850:
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1336:. The cloud collar motif used around the necks of Chinese jars and vases could have been derived from the cloud collar (clothing item) or may have been developed independently from the actual collar as the jars and vases were themselves perceived as a miniature version of the universe. In ceramics, the
1670:
are the descendants of the late 15th and 16th century AD Chinese traders who brought their culture to
Southeast Asia, including Chinese traditions and clothing. The phoenix is the symbol of the empress and is an auspicious symbol for the Peranakan community. Following the Malay tradition, the couples
408:
period while a robe was considered as the "enveloping canopy of the
Universe" which is the sky. The hole around at the neck of the sky-resembling robe may be been perceived as a symbolism of the "Sky gate" through which the axis column (i.e. the human body) is believed to penetrate through the "Sky
1583:
which are one of the most prominent features on
Southeast Asian aristocratic ceremonial clothing, and in particular, the court dancers clothing. These Southeast Asian cloud collar, which are also worn around the breasts and collar area, are ornamented with gold and silver, with
802:
which was used to protect the necks of northern nomads from winds and sand; this also developed into the yunjian pattern which was used to decorate the shoulder region of clothing and became widely used in the clothing of nobles. In the
Medieval periods, the
1286:
2451:
Following the custom of the time, a representation of the commissioner, Each'i
Proshian, is engraved at the bottom center of the frame. His hands are upraised in the ancient Christian orant prayer pose, and his clothing recalls Mongolian royal
1097:
1665:
brides wear cloud collars, which is sometimes referred as the "phoenix collar", as part of their wedding set of attire. The phoenix collar is multi-layered and the overlapping layers are movable which represent the feathers of a phoenix. The
1085:
684:"Titled and royal lady and imperial relatives ... granted imperial carriage and dressings for carriage with sun and moon decorated on left and right of cloud shoulders, dragon pattern in yellow, saddle with five holes need to be changed”
1546:
Some
Nestorian arts depict the cloud collar; for example, a Nestorian headstone which was discovered at the site of Xia Shrine (a district once reserve for Muslim and Christian burial) depict an angel dressed in Mongol style wearing a
397:, the cloud shape is a symbolism which represent abundance while the neck opening is a symbolism for the "Sky gate" (i.e. the entrance to heaven). The lobes which point in 4-directions (typically) represents the universe.
825:
1274:
1262:
1073:
1432:, the cloud collar is referred as châr-qâb, which was either a garment or a shawl which was bestowed to its wearer as a mark of rank. The châr-qâb with four-lobed, either woven or embroidered with
435:
motif has been mainly perceived as a purely decorative motif. In the late Ming and Qing dynasties, the cosmological was largely forgotten as the people became more materialistic, and by then, the
447:
were no longer perceived as representing the 4-directions, the number of lobes started to vary. The number of lobes were sometimes 3, 5, 6, 8 instead of the traditional use of the 4-lobes.
837:
539:
pattern, a flower pattern with 4 petals with each petal showing a different direction) used in lacquer and bronze wares of the Han dynasty. The persimmon calyx pattern originated in the
2878:
285:
decorated with hanging ribbons and bells. It also had the practical use of preventing clothing from being dirty and oily by covering up the clothes and by covering up the stains. The
915:
with the design of gold-brocaded tiger and flower to a
Mongolian chieftain. The 4-lobed cloud collar continued to be work around the collars of the Ming dynasty ceremonial robe.
3008:
365:
1723:
886:
426:
represented the sky which was supported on the world; the world was represented by the motifs of mountains and seas which were decorating the base of the dragon robe.
361:
1690:
Some
Mexican artists borrowed the cloud collar motif which was frequently used on the Chinese vases and adapted it in their own ceramic work. This can be seen from a
1519:
772:
is depicted wearing a white robe which is decorated with a cloud-collar motif on her chest and shoulders. Some of the attendant also wore Mongol robes with the
784:
pattern consisted of a 4-lobed cruciform-shaped design and would be found around the robe's collar covering the chest and shoulders areas. The Yuan dynasty
2871:
764:
and became a signature motif on both men's and women's clothing and could also be found on both ceramic and metal work. In the Yuan dynasty painting
621:
shows the combination of persimmon calyx motif and the ruyi clouds (auspicious clouds); this was also used in architecture of the Song dynasty. The
1121:
2864:
1611:
3984:
2685:
2614:
2578:
2545:
2398:
2350:
2180:
2128:
2092:
1846:
1806:
1773:
404:, the human body was perceived as the "axis column of the universe" and was considered an extension from the earth to the sky since the post-
1380:
During the Mongol invasion of
Eurasia, the Mongols brought new artistic concepts to the Islamic cultural sphere, including Persia, and in
576:
and was an element of the
Chinese court dress since Tang dynasty. In the Tang dynasty, the pattern of 4-petal leaf which was used in the
1192:
1167:
Life-size mannequins enact a traditional Chinese wedding of the 19th century; the bride is wearing a bright blue detachable cloud collar.
1479:
2826:
1841:. 59th Annual Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Ardahan, Turkey, June 26-July 1, 2016. Norderstedt.
1467:
1183:
1109:
2836:
2798:
2652:
2317:
1978:
2444:
1627:, the Thai royal and theatrical clothing also included a form of cloud collar-like ornament which form peaked at the shoulders.
416:, this cosmological concept was maintained and could be seen in the cloud-studded upper part of the clothing, especially on the
1589:
1138:
became an indispensable item for women's wedding clothing, and by the 19th century, it was an important central element to the
856:
1491:
1691:
168:
59:
582:
motif changed in details and became a cross flower and thus developed in the usual pattern which would decorate on fabrics.
1298:
2430:
The Encounter of Persia with China: Research Into Cultural Contacts Based on Fifteenth Century Persian Pictorial Materials
160:
73:
1503:
974:
could be sometimes be used as a detachable collar or could be found woven into the women's robe. More often however, the
3028:
3013:
1436:, was often seen as a garment motif in Timurid paintings and was associated with the Turkic rulers of Central Asia. The
795:
632:
can be found as early as in the bronze wares of the Shang and Zhou dynasties and they became popular in the Han dynasty.
629:
311:
also started to be worn by the Non-Chinese, the Tartars of northern China and Manchuria in the later medieval period.
220:
729:
650:
598:
3069:
1415:
939:
period and was used in Chinese women's clothing. It became very popular and it could be found many forms and styles.
701:
590:
1150:
686:. The imperial dress was also described to be yellow imperial robe decorated with dragon motifs which is worn with a
1148:
worn by the Han Chinese as ceremonial clothing and for wedding was a detachable collar which was worn on top of the
2763:
2257:
909:
garment collar appears to have been popular in both China and Mongolia in this period. The Ming court once sent a
3994:
2428:
1694:
where the Mexican artist expanded the cloud collar motif until it almost covered the entire surface of the vase.
885:
2910:
2902:
2165:. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 90. Atlantis Press. pp. 90–94.
352:
is named after the shape of the collar's lobes, which looks like a 'quadruple-cloud' in design when laid flat.
2163:
Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Social Science and Contemporary Humanity Development
233:
is also typically found in four-lobed design although multi-lobed design also existed throughout history. The
615:
and since then, they have used extensively in their robes patterns. Till the Song dynasty, the design of the
2199:
1703:
1037:
1025:
1013:
3999:
3507:
3502:
3462:
1533:
1049:
653:, where it is attested that it was first used on robes in literature. The first pictorial evidence of the
337:
2388:
1061:
3033:
1433:
540:
2446:
Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
461:
appears to have been derived from multiple origins. There are also several hypotheses on their origins.
2739:
3989:
2307:
1646:
199:, is a Chinese term which can either to a four-lobed motif (more rarely an 8-lobed motif), or to a
3904:
2936:
1314:
464:
1440:
court had sent items to the Chinese court which was accepted as tributes. The Chinese also sent a
4004:
3925:
3690:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3018:
3003:
2493:
2050:
2038:
1946:
1658:
appears to be a reflection of the historical presence of the Chinese brides in the Malay court.
1592:
forms of jewellery while the gold and silver decorations on the collars (especially found in the
1635:
301:
worn by Chinese (and Chinese descents) brides on the day of their wedding is sometimes known as
2831:. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 84.
2466:"The Idealised Lives of Women: Visions of Beauty in Chinese Popular Prints of the Qing Dynasty"
2158:
734:
when the Yuan dynasty was founded, clothing and carriage decorations followed the old customs.
3945:
3811:
3659:
3325:
3038:
2842:
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1938:
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motif appears to have been derived from the eight-petal lotus and the Buddhist Mandala. The
487:
motif is derived from the cosmological decorations which ornated the back of mirrors of the
478:
394:
321:
137:
129:
104:
43:
3769:
3575:
3471:
3396:
3391:
3340:
3259:
3023:
2967:
2915:
2822:
1655:
1616:
1593:
1389:
872:
725:
1461:; the drawing traditional was developed through the interactions with the Chinese models.
1091:
Woman's Short Coat (China) with a cloud collar appliqué, early 19th century (front view).
1103:
Woman's Short Coat (China) with a cloud collar appliqué, early 19th century (back view).
3920:
3700:
3631:
3178:
3079:
2345:(Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
1572:
1510:
1437:
1385:
1345:
1241:
791:
679:
674:
624:
831:
Male attendant wearing a red Mongol robe decorated with yuanjian motif; Yuan dynasty.
3978:
3963:
3448:
3417:
3153:
3148:
2977:
2054:
1253:
257:
has both ceremonial and practical uses when used in clothing. As a garment item, the
239:
could also be applied directly on garments, where it would fall around the collar of
3596:
3330:
3284:
3074:
3054:
2856:
1525:
1381:
1333:
1332:
ceramics although this ceramic design could have already been developed during the
1329:
1328:
The use of the cloud collar motif on ceramic works appears to more commonly on the
936:
900:
816:
761:
747:
739:
711:
612:
573:
502:
498:
413:
401:
333:
329:
325:
268:
264:
212:
111:
2159:"Relationship between Cloud Pattern and Female during the Ming and Qing Dynasties"
1208:
572:
from a feather coat. Other sources indicate however that it first appeared in the
3649:
3617:
3528:
3345:
3234:
1605:
1446:
made of gold brocade with tiger design, as well as royal robes and garments, to
1139:
996:
981:
949:
743:
735:
569:
511:
488:
417:
405:
272:
244:
216:
2538:
Beijing opera costumes : the visual communication of character and culture
2312:(First ed.). Xianggang: Mu wen tang mei shu chu ban she you xian gong si.
549:
motif appears to have later been adapted to develop the actual garment collar.
3852:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3612:
3335:
3279:
2710:
2555:
2102:
1856:
1783:
1667:
1662:
1585:
1407:, which were one of the distinctive Mongol fashion accessories, is depicted.
1163:
292:
2695:
2624:
2588:
2489:
2408:
2360:
2171:
2138:
2046:
2026:
1816:
875:
on a reliquary circa 1300. He is wearing a Mongol-style dress (cloud collar).
815:
no more appeared on the official robes after the fall of the Yuan dynasty in
3639:
3432:
3427:
3360:
3244:
2993:
2846:
2808:
2740:"Manek-Manek Beads | Helena Tang-Lim The Phoenix Collar - JEWELRY - Gallery"
2662:
2481:
2327:
1988:
1651:
1642:
1447:
1429:
1396:
530:
17:
3785:
2085:
A fashionable century : textile artistry and commerce in the late Qing
843:
Empress Chabi wearing a Mongol robe with a cloud collar motif, Yuan dynasty
1418:
wearing a robe decorated châr-qâb, a cloud collar inspired by the Chinese
1280:
Picture depicting makeup for characters in the Peking opera, Qing dynasty.
1268:
Picture depicting makeup for characters in the Peking opera, Qing dynasty.
3836:
3831:
3533:
3484:
3479:
3401:
3365:
3239:
3183:
3095:
1624:
1458:
2497:
2465:
2286:
1837:
Hartmut Walravens; Barbara Kellner-Heinkele; Oliver Corff, eds. (2018).
1410:
1292:宮衣-Theatrical Robe for the Role of a Princess with a cloud collar motif.
271:; its usage was spread across China where it became associated with the
3559:
3370:
3163:
3111:
1950:
1926:
1631:
1597:
1529:
715:
678:
in the description of the Jin dynasty imperial dress. According to the
324:
work around the necks of vases and jars; mainly in the ceramics of the
263:
was an important clothing element for Chinese women, especially in the
2390:
Textiles of Southeast Asia : tradition, trade, and transformation
1971:
Traditional Chinese clothing : costumes, adornments & culture
635:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3753:
3721:
3674:
3538:
3355:
3350:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3198:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3059:
2511:
1671:
were allowed to be treated like royalty on the day of their wedding.
1359:
1232:; however, it has gradually lost its original cultural significance.
1156:
705:
497:
motif appeared on the Chinese bronze mirrors found at the end of the
176:
2027:"Analysis on the Cloud Shoulder Pattern of the Yuan Dynasty Fabrics"
1942:
1634:, the Burmese officials used to wear court clothing which contained
855:
Mongol horserider with "cloud collar", House of Ahmad and Ibrahim,
219:, which is typically found in the form of a detachable collar with
3862:
3857:
3806:
3801:
3737:
3580:
3523:
3494:
3386:
3315:
3274:
3269:
3264:
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3143:
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1708:
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1162:
965:
961:
953:
884:
769:
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382:
276:
248:
240:
224:
206:
2678:
The world of Khubilai Khan : Chinese art in the Yuan Dynasty
3716:
3188:
3064:
2972:
2645:
The Persian album, 1400-1600 : from dispersal to collection
1679:
1654:
brides and court dancers, and similar cloud collars worn in the
1601:
1454:
441:
motif became mainly an ornamental design. When the lobes of the
2860:
1563:
where it is depicted on the image of the bodhisattva Manjusri.
1457:
during the second half of the 1400s under the patronage of the
659:
pattern usage on robes is from the Jin dynasty in the painting
3422:
1588:, and contained gold leaf glue-work; they are often styled in
1973:(1st ed.). San Francisco: Long River Press. p. 41.
2433:. Vol. 18–19. National Museum of Ethnology. p. 87.
1559:
The Chinese cloud collar was also introduced in the arts of
611:
appears to have already been known in China as early as the
3009:
Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list)
2793:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1990. p. 471.
2087:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 33–35.
1766:
Mongol court dress, identity formation, and global exchange
984:. The practical use and the ceremonial associations of the
2121:
Chinese Dress : From the Qing Dynasty to the Present
2393:(Rev. ed.). Hong Kong: Periplus. pp. 253–256.
1485:
Tolui Khan wearing a half-sleeve robe with yunjian motif
1453:
Drawings of cloud collars were also produced in western
2571:
Chinese art : a guide to motifs and visual imagery
2512:"Classic Chinese Hanfu: Shoulder Accessories - Yunjian"
1604:) are the results of the Chinese influence and Chinese
1079:
Woman wearing cloud collar in a painting, d. 1700–1825.
2449:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2018. pp. 106–107.
728:, the clothing system of the Yuan originated from the
1801:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 32.
1441:
1419:
1401:
1351:
1350:-head border, which was derived from the head of the
1343:
1337:
1319:
1247:
1223:
1213:
1177:
1143:
1133:
1007:(i.e. a type of Chinese jackets) in the 19th century.
991:
985:
975:
969:
943:
930:
910:
904:
890:
810:
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785:
779:
773:
755:
719:
687:
665:
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534:
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515:
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315:
306:
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286:
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258:
252:
234:
228:
204:
153:
116:
1182:
continued to appear in the Chinese robes during the
510:
motif was not fully evolved; it was only during the
366:
Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing
243:
onto the chest and shoulder region,or as a clothing
3938:
3913:
3882:
3875:
3845:
3794:
3778:
3762:
3746:
3730:
3709:
3683:
3667:
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3589:
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3493:
3470:
3461:
3441:
3410:
3379:
3293:
3207:
3136:
3129:
3104:
3088:
3047:
2986:
2950:
2924:
2901:
2894:
2605:Finbarr Barry Flood; Gülru Necipoğlu, eds. (2017).
1692:
Mexican vase dating from the late 17th-18th century
136:
128:
110:
103:
98:
86:
72:
58:
53:
32:
223:and is worn over the shoulders area, similar to a
1799:Islamic chinoiserie : the art of Mongol Iran
568:as a form of garment collar was developed in the
1724:List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs
381:motif was originally used as a cosmic symbol in
362:List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs
2609:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 637.
1154:(i.e. the dragon jacket) and the Qing dynasty
2872:
2709:Baba Chinese community in Malacca, Malaysia.
2680:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 174–.
1384:. It continued to appears in the arts of the
78:
64:
8:
859:in the Caucasus, second half 14th century CE
501:(c. 4th and 3rd centuries BC). However, the
48:Yunjian (Cloud collar garment), Qing dynasty
2791:Mexico : splendors of thirty centuries
2607:A companion to Islamic art and architecture
1678:was also worn by the Chinese immigrants in
1615:Njonja Majoor-titulair Be Biauw Tjoan (née
473:motif found on a Han dynasty bronze mirror.
186:
3959:
3879:
3664:
3467:
3133:
2898:
2879:
2865:
2857:
2039:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.821-822.823
1198:Chinese long robe with cloud collar motif.
1115:Multi-layered cloud collar (section view).
533:calyx pattern, which may have been called
201:traditional Chinese garment accessory item
95:
2170:
1927:"The Symbolism of the Cloud Collar Motif"
1473:Yunjian motif on robes, by Rachid Al-Din
1342:motif could also appear in the form of a
191:'cloud shoulder'), also known as
1610:
1579:appears to have directly influenced the
1409:
1318:Blue and white Porcelain decorated with
1313:
1228:started to be used to ornate the modern
589:
463:
2287:"Collection – Textile Museum of Canada"
1735:
1463:
1258:
1188:
1009:
821:
2785:
2783:
2734:
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2730:
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2380:
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2370:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2194:
2192:
2020:
2018:
543:and prevailed in the Han dynasty. The
529:motif may also have been derived from
29:
2711:"Cloud or phoenix collar for a bride"
2638:
2636:
2634:
2600:
2598:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2281:
2279:
2277:
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2150:
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2114:
2112:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
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2002:
2000:
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1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
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1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1759:
942:In the 17th and 18th century AD, the
639:Cai Wenji, Qing dynasty illustration.
195:in English and sometimes referred as
7:
2764:"Guo Pei: Chinese Art & Couture"
2647:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
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1874:
1872:
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1868:
1866:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1304:Theatrical Robe with a cloud collar.
980:was found on the women's robe as an
960:(绦子; i.e. a ribbon around the arm),
672:(雲肩) was also first document in the
2828:Chinese ceramics in colonial Mexico
1650:(i.e. a ceremonial collar) worn by
990:may have contributed to the use of
952:women fashion in China, along with
718:had already adopted the wearing of
356:Cultural significance and symbolism
27:Traditional Chinese shawl and motif
1142:women's celebratory clothing. The
738:took the customs from the Jin and
25:
3048:Belief system and social movement
2573:. Boston, US: Tuttle Publishing.
2569:Welch, Patricia Bjaaland (2012).
724:motifs. However according to the
692:decorated with the sun and moon.
3958:
2888:Traditional Han Chinese clothing
2258:"Chinese Bride's Phoenix Collar"
1636:a tiered and peaked cloud collar
1518:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1191:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
864:
848:
836:
824:
336:period. It was used to decorate
42:
2676:Watt, James C. Y., ed. (2010).
2157:Li, Wen-Jiao; Tao, Hui (2017).
1395:In manuscript paintings of the
227:. As an garment accessory, the
1497:Arghun and Tegüder, Ilkhanate
696:Mongol period and Yuan dynasty
181:
172:
164:
117:
79:
65:
1:
2715:National Gallery of Australia
2464:Wang, Anita Xiaoming (2018).
1839:Statehood in the Altaic World
790:motif was the combination of
710:Prior to the conquest of the
514:(c. 1st century AD) that the
429:In the recent centuries, the
3985:Chinese traditional clothing
3029:Chinese ornamental gold silk
2987:Textile decoration and craft
2536:Bonds, Alexandra B. (2019).
2200:"Wedding fit for an empress"
2083:Silberstein, Rachel (2020).
1242:Xifu: Chinese opera costumes
1222:In the 21st century, modern
895:, Ming dynasty illustration.
798:, persimmon calyx motif and
491:. The earliest forms of the
142:Cloud collar/ Phoenix collar
3807:Xiangnang (fragrant sachet)
3070:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
2903:Garment and neckline (list)
2643:Roxburgh, David J. (2005).
2540:. New York, NY: Routledge.
2262:emuseum.aberdeencity.gov.uk
2031:Advanced Materials Research
1768:. New York, NY: Routledge.
1442:
1420:
1416:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara
1402:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1320:
1248:
1224:
1214:
1178:
1144:
1134:
992:
986:
976:
970:
948:was one of the most common
944:
931:
911:
905:
891:
811:
805:
786:
780:
774:
756:
720:
702:Fashion in the Yuan dynasty
688:
666:
655:
645:
623:
617:
607:
578:
564:
545:
535:
525:
516:
506:
493:
483:
469:
457:
443:
437:
431:
422:
420:. On the dragon robes, the
377:
316:
307:
297:
295:wedding; the multi-layered
287:
281:
259:
253:
235:
229:
205:
154:
4021:
2387:Maxwell, Robyn J. (2003).
2025:Liu, Ke Yan (2013-09-18).
1925:Cammann, Schuyler (1951).
1366:Influences and derivatives
1239:
1067:Qing dynasty cloud collar.
1055:Qing dynasty cloud collar.
1043:Qing dynasty cloud collar.
1031:Qing dynasty cloud collar.
1019:Qing dynasty cloud collar.
922:
699:
595:Cai Wenji returning to Han
359:
3954:
760:motif was popular in the
661:Lady Wenji Returns to Han
146:
94:
41:
37:
2172:10.2991/sschd-17.2017.18
2123:. New York: Tuttle Pub.
2119:Garrett, Valery (2012).
1362:for the Chinese people.
1127:yunjian in 19th century
778:motif. The Yuan dynasty
649:also had origins in the
338:blue and white porcelain
275:'s wedding clothing. In
60:Traditional Chinese
2482:10.3406/arasi.2018.1993
1969:Yang, Shaorong (2004).
1764:Shea, Eiren L. (2020).
1704:Fashion in Yuan dynasty
1376:Islamic Cultural sphere
1252:was also worn in women
320:motif was also used in
74:Simplified Chinese
3508:Song official headwear
3503:Tang official headwear
3380:Inner and undergarment
2306:Shanming Guan (2003).
1620:
1425:
1325:
1236:Chinese opera costumes
1219:
1168:
896:
640:
602:
586:Song and Jin dynasties
558:Sui and Tang dynasties
520:motif evolved fully.
481:, the origins of
474:
2427:Tō, Sugimura (1986).
2309:Zhongguo xie zhen hua
1614:
1413:
1317:
1211:
1166:
888:
766:Khubilai Khan Hunting
638:
593:
541:Warring States Period
467:
3883:Traditional clothing
2033:. 821–822: 823–828.
1797:Kadoi, Yuka (2009).
1392:(1501–1736) period.
1218:, 21st century, 2022
279:, brides would wear
213:Traditional clothing
3914:Performance costume
3905:Vietnamese clothing
3876:Influenced clothing
2937:Chinese button knot
2744:www.manek-manek.com
1160:(a type of stole).
512:Eastern Han dynasty
455:The origins of the
389:In Chinese clothing
169:traditional Chinese
3660:Accessories (list)
3442:Religious clothing
3019:Lishui (sea-waves)
3004:Chinese embroidery
1621:
1426:
1326:
1220:
1169:
935:survived into the
897:
641:
603:
475:
161:simplified Chinese
3972:
3971:
3934:
3933:
3871:
3870:
3822:Yufu (fish tally)
3812:Hu (ritual baton)
3779:Ribbons and knots
3626:
3625:
3457:
3456:
3125:
3124:
3039:Chinese patchwork
2963:Shangjian xiafeng
2687:978-1-58839-402-6
2616:978-1-119-06857-0
2580:978-1-4629-0689-5
2547:978-1-138-06942-8
2400:978-1-4629-0698-7
2352:978-0-521-18689-6
2341:Hua, Mei (2011).
2204:The Straits Times
2182:978-94-6252-401-9
2130:978-1-4629-0694-9
2094:978-0-295-74719-4
1848:978-3-7528-0263-4
1808:978-0-7486-3583-2
1775:978-0-429-34065-9
1714:Hanfu accessories
1663:Peranakan Chinese
1581:scalloped collars
1399:(1256–1335), the
1184:Republic of China
1172:Republic of China
925:Hanfu accessories
371:Chinese cosmology
189:
150:
149:
124:
123:
105:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
4012:
3995:Chinese folk art
3962:
3961:
3880:
3827:Yudai (fish bag)
3665:
3645:Tiger-head shoes
3468:
3194:Zaju chuishao fu
3134:
3117:Ji Li (ceremony)
2999:Chinese knotting
2899:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2823:Kuwayama, George
2819:
2813:
2812:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2768:www.roots.gov.sg
2760:
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2602:
2593:
2592:
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2560:
2559:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2516:www.newhanfu.com
2508:
2502:
2501:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2384:
2365:
2364:
2343:Chinese clothing
2338:
2332:
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2296:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2272:
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2268:
2254:
2248:
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2238:www.roots.gov.sg
2230:
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2196:
2187:
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2174:
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2106:
2080:
2059:
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1993:
1992:
1966:
1955:
1954:
1931:The Art Bulletin
1922:
1861:
1860:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1761:
1719:Chinese clothing
1522:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1445:
1423:
1405:
1388:(1370–1507) and
1357:
1349:
1341:
1323:
1310:Chinese ceramics
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1251:
1227:
1217:
1195:
1181:
1147:
1137:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
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1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
995:
989:
979:
973:
947:
934:
914:
908:
894:
871:Armenian Prince
868:
852:
840:
828:
814:
808:
789:
783:
777:
759:
723:
691:
669:
663:while the term "
658:
648:
628:
620:
610:
581:
567:
548:
538:
528:
519:
509:
496:
486:
479:Schuyler Cammann
472:
460:
446:
440:
434:
425:
395:Chinese clothing
380:
319:
310:
303:"phoenix collar"
300:
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284:
262:
256:
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210:
190:
187:
183:
174:
166:
157:
120:
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3909:
3867:
3841:
3790:
3774:
3758:
3742:
3726:
3705:
3679:
3654:
3632:Footwear (list)
3622:
3601:
3585:
3576:Chinese hairpin
3564:
3543:
3512:
3489:
3463:Headwear (list)
3453:
3437:
3406:
3375:
3341:Panling Lanshan
3289:
3203:
3121:
3105:Related rituals
3100:
3084:
3043:
3024:Mandarin square
2982:
2946:
2920:
2916:Mandarin collar
2911:Jiaoling youren
2895:Characteristics
2890:
2885:
2855:
2854:
2839:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2801:
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2788:
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2548:
2535:
2534:
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2521:
2519:
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2509:
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2470:Arts Asiatiques
2463:
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2416:
2401:
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2255:
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2240:
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2207:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2062:
2024:
2023:
1996:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1943:10.2307/3047324
1924:
1923:
1864:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1737:
1732:
1700:
1688:
1656:Malay peninsula
1617:Tan Ndjiang Nio
1594:Malay Peninsula
1569:
1557:
1544:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1324:, Ming dynasty.
1312:
1305:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1266:
1244:
1238:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1174:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
927:
921:
889:A lady wearing
883:
876:
873:Eacchi Proshian
869:
860:
853:
844:
841:
832:
829:
726:History of Yuan
708:
698:
630:clouds patterns
588:
560:
555:
453:
391:
373:
368:
358:
346:
322:Chinese ceramic
87:Literal meaning
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
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3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3853:Longevity lock
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
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3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3701:Fangxingquling
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
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3642:
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3634:
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3600:
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3587:
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3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
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3557:
3551:
3549:
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3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Tongtianguanfu
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3089:Sumptuary laws
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3080:Hanfu movement
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
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2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
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2954:
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2944:
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2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
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2913:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2837:
2814:
2799:
2779:
2755:
2726:
2701:
2686:
2668:
2653:
2630:
2615:
2594:
2579:
2561:
2546:
2528:
2503:
2456:
2436:
2414:
2399:
2366:
2351:
2333:
2318:
2298:
2273:
2249:
2234:"Cloud collar"
2216:
2188:
2181:
2144:
2129:
2108:
2093:
2060:
1994:
1979:
1956:
1862:
1847:
1822:
1807:
1789:
1774:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1647:lengkung léhér
1575:, the Chinese
1573:Southeast Asia
1568:
1567:Southeast Asia
1565:
1556:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1509:Coronation of
1508:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1173:
1170:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1071:
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1059:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1011:
920:
917:
882:
879:
878:
877:
870:
863:
861:
854:
847:
845:
842:
835:
833:
830:
823:
697:
694:
587:
584:
559:
556:
554:
553:Garment collar
551:
452:
449:
390:
387:
372:
369:
357:
354:
345:
342:
269:Qing dynasties
221:cloud patterns
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
134:
133:
126:
125:
122:
121:
114:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:Transcriptions
92:
91:
90:Cloud shoulder
88:
84:
83:
76:
70:
69:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4017:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Visual motifs
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3965:
3964:List of Hanfu
3957:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
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3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
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3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
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3629:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3449:Daojiao fushi
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:Lower garment
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:Upper garment
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Qixiong ruqun
3152:
3150:
3149:Tanling ruqun
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:Set of attire
3135:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2978:List of hanfu
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:0-87587-179-8
2834:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2800:0-87099-595-2
2796:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:0-300-10325-5
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:988-97206-2-0
2315:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1980:1-59265-019-8
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:craftsmanship
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1542:Nestorian art
1541:
1535:
1534:Rashid al-Din
1531:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1254:Chinese opera
1250:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:In Qing, the
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
983:
978:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
940:
938:
933:
926:
918:
916:
913:
907:
902:
893:
887:
880:
874:
867:
862:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
827:
822:
820:
818:
813:
807:
801:
797:
793:
788:
782:
776:
771:
770:Empress Chabi
767:
763:
758:
752:
750:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
727:
722:
717:
713:
707:
703:
695:
693:
690:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
668:
662:
657:
652:
647:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:
619:
614:
609:
600:
596:
592:
585:
583:
580:
575:
571:
566:
557:
552:
550:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
518:
513:
508:
504:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
477:According to
471:
466:
462:
459:
450:
448:
445:
439:
433:
427:
424:
419:
415:
410:
407:
403:
398:
396:
393:When used on
388:
386:
384:
379:
370:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
312:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
255:
250:
246:
242:
237:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
208:
202:
198:
194:
184:
178:
170:
162:
158:
156:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
115:
113:
109:
106:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
77:
75:
71:
63:
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3695:
3285:Yuanlingshan
3075:Yin and Yang
3055:Confucianism
2827:
2817:
2790:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:
2758:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:
2704:
2677:
2671:
2644:
2606:
2570:
2564:
2537:
2531:
2520:. Retrieved
2515:
2506:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2429:
2389:
2342:
2336:
2308:
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:
2208:. Retrieved
2206:. 2019-03-16
2203:
2162:
2120:
2084:
2030:
1970:
1934:
1930:
1838:
1798:
1792:
1765:
1689:
1675:
1674:The Chinese
1673:
1660:
1645:
1640:
1629:
1622:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1558:
1548:
1545:
1526:Genghis Khan
1452:
1427:
1414:Portrait of
1400:
1394:
1382:Central Asia
1379:
1334:Yuan dynasty
1330:Ming dynasty
1327:
1245:
1221:
1204:21st century
1175:
1155:
1149:
1131:
1004:
1000:
957:
941:
937:Qing dynasty
928:
919:Qing dynasty
901:Ming dynasty
898:
881:Ming dynasty
817:China proper
799:
765:
762:Yuan dynasty
753:
748:Tang dynasty
740:Song dynasty
733:
712:Song dynasty
709:
683:
673:
664:
660:
642:
613:Song dynasty
604:
594:
574:Tang dynasty
561:
522:
503:Zhou dynasty
499:Zhou dynasty
476:
454:
428:
418:dragon robes
414:Qing dynasty
411:
402:Song dynasty
399:
392:
374:
350:cloud collar
349:
347:
334:Qing dynasty
313:
302:
196:
193:Cloud collar
192:
180:
152:
151:
112:Hanyu Pinyin
54:Chinese name
18:Cloud collar
3990:Chinese art
3832:Folding fan
3650:Lotus shoes
3331:Yuanlingpao
2958:Baoyi bodai
1434:gold thread
1358:, a sacred
1140:Han Chinese
950:Han Chinese
736:Kublai Khan
730:Jin dynasty
651:Jin dynasty
599:Jin dynasty
570:Sui dynasty
489:Han dynasty
406:Han dynasty
344:Terminology
291:is used in
273:Han Chinese
217:Han Chinese
3979:Categories
3817:Fu (tally)
3613:Honggaitou
3336:Fanlingpao
3280:Shuitianyi
2773:2021-05-17
2749:2021-05-17
2720:2021-05-19
2556:1019842143
2522:2021-05-16
2292:2021-05-16
2267:2021-05-17
2243:2021-05-17
2210:2021-05-17
2103:1121420666
1937:(1): 1–9.
1857:1048453773
1784:1139920835
1730:References
1682:in 1900s.
1668:Peranakans
1643:Indonesian
1590:Indianized
1586:embroidery
1430:Babur-náma
923:See also:
700:See also:
360:See also:
4005:Ornaments
3939:Cosmetics
3846:Jewellery
3710:Shoulders
3640:Xiuhuaxie
3433:Mamianqun
3428:Baidiequn
3245:Daxiushan
2925:Fastening
2696:696014331
2625:963439648
2589:893707208
2490:0004-3958
2476:: 61–80.
2409:815509769
2361:781020660
2139:794664023
2055:135673789
2047:1662-8985
1817:608497183
1652:Palembang
1530:Wang Khan
1397:Ilkhanate
1256:costumes.
601:painting.
531:persimmon
293:Peranakan
3926:Guzhuang
3837:Tuanshan
3795:Portable
3534:Liangmao
3485:Fengguan
3480:Mianguan
3402:Maweiqun
3240:Baijiayi
3235:Chang'ao
3184:Xuanduan
3130:Garments
3096:Tifayifu
3034:Goldwork
3014:Xiangyun
2847:37259299
2825:(1997).
2809:21593549
2663:56517836
2498:26585538
2328:56424659
1989:52775158
1698:See also
1686:Ceramics
1625:Thailand
1371:Clothing
997:appliqué
982:appliqué
245:appliqué
197:châr-qâb
3946:Huadian
3696:Yunjian
3691:Yingluo
3569:Hairpin
3560:Wangjin
3397:Moxiong
3371:Feiyufu
3346:Longpao
3275:Hechang
3164:Xiuhefu
3112:Guan Li
2994:Diancui
2942:Zimukou
1951:3047324
1676:yunjian
1598:Sumatra
1577:yunjian
1549:yunjian
1459:Turkmen
1448:Sharukh
1443:yunjian
1438:Timurid
1428:In the
1421:yunjian
1403:yunjian
1390:Safavid
1386:Timurid
1354:lingzhi
1339:yunjian
1321:yunjian
1249:yunjian
1225:yunjian
1215:yunjian
1212:Modern
1179:yunjian
1151:mang ao
1145:yunjian
1135:yunjian
999:on the
993:yunjian
987:yunjian
977:yunjian
971:yunjian
945:yunjian
932:yunjian
912:yunjian
906:yunjian
892:yunjian
857:Kubachi
812:yunjian
806:yunjian
787:yunjian
781:yunjian
775:yunjian
757:yunjian
742:to the
721:yunjian
716:Mongols
689:yunjian
675:Jin shi
667:yunjian
656:yunjian
646:yunjian
618:yunjian
608:yunjian
579:yunjian
565:yunjian
546:yunjian
536:fenghua
526:yunjian
517:yunjian
507:yunjian
494:yunjian
484:yunjian
470:Yunjian
458:yunjian
451:Origins
444:yunjian
438:yunjian
432:yunjian
423:yunjian
409:gate".
400:In the
378:yunjian
317:yunjian
308:yunjian
298:yunjian
288:yunjian
282:yunjian
260:yunjian
254:yunjian
236:yunjian
230:yunjian
215:of the
182:Yúnjiān
155:Yunjian
138:English
130:English
118:Yúnjiān
33:Yunjian
3900:Ryusou
3895:Hanbok
3890:Kimono
3786:Lào zi
3754:Yaoqun
3722:Xiapei
3675:Lingzi
3539:Weimao
3366:Zhisun
3351:Mangfu
3326:Zhiduo
3321:Daopao
3301:Shenyi
3270:Pifeng
3199:Shanku
3174:Bianfu
3169:Mianfu
3159:Qungua
3060:Taoism
2951:Styles
2932:Pankou
2845:
2835:
2807:
2797:
2694:
2684:
2661:
2651:
2623:
2613:
2587:
2577:
2554:
2544:
2518:. 2019
2496:
2488:
2452:dress.
2407:
2397:
2359:
2349:
2326:
2316:
2179:
2137:
2127:
2101:
2091:
2053:
2045:
1987:
1977:
1949:
1855:
1845:
1815:
1805:
1782:
1772:
1600:, and
1511:Ogodei
1360:fungus
1157:xiapei
968:. The
903:, the
796:clouds
714:, the
706:Terlig
680:Jinshi
332:, and
305:. The
251:, the
211:, the
179::
177:pinyin
171::
163::
3863:Jinbu
3858:Yupei
3802:Hebao
3747:Waist
3738:Yajin
3731:Chest
3597:Shubi
3581:Buyao
3555:Fujin
3529:Damao
3524:Humao
3495:Futou
3387:Dudou
3356:Tieli
3316:Paofu
3306:Zhiju
3265:Beizi
3255:Banbi
3250:Bijia
3144:Ruqun
2968:Fuyao
2494:JSTOR
2051:S2CID
1947:JSTOR
1709:Hanfu
1632:Burma
1561:Japan
1555:Japan
1532:, by
1513:,1229
1230:hanfu
966:bijia
962:beizi
958:taozi
954:ruqun
383:China
277:Henan
249:China
247:. In
241:robes
225:shawl
207:Hanfu
3921:Xifu
3770:Bixi
3717:Pibo
3684:Neck
3668:Head
3618:Mili
3606:Veil
3590:Comb
3472:Guan
3392:Hezi
3361:Yesa
3311:Quju
3294:Robe
3260:Dahu
3225:Shan
3189:Diyi
3065:Wufu
2973:Hufu
2843:OCLC
2833:ISBN
2805:OCLC
2795:ISBN
2692:OCLC
2682:ISBN
2659:OCLC
2649:ISBN
2621:OCLC
2611:ISBN
2585:OCLC
2575:ISBN
2552:OCLC
2542:ISBN
2486:ISSN
2405:OCLC
2395:ISBN
2357:OCLC
2347:ISBN
2324:OCLC
2314:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2135:OCLC
2125:ISBN
2099:OCLC
2089:ISBN
2043:ISSN
1985:OCLC
1975:ISBN
1853:OCLC
1843:ISBN
1813:OCLC
1803:ISBN
1780:OCLC
1770:ISBN
1680:Java
1661:The
1641:The
1602:Java
1528:and
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