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partly digested food from a specialised multi-chambered stomach back to the mouth to be chewed for a second time as part of their ordinary digestive process) and have split true cloven hooves (a hoof being hard or rubbery sole and a hard wall formed by a thick nail) are allowed
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claw. The space between the two claws is called the interdigital cleft; the area of skin is called the interdigital skin. The hard outer covering of the hoof is called the hoof wall or horn. It is a hard surface, similar to the human
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from the list of kosher animals because although the camel does ruminate it does not possess true "hooves" – it walks on soft toes which have little more than a nail merely giving an appearance of a "hoof". Similarly the
193:, the most generalized of the early mammals, has a foot in which the central toe is somewhat larger than the others and could be placed in the division of odd-toed ungulates, Perissidactyla.
268:, although it has cloven true hooves, does not ruminate. Other animals such as dogs and cats exhibit neither characteristic and are thus also forbidden for Jewish consumption.
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or even-toed hooved animals. Before the end of the Eocene period the side toes of some had dwindled and practically disappeared (mainly in the form of a
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Kate
Hepworth, Animal Sciences Student; Michael Neary, Extension Animal Scientist; Simon Kenyon, Extension Veterinarian (October 2004).
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period hooved marsh dwellers carried their body weight mainly on two of the middle toes, which grew to equal size, becoming the
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combined with a hard outer shell and soft and flexible inner pads provides excellent traction in their precarious habitats.
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had already developed feet that suggest odd-toed and even-toed descendants to the modern viewer. Even
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of the pair of supporting toes became fused together, thus producing the appearance of a cloven hoof.
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535:: Zoo Torah in association with Targum/Feldheim, Distributed by Feldheim. pp. 99–125.
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The distinction between cloven and uncloven hooves is highly relevant for dietary laws of
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Jewish Laws and
Customs: Some of the Laws and Usages of the Children of the Ghetto
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The almost finger-like dexterity available to cloven-hooved mammals such as
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The 613 Mitzvot: A Contemporary Guide to the
Commandments of Judaism
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Visitors' Guide to the
Geological and Palaeontological Collections
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605:. Original from Harvard University: W.A. Hammond. p.
449:. Original from the University of Michigan. p. 28.
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Food laws of
Judaism concerning cloven hooves in the
290:. Original from the University of Michigan. p.
150:
It is speculated by paleontologists that during the
629:. Schreiber Publishing, Incorporated. p. 251.
324:"Hoof Anatomy, Care and Management in Livestock"
252:, not fit for Jewish consumption) and Jews are
169:The mammal with a cloven hoof is an even-toed
357:North American Wildlife (Revised and Updated)
8:
110:The two digits of cloven-hooved animals are
284:American Museum of Natural History (1892).
459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
307:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
443:British Museum (Natural History) (1906).
173:of order Artiodactyla as opposed to the
657:and in Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law (
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114:to the third and fourth fingers of the
79:that possess this type of hoof include
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518:Slifkin, Natan (March 1, 2004). "6".
7:
486:Cloven hoof -wikipedia Artiodactyla.
474:Cleland, Herdman Fitzgerald (1916).
296:Cloven hoof -wikipedia Artiodactyla.
71:split into two toes. Members of the
329:. Purdue University. Archived from
446:British Museum Guides: Vertebrates
418:. Davidson College. Archived from
25:
392:. Idaho Museum of Natural History
599:Glover, Alfred Kingsley (1900).
477:Geology, Physical and Historical
410:Plekon, Hannah J. (April 2007).
360:. Reader's Digest. p. 68.
177:of Perissidactyla, such as the
508:Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 79
1:
623:Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2005).
181:, which have one toe, or the
259:This rule thus excludes the
162:) while the basal pieces or
32:Cloven hoof (disambiguation)
41:Cloven hooves of roe deer (
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29:
381:Streubel, Donald (2000).
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354:Jackson, Brenda (1998).
27:Hoof split into two toes
211:), as set forth in the
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552:on February 11, 2012
30:For other uses, see
414:Oreamnos americanus
385:Oreamnos americanus
197:Jewish dietary laws
44:Capreolus capreolus
175:odd-toed ungulates
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574:|work=
233:regurgitate
223:chew their
53:cloven hoof
18:Cloven-hoof
670:Categories
533:Nanuet, NY
429:2007-12-03
396:2007-12-02
340:2007-12-02
272:References
191:Phenacodus
183:rhinoceros
164:metapodium
140:wild sheep
129:fingernail
112:homologous
65:split hoof
57:cleft hoof
576:ignored (
566:cite book
455:cite book
303:cite book
146:Evolution
93:antelopes
73:mammalian
229:ruminate
215:and the
171:ungulate
97:gazelles
556:May 10,
231:, i.e.
208:kashrut
203:Judaism
160:dewclaw
120:lateral
655:Torah
633:
585:
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364:
256:them.
239:kosher
217:Talmud
187:Eocene
152:Eocene
124:medial
103:, and
81:cattle
75:order
550:(PDF)
525:(PDF)
423:(Web)
390:(Web)
334:(PDF)
327:(PDF)
261:camel
249:treif
213:Torah
179:horse
105:sheep
101:goats
67:is a
63:, or
631:ISBN
583:ISBN
578:help
558:2016
537:ISBN
461:link
362:ISBN
309:link
221:both
138:and
116:hand
89:pigs
85:deer
69:hoof
607:157
482:599
266:pig
225:cud
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