peroxide 1851:Textile bleaching 1351:artificial fibres 1343:open-end spinning 1290:A Combing machine 1119: 1118: 140:Finlayson factory 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 6508: 6496:Textile industry 6450:James Hargreaves 6348:Oldham (borough) 5958:Peter Drinkwater 5928:Elkanah Armitage 5810:Machinery makers 5668: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5579: 5450:Johanna Brunsson 5167: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5031: 4943:Spinner's weasel 4854: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4758: 4746: 4745: 4462:Textile printing 4331: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4294: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4059: 3795: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3752: 3729: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3620:, archived from 3600: 3599: 3597: 3576: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3497:. 19 August 2021 3487: 3481: 3480: 3470: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3395:. Search Press. 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3213:Cotton finishing 3207: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3190:Spinning the Web 3182: 3176: 3175: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3045:Spinning the Web 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2968:Spinning the Web 2960: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2849:Spinning the Web 2841: 2835: 2829: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2779:Spinning the Web 2771: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2718:Spinning the Web 2710: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2686: 2675: 2674: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2509:cellulose fibres 2501:synthetic fibres 2402: 2399: 2381: 2374: 2351:sodium carbonate 2260: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2209: 2201: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2119: 2111: 1965:Textile printing 1826:sodium hydroxide 1784:is a weft knit. 1628:, Massachusetts 1611:Lancashire Looms 1464: 1452: 1440: 1428: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1062: 1053: 1035: 1026: 1017: 999: 983: 974: 965: 947: 931: 922: 913: 895: 879: 870: 861: 843: 825: 816: 809: 802: 772: 763: 754: 736: 724: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 674: 667: 660: 626: 619: 612: 598: 582: 564: 546: 528: 521: 514: 503: 485: 476: 465: 449: 442: 435: 404: 397: 390: 362: 353: 327: 318: 307: 289: 282: 275: 244: 235: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6440:Samuel Crompton 6423: 6404:Helmshore Mills 6387: 6301: 6297:Piece-rate list 6270: 6194: 6165:Lancashire Loom 6088: 6049:Oldham Limiteds 6037: 5988:Richard Howarth 5916: 5862:Geo. Hattersley 5805: 5669: 5660: 5626:David Bellhouse 5614: 5606: 5576: 5571: 5550: 5546:Piece-rate list 5524: 5418: 5389:Lancashire loom 5374:Hattersley loom 5344: 5221:Chilkat weaving 5194: 5168: 5159: 5063: 5058: 5028: 5023: 4989:Piece-rate list 4947: 4901: 4855: 4846: 4790: 4785: 4755: 4750: 4740: 4734: 4708: 4650: 4540: 4487: 4476: 4340: 4335: 4305: 4300: 4268: 4161: 4128: 4080: 4071:Artificial silk 4044: 4026: 3913: 3784: 3779: 3723: 3711: 3709: 3708:on 23 July 2011 3695: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3667:Nasmith, Joseph 3665: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3635: 3627: 3625: 3624:on 18 July 2011 3618: 3603: 3595: 3593: 3579: 3574: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3403: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3218: 3216: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2945:on 16 July 2011 2942: 2935: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2696: 2688: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2661:Blackie and Son 2655: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2556: 2497: 2495:Synthetic fibre 2491: 2484: 2475: 2425: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2387:needs expansion 2372: 2289: 2284: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2226: 2210: 2199: 2171: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2136: 2120: 2109: 2096:Cannabis sativa 2087: 2081: 2065: 2059: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2000: 1993:as it contains 1976: 1967: 1961: 1952: 1946: 1938: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1910: 1902: 1896: 1880: 1874: 1858:oxidizing agent 1853: 1847: 1813: 1805: 1796: 1790: 1754: 1732: 1718: 1702: 1687:number of picks 1683: 1659:Lancashire Loom 1606: 1600: 1594: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1510: 1481: 1475: 1468: 1465: 1456: 1453: 1444: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1416: 1406: 1397: 1389: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1282:Carding machine 1276: 1270: 1258: 1238: 1230: 1214: 1202: 1193:spindle pickers 1166: 230: 221: 213:Main articles: 211: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6514: 6512: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6445:Peter Foxcroft 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6306:Lists of mills 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135:Spinning jenny 6132: 6130:Spinning frame 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6018:Samuel Oldknow 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Henry Ashworth 5930: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5892:Platt Brothers 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5842:Joseph Hibbert 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5796:J & E Wood 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5681:Daniel Adamson 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5651:Stott and Sons 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5515:Judocus de Vos 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Dorothy Liebes 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5303:Tablet weaving 5300: 5299: 5298: 5296:Sizing machine 5288: 5283: 5278: 5276:Salish weaving 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261:Navajo weaving 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5231:Flying shuttle 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5009:Throstle frame 5006: 5001: 4999:Spinning jenny 4996: 4994:Spinning frame 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4938:Spinning wheel 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4897:Twist per inch 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4492:History of ... 4489: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4288: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4086:Semi-synthetic 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3722: 3721:External links 3719: 3718: 3717: 3693: 3681: 3663: 3651: 3633: 3616: 3601: 3577: 3572: 3559: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3508: 3482: 3441: 3416: 3401: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3318: 3292: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3225: 3202: 3177: 3170: 3151: 3139: 3137:, p. Ends 3127: 3125:, p. Shed 3115: 3102: 3082: 3075: 3057: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2955: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2836: 2821: 2809: 2784: 2766: 2734: 2705: 2676: 2669: 2648: 2641: 2621: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2585:Textile design 2582: 2577: 2572: 2570:Fashion design 2567: 2562: 2555: 2552: 2493:Main article: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2384: 2382: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2347:sulphuric acid 2337:The fleece is 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2263: 2262: 2213: 2211: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2173: 2172: 2123: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2083:Main article: 2080: 2077: 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 2031:Main article: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 1998: 1975: 1972: 1963:Main article: 1960: 1957: 1948:Main article: 1945: 1942: 1934:Main article: 1931: 1928: 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1898:Main article: 1895: 1892: 1876:Main article: 1873: 1870: 1849:Main article: 1846: 1843: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1752:Knitted fabric 1750:Main article: 1731: 1728: 1717: 1714: 1701: 1698: 1682: 1679: 1663:Jacquard looms 1655: 1654: 1644: 1638: 1615:Northrop Looms 1596:Main article: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1573: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1477:Main article: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1423: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1385: 1332: 1329: 1324:Main article: 1321: 1318: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1272:Main article: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1213: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 993: 991: 988: 985: 984: 977: 975: 968: 966: 959: 956: 955: 953: 950: 948: 941: 939: 936: 933: 932: 925: 923: 916: 914: 907: 904: 903: 901: 898: 896: 889: 887: 884: 881: 880: 873: 871: 864: 862: 855: 852: 851: 849: 846: 844: 837: 835: 830: 827: 826: 819: 817: 810: 803: 796: 793: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 774: 773: 766: 764: 757: 755: 748: 745: 744: 742: 737: 730: 727: 725: 718: 715: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 676: 675: 668: 661: 654: 651: 650: 645: 643: 638: 636: 631: 628: 627: 620: 613: 606: 603: 602: 599: 592: 587: 584: 583: 576: 573: 572: 569: 566: 565: 558: 555: 554: 551: 548: 547: 540: 537: 536: 533: 530: 529: 522: 515: 508: 505: 504: 497: 495: 490: 487: 486: 479: 477: 470: 467: 466: 459: 457: 454: 451: 450: 443: 436: 429: 426: 425: 420: 418: 416: 414: 409: 406: 405: 398: 391: 384: 381: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 364: 363: 356: 354: 347: 344: 343: 340: 338: 332: 329: 328: 321: 319: 312: 309: 308: 301: 299: 294: 291: 290: 283: 276: 269: 266: 265: 263: 258: 256: 254: 252: 249: 246: 245: 238: 229: 226: 210: 207: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6513: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6491:Textile mills 6489: 6488: 6486: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6399:Bancroft Shed 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:Northrop Loom 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Spinning mule 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Ring spinning 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:Carels Frères 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674:Engine makers 5672: 5667: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562:Bancroft Shed 5560: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5505:Clara Sherman 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394:Northrop loom 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Jacquard loom 5382: 5380: 5379:Horrocks loom 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Inkle weaving 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226:Fingerweaving 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Warp and weft 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:Spinning mule 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Ring spinning 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Hand spinning 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4689:Manufacturing 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417:Passementerie 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4297: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3262:, p. 159 3261: 3256: 3253: 3250:, p. 157 3249: 3244: 3241: 3238:, p. 155 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3203: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3171:9780081006610 3167: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3149:, p. 118 3148: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2922: 2919:, pp. 71 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907:, pp. 80 2906: 2901: 2898: 2895:, pp. 70 2894: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2436:Silk throwing 2434: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2385:This section 2383: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2248: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2214:This section 2212: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2169: 2166: 2158: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2124:This section 2122: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1936:Sanforization 1929: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1744: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671:Northrop Loom 1668: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1559: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1472: 1467:Ring spinning 1463: 1458: 1455:Ring spinning 1451: 1446: 1443:Mule spinning 1439: 1434: 1431:Mule spinning 1427: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1394: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1366:ring spinning 1362: 1361:mule spinning 1357: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1347:electrostatic 1344: 1338: 1330: 1327: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1280: 1275: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1115: 1114:Sewing thread 1112: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104:Yarn (cheese) 1100: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986: 982: 978: 976: 973: 969: 967: 964: 960: 958: 957: 954: 951: 949: 946: 942: 940: 937: 935: 934: 930: 926: 924: 921: 917: 915: 912: 908: 906: 905: 902: 899: 897: 894: 890: 888: 885: 883: 882: 878: 874: 872: 869: 865: 863: 860: 856: 854: 853: 850: 847: 845: 842: 838: 836: 834: 831: 829: 828: 824: 820: 818: 815: 811: 808: 804: 801: 797: 795: 794: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 775: 771: 767: 765: 762: 758: 756: 753: 749: 747: 746: 743: 741: 738: 735: 731: 728: 726: 723: 719: 717: 716: 712: 708: 705: 701: 698: 694: 691: 687: 684: 680: 678: 677: 673: 669: 666: 662: 659: 655: 653: 652: 649: 646: 644: 642: 641:Ring spinning 639: 637: 635: 634:Mule spinning 632: 630: 629: 625: 621: 618: 614: 611: 607: 605: 604: 600: 597: 593: 591: 588: 586: 585: 581: 577: 575: 574: 571:Intermediate 570: 568: 567: 563: 559: 557: 556: 552: 550: 549: 545: 541: 539: 538: 534: 532: 531: 527: 523: 520: 516: 513: 509: 507: 506: 502: 498: 496: 494: 491: 489: 488: 484: 480: 478: 475: 471: 469: 468: 464: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452: 448: 444: 441: 437: 434: 430: 428: 427: 424: 421: 419: 417: 415: 413: 410: 408: 407: 403: 399: 396: 392: 389: 385: 383: 382: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 365: 361: 357: 355: 352: 348: 346: 345: 341: 339: 337: 333: 331: 330: 326: 322: 320: 317: 313: 311: 310: 306: 302: 300: 298: 295: 293: 292: 288: 284: 281: 277: 274: 270: 268: 267: 264: 262: 247: 243: 239: 237: 236: 227: 225: 220: 216: 208: 206: 204: 200: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 149: 145: 141: 136: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6455:Thomas Highs 6199:Associations 6175:Air-jet loom 6160:Roberts Loom 6099: 6028:John Rylands 5998:John Kennedy 5973:William Gray 5968:John Fielden 5953:James Burton 5771:George Saxon 5686:Ashton Frost 5641:Edward Potts 5510:Gunta Stölzl 5495:John Rylands 5475:Ethel Mairet 5409:Roberts loom 5359:Air-jet loom 5095:Double weave 4725:Sewing terms 4720:Dyeing terms 4688: 4345:Fundamentals 4338:Textile arts 4232:Polyethylene 3724: 3710:, retrieved 3706:the original 3701: 3686:, retrieved 3671: 3656:, retrieved 3641: 3626:, retrieved 3622:the original 3606: 3594:, retrieved 3590:the original 3585: 3563: 3552:, retrieved 3546: 3538:Bibliography 3524:. Retrieved 3520: 3511: 3499:. Retrieved 3485: 3461:(1): 37–55. 3458: 3454: 3444: 3433:, retrieved 3428: 3419: 3391: 3384: 3379:, p. 19 3377:Collier 1970 3372: 3360: 3355:, p. 17 3353:Collier 1970 3348: 3343:, p. 16 3341:Collier 1970 3336: 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3304: 3295: 3283:. Retrieved 3279: 3267: 3260:Collier 1970 3255: 3248:Collier 1970 3243: 3236:Collier 1970 3217:, retrieved 3212: 3205: 3194:, retrieved 3189: 3180: 3160: 3154: 3147:Collier 1970 3142: 3130: 3118: 3107:, retrieved 3092: 3085: 3066: 3060: 3049:, retrieved 3044: 3035: 3028:Collier 1970 3023: 3011: 3006:, p. 74 3004:Collier 1970 2999: 2987: 2976:, retrieved 2972:the original 2967: 2958: 2947:, retrieved 2940:the original 2931: 2924: 2917:Collier 1970 2912: 2905:Collier 1970 2900: 2893:Collier 1970 2888: 2883:, p. 69 2881:Collier 1970 2876: 2869:Collier 1970 2864: 2853:, retrieved 2848: 2839: 2834:, p. 13 2832:Collier 1970 2819:, p. 11 2817:Collier 1970 2812: 2800:. Retrieved 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2758:, retrieved 2754:the original 2748: 2726:, retrieved 2722:the original 2717: 2708: 2697:, retrieved 2691: 2656: 2651: 2631: 2624: 2614: 2608: 2548:fossil fuels 2545: 2541: 2517: 2498: 2476: 2450: 2446: 2426: 2395: 2391:adding to it 2386: 2344: 2336: 2329: 2317: 2306: 2266: 2251: 2242: 2227:Please help 2215: 2176: 2161: 2152: 2137:Please help 2125: 2094: 2088: 2072: 2066: 2045:, breaking, 2036: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1968: 1953: 1939: 1925: 1911: 1903: 1889: 1881: 1854: 1814: 1806: 1797: 1774: 1755: 1723:child labour 1719: 1712:, draw boy. 1703: 1694: 1684: 1681:Measurements 1675:rapier looms 1656: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1607: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1519: 1473:Measurements 1417: 1398: 1390: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1358: 1355: 1340: 1314: 1311: 1293: 1259: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1231: 1203: 1182: 1172: 1167: 1123: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1103: 1098: 833:Weaving shed 832: 647: 601:Fine roving 423:Carding room 422: 261:Blowing room 260: 251:Bale breaker 222: 191: 158: 154: 153: 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 6470:Robert Owen 6180:Rapier loom 6155:Water frame 6023:Robert Peel 5983:Samuel Greg 5978:Hannah Greg 5938:Hugh Birley 5921:Mill owners 5485:Lilly Reich 5440:Otti Berger 5435:Anni Albers 5404:Rapier loom 5135:Plain weave 5075:Basketweave 5014:Water frame 4923:Niddy noddy 4625:Indonesian 4407:Nålebinding 4063:Regenerated 4007:Spider silk 3628:14 February 3554:11 February 3219:12 February 3186:"Finishing" 3135:Curtis 1921 3123:Curtis 1921 3030:, p. 3 3016:Curtis 1921 2994:, p. 1 2992:Curtis 1921 2760:12 February 2699:12 February 2468:entangling. 2245:August 2021 2155:August 2021 1991:carbon sink 1980:arable land 1916:Calendering 1872:Mercerising 1864:or diluted 1721:to prevent 1667:Dobby looms 1377:Water frame 1221:Platt Bros. 161:is a major 138:Weaving at 112:August 2021 18:Clothmaking 6485:Categories 6343:Manchester 6338:Lancashire 6333:Derbyshire 6282:More looms 6185:Dandy loom 6074:Courtaulds 6013:Hugh Mason 5619:Architects 5609:Lancashire 5536:More looms 5399:Power loom 5369:Dobby loom 5364:Dandy loom 5173:Components 5125:Pile weave 5115:Leno weave 5100:Even-weave 4928:Nostepinne 4892:Short draw 4860:Techniques 4713:Glossaries 4442:Rug making 4412:Needlework 4372:Embroidery 4212:Modacrylic 4207:Microfiber 4124:Triacetate 4076:Milk fiber 3942:Camel hair 3874:Lotus silk 3712:11 January 3688:11 January 3658:11 January 3596:11 January 3526:20 October 3501:5 February 3311:20 October 3285:20 October 3196:29 January 3109:21 January 3051:29 January 2978:29 January 2964:"Spinning" 2949:26 January 2855:29 January 2802:29 October 2728:29 January 2670:1444653490 2601:References 2537:parachutes 2091:bast fibre 2089:Hemp is a 2069:bast fibre 2067:Jute is a 2039:bast fibre 2037:Flax is a 2013:Uzbekistan 1708:, weaver, 1647:Beating-up 1604:Power loom 1206:cotton gin 456:Sliver lap 187:upholstery 82:newspapers 6383:Yorkshire 6368:Stockport 6313:LCC mills 5731:Fairbairn 5455:Ada Dietz 5349:Types of 5105:Gabardine 4887:Scutching 4882:Long draw 4795:Materials 4699:Recycling 4672:Fiber art 4514:Byzantine 4422:Patchwork 4227:Polyester 4099:Diacetate 4054:Synthetic 3957:Chiengora 3411:862210511 3041:"Weaving" 2513:cellulose 2505:extruding 2447:organzine 2297:Old Bagan 2216:does not 2126:does not 2075:fabrics. 2047:scutching 1995:cellulose 1885:shrinkage 1845:Bleaching 1834:cellulose 1770:warp knit 1706:scavenger 1261:Scutching 1158:Marketing 1153:Finishing 789:Bleaching 553:Slubbing 297:Willowing 203:finishing 183:household 6428:Pioneers 6373:Tameside 6358:Rochdale 6328:Cheshire 6150:Steaming 5867:Asa Lees 5318:Tapestry 5266:Pibiones 5180:Textiles 5085:Coverlet 4877:Heckling 4788:Spinning 4684:Industry 4662:Blocking 4629:Balinese 4573:Burmese 4504:Quilting 4452:Spinning 4432:Quilting 4392:Knitting 4357:Beadwork 4352:Appliqué 4286:Category 4195:Technora 4157:Metallic 4040:Asbestos 3982:Pashmina 3947:Cashmere 3669:(1894), 3639:(1993), 3305:BBC News 2632:Textiles 2554:See also 2520:art silk 2479:farmland 2398:May 2023 2370:Worsteds 2320:landrace 2313:worsteds 2276:henequen 2051:hackling 1959:Printing 1922:Calender 1894:Singeing 1838:reagents 1811:Scouring 1803:Desizing 1777:elastane 1757:Knitting 1516:A Warper 1387:Checking 1331:Spinning 1148:Knitting 1139:Spinning 1004:Spooling 784:Bundling 740:Doubling 648:Spinning 535:Drawing 379:Teasing 342:Batting 336:scutcher 334:Breaker 199:spinning 179:clothing 163:industry 6392:Museums 6363:Salford 6353:Preston 6145:Carding 5423:Weavers 5286:Shuttle 5080:Charvet 5061:Weaving 4933:Spindle 4918:Distaff 4872:Combing 4867:Carding 4842:Worsted 4655:Related 4619:Oaxacan 4609:Mexican 4599:Mapuche 4552:African 4467:Weaving 4402:Macramé 4382:Felting 4362:Crochet 4296:Commons 4254:Vinylon 4249:Vectran 4244:Spandex 4175:Acrylic 4167:Polymer 4134:Mineral 4114:Piñatex 4104:Lyocell 4094:Acetate 4032:Mineral 3962:Guanaco 3812:Bagasse 3790:Natural 3477:4553559 2797:NPR.org 2524:viscose 2460:cotton. 2411:Combing 2361:carding 2309:woolens 2303:(2019). 2301:Myanmar 2237:removed 2222:sources 2147:removed 2132:sources 2101:retting 2043:retting 1908:Raising 1782:t-shirt 1761:machine 1710:tackler 1641:Picking 1598:Weaving 1592:Weaving 1544:Winding 1534:shuttle 1508:Weaving 1404:Gassing 1274:Carding 1268:Carding 1200:Ginning 1144:Weaving 1043:Weaving 952:Gassing 938:Warping 900:Cabling 886:Beaming 848:Winding 779:Winding 729:Reeling 493:Combing 412:Carding 374:Lapping 209:History 185:items, 150:in 1951 148:Finland 144:Tampere 96:scholar 6318:Bolton 5612:cotton 5430:Acesas 5333:Wicker 5328:Wattle 5323:Temple 5313:Tāniko 5291:Sizing 5251:Kasuri 5236:Heddle 5211:Beamer 5150:Swivel 5120:Oxford 5110:Lampas 5068:Weaves 4837:Woolen 4822:Staple 4817:Sliver 4812:Roving 4641:Korean 4614:Navajo 4594:Andean 4577:Acheik 4457:Stitch 4447:Sewing 4427:Plying 4377:Fabric 4367:Dyeing 4259:Vinyon 4237:UHMWPE 4222:Olefin 4190:Kevlar 4185:Twaron 4180:Aramid 4152:Basalt 4147:Carbon 4017:Vicuña 4002:Tendon 3992:Rabbit 3987:Qiviut 3977:Mohair 3952:Catgut 3937:Byssus 3932:Angora 3927:Alpaca 3919:Animal 3899:Rattan 3889:Raffia 3832:Cotton 3817:Bamboo 3782:Fibers 3679: 3649: 3614: 3570: 3475: 3435:4 July 3409: 3399: 3168: 3100: 3073: 2667: 2639: 2432:spots. 2417:Angora 2332:felted 2191:nettle 2073:jutton 1950:Dyeing 1944:Dyeing 1830:oxygen 1822:alkali 1716:Issues 1626:Lowell 1566:sizing 1560:Sizing 1412:, and 1250:picker 1246:opener 1223:picker 1179:staple 1169:Cotton 1107:Bundle 590:Roving 194:Cotton 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 6378:Wigan 5646:Stott 5555:Mills 5351:looms 5338:Resin 5308:Talim 5216:Braid 5155:Twill 5140:Satin 5130:Piqué 5090:Dobby 4807:Rolag 4646:Māori 4634:Sumba 4584:Hmong 4557:Kongo 4387:Fiber 4264:Zylon 4217:Nylon 4200:Nomex 4142:Glass 4119:Rayon 4109:Modal 3972:Llama 3904:Sisal 3894:Ramie 3869:Kenaf 3864:Kapok 3847:Linen 3837:Fique 3822:Bashō 3807:Abacá 3799:Plant 3276:(PDF) 2943:(PDF) 2936:(PDF) 2528:rayon 2339:shorn 2272:abacá 2268:Sisal 2187:ramie 2183:urena 2179:kenaf 1818:kiers 1242:mills 1099:Cloth 169:into 167:fibre 103:JSTOR 89:books 6323:Bury 5281:Shed 5271:Reed 5256:Loom 5241:Ikat 5190:Yarn 5145:Shot 4802:Noil 4604:Maya 4562:Kuba 4509:Silk 4472:Yarn 4437:Rope 4397:Lace 4012:Wool 3997:Silk 3967:Hair 3909:Wood 3884:Pine 3879:Piña 3859:Jute 3854:Hemp 3842:Flax 3827:Coir 3714:2009 3690:2009 3677:ISBN 3660:2009 3647:ISBN 3630:2009 3612:ISBN 3598:2009 3568:ISBN 3556:2009 3528:2022 3503:2024 3473:PMID 3437:2009 3407:OCLC 3397:ISBN 3313:2022 3287:2022 3221:2009 3198:2009 3166:ISBN 3111:2009 3098:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3053:2009 2980:2009 2951:2009 2857:2009 2804:2021 2762:2009 2730:2009 2701:2009 2665:ISBN 2637:ISBN 2451:tram 2423:Silk 2325:lopi 2311:and 2287:Wool 2274:and 2220:any 2218:cite 2130:any 2128:cite 2085:Hemp 2079:Hemp 2063:Jute 2057:Jute 2033:Flax 2027:Flax 1766:yarn 1691:ends 1689:and 1665:and 1657:The 1651:reed 1578:reed 1538:pirn 1530:weft 1526:warp 1522:loom 1191:and 217:and 175:dyed 171:yarn 75:news 4832:Tow 4827:Top 4022:Yak 3463:doi 2393:. 2231:by 2141:by 1759:by 1359:In 1146:or 157:or 142:in 58:by 6487:: 3700:, 3584:, 3519:. 3493:. 3471:. 3459:57 3457:. 3453:. 3427:, 3405:. 3303:. 3278:. 3228:^ 3188:, 3043:, 2966:, 2847:, 2824:^ 2795:. 2777:, 2737:^ 2716:, 2679:^ 2299:, 2278:. 2193:. 2189:, 2185:, 2181:, 2049:, 1677:. 1564:A 1368:. 1353:. 181:, 146:, 5601:e 5594:t 5587:v 5053:e 5046:t 5039:v 4780:e 4773:t 4766:v 4330:e 4323:t 4316:v 3774:e 3767:t 3760:v 3530:. 3505:. 3479:. 3465:: 3413:. 3315:. 3289:. 3174:. 3079:. 2806:. 2673:. 2645:. 2483:2 2400:) 2396:( 2258:) 2252:( 2247:) 2243:( 2239:. 2225:. 2168:) 2162:( 2157:) 2153:( 2149:. 2135:. 1999:2 125:) 119:( 114:) 110:( 100:· 93:· 86:· 79:· 52:. 20:)

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