Coca - Knowledge (XXG)

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which may be released through chewing or consumed in a powder-like form. This powder is usually extracted and made from burnt plant ashes, limestone or granite, and seashells. Andean people living in Central America have used a method to withdraw the lime from the coca plant using containers with sticks and have been able to indicate whether the coca leaves were either chewed historically even though many coca leaves haven't been discovered by archaeologists. There have been numerous effects that have been noted from the coca leaf as they are milder and more concentrated compared to pure cocaine. When Andean people began to first use the coca leaf, they noticed that it could produce a "high" and can be very addictive compared to tobacco if consumed in large quantities. Many Andean and Inca civilizations used to chew the coca leaf instead of consuming it as it provided a better "high" experience. Because of its strong addiction and high, the Incas only allowed this substance within honorary celebrations and rituals. Workers dealing with rigorous tasks such as long-distance travels, and more were allowed to take the substance as it eased their hardships along the way. There is little history before Andean people and the Incas to indicate if coca was restricted before these times and what instances it was initially used in. Sometimes coca leaves from the plant were used as offerings in rituals. Due to the nature of politics and religion in the Inca Empire, wealthy inhabitants handed out coca leaves during ritual ceremonies.

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luxury" of the coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to plant spirit, divinity of coca, and the Incan admittance of the former. "This is my blood, this is my body" remembrance now was overshadowed by gates of behavior meeting efforts of worker control and service within work to spread concepts within outreach to support divinity and rights of the divine to exist in the divine's works. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push Catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the

2004:, stipulating that measures to eradicate illicit cultivation and to eliminate illicit demand "should take due account of traditional licit use, where there is historic evidence of such use." Bolivia also made a formal reservation to the 1988 Convention, which required countries to adopt measures to establish the use, consumption, possession, purchase or cultivation of the coca leaf for personal consumption as a criminal offence. Bolivia stated that "the coca leaf is not, in and of itself, a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance" and stressed that its "legal system recognizes the ancestral nature of the licit use of the coca leaf, which, for much of Bolivia's population, dates back over centuries." 52: 1224:

but they also carried coca leaves in bags. These are believed to be Inca sacrifices, and like the Aztecs, the Inca participated in sacrifices as well. It is clear that the Incas had a strong belief in the divinity of the coca leaf as there is now evidence that both the living and the dead were subjected to coca use. They even sent their sacrifices off to their death with a sacrificial bag of coca leaves. The coca leaf affected all stages of life for the Inca. Coca was also used in divination as ritual priests would burn a mixture of coca and llama fat and predict the future based on the appearance of the flame.

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countries out of a total of 184, those 18 being, listed chronologically: the United States, Sweden, United Kingdom, Latvia, Japan, Canada, France, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Mexico, Russian Federation, Malaysia, Singapore, and Ukraine, objected to the change before the January 2011 deadline. A single objection would have been sufficient to block the modification. The legally unnecessary step of supporting the change was taken formally by Spain, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Costa Rica. In June 2011, Bolivia moved to denounce the 1961 Convention over the prohibition of the coca leaf.

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contributes to the major social problem of drug abuse but also financially supports insurgent groups that collaborate with drug traffickers in some cocaine-producing territories. Critics of the effort claim that it creates hardship primarily for the coca growers, many of whom are poor and have no viable alternative way to make a living, causes environmental problems, that it is not effective in reducing the supply of cocaine, in part because cultivation can move to other areas, and that any social harm created by drug abuse is only made worse by the

1000: 1153:, a fiber recording device. Spanish documents make it clear that coca was one of the most important elements of Inca culture. Coca was used in Inca feasts and religious rituals, among many other things. It was a driving factor in the labor efforts that Inca kings asked of their citizens, and also used to barter for other goods. Coca was vital to the Inca civilization and its culture. The Incas valued coca so much that they colonized tropical rain forests to the north and east of their capital in 973:. When chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue. Absorption of coca from the leaf is less rapid than nasal application of purified forms of the alkaloid (almost all of the coca alkaloid is absorbed within 20 minutes of nasal application, while it takes 2–12 hours after ingestion of the raw leaf for alkaline concentrations to peak.). When the raw leaf is consumed in tea, between 59 and 90% of the coca alkaloid is absorbed. 2183:, 1985 which is the principal legislation governing the subject. While its scientific and medical purposes are permissible in accordance with law, any other indulgence including cultivation, possession, sale, consumption, transportation, import, export, are prohibited. Upon conviction, sentence depends upon the quantity which is categorized as small quantity (100 gm), commercial quantity (2000 gm) and quantity greater than small but less than commercial. 2146:

Federal Register Notices for Importers, include Johnson Matthey, Inc, Pharmaceutical Materials; Mallinckrodt Inc; Penick Corporation; and the Research Triangle Institute. Analysts have noted the substantial importation of coca leaf into the United States, but the actual quantity is unknown because much of it is illegally imported, and there are many reports of coca leaves and coca teas being sold in the United States and being seized by the

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the provisions of the 1961 Convention." The Board considered Bolivia, Peru and a few other countries that allow such practises to be in breach with their treaty obligations, and insisted that "each party to the Convention should establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, the possession and purchase of coca leaf for personal consumption."

980:(UNODC). The coca leaf, when consumed in its natural form, does not induce a physiological or psychological dependence, nor does abstinence after long-term use produce symptoms typical to substance addiction. Due to its alkaloid content and non-addictive properties, coca has been suggested as a method to help recovering cocaine addicts to wean off the drug. 879: 2171:(October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities. 799: 1803:) is common among all sectors of society in the Andean countries, especially due to their high elevations from sea level, and is widely held to be beneficial to health, mood, and energy. Coca leaf is sold packaged into teabags in most grocery stores in the region, and establishments that cater to tourists generally feature coca tea. 2633:, April 20, 2004. "Coke dropped cocaine from its recipe around 1900, but the secret formula still calls for a cocaine-free coca extract produced at a Stepan Co. factory in Maywood, N.J. Stepan buys about 100 metric tons of dried Peruvian coca leaves each year, said Marco Castillo, spokesman for Peru's state-owned National Coca Co." 814:), or the highlands depending on the species grown. Coca production begins in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region, where the countries of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia are host to more than 98 percent of the global land area planted with coca. In the early 19th century, coca was cultivated in what is today the 1668:. The poporo is the mark of manhood; it is regarded by men as a good companion that means "food", "woman", "memory", and "meditation". When a boy is ready to be married, his mother initiates him in the use of the coca. This act of initiation is carefully supervised by the Mamo, a traditional priest-teacher-leader. 1988:

visited Bolivia and Peru briefly in 1949 to "investigate the effects of chewing the coca leaf and the possibilities of limiting its production and controlling its distribution." It concluded that the effects of chewing coca leaves were negative, even though chewing coca was defined as a habit, not an addiction.

1042:, there is an unbroken record of coca leaf consumption by succeeding cultural groups on the coast of Ecuador until European arrival as shown in their ceramic sculpture and abundant caleros or lime pots. Lime containers found in the north coast of Peru date around 2000 BC as evidenced by the findings at 2049:

requires nations that allow the cultivation of coca to designate an agency to regulate said cultivation and take physical possession of the crops as soon as possible after harvest, and to destroy all coca which grows wild or is illegally cultivated. The effort to enforce these provisions, referred to

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of the 1961 Single Convention together with cocaine and heroin. The Convention determined that "The Parties shall so far as possible enforce the uprooting of all coca bushes which grow wild. They shall destroy the coca bushes if illegally cultivated" (Article 26), and that, "Coca leaf chewing must be

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soil. The plants thrive best in hot, damp and humid locations, such as the clearings of forests; but the leaves most preferred are obtained in drier areas, on the hillsides. The leaves are gathered from plants varying in age from one and a half to upwards of forty years, but only the new fresh growth

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Despite the legal restriction among countries party to the international treaty, coca chewing and drinking of coca tea is carried out daily by millions of people in the Andes as well as considered sacred within indigenous cultures. Coca consumers claim that most of the information provided about the

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The Incas would put coca leaves in the mouths of mummies, which were a sacred part of Inca culture. Mummies of Inca emperors were regarded for their wisdom and often consulted for important matters long after the body had deteriorated. Not only did many Inca mummies have coca leaves in their mouths,

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laborers, soldiers, and others chewed coca to alleviate hunger and thirst while they were working and fighting. The results of this are evident in monumental construction and the successful expansion of the Inca empire through conquest. By chewing coca, laborers and soldiers were able to work harder

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issued a decree recognizing the drug as essential to the well-being of the Andean Indians but urging missionaries to end its religious use. The Spanish are believed to have effectively encouraged use of coca by an increasing majority of the population to increase their labor output and tolerance for

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Genetic evidence (Johnson et al. in 2005, Emche et al. in 2011, and Islam 2011) does not support this linear evolution. None of the four coca varieties are found in the wild, despite prior speculation by Plowman that wild populations of E. coca var. coca occur in the Huánuco and San Martín provinces

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Coca leaf is listed as a Schedule I drug (most dangerous) according to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act of Canada (S.C. 1996, c. 19) alongside Opium (Heroin) and synthetic opioid analgesics. Specifically, it lists Coca (Erythroxylon), its preparations, derivatives, alkaloids, and salts,

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Nevertheless, the INCB on other occasions did not show signs of an increased sensitivity towards the Bolivian claim on the rights of their indigenous population, and the general public, to consume the coca leaf in a traditional manner by chewing the leaf, and drinking coca tea, as "not in line with

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After the Spanish invasion and colonization of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards enslaved Inca people and tried to prevent them from having "the

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became a leading exporter of coca leaf. By 1912 shipments to Amsterdam, where the leaves were processed into cocaine, reached 1000 tons, overtaking the Peruvian export market. Apart from the years of the First World War, Java remained a greater exporter of coca than Peru until the end of the 1920s.

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The report was sharply criticised for its arbitrariness, lack of precision, and racist connotations. The team members' professional qualifications and parallel interests were also criticised, as were the methodology used and the incomplete selection and use of existing scientific literature on the

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is also frequently used, along with the slang term "bolear," derived from the word "bola" or ball of coca pouched in the cheek while chewing. Typical coca consumption varies between 20 and 60 grams per day, and contemporary methods are believed to be unchanged from ancient times. Coca is kept in a

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control organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug conventions – denied the validity of article 14 in the 1988 Convention over the requirements of the 1961 Convention, or any reservation made by parties, since it does not "absolve a party of its rights and obligations under the other

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In recent times (2006), the governments of several South American countries, such as Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela, have defended and championed the traditional use of coca, as well as the modern uses of the leaf and its extracts in household products such as teas and toothpaste. The coca plant was

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Andean people first started chewing coca leaf (Ertyhroxylum) and its popularity has been spread throughout the Northern and Central Andes, making its way down to Southern Central America, including areas like Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The coca leaf itself includes the active cocaine alkaloid

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is a registered importer of coca leaf. The company manufactures pure cocaine for medical use and also produces a cocaine-free extract of the coca leaf, which is used as a flavoring ingredient in Coca-Cola. Other companies that have registrations with the DEA to import coca leaf according to 2011

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In reaction to the 2007 Annual Report of the INCB, the Bolivian government announced that it would formally issue a request to the United Nations to unschedule the coca leaf of List 1 of the 1961 UN Single Convention. Bolivia led a diplomatic effort to do so beginning in March 2009, but eighteen

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plants into quotidian stimulant and medicinal crops now collectively called Coca. Archaeobotanical evidence show that Coca crops have been grown for well over 8,000 years in South America. They have had and still have a significant role in spiritual, economic, social and political dimensions for

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This effort has been politically controversial, with proponents claiming that the production of cocaine is several times the amount needed to satisfy legal demand and inferring that the vast majority of the coca crop is destined for the illegal market. As per the proclaimed view, this not only

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The historic rationale for international prohibition of coca leaf in the 1961 Single Convention comes from "The Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf study" published in 1950. It was requested of the United Nations by the permanent representative of Peru, and was prepared by a commission that

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period, based on mummies found with a supply of coca leaves, pottery depicting the characteristic cheek bulge of a coca chewer, spatulas for extracting alkali and figured bags for coca leaves and lime made from precious metals, and gold representations of coca in special gardens of the Inca in

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The INCB stated in its 1994 Annual Report that "mate de coca, which is considered harmless and legal in several countries in South America, is an illegal activity under the provisions of both the 1961 Convention and the 1988 Convention, though that was not the intention of the plenipotentiary

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A Stepan laboratory in Maywood, N.J., is the nation's only legal commercial importer of coca leaves, which it obtains mainly from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia. Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for Coca-Cola, Stepan extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it sells to

1894:". The production method belongs to the resguardos of Calderas (Inzá) and takes about 150 kg (331 lb) of coca per 3,000 produced bottles. The drink was never sold widely in Colombia and efforts to do so ended in May 2007 when it was abruptly banned by the Colombian government. 2001: 2020:

conferences that adopted those conventions." It implicitly also dismissed the original report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf by recognizing that "there is a need to undertake a scientific review to assess the coca-chewing habit and the drinking of coca tea."

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March 6, 2008. "The United Nations lacks respect for the indigenous people of Peru and Bolivia who have used the coca leaf since forever," said Peruvian Congresswoman Maria Sumire. "For indigenous people, coca is a sacred leaf that is part of their cultural identity," she

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Chewing coca leaves is most common in indigenous communities across the central Andean region, particularly in places like the highlands of Argentina, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is a part of the national culture, similar to

2102:, headquartered in Peru. Outside of South America, most countries' laws make no distinction between the coca leaf and any other substance containing cocaine, so the possession of coca leaf is prohibited. In South America coca leaf is illegal in both Paraguay and Brazil. 1237:(the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labor associated with slavery. After seeing the effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity and started growing and selling coca themselves. 1972:– where traditional use is established, although cultivation is often restricted in an attempt to control the production of cocaine. In the case of Argentina, it is legal only in some northwest provinces where the practice is so common that the state has accepted it. 1375:). In addition, coca use in shamanic rituals is well documented wherever local native populations have cultivated the plant. For example, the Tayronas of Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta would chew the plant before engaging in extended meditation and prayer. 1996:

traditional use of the coca leaf and its modern adaptations is erroneous. This has made it impossible to shed light on the plant's positive aspects and its potential benefits for the physical, mental, and social health of the people who consume and cultivate it.

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in English. The consumer carefully uses a wooden stick (formerly often a spatula of precious metal) to transfer an alkaline component into the quid without touching his flesh with the corrosive substance. The alkali component, usually kept in a gourd

1512:. It also serves as a powerful symbol of indigenous cultural and religious identity, amongst a diversity of indigenous nations throughout South America. Chewing plants for medicinal mostly stimulating effects has a long history throughout the world: 1944:, set during the Napoleonic wars, Dr. Stephen Maturin, a naval physician, naturalist, and British intelligence agent discovers the use of coca leaves on a mission to Peru, and makes regular use of them in several of the later novels in the series. 856:

is harvested. They are considered ready for plucking when they break on being bent. The first and most abundant harvest is in March after the rainy season, the second is at the end of June, and the third in October or November. The green leaves (

2070:", where vast tracts of land and forest are sprayed with glyphosate or Roundup, with the intention of eradicating the coca plant. However, the incidental environmental damage is severe, because many plant species are wiped out in the process. 2038:

Since the 1980s, the countries in which coca is grown have come under political and economic pressure from the United States to restrict the cultivation of the crop in order to reduce the supply of cocaine on the international market.

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said in a speech in January 2008 that he chews coca every day, and that his "hook up" is Bolivian president Evo Morales. Chávez reportedly said "I chew coca every day in the morning... and look how I am" before showing his

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In an attempt to obtain international acceptance for the legal recognition of traditional use of coca in their respective countries, Peru and Bolivia successfully led an amendment, paragraph 2 of Article 14 into the 1988

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is produced industrially from coca leaves in South America by a number of companies, including Enaco S.A. (National Company of the Coca), a government enterprise in Peru. Coca leaves are also found in a brand of herbal

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Rivera MA; Aufderheide AC; Cartmell LW; Torres CM; Langsjoen O (December 2005). "Antiquity of coca-leaf chewing in the south central Andes: a 3,000 year archaeological record of coca-leaf chewing from northern Chile".

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active ingredient of coca is the cocaine alkaloid, which has a concentration of about 0.3 to 1.5%, averaging 0.8%, in fresh leaves. Besides cocaine, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkaloids, including

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Valdez, Lidio M., Juan Taboada, and J. Ernesto Valdez. 2015. "Ancient Use of Coca Leaves in the Peruvian Central Highlands." Journal of Anthropological Research 71 (2): 231–58. doi:10.3998/jar.0521004.0071.204

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operations on the skull. The high calcium content in coca explains why people used it for bone fractures. Because coca constricts blood vessels, it also serves to oppose bleeding, and coca seeds were used for

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used coca leaf extract in its products from 1885 until about 1903, when it began using decocainized leaf extract. Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several solvents and a chemical process known as an

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is very adaptable to varying ecological conditions. The leaves have parallel lines on either side of the central vein. These plants are called "Hayo" or "Ayu" among certain groups in Venezuela and Colombia.

1220:, and Juan de Ulloa Mogollón noted how the Incas would leave coca leaves at important locations throughout the empire. They considered coca to be the highest form of plant offering that the Incas made. 407:

bush, and grows to a height of 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft). The branches are curved, and the leaves are thin, opaque, oval, and taper at the extremities. A marked characteristic of the leaf is an

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Raw coca leaves, chewed or consumed as tea or mate de coca, are rich in nutritional properties. Specifically, the coca plant contains essential minerals (calcium, potassium, phosphorus), vitamins (

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Coca chewing may originally have been limited to the eastern Andes before its introduction to the Inca. As the plant was viewed as having a divine origin, its cultivation became subject to a

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was the best-known brand) and other coca-containing preparations were widely sold as patent medicines and tonics, with claims of a wide variety of health benefits. The original version of

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and as a valued commodity. The Incas were able to accomplish significant things while stimulated by the effects of coca. The Incas did not have a graphical written language, but used the

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was among these. These products became illegal in most countries outside of South America in the early 20th century, after the addictive nature of cocaine was widely recognized. In 1859,

4177: 7182: 2035:(WHO), is conducting a ‘critical review’ of the coca leaf. In 2025, based on its findings, the WHO may recommend changes in coca’s classification under the UN drug control treaties. 7473: 7187: 3880: 3240: 2180: 1968:. The cultivation, sale, and possession of unprocessed coca leaf (but not of any processed form of cocaine) is generally legal in the countries – such as Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and 1811:

In the Andes commercially manufactured coca teas, granola bars, cookies, hard candies, etc. are available in most stores and supermarkets, including upscale suburban supermarkets.

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so that they could increase and control their supply. The Incas colonized more humid regions because coca cannot grow above 2600 meters in elevation (coca is not frost-resistant).

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Emche, S; Zhang D; Islam M; Bailey B; Meinhardt L (2011). "AFLP Phylogeny of 36 Erythroxylum Species Genetic Relationships Among Erythroxylum Species Inferred by AFLP Analysis".

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has allowed indigenous coca farmers to sell coca products, promoting the enterprise as one of the few successful commercial opportunities available to recognized tribes like the

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including:(1) Coca leaves (2) Cocaine and (3) Ecgonine. Possession of a Schedule I substance is illegal and trafficking can result in punishment of up to life imprisonment.

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coca leaf. Questions have been raised as to whether a similar study today would pass the scrutiny and critical review to which scientific studies are routinely subjected.

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Spruce ex. Peyr, and dense sampling of these species along with the coca crops from throughout their geographic ranges supports independent origins of domestication of

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Dion, Michelle L; Russler, Catherine (2008). "Eradication Efforts, The State, Displacement And Poverty: Explaining Coca Cultivation In Colombia During Plan Colombia".

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held between the mouth and gums. Doing so may cause a tingling and numbing sensation in the mouth, in similar fashion to the formerly ubiquitous dental anaesthetic

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Coca was first introduced to Europe in the 16th century, but did not become popular until the mid-19th century, with the publication of an influential paper by Dr.

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White, Dawson M; Huang, Jen-Pan; Jara-Muñoz, Orlando Adolfo; MadriñáN, Santiago; Ree, Richard H; Mason-Gamer, Roberta J (2021-01-01). Carstens, Bryan (ed.).

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Coca has also been a vital part of the religious cosmology of the Andean peoples of Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and northwest Argentina from the

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extracted chemically from large quantities of coca leaves. Today, since it has mostly been replaced as a medical anaesthetic by synthetic analogues such as

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of the Inca Empire, the Spaniards had direct access to the Inca. They had insight to their everyday lives, and it is through their lens that we learn about

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Mallinckrodt Inc., a St. Louis pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify the product for medicinal use.

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is typically heavily processed). Khat chewing also has a history as a social custom dating back thousands of years analogous to the use of coca leaves.

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in pre-Columbian times, with significant archaeological sites reaching from Colombia to northern Chile, including the Las Vegas Culture in Ecuador, the

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Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It is considered particularly effective against

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Fresh samples of the dried leaves, uncurled, are a deep green colour on the upper surface, and a grey-green on the lower surface, and have a strong

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site in Peru, and the Nanchoc valley in Peru – where leaf fragments and lime "cal" additives have been dated to over 8,000 years before present.

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Controlled unless decocainized, in general legal for religious, medical or traditional use, legal in South America except in Brazil and Paraguay.

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and its use restricted to nobles and a few favored classes (court orators, couriers, favored public workers, and the army) by the rule of the

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and the Jetetepeque river valley. Extensive archaeological evidence for the chewing of coca leaves dates back at least to the 6th century AD

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BS, Liao; RL, Hilsinger; BM, Rasgon; K, Matsuoka; KK, Adour (Jan 1999). "A preliminary study of cocaine absorption from the nasal mucosa".

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Coca is used industrially in the cosmetics and food industries. A decocainized extract of coca leaf is one of the flavoring ingredients in

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portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf.

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At Bolivia’s initiative, organized by Colombia and Bolivia with the support of Canada, Czechia, Malta, Mexico, Switzerland and OHCHR, the

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wrote about the effects coca had on the Inca, multiple Spanish men wrote about the importance of coca in their spirituality. For example

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The prohibition of the use of the coca leaf except for medical or scientific purposes was established by the United Nations in the 1961

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numerous indigenous cultures in the Andes and the Western Amazon arising from the use of the leaves as drugs and mild, daily stimulant.

267: 208: 51: 2620: 525:(Colombian Coca) – a highland variety that is utilized in lowland areas. It is cultivated in drier regions found in Colombia. However, 7157: 6463: 6369: 5139: 4226:

Peru. History of coca, "the divine plant" of the Incas; with an introductory account of the Incas, and of the Andean Indians of to-day

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Dean, Bartholomew 2013"Cocaine Capitalisms & Social Trauma in Peruvian Amazonia", Panoramas, University of Pittsburgh (July 17)

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James, A., Aulick, D., Plowman, T., 1975 "Nutritional Value of Coca", Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 24 (6): 113–119.

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cloths and dried in the sun; they are then packed in sacks, which must be kept dry in order to preserve the quality of the leaves.

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Coca has figured more prominently in the politics of Bolivia and Peru in the early 21st century. President Morales asserted that "

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Jackson, GF; Saady, JJ; Poklis, A (Jan–Feb 1991). "Urinary excretion of benzoylecgonine following ingestion of Health Inca Tea".

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Dillehay, Tom D.; Rossen, Jack; Ugent, Donald; Karathanasis, Anathasios; Vásquez, Víctor; Netherly, Patricia J. (December 2010).

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depending on its composition. Many of these materials are salty in flavor, but there are variations. The most common base in the

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Plowman, T; Rivier L (1983). "Cocaine and Cinnamoylcocaine content of thirty-one species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae)".

1742: 1410: 761: 355:, even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of 4224: 4093: 2220: 3512: 7142: 7127: 6532: 6443: 6438: 5979: 4801: 2261:"The Origins of Coca: Museum Genomics Reveals Multiple Independent Domestications from Progenitor Erythroxylum gracilipes" 1114:

Other colonial powers also tried to grow coca (including the British in India), but with the exception of the Japanese in

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Hanna JM, Hornick CA., "Use of coca leaf in southern Peru: adaptation or addiction," Bull Narc. 1977 Jan–Mar;29(1):63–74.

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article cited below, found no evidence of CP4 EPSPS, a protein produced by the glyphosate-resistant soybean, suggesting

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In Bolivia bags of coca leaves are sold in local markets and by street vendors. The activity of chewing coca is called

999: 7921: 7567: 7107: 6994: 6989: 6710: 5949: 1697: 1205: 793: 580: 512: 95: 4748: 3698:

Mortimer, W. Golden. Peru History of Coca: "The Divine Plant" of the Incas. New York: J. H. Vail & Company, 1901.

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called "Agwa de Bolivia" (grown in Bolivia and de-cocainized in Amsterdam), and a natural flavouring ingredient in

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which is produced in Bolivia with the use of coca extract as its base. It was launched on the Bolivian markets in

1731: 1399: 750: 7275: 6113: 6044: 5459: 4720:

Turner C. E., Elsohly M. A., Hanuš L., Elsohly H. N. Isolation of dihydrocuscohygrine from Peruvian coca leaves.

4050: 3417:

Oswaldo Francisco Ribas Lobos Fernández, doctoral thesis, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 2007; "Coca Light?"

2074: 2032: 1213: 414:

The flowers are small, and disposed in clusters on short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-white

255: 392: 6715: 6552: 5604: 5199: 5064: 2131: 1099: 938: 231: 4549: 1359:

in other cultures. As one example of the many traditional beliefs about coca, it is believed by the miners of

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Boliviana negra, a genetically engineered type of coca, resists glyphosate herbicides and increases yields.

1909: 540: 4130: 2702:

Bohm, B; Ganders F; Plowman T (1982). "Biosystematics and Evolution of Cultivated Coca (Erythroxylaceae)".

1070:(1471–1493). As the Incan empire declined, the leaf became more widely available. After some deliberation, 7946: 7607: 7483: 7232: 6951: 6640: 6143: 6029: 5989: 5974: 4942: 4891: 2110:

In the Netherlands, coca leaf is legally in the same category as cocaine, as both are List I drugs of the

1209: 1172: 36: 1797:

Although coca leaf chewing is common only among the indigenous populations, the consumption of coca tea (

7448: 7084: 6813: 6635: 5469: 5454: 5446: 4731: 4601: 1738: 1406: 757: 32: 19:

This article is about the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae. Not to be confused with

7546: 4448: 4410: 4353: 2368:"Travel drugs, coca and cocaine: demystifying and rehabilitating Erythroxylum – a comprehensive review" 4690: 2099: 1886:, who have grown it for years and regard it as sacred. In December 2005, the Paeces – a Tierradentro ( 976:

Coca users ingest between 60 and 80 milligrams of cocaine each time they chew the leaves according to

636:. It is possible that Amazonian coca was produced by yet a third independent domestication event from 7782: 7541: 7293: 6695: 6602: 6572: 6379: 6216: 5994: 5464: 5144: 5134: 5023: 4947: 4120:, President of Bolivia at the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 19, 2006 3239:

Mazor, Susan; Mycyk, Mark; Wills, Brandon; Brace, Larry; Gussow, Leon; Erickson, Timothy (Dec 2006).

2629: 1984:

abolished within twenty-five years from the coming into force of this Convention" (Article 49, 2.e).

1878:

On the other hand, the Colombian government has recently moved in the opposite direction. For years,

1171:

labor, a labor tax required of all able-bodied men in the Inca empire, and also in military service.

643:

Thus, different early-Holocene peoples in different areas of South America independently transformed

4391: 4372: 1139:

While many historians are in agreement that coca was a contributing factor to the daily life of the

679:

campaign undertaken by the government of Colombia with U.S. financial and military backing known as

7916: 7298: 6873: 6685: 6516: 6394: 6285: 6221: 6014: 5999: 5959: 5345: 5232: 5057: 4247: 3429: 2142: 1969: 1684: 966: 950: 710:, suggesting that it would be possible to genetically modify coca in an analogous manner. Spraying 695: 368: 324: 2617: 1707:

is an unrefined, unconcentrated powder made from coca leaves and the ash of various other plants.

902: 7058: 7044: 6999: 6984: 5489: 5474: 5126: 4344:, United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 3490: 3446: 3271: 3221: 3009: 2873: 2803: 2719: 2492: 2348: 1675:-like aroma. When chewed, they produce a pleasurable numbness in the mouth, and have a pleasant, 1356: 1071: 815: 360: 292: 144: 3366: 1941: 1924:

Probably the earliest reference to coca in English literature is in "Pomona", the fifth book of

946: 6660: 3178: 3052: 2002:

United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

1143:, there are many different theories as to how this civilization came to adopt it as one of its 890: 7832: 7217: 7069: 6725: 6093: 5820: 5584: 5524: 5479: 4824: 4646: 3973: 3910: 3734: 3678: 3632: 3607: 3482: 3400: 3321: 3263: 3213: 3159: 3121: 2897: 2865: 2857: 2768: 2480: 2470: 2442: 2407: 2389: 2340: 2298: 2280: 1965: 1953: 1693: 1521: 1501: 1454: 1336: 1259: 1012: 819: 699: 459: 426:

consists of three carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary. The flowers mature into red

75: 2893:

Evolutionary History: Uniting History and Biology to Understand Life on Earth, Edmund Russell

1637:

and cane sugar, forming a soft black putty with a sweet and pleasing flavor. In some places,

616:

of Peru. Recent phylogenetic evidence shows the closest wild relatives of the coca crops are

7353: 7162: 7024: 6906: 6665: 6537: 6527: 6428: 6328: 6163: 5896: 5589: 5237: 4972: 4962: 4878: 4836: 4753: 3963: 3953: 3900: 3892: 3783: 3668: 3474: 3438: 3313: 3255: 3205: 3151: 3111: 3103: 3001: 2847: 2795: 2758: 2750: 2711: 2659:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

2552: 2434: 2397: 2379: 2332: 2288: 2272: 2224: 2051: 1201: 1083: 707: 676: 285: 3395:

Hurtado-Gumucio, J (October 2000). "Coca leaf chewing as therapy for cocaine maintenance".

2968: 2073:

Coca has been reintroduced to the United States as a flavoring agent in the herbal liqueur

2058:

on coca crops to assistance and incentives to encourage farmers to grow alternative crops.

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wrote that the indigenous people of the Andes always seemed to have coca in their mouths.

1047: 1020: 993: 942: 664: 567: 288: 153: 7536: 7531: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 2260: 1217: 1189: 1106:

became the first person to isolate the chief alkaloid of coca, which he named "cocaine".

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The herbicide resistance of this strain has at least two possible explanations: that a "

543:

Coca) – grown primarily in the Cajamarca and Amazonas states in Peru, including for the

7772: 7767: 7572: 7034: 6744: 6582: 6290: 5358: 5252: 5207: 5169: 5038: 4862: 4230: 3968: 3941: 3905: 3833: 3259: 3116: 3091: 2763: 2738: 2556: 2402: 2367: 2293: 2138: 2012: 1925: 1887: 1863: 1852: 1657: 1372: 1360: 1165:

One of the most common uses of coca during the reign of the Inca was in the context of

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to increase the release of the active ingredients from the leaf. Older species have a

714:

with glyphosate would serve to strengthen its growth by eliminating the non-resistant

7906: 7900: 7852: 7752: 7702: 7617: 7348: 7343: 6863: 6790: 6765: 6680: 6675: 6650: 6615: 6488: 6128: 6069: 5614: 5559: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5353: 5227: 5149: 4550:"Coca Chronicles Issue #2: Coca Leaf Progress at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs" 3450: 3317: 3209: 3155: 3107: 2665: 2660: 2624: 2352: 1849:

on September 19, 2006, he held a coca leaf in his hand to demonstrate its innocuity.

1830: 1661: 1019:

Traces of coca leaves found in northern Peru dates the communal chewing of coca with

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Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the

680: 442: 161: 4031: 3494: 3275: 3225: 3013: 2877: 2807: 2514:"Policía mexicana realiza el primer hallazgo de cultivos de coca en el sur del país" 1547: 7887: 7807: 7757: 7677: 7657: 7652: 7632: 7627: 7582: 7338: 7333: 7323: 7308: 7247: 6823: 6818: 6795: 6755: 6587: 6493: 6409: 6339: 6320: 6315: 6300: 6173: 6103: 6054: 5732: 5697: 5662: 5529: 5368: 5189: 5174: 4977: 4870: 4110: 3478: 3142:

Weil, AT (Mar–May 1981). "The therapeutic value of coca in contemporary medicine".

2739:"Inter- and Intra-specific Variation among Five Erythroxylum Taxa Assessed by AFLP" 2438: 2063: 1901: 1799: 1779: 1497: 1284: 1043: 1028: 962: 954: 933: 921: 687: 560: 503: 7521: 7516: 4153: 3090:

Jenkins, Amanda; Llosa, Teobaldo; Montoya, Ivan; Cone, Edward (February 9, 1996).

2228: 1773: 647:

plants into quotidian stimulant and medicinal crops now collectively called coca.

4248:"The Third Part of the Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley Being his Six Books of Plants" 3728: 2891: 2167:

Coca leaf is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the

1035:

dating 3,000 years back in northern Chile. Beginning with the Valdivian culture,

7857: 7842: 7827: 7797: 7792: 7737: 7722: 7717: 7692: 7647: 7637: 7622: 7602: 7592: 7587: 7491: 7453: 7099: 7019: 6750: 6720: 6670: 6625: 6542: 6522: 6498: 6334: 6305: 6270: 6193: 6183: 6178: 6153: 6089: 6059: 5931: 5911: 5858: 5800: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5742: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5687: 5682: 5647: 5539: 5494: 5413: 5373: 5320: 5217: 5184: 5116: 5028: 4957: 4885: 4711: 3606:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge World Archaeology. pp. 38–39, 279. 3519: 1957: 1883: 1856: 1720: 1653: 1638: 1517: 1388: 1296: 1144: 1123: 1091: 830:, which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant. 739: 604:

in a linear series. In addition, E. coca var. ipadu was separately derived from

4430:

Response to the 2007 Annual Report of the International Narcotics Control Board

1540:

leaves were also traditionally chewed in the same way in North America (modern

7837: 7822: 7812: 7762: 7732: 7727: 7697: 7687: 7612: 7577: 7358: 7265: 7242: 6971: 6961: 6888: 6878: 6853: 6848: 6833: 6760: 6740: 6735: 6690: 6630: 6620: 6610: 6577: 6433: 6423: 6414: 6404: 6399: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6295: 6280: 6250: 6226: 6211: 6203: 6198: 6168: 6138: 6123: 6108: 6049: 6039: 5921: 5916: 5906: 5868: 5863: 5830: 5825: 5795: 5787: 5677: 5594: 5564: 5554: 5504: 5499: 5403: 5363: 5305: 5300: 5285: 5222: 5212: 5164: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5088: 4927: 4759: 4675: 3442: 3427:

Dillehay; et al. (2010). "Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru".

3005: 2821: 2799: 2596: 2484: 2384: 2336: 1913: 1897: 1571: 1352: 1316: 1312: 1271: 1267: 1263: 672: 473: 404: 2861: 2834:

White, Dawson M.; Islam, Melissa B.; Mason-Gamer, Roberta J. (January 2019).

2393: 2344: 2284: 2276: 7872: 7847: 7712: 7682: 7672: 7597: 7463: 7313: 7303: 7237: 7227: 7074: 7064: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6483: 6389: 6374: 6359: 6310: 6265: 6084: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5853: 5810: 5737: 5657: 5652: 5642: 5627: 5599: 5579: 5574: 5544: 5519: 5509: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5330: 5315: 5310: 5242: 5179: 5159: 5111: 5080: 4998: 4904: 4843: 2678:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 614–615. 2114:. The Opium Law specifically mentions the leaves of the plants of the genus 2111: 2055: 1890:) indigenous community – started to produce a carbonated soft drink called " 1815: 1606: 1602: 1575: 1533: 1348: 1339:

through to the present. Coca leaves play a crucial part in offerings to the

1324: 1320: 1300: 1292: 1276: 1234: 1095: 1087: 1086:

praising its stimulating effects on cognition. This led to the invention of

1067: 1008: 668: 387: 344: 320: 24: 7137: 7132: 4572: 3977: 3958: 3942:"Coca: The History and Medical Significance of an Ancient Andean Tradition" 3914: 3809:

Harvard Study – Nutritional Value of Coca Leaf (Duke, Aulick, Plowman 1975)

3486: 3404: 3267: 2869: 2772: 2464: 2411: 2302: 1879: 1609:, burning quinoa stalks, or the bark from certain trees, and may be called 1245: 726:

was either created in a lab by a different technique or bred in the field.

4691:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" 4392:

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the international drug control treaties

4373:

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the international drug control treaties

4047: 3896: 3682: 3325: 3217: 3163: 3125: 7883: 7747: 7707: 7667: 7662: 7458: 7089: 7049: 6896: 6843: 6838: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6655: 6557: 6503: 6344: 6245: 6188: 5926: 5901: 5845: 5815: 5702: 5672: 5667: 5622: 5534: 5514: 5421: 5378: 5335: 5262: 5154: 5033: 5018: 5003: 4937: 4932: 4816: 4584: 3998:, Transnational Institute, Drugs & Conflict Debate Paper 13, May 2006 2754: 2446: 1961: 1891: 1821: 1792: 1676: 1489: 1185: 1167: 958: 827: 408: 340: 306: 295: 157: 4734:, M.D. 576 pp. And/Or Press San Francisco, 1974. This title has no ISBN. 3554: 1303:. Modern studies have supported a number of these medical applications. 7862: 7787: 7742: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7328: 7285: 7257: 7117: 7039: 7029: 6916: 6275: 6158: 6034: 5835: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5637: 5632: 5325: 5295: 5013: 5008: 2723: 2067: 1859:, which will be available in both natural and de-cocainized varieties. 1826: 1745: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1688: 1634: 1537: 1525: 1493: 1476: 1413: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1280: 1115: 1032: 970: 925: 764: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 703: 485: 364: 348: 328: 299: 149: 20: 4770: 2852: 2835: 798: 309:

peoples in different areas of South America independently transformed

7867: 7817: 7802: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7318: 6255: 6239: 6235: 6231: 5767: 5692: 5280: 5275: 5270: 4911: 4854: 1905: 1868: 1665: 1622: 1588: 1567: 1529: 1509: 1288: 1031:) 8,000 years back. Other evidence of coca traces have been found in 1024: 823: 811: 423: 419: 367:. It also plays a fundamental role in many traditional Amazonian and 356: 336: 123: 3179:"Letter from the Director – National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)" 2715: 2122:

is not actively prosecuted, even though they are legally forbidden.

1075:

starvation, but it is not clear that this was planned deliberately.

1554:

is used to improve extraction when chewing coca (Museo de la Coca,

1279:. Indigenous use of coca has also been reported as a treatment for 675:. Glyphosate is a key ingredient in the multibillion-dollar aerial 359:, by using seeds imported from South America, as an alternative to 291:, native to western South America. Coca is known worldwide for its 16:

Group of plant varieties cultivated for coca and cocaine production

7642: 7562: 6911: 6828: 6547: 6384: 6009: 5964: 5290: 4952: 4898: 1784: 1772: 1704: 1555: 1546: 1244: 1154: 1149: 1056: 998: 987: 920: 807: 797: 477: 434: 415: 137: 127: 1691:

smell and a brownish color, and lack the pungent taste. See also

6458: 6004: 5984: 5805: 2054:, has involved many strategies, ranging from aerial spraying of 1513: 1344: 1340: 1140: 1110: 1051: 1004: 861: 852: 715: 694:

to enhance this trait through tireless effort, or the plant was

481: 438: 395:, which can fairly easily extract the alkaloids from the plant. 352: 261: 237: 5053: 4774: 2098:

The primary organization authorized to purchase coca leaves is

249: 3657:"International traffic in coca through the early 20th century" 1714: 1672: 1652:, on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia, coca is consumed by the 1382: 1364: 1180:

and for longer periods. Some historians believe that coca and

1090:

and the first production of pure cocaine. Coca wine (of which

733: 566:

An initial theory of the origin and evolution of the cocas by

454:

There are two species of coca crops, each with two varieties:

5049: 226: 4602:"Swill: We Drank a Bottle of Coca Leaf Liqueur, For Science" 4585:

Failed States and failed policies: how to stop the drug wars

4449:

Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007

4411:

Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007

4354:

Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007

4008: 2150:

throughout the States and Territories of the United States.

833:

The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (

2568: 2566: 544: 177: 4229:. W. Golden Mortimer, M.D. Ed. J. H. Vail & Co, 1901. 3241:"Coca tea consumption causes positive urine cocaine assay" 3092:"Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea" 3070:"Illicit Production of Cocaine – [www.rhodium.ws]" 1351:(the earth). Coca leaves are also often read in a form of 4439:, International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC), March 2008 1952:

Coca leaf is the raw material for the manufacture of the

1845:"—the coca leaf is not cocaine. During his speech to the 214: 4643:"Importers Notice of Registration – 2011" 4401:, Supplement to the INCB Annual Report for 1994 (Part 1) 4382:, Supplement to the INCB Annual Report for 1994 (Part 3) 4305:, UNGASS 10-year review website, Transnational Institute 4032:

Peruvian Drug Control Agency: Coca Cola Buys Coca Leaves

2179:

Coca leaf is a controlled narcotic drug in India by the

2118:. However, the possession of living plants of the genus 1007:

prepared coca leaves. This product was mainly traded in

667:

is a relatively new form of coca that is resistant to a

553:

All four of the cultivated cocas were domesticated from

203: 190: 2822:

Tracing the Evolutionary History of Coca (Erythroxylum)

1562:

One option for chewing coca is with a tiny quantity of

4623:"COCA, DRUGS AND SOCIAL PROTEST IN BOLIVIA AND PERU". 4525:"Coca Chronicles: Bolivia Challenges UN Coca Leaf Ban" 4468:

Letter Evo Morales to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon

4200:"Bolivia banks on 'Coca Colla,' fizzy coca-leaf drink" 3513:"NIDA research monograph #13: Cocaine 1977, Chapter I" 3367:"Report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf" 4481:"Objections and support for Bolivia's coca amendment" 4317:, Bulletin on Narcotics – 1949 Issue 1 3996:

Coca Yes, Cocaine No? Legal Options for the Coca Leaf

3053:"Coca Cultivation and Cocaine Processing:An Overview" 2692:

11(1-2): 103-117. DOI: 10.1080/02791072.1979.10472095

2425:

Plowman, T (1979). "Botanical Perspectives on Coca".

3856:"UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1952 Issue 2 - 008" 3340:"UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1952 Issue 2 - 008" 1228:

Coca use after the Spanish invasion and colonization

7555: 7482: 7284: 7256: 7098: 6970: 6887: 6804: 5940: 5887: 5844: 5786: 5613: 5445: 5412: 5344: 5261: 5198: 5125: 5087: 4991: 4920: 4808: 4706: 4704: 2688:Plowman T. 1979. "Botanical Perspectives on Coca". 1367:, if masticated (chewed) and thrown upon them (see 167: 143: 133: 119: 68: 44: 4167: 1570:plant) added to the coca leaves; it softens their 5955:1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 4495:"Aprueban denuncia contra la Convención de Viena" 2925:"The Mystery of the Coca Plant That Wouldn't Die" 1536:in South/Southeast Asia & the Pacific Basin. 1266:and analgesic to alleviate the pain of headache, 547:. and export by Coca-Cola for beverage flavoring. 386:leaves was measured ranging from 0.23% to 0.96%. 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 2824:. Boulder: University of Colorado, Boulder; 2011 822:). In 2014, coca plantations were discovered in 6980:1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 4233:'s poem "A Legend of Coca" : in chapter I 3027:The discovery of Mexico's first coca plantation 2314: 2312: 1578:. Other names for this basifying substance are 1109:In the early 20th century, the Dutch colony of 588:is derived from it to be drought tolerant, and 4728:History of Coca. The Divine Plant of the Incas 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 2321:"Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru" 2181:Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1633:), which is made from quinoa ashes mixed with 612:when plants were taken into the Amazon basin. 5065: 4786: 4712:https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 992:Coquero (Figure Chewing Coca), 850–1500 C.E. 846: 840: 834: 502:(Amazonian Coca) – cultivated in the lowland 8: 4330:The resolution of ambiguities regarding coca 4057:Agwa de Bolivia herbal liqueur official site 2372:Tropical Diseases, Travel Drugs and Vaccines 284:is any of the four cultivated plants in the 7952:Crops originating from indigenous Americans 4689:Branch, Legislative Services (2019-06-21). 3832:(in Spanish). Banrep.gov.co. Archived from 3506: 3504: 2130:Like cocaine, coca is controlled under the 1327:) and nutrients such as protein and fiber. 5072: 5058: 5050: 4793: 4779: 4771: 4573:Transnational Institute – Coca Myths, 2009 4315:The Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf 4009:"ENACO - Empresa Nacional de la Coca S.A." 3991: 3989: 3987: 3631:. Mayfield Publishing Company. p. 6. 3541: 3539: 3374:United Nations Economic and Social Council 2497:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1679:taste. They are traditionally chewed with 1484:). A few leaves are chosen to form a quid 1011:, and was further processed into cocaine ( 845:), or if the ground is level, in furrows ( 50: 3967: 3957: 3904: 3885:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3672: 3115: 2851: 2762: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2401: 2383: 2292: 1761:Learn how and when to remove this message 1429:Learn how and when to remove this message 780:Learn how and when to remove this message 4645:. deaDiversion.usdoj.gov. Archived from 3733:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. 3694: 3692: 3650: 3648: 978:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 4325: 4323: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3137: 3135: 2208: 1295:, to guard against bowel laxity, as an 874: 29:Corpus of Contemporary American English 4483:. Transnational Institute. March 2011. 4303:Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf 4235:An introduction to the history of coca 4202:. AFP. 10 January 2010. Archived from 4131:"Chavez admits to chewing coca leaves" 3828:Museo del Oro, Banco de la Republica. 3511:Robert C. Petersen, Ph.D. (May 1977). 2618:Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears 2490: 2469:(1a ed.). São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 2066:. The environmental problems include " 2016:international drug control treaties." 1964:, cocaine is best known as an illegal 1948:International prohibition of coca leaf 1928:'s posthumously published Latin work, 1847:General Assembly of the United Nations 1625:area of Bolivia is a product known as 1461:(Northwest Argentina), or in Bolivia, 1161:Coca use in labor and military service 1118:, these were relatively unsuccessful. 928:, the psychoactive constituent of coca 860:) are spread in thin layers on coarse 433:The leaves are sometimes eaten by the 41: 4332:, Transnational Institute, March 2008 4272:"Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs" 2737:Johnson, E; Zhang D; Emche S (2005). 2612: 2610: 2009:International Narcotics Control Board 718:surrounding it. Joshua Davis, in the 7: 2969:"Coca production | Colombia Reports" 2896:. Cambridge University Press. 2011. 2458: 2456: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 1743:adding citations to reliable sources 1411:adding citations to reliable sources 762:adding citations to reliable sources 476:Coca) – well adapted to the eastern 378:The cocaine alkaloid content of dry 222:(Special prescription form required) 7912:Crops originating from the Americas 4169:"Evo Morales launches 'Coca Colla'" 2943:"South American Cocaine Production" 2198:Illegal drug trade in Latin America 2047:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1977:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1833:, that was launched in March 2008. 1566:(a preparation of the ashes of the 1122:also the inspiration for Bolivia's 3727:von Hagen, Adriana (4 June 2015). 3260:10.1097/01.mej.0000224424.36444.19 3177:National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2557:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086511 1956:cocaine, a powerful stimulant and 14: 7937:Medicinal plants of South America 2994:Journal of Latin American Studies 2193:Alcohol and Drugs History Society 1664:by using a special device called 5950:1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 4154:Bolivia and Peru Defend Coca Use 3210:10.1097/00005537-199901000-00019 2973:Colombia News | Colombia Reports 2652: 2575:"How Coca-Cola Obtains Its Coca" 1719: 1387: 1249:Man holding coca leaf in Bolivia 901: 889: 877: 738: 6869:2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine 6563:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine 4762:, Transnational Institute (TNI) 4180:from the original on 2022-01-12 3940:Biondich AS, Joslin JD (2016). 2217:Drug Enforcement Administration 2148:Drug Enforcement Administration 1862:In Venezuela, former president 1730:needs additional citations for 1398:needs additional citations for 749:needs additional citations for 690:" network of coca farmers used 545:Empresa Nacional de la Coca S.A 7927:Flora of western South America 7459:Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) 6065:2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 4710:Poisons Standard October 2015 3784:"Coca leaf: Myths and Reality" 3479:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399820 2967:colombiareports (2019-08-08). 2690:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2573:May, Clifford D (1988-07-01). 2439:10.1080/02791072.1979.10472095 1807:Commercial and industrial uses 1683:or some other reagent such as 1299:, and credited with improving 1208:. While the indigenous author 488:, an area of humid, tropical, 1: 4756:Transnational Institute (TNI) 4548:Jelsma, Martin; Walsh, John. 4523:Walsh, John; Jelsma, Martin. 4111:Statement of Evo Morales Aima 3674:10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00157-9 3548:"Coca: the plant and its use" 3467:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 3042:"in La Prensa 17 August 2020" 2366:Bauer, Irmgard (2019-11-26). 2011:(INCB) – the independent and 1979:. The coca leaf is listed on 1582:in Peru and the Spanish word 1196:Coca use in religious rituals 1036: 651:Herbicide resistant varieties 7932:Herbal and fungal stimulants 4754:Coca leaf: Myths and Reality 4501:. 2011-06-23. Archived from 3318:10.1016/0379-0738(91)90171-e 3156:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90064-7 3144:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3108:10.1016/0379-0738(95)01860-3 2463:Ramos, Danilo Paiva (2018). 2427:Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 1873:Venezuelan National Assembly 1650:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 1496:and novocaine belong to the 869:Morphology of the coca plant 698:in a laboratory. In 1996, a 373:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 7942:Crops originating from Peru 7568:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine 7108:2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine 6995:3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 6990:2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 3661:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 3627:Inciardi, James A. (1992). 2931:, vol. 12, no. 11 1936:in 1689). In the series of 1783:served in a coffee shop in 1698:Erythroxylum novogranatense 1206:religion in the Inca Empire 1050:period, and the subsequent 794:Coca production in Colombia 626:Erythroxylum novogranatense 598:Erythroxylum novogranatense 590:Erythroxylum novogranatense 581:Erythroxylum novogranatense 533:Erythroxylum novogranatense 519:Erythroxylum novogranatense 513:Erythroxylum novogranatense 403:The coca plant resembles a 106:Erythroxylum novogranatense 97:Erythroxylum novogranatense 57:Erythroxylum novogranatense 7968: 6568:N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine 4760:Unscheduling the coca leaf 4625:International Crisis Group 4342:Status of treaty adherence 2840:American Journal of Botany 2087: 1790: 1601:), can be made by burning 791: 422:are heart-shaped, and the 18: 7881: 7276:Phenylpiracetam hydrazide 5140:8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 3879:Al-Mugahed, Leen (2008). 3830:"Museo del Oro, Colombia" 3730:Encyclopedia of the Incas 3604:The Ancient Central Andes 3602:Quilter, Jeffrey (2022). 3443:10.1017/S0003598X00067004 3006:10.1017/s0022216x08004380 2800:10.1007/s12042-011-9070-9 2466:Círculos de coca e fumaça 2385:10.1186/s40794-019-0095-7 2337:10.1017/S0003598X00067004 2033:World Health Organization 1574:flavor and activates the 1214:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa 622:Erythroxylum cataractarum 596:was further derived from 363:its recreational product 49: 5605:Phthalimidopropiophenone 4724:20 (6), 1403–1405 (1981) 4068:"The Cola from Red Bull" 3579:"Tairona Heritage Trust" 2947:www.culturalsurvival.org 2137:In the United States, a 2132:Controlled Substance Act 1262:. It also is used as an 939:methylecgonine cinnamate 570:and Bohm suggested that 333:Alto Rio Negro Territory 319:The plant is grown as a 268:Narcotic Schedule I 7010:4-Methylmethylphenidate 7005:4-Fluoromethylphenidate 6119:β-Phenylmethamphetamine 6075:5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 6010:4-Fluoromethamphetamine 5965:2-Fluoromethamphetamine 5570:Methylenedioxycathinone 4695:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 4252:cowley.lib.virginia.edu 4036:The Narco News Bulletin 3854:ZAPATA-ORTIZ, Vicente. 2675:Encyclopædia Britannica 2601:Transnational Institute 2094:Legal status of cocaine 1641:is used under the name 1363:to soften the veins of 1135:Ethnohistorical sources 1104:University of Göttingen 917:Pharmacological aspects 645:Erythroxylum gracilipes 638:Erythroxylum gracilipes 634:Erythroxylum gracilipes 618:Erythroxylum gracilipes 556:Erythroxylum gracilipes 312:Erythroxylum gracilipes 7334:Dichloropane (RTI-111) 6144:3-Benzhydrylmorpholine 6114:β-Methylphenethylamine 5990:3-Fluoroethamphetamine 5975:2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 4892:Mandragora officinarum 4631:: 39. 18 January 2005. 3546:Eleanor Carroll, M.A. 3399:. 151 Suppl B: B44-8. 2923:Davis, Joshua (2004), 2788:Tropical Plant Biology 2277:10.1093/sysbio/syaa074 1788: 1559: 1250: 1016: 996: 929: 847: 841: 835: 803: 375:in northern Colombia. 37:Cocoa (disambiguation) 7449:Salicylmethylecgonine 7085:Serdexmethylphenidate 6814:3-Fluorophenmetrazine 6513:Dextromethamphetamine 6459:MDMA (midomafetamine) 6045:a-Ethylphenethylamine 5455:3-Fluoromethcathinone 5127:Adenosine antagonists 4749:Shared Responsibility 3897:10.2471/BLT.08.011008 3285:on September 10, 2013 1932:(1668; translated as 1871:to his audience, the 1843:la coca no es cocaína 1776: 1550: 1528:in North America and 1248: 1188:construction such as 1130:Coca use by the Incas 1002: 991: 924: 802:Coca tree in Colombia 801: 702:glyphosate-resistant 506:in Peru and Colombia. 450:Species and evolution 33:Coca (disambiguation) 7783:Naphthylaminopropane 7294:4-fluorotropacocaine 6385:5-Iodo-2-aminoindane 6380:4-Hydroxyamphetamine 6217:Dimethoxyamphetamine 5995:3-Methoxyamphetamine 5346:Arylcyclohexylamines 5145:8-Phenyltheophylline 5135:8-Chlorotheophylline 3959:10.1155/2016/4048764 3583:www.taironatrust.org 2630:The Washington Times 2524:on 10 September 2017 2512:De la Cruz, Manuel. 1739:improve this article 1407:improve this article 758:improve this article 696:genetically modified 578:is ancestral, while 393:acid–base extraction 6874:Pseudophenmetrazine 6686:Phenylpropanolamine 6606:-Norpseudoephedrine 6573:Naphthylamphetamine 6517:Levomethamphetamine 6444:MDA (tenamfetamine) 6286:Ethylnorepinephrine 6222:Dimethylamphetamine 6005:4-Fluoroamphetamine 6000:3-Methylamphetamine 5985:3-Fluoroamphetamine 5960:2-Fluoroamphetamine 5233:Levopropylhexedrine 4802:Ancient anaesthesia 4766:Coca leaf news page 4206:on January 15, 2010 4176:. 10 January 2010. 3629:The War on Drugs II 2551:. London: 641–659. 2231:on October 25, 2014 2143:Maywood, New Jersey 1970:Argentine Northwest 1934:Six Books of Plants 1930:Plantarum libri sex 1920:Literary references 1916:in mid-April 2010. 1685:bicarbonate of soda 1465:, derived from the 1210:Pedro Cieza de León 1173:Pedro Cieza de León 967:dihydrocuscohygrine 951:hydroxytropacocaine 908:Leaves and branches 325:Argentine Northwest 199:(Controlled plants) 7922:Flora of the Andes 7059:Dexmethylphenidate 7045:Isopropylphenidate 7000:4-Benzylpiperidine 6985:2-Benzylpiperidine 6395:Indanylamphetamine 5490:4-Methylpentedrone 5475:4-Methylbuphedrone 4732:W. Golden Mortimer 4454:2008-09-10 at the 4435:2008-07-24 at the 4416:2008-09-10 at the 4397:2008-05-14 at the 4378:2008-05-14 at the 4359:2008-09-10 at the 4116:2008-03-07 at the 4098:2013-09-27 at the 4053:2009-02-15 at the 4038:, January 28, 2005 3655:Musto, DF (1998). 2949:. 19 February 2010 2755:10.1093/aob/mci062 2579:The New York Times 2265:Systematic Biology 2219:(April 23, 2013). 1789: 1560: 1357:reading tea leaves 1251: 1072:Philip II of Spain 1017: 997: 930: 816:Dominican Republic 804: 692:selective breeding 145:Active ingredients 63:leaves and berries 7894: 7893: 7833:Rubidium chloride 7304:Altropane (IACFT) 7218:Indapyrophenidone 7040:Methylnaphthidate 6806:Phenylmorpholines 6726:Propylamphetamine 6605: 6417: 6206: 6094:Dextroamphetamine 5585:N-Ethylbuphedrone 5525:Dimethylcathinone 5480:4-Methylcathinone 5238:Methylhexaneamine 5047: 5046: 4874:(devil's trumpet) 4825:Atropa belladonna 3613:978-0-367-48151-3 2903:978-0-521-74509-3 2853:10.1002/ajb2.1224 2704:Systematic Botany 2603:. 1 January 2015. 2476:978-85-7715-555-2 1966:recreational drug 1771: 1770: 1763: 1694:Erythroxylum coca 1605:to form unslaked 1522:Arabian Peninsula 1502:local anesthetics 1439: 1438: 1431: 1260:altitude sickness 1027:mineral, not the 1013:Dutch East Indies 934:pharmacologically 826:, and in 2020 in 820:Mayorasgo de Koka 790: 789: 782: 630:Erythroxylum coca 572:Erythroxylum coca 527:E. novogranatense 496:Erythroxylum coca 466:Erythroxylum coca 460:Erythroxylum coca 380:Erythroxylum coca 279: 278: 265: 253: 241: 229: 217: 206: 194: 186:(Controlled drug) 181: 134:Geographic origin 86:Erythroxylum coca 77:Erythroxylum coca 7959: 7314:CFT (WIN 35,428) 7299:4'-Fluorococaine 7163:Diphenylprolinol 7030:Ethylnaphthidate 7025:Diphenylpyraline 6666:Phenpromethamine 6603: 6538:Methoxyphenamine 6528:Methoxyphenamine 6429:Lisdexamfetamine 6415: 6329:Levofenfluramine 6204: 6164:Chlorphentermine 5897:4-Methylaminorex 5590:N-Ethylhexedrone 5074: 5067: 5060: 5051: 4879:Hyoscyamus niger 4809:Plants / animals 4795: 4788: 4781: 4772: 4714: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4674:. Archived from 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4598: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4446: 4440: 4427: 4421: 4408: 4402: 4389: 4383: 4370: 4364: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4277:. Archived from 4276: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4102: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4070:. Archived from 4064: 4058: 4045: 4039: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4012:www.enaco.com.pe 4005: 3999: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3921:on 10 March 2016 3917:. Archived from 3908: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3825: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3790:. 5 August 2014. 3780: 3745: 3744: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3699: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3676: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3553:. Archived from 3552: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3518:. Archived from 3517: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3437:(326): 939–953. 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3306:Forensic Sci Int 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3278:. Archived from 3245: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3096:Forensic Sci Int 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2855: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2766: 2743:Annals of Botany 2734: 2728: 2727: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2634: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2545:Annals of Botany 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2520:. Archived from 2509: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2433:(1–2): 103–117. 2422: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2387: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2331:(326): 939–953. 2316: 2307: 2306: 2296: 2256: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2227:. Archived from 2225:Internet Archive 2213: 2169:Poisons Standard 2052:coca eradication 1766: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1723: 1715: 1453:, borrowed from 1434: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1391: 1383: 1241:Traditional uses 1202:Spanish conquest 1084:Paolo Mantegazza 1041: 1038: 905: 896:Leaves and fruit 893: 881: 850: 844: 838: 785: 778: 774: 771: 765: 742: 734: 708:Monsanto Company 706:was marketed by 677:coca eradication 305:Different early- 263: 260: 251: 248: 239: 236: 228: 225: 216: 213: 205: 202: 192: 189: 179: 176: 120:Part(s) of plant 54: 42: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7877: 7778:Methiopropamine 7551: 7478: 7404:RTI-121 (IPCIT) 7280: 7271:Phenylpiracetam 7252: 7094: 7080:Propylphenidate 7055:Methylphenidate 7015:Desoxypipradrol 6966: 6883: 6859:Phendimetrazine 6800: 6776:Tranylcypromine 6731:Pseudoephedrine 6598:Normetanephrine 6593:Norfenfluramine 6509:Methamphetamine 6325:Dexfenfluramine 6098:Levoamphetamine 6080:2-Aminotetralin 5942:Phenethylamines 5936: 5883: 5840: 5782: 5609: 5550:Isoethcathinone 5441: 5408: 5340: 5257: 5248:Propylhexedrine 5194: 5121: 5083: 5078: 5048: 5043: 4987: 4916: 4804: 4799: 4745: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4672:www.youtube.com 4666: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4470:, March 8, 2008 4466: 4462: 4458:, paragraph 219 4456:Wayback Machine 4447: 4443: 4437:Wayback Machine 4428: 4424: 4420:, paragraph 217 4418:Wayback Machine 4409: 4405: 4399:Wayback Machine 4390: 4386: 4380:Wayback Machine 4371: 4367: 4363:, paragraph 220 4361:Wayback Machine 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4118:Wayback Machine 4109: 4105: 4100:Wayback Machine 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4074:on June 3, 2013 4066: 4065: 4061: 4055:Wayback Machine 4046: 4042: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3985: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3837: 3827: 3826: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3748: 3741: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3397:Ann Med Interne 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3248:Eur J Emerg Med 3243: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3150:(2–3): 367–76. 3141: 3140: 3133: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3021: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2716:10.2307/2418321 2701: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2683: 2668:, ed. (1911). " 2664: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2637: 2616:Benson, Drew. " 2615: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2572: 2571: 2564: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2489: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2258: 2257: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2221:"Coca: History" 2215: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2156: 2128: 2108: 2096: 2090:Coca in Bolivia 2086: 2075:Agwa de Bolivia 1950: 1942:Patrick O'Brian 1922: 1839: 1809: 1795: 1767: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1736: 1724: 1713: 1542:chewing tobacco 1467:Aymara language 1435: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1404: 1392: 1381: 1337:pre-Inca period 1333: 1309: 1256: 1243: 1230: 1198: 1163: 1137: 1132: 1039: 1015:, before 1940). 994:Brooklyn Museum 986: 943:benzoylecgonine 919: 914: 913: 912: 909: 906: 897: 894: 885: 882: 871: 870: 851:) in carefully 796: 786: 775: 769: 766: 755: 743: 732: 712:Boliviana negra 665:Boliviana negra 653: 452: 401: 371:as well as the 369:Andean cultures 289:Erythroxylaceae 275: 154:benzoylecgonine 115: 104: 84: 69:Source plant(s) 64: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7965: 7963: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7899: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7773:Methastyridone 7770: 7768:Methamnetamine 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7573:Amfonelic acid 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7319:β-CIT (RTI-55) 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7035:Ethylphenidate 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6745:Levosalbutamol 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6583:Norepinephrine 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Etilamfetamine 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5359:Dieticyclidine 5356: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5253:Tuaminoheptane 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5208:Cyclopentamine 5204: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5170:Istradefylline 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4901: 4896: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4863:Datura innoxia 4859: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4821: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4744: 4743:External links 4741: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4722:Phytochemistry 4716: 4715: 4700: 4681: 4678:on 2014-06-01. 4659: 4634: 4615: 4593: 4577: 4565: 4540: 4515: 4486: 4472: 4460: 4441: 4422: 4403: 4384: 4365: 4346: 4334: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4284:on May 9, 2008 4263: 4239: 4231:Abraham Cowley 4217: 4191: 4159: 4146: 4122: 4103: 4085: 4059: 4040: 4024: 4000: 3983: 3932: 3891:(10): 741–42. 3871: 3846: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3746: 3739: 3719: 3700: 3688: 3667:(2): 145–156. 3644: 3637: 3619: 3612: 3594: 3570: 3535: 3500: 3473:(4): 455–458. 3456: 3419: 3410: 3387: 3376:: 31. May 1950 3358: 3349: 3331: 3296: 3231: 3188: 3169: 3131: 3102:(3): 179–189. 3082: 3061: 3044: 3033: 3019: 3000:(3): 399–421. 2984: 2959: 2934: 2915: 2902: 2883: 2846:(1): 154–165. 2826: 2813: 2778: 2749:(4): 601–608. 2729: 2710:(2): 121–133. 2694: 2681: 2666:Chisholm, Hugh 2635: 2623:2012-05-30 at 2606: 2588: 2562: 2535: 2504: 2475: 2452: 2417: 2358: 2308: 2242: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2139:Stepan Company 2127: 2124: 2107: 2104: 2085: 2082: 2013:quasi-judicial 1949: 1946: 1938:Aubrey–Maturin 1926:Abraham Cowley 1921: 1918: 1838: 1835: 1808: 1805: 1791:Main article: 1769: 1768: 1727: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1469:. The Spanish 1437: 1436: 1395: 1393: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1373:Inca mythology 1361:Cerro de Pasco 1347:(the sun), or 1332: 1329: 1308: 1305: 1255: 1252: 1242: 1239: 1229: 1226: 1197: 1194: 1162: 1159: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1100:Albert Niemann 1064:state monopoly 1040: 3000 BC 985: 982: 918: 915: 911: 910: 907: 900: 898: 895: 888: 886: 883: 876: 873: 872: 868: 867: 866: 788: 787: 746: 744: 737: 731: 728: 724:Bolivana negra 661:la millionaria 655:Also known as 652: 649: 632:from ancestor 594:novogranatense 551: 550: 549: 548: 530: 523:novogranatense 509: 508: 507: 493: 490:montane forest 451: 448: 400: 397: 277: 276: 274: 273: 270: 258: 246: 234: 223: 211: 200: 187: 173: 171: 165: 164: 147: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 121: 117: 116: 114: 113: 101:novogranatense 93: 72: 70: 66: 65: 61:novogranatense 55: 47: 46: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7964: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7947:Masticatories 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:Thiopropamine 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7753:Meclofenoxate 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703:Hexacyclonate 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618:Centanafadine 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7354:Ioflupane (I) 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7070:Phacetoperane 7068: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Phenmetrazine 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Xylopropamine 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766:Theodrenaline 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6681:Phenylephrine 6679: 6677: 6676:Phenylalanine 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616:Orciprenaline 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6489:Mephentermine 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Benzphetamine 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070:2-Aminoindane 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:Methcathinone 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399:Tenocyclidine 5397: 5395: 5394:Rolicyclidine 5392: 5390: 5389:Phencyclidine 5387: 5385: 5384:Phencyclamine 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354:Benocyclidine 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5228:Isometheptene 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5150:Aminophylline 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4866:(thorn-apple) 4865: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4649:on 2013-06-15 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4604:. 3 July 2015 4603: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4589:The Economist 4586: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4516: 4505:on 2012-01-20 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4086: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946:Emerg Med Int 3943: 3936: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3861: 3860:www.unodc.org 3857: 3850: 3847: 3836:on 2013-05-11 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740:9780759123632 3736: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638:1-55934-016-9 3634: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3560:on 2007-09-26 3556: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3525:on 2009-09-29 3521: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3388: 3375: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3344:www.unodc.org 3341: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3204:(1): 98–102. 3203: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 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2409: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2126:United States 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2007:However, the 2005: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1831:Red Bull Cola 1828: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1765: 1762: 1754: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1728:This section 1726: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1689:camphoraceous 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1474:woven pouch ( 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1433: 1430: 1422: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1396:This section 1394: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1355:analogous to 1354: 1350: 1346: 1343:(mountains), 1342: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291:, to improve 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 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429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 398: 396: 394: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 301: 297: 294: 290: 287: 283: 271: 269: 259: 257: 247: 245: 235: 233: 224: 221: 212: 210: 201: 198: 188: 185: 175: 174: 172: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 112: 111: 107: 102: 98: 94: 92: 91: 87: 82: 78: 74: 73: 71: 67: 62: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7808:Oxaprotiline 7758:Medifoxamine 7678:Fenpentadiol 7658:Dimethocaine 7653:Diclofensine 7633:Cropropamide 7628:Clofenciclan 7583:Amiphenazole 7537:7-Methyl-αET 7532:6-Fluoro-αMT 7512:5-Fluoro-αMT 7507:5-Chloro-αMT 7502:4-Methyl-αMT 7497:4-Methyl-αET 7339:Difluoropine 7324:Cocaethylene 7309:Brasofensine 7248:Pyrovalerone 7100:Pyrrolidines 6824:Fenmetramide 6819:Fenbutrazate 6796:Zylofuramine 6756:Solriamfetol 6588:Norfenefrine 6494:Metanephrine 6420:(Selegiline) 6410:Isoprenaline 6340:Feprosidnine 6321:Fenfluramine 6316:Fenethylline 6301:Famprofazone 6174:Cinnamedrine 6104:Amphetaminil 6055:Amfepentorex 5733:Sazetidine A 5698:Ispronicline 5663:Bradanicline 5615:Cholinergics 5530:Ethcathinone 5414:Benzazepines 5369:Eticyclidine 5190:Theophylline 5175:Paraxanthine 4978:Theophrastus 4903: 4890: 4877: 4871:Datura metel 4869: 4861: 4853: 4848: 4828:(belladonna) 4823: 4815: 4727: 4721: 4694: 4684: 4676:the original 4671: 4662: 4651:. 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Retrieved 2229:the original 2211: 2178: 2166: 2157: 2136: 2129: 2120:Erythroxylon 2119: 2116:Erythroxylon 2115: 2109: 2097: 2084:Legal status 2079: 2072: 2064:War on Drugs 2060: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1974: 1951: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1902:energy drink 1896: 1877: 1861: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1800:Mate de coca 1798: 1796: 1780:mate de coca 1778: 1757: 1748: 1737:Please help 1732:verification 1729: 1703: 1692: 1670: 1647: 1642: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1563: 1561: 1551: 1506: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1425: 1416: 1405:Please help 1400:verification 1397: 1368: 1334: 1310: 1257: 1231: 1222: 1218:Bernabé Cobo 1199: 1190:Sacsayhuamán 1181: 1176: 1166: 1164: 1148: 1145:staple crops 1138: 1120: 1108: 1081: 1077: 1061: 1044:Huaca Prieta 1029:citrus fruit 1018: 975: 963:cuscohygrine 955:tropacocaine 931: 857: 832: 805: 776: 767: 756:Please help 751:verification 748: 723: 719: 711: 688:peer-to-peer 685: 660: 656: 654: 644: 642: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 579: 575: 571: 565: 561:Huaca Prieta 554: 552: 536: 532: 526: 522: 518: 511: 504:Amazon Basin 499: 495: 469: 465: 458: 453: 441: 432: 413: 402: 383: 379: 377: 318: 310: 304: 293:psychoactive 281: 280: 169:Legal status 109: 105: 100: 96: 89: 85: 80: 76: 60: 56: 7858:Thiothinone 7843:Tametraline 7828:Rauwolscine 7798:Nomifensine 7793:Nikethamide 7738:Lomevactone 7723:JNJ-7925476 7718:Indatraline 7693:GSK1360707F 7648:Desipramine 7638:Crotetamide 7623:Ciclazindol 7603:Benzydamine 7593:Atomoxetine 7588:Atipamezole 7484:Tryptamines 7454:Tesofensine 7020:Difemetorex 6972:Piperidines 6889:Piperazines 6751:Sibutramine 6721:Prenylamine 6671:Phentermine 6626:Oxifentorex 6523:Methoxamine 6499:Metaraminol 6335:Fenproporex 6306:Fencamfamin 6271:Epinephrine 6194:Clortermine 6184:Clobenzorex 6179:Clenbuterol 6154:Camfetamine 6090:Amphetamine 6060:Amidephrine 5932:Thozalinone 5912:Cyclazodone 5859:Armodafinil 5821:Pentetrazol 5801:Bicuculline 5788:Convulsants 5778:WAY-317,538 5773:Varenicline 5763:Tebanicline 5743:SSR-180,711 5728:Rivanicline 5723:Pozanicline 5718:PNU-282,987 5713:PNU-120,596 5708:PHA-543,613 5688:Epiboxidine 5683:Epibatidine 5648:Altinicline 5540:Flephedrone 5495:Amfepramone 5374:Gacyclidine 5218:Cyprodenate 5200:Alkylamines 5185:Theobromine 5117:Rimantadine 5089:Adamantanes 5029:Hyoscyamine 4968:Sabuncuoğlu 4958:Hippocrates 4948:Dioscorides 4886:Lactucarium 4837:medical use 4499:Los Tiempos 3952:: 4048764. 2794:: 126–133. 2597:"Coca Leaf" 2271:(1): 1–13. 2106:Netherlands 1958:anaesthetic 1864:Hugo Chávez 1857:Vin Mariani 1853:Alan García 1837:New markets 1639:baking soda 1627:lejía dulce 1518:East Africa 1498:amino ester 1297:aphrodisiac 1200:Due to the 1124:Coca Museum 1092:Vin Mariani 1003:Workers in 730:Cultivation 602:truxillense 586:truxillense 537:truxillense 399:Description 256:Schedule II 110:truxillense 7917:Entheogens 7901:Categories 7838:Setazindol 7823:Rasagiline 7813:PNU-99,194 7763:Mefexamide 7733:Leptacline 7728:Lazabemide 7698:GYKI-52895 7688:Gilutensin 7613:BTS 74,398 7578:Amineptine 7527:5-MeO-DIPT 7359:Norcocaine 7349:FP-β-CPPIT 7344:FE-β-CPPIT 7266:Oxiracetam 7243:Prolintane 6962:Vanoxerine 6879:Radafaxine 6854:PD-128,907 6849:Oxaflozane 6834:Manifaxine 6761:Synephrine 6741:Salbutamol 6736:Ropinirole 6691:Pholedrine 6631:Oxilofrine 6621:Ortetamine 6611:Octopamine 6578:Nisoxetine 6434:Lophophine 6424:Lefetamine 6405:Isoetarine 6400:Iofetamine 6365:Hexapradol 6355:Furfenorex 6350:Formetorex 6296:Etilefrine 6281:Etafedrine 6251:Dopexamine 6236:Dextrodopa 6227:Dobutamine 6212:Denopamine 6199:Cypenamine 6169:Cilobamine 6124:Benfluorex 6109:Arbutamine 6050:Amfecloral 6040:Alfetamine 5922:Fluminorex 5917:Fenozolone 5907:Clominorex 5889:Oxazolines 5869:CRL-40,941 5864:CRL-40,940 5831:Strychnine 5826:Picrotoxin 5796:Anatoxin-a 5678:Dianicline 5595:Pentedrone 5565:Methedrone 5555:Mephedrone 5505:Buphedrone 5500:Benzedrone 5447:Cathinones 5404:Tiletamine 5364:Esketamine 5306:LY-503,430 5301:LY-404,187 5223:Heptaminol 5213:Cypenamine 5165:Dimethazan 5107:Bromantane 5102:Amantadine 5097:Adapromine 5081:Stimulants 5039:Salicylate 4908:(saw-wort) 4895:(mandrake) 4653:2012-11-09 4591:, May 2009 4559:2024-07-11 4534:2024-07-11 4509:2011-06-23 4257:2022-01-21 4210:22 January 4184:22 January 4140:2018-10-06 3865:2018-06-20 3840:2012-11-09 3588:2019-03-31 3564:2007-05-26 3529:2007-05-26 3254:(6): 341. 3076:2013-03-26 2978:2020-08-13 2953:2020-08-13 2909:2011-03-12 2820:Islam M. 2485:1110459938 2204:References 2100:ENACO S.A. 2088:See also: 2056:herbicides 2043:Article 26 1981:Schedule I 1940:novels by 1914:Cochabamba 1910:Santa Cruz 1898:Coca Colla 1572:astringent 1520:& the 1486:(acullico) 1353:divination 1277:nosebleeds 1272:trepanning 1268:rheumatism 1264:anesthetic 1186:monolithic 947:truxilline 792:See also: 770:March 2018 673:glyphosate 620:Peyr. and 405:blackthorn 220:Anlage III 209:Schedule I 7873:Yohimbine 7848:Tandamine 7818:PRC200-SS 7713:Indanorex 7683:Gamfexine 7673:Fenisorex 7598:Bemegride 7522:5-MeO-αMT 7517:5-MeO-αET 7464:Tropoxane 7238:Picilorex 7228:Naphyrone 7075:Pipradrol 6942:GBR-13119 6937:GBR-13098 6932:GBR-13069 6927:GBR-12935 6922:GBR-12783 6661:Phenatine 6484:Mefenorex 6418:-Deprenyl 6390:Ibopamine 6375:Hordenine 6360:Gepefrine 6311:Fencamine 6266:Ephedrine 6256:Droxidopa 6207:-Deprenyl 6085:Acridorex 5879:Modafinil 5874:Fluorenol 5854:Adrafinil 5846:Eugeroics 5811:Flurothyl 5738:SIB-1553A 5658:Arecoline 5653:Anabasine 5643:AR-R17779 5628:A-366,833 5600:Pentylone 5580:Mexedrone 5575:Methylone 5545:Hexedrone 5520:Cathinone 5510:Bupropion 5437:SKF-82958 5432:SKF-81297 5427:SKF-77434 5331:Sunifiram 5316:Org 26576 5311:Nooglutyl 5263:Ampakines 5243:Octodrine 5180:SCH-58261 5160:CGS-15943 5112:Memantine 4999:Aconitine 4992:Compounds 4973:Sushrutha 4928:Abulcasis 4905:Saussurea 4882:(henbane) 4858:(hemlock) 4844:Castoreum 4820:(aconite) 4668:"YouTube" 4174:Telegraph 3925:9 January 3451:162889680 3430:Antiquity 3380:August 4, 3289:August 4, 2862:0002-9122 2493:cite book 2394:2055-0936 2378:(1): 20. 2353:162889680 2345:0003-598X 2325:Antiquity 2285:1063-5157 2163:Australia 2141:plant in 2112:Opium Law 1816:Coca-Cola 1777:A cup of 1751:July 2011 1631:sweet lye 1607:quicklime 1603:limestone 1595:ishcupuro 1576:alkaloids 1534:Areca nut 1530:Australia 1500:class of 1492:(as both 1490:novocaine 1451:acullicar 1419:July 2011 1349:Pachamama 1307:Nutrition 1301:longevity 1293:digestion 1235:Eucharist 1216:, Father 1096:Coca-Cola 1088:coca wine 1068:Topa Inca 1009:Amsterdam 836:almacigas 669:herbicide 657:supercoca 409:areolated 388:Coca-Cola 361:smuggling 345:Venezuela 321:cash crop 25:Coca-Cola 7884:ATC code 7748:Mazindol 7708:Idazoxan 7668:Etamivan 7663:Efaroxan 7492:4-HO-αMT 7286:Tropanes 7258:Racetams 7113:4-Cl-PVP 7090:SCH-5472 7050:JZ-IV-10 6897:2C-B-BZP 6844:Morforex 6839:Morazone 6786:Tyrosine 6781:Tyramine 6771:Tiflorex 6656:Pentorex 6558:Morforex 6504:Mesocarb 6345:Fludorex 6246:Dopamine 6240:Levodopa 6189:Cloforex 5970:2-OH-PEA 5927:Pemoline 5902:Aminorex 5816:Gabazine 5703:Nicotine 5673:Cytisine 5668:Cotinine 5623:A-84,543 5535:Ethylone 5515:Butylone 5460:3,4-DMMC 5422:6-Br-APB 5379:Ketamine 5336:Unifiram 5155:Caffeine 5034:Morphine 5019:Hyoscine 5004:Atropine 4938:Avicenna 4933:Avenzoar 4832:Cannabis 4817:Aconitum 4608:July 23, 4452:Archived 4433:Archived 4414:Archived 4395:Archived 4376:Archived 4357:Archived 4178:Archived 4114:Archived 4096:Archived 4051:Archived 3978:27144028 3915:18949206 3495:28661721 3487:16480174 3405:11104945 3276:27984168 3268:17091055 3226:25605617 3014:17370223 2878:58624026 2870:30629286 2808:19680835 2773:15650009 2621:Archived 2528:27 March 2412:31798934 2303:32979264 2187:See also 1962:procaine 1892:Coca Sek 1822:Coca tea 1793:Coca tea 1558:, Peru). 1482:huallqui 1471:masticar 1447:chacchar 1369:Cocamama 1331:Religion 1254:Medicine 1025:alkaline 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