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Southern countryside into chaos. The result caused thousands of
Italians to leave for Northern Europe and the Americas. Previous Italian immigration to the U.S. had been negligible, but by 1870, immigrants arriving on the East Coast reached the thousands for the first time. Unlike subsequent generations of Italian immigrants, these first arrivals had no contacts or job offers in the United States. The penniless immigrants ended up at government expense in a large shelter on Ward’s Island, on the grounds of an insane asylum. Shipload after shipload of economic refugees from Italy continued to arrive, overcrowding the holding facility. When the coal operators from the Mahoning Valley sent recruiters to tap this idle labor force, 200 Italians responded to their call between March and May 1873. One group arrived in Coalburg, Hubbard Township, and the second, a few months later, in Church Hill, Liberty Township. Newspaper accounts record that the replacement miners were sent by rail to work mines in
1040:
1033:
499:, railroad construction had begun falling the year before as a result of Civil War over expansion. This had a deflationary effect on coal prices as the demand for iron and steel decreased. Strikes by the same coal workers continued at least through March 1876 in the Tuscarawas Valley, when a strike at the Warmington Mine south of Canton escalated into violence that required the insertion of state troops by Governor
1283:
471:
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At the outset of their rail journey, neither the
Italians nor the Virginia men knew their employment was contingent upon being replacement workers. Throughout the strike and even afterwards, considerable violence and destruction resulted from clashes between strikers and strikebreakers. Strikers
462:
The
Unification of Italy produced a new country, the Kingdom of Italy. The fledging government’s policies of raising taxes and converting communal and church lands into real estate hit the peasant population particularly hard. To add to the troubles, a bandits’ war against the Kingdom threw the
458:
The events around this local miners' action proved to be precedent setting in several ways. Mine owners employed the practice of importing replacement workers (strikebreakers) from far afield, from the Port of New York and other
Eastern seaports, and from Virginia. As of February 6, with 7,500
487:
The appearance of the
Italian strikebreakers marks one of the earliest recorded arrivals of Southern Italians in the Mahoning Valley. After the conclusion of the strike, many settled in Coalburg's Little Italy. The actions of the coal mine operators may have also added to the number of African
441:
of northeastern Ohio and northwestern
Pennsylvania. In the Tuscarawas Valley, the labor action lasted six months, and in the Mahoning Valley four and a half months, but the walkouts failed. The introduction of imported strikebreakers and manufacturers finding substitutes for the area's special
454:
miners in this location received $ 1.10 (~$ 28.00 in 2023) per ton of coal mined. Later that year, they demanded a $ 0.15 per ton increase. The mine operators responded with a demand for a decrease of $ 0.20 per ton. By
January 1, 1873, over 6,000 unionized coal miners had walked out over the
479:
engaged in physical attacks against replacement miners and miners who returned to work in
Coalburg and in several nearby townships. Local papers recorded arson and one strike-related homicide, that of Giovanni Chiesa, aka John Church, both in Churchill.
507:
represented the unpopular miners without a fee, by highlighting the dangers of the industry – 250 fatalities in the state every year, and another 700 injuries – and the practices of local mine owners. One of those owners was
488:
Americans settling in the
Mahoning Valley. The tactic of exploiting immigrants and blacks as strikebreakers continued for several decades. This undermined coal miners' efforts to organize. The strike marks
455:
proposed 25% wage cut. The local and national press followed the events of the miners' walkout. They covered several violent confrontations between striking miners and replacement workers.
492:
changes in the relationship between capital and labor. Importation of replacements from afar to control the workplace now became possible via new technology, the telegraph and railroads.
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strikers out, owners had imported the first 300 black replacements from
Virginia, "and the experiment succeeds so well that other proprietors will probably follow suit."
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The Labor Movement: the Problem of To-day: The History, Purpose and Possibilites of Labor Organizations in Europe and America
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Chicago in the Age of Capital: Class, Politics, and Democracy during the Civil War and Reconstruction
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617:"Ohio Coal Miners' Strike: Emigrants Taking the Places of the Strikers—Precaution Against Violence"
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553:“The Mahoning Valley Strikers Superseded,” Cleveland Daily Leader, May 15, 1873, 2, GenealogyBank,
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Roy, Andrew, History of the Coal Miners of the United States, Green Wood Press, pp. 133–134.
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793:"Reconstruction in Ohio: Negroes in the Hocking Valley Coal Mines in 1873 and 1874"
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512:. Although opponents in the case, the two formed a political alliance that saw
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661:"Liberty Township: The 1873 Coal War and the Italians - La Gazzetta Italiana"
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block-coal, forced the organized miners back to work at prevailing wages.
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467:, Hubbard Township and Church Hill, Liberty Township, Ohio.
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815:"City Intelligence: Labor Exchange at Castle Garden," The
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Although the miners' strike began nine months before the
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Powderly, Terrance Vincent; James, Edmund Janes (1886).
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The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America
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772:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
33:Mahoning, Shenango, and Tuscarawas Valleys in the
1112:Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897
733:J. H. Odell, "Murder and Arson at Church Hill!",
1187:William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum
695:Charles Carr, "Tales of the City's Industries,"
926:
599:"Disastrous Strikes Among Ohio Coal Miners,"
190:
8:
1197:McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center
572:. A.M. Bridgman & Company. p. 259.
1314:Miners' labor disputes in the United States
1013:William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign
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890:William McKinley, Apostle of Protectionism
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1207:McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar
1139:1900 United States presidential election
1008:1896 United States presidential election
426:, was a strike against wage cuts in the
1149:Second inauguration of William McKinley
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514:McKinley elected U.S. president in 1896
1062:First inauguration of William McKinley
1192:National McKinley Birthplace Memorial
893:. Algora Publishing. pp. 65–66.
797:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
603:, Washington, D.C, February 8, 1873"
7:
709:The Canton Repository and Republican
699:, Youngstown, July 10, 1910, page 23
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635:"The Engineering and Mining Journal"
1144:1900 Republican National Convention
1018:1896 Republican National Convention
998:1888 Republican National Convention
1344:1870s strikes in the United States
853:Miller, Wilbur R. (29 June 2012).
768:"The Buena Vista Affair 1874-1875"
503:to restore order. Young attorney
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1159:Assassination of William McKinley
16:Union strike in the United States
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819:, New York, November 4, 1867, 4.
724:, New York, May 14, 1873, page 3
1334:1873 labor disputes and strikes
720:The Ohio Coal Miners' Strike,"
474:Miners using mule to move coal.
1329:Labor disputes in Pennsylvania
1176:McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio
1117:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
957:President of the United States
711:, Ohio, April 25, 1873, page 1
555:https://www.genealogybank.com/
1:
37:area of Ohio and Pennsylvania
887:Skrabec, Quentin R. (2008).
747:The Andrew Tucciarone Family
993:Coal miners' strike of 1873
983:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
424:Coal miners' strike of 1873
22:Coal miners' strike of 1873
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1182:McKinley National Memorial
686:, January 15, 1873, page 8
684:The New Orleans Republican
665:www.lagazzettaitaliana.com
623:. May 13, 1873. p. 1.
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1213:William McKinley Monument
1202:William McKinley Memorial
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621:The Pittsburgh Commercial
398:US Bituminous coal strike
392:US Bituminous coal strike
359:Indiana bituminous strike
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988:Battle of South Mountain
791:Gutman, Herbert (1962).
766:Gutman, Herbert (1964).
737:, August 1, 1873, page 8
337:Battle of Blair Mountain
1319:History of Pennsylvania
1154:Pan-American Exposition
1092:China Relief Expedition
1072:Philippine–American War
735:The Mahoning Vindicator
410:Warrior Met Coal strike
369:Columbine Mine massacre
349:UMW General Coal Strike
329:West Virginia coal wars
316:Hartford coal mine riot
1309:Labor disputes in Ohio
1077:Treaty of Paris (1898)
859:. SAGE. p. 1088.
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343:Alabama miners' strike
302:Colorado Coalfield War
271:Anthracite coal strike
241:Bituminous coal strike
224:Mahoning Valley strike
1097:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
965:39th Governor of Ohio
841:Railroad construction
697:The Sunday Vindicator
473:
265:Carterville Mine Riot
149:Casualties and losses
109:Miners' Union (local)
1273:Theodore Roosevelt →
1251:William McKinley Sr.
1067:Spanish–American War
1023:Front porch campaign
404:Pittston Coal strike
365:Colorado Coal Strike
296:Paint Creek mine war
277:Carbon county strike
114:Local coal companies
1245:Ida Saxton McKinley
1082:Newlands Resolution
501:Rutherford B. Hayes
290:Westmoreland strike
1266:← Grover Cleveland
843:dhr.history.vt.edu
752:2016-11-25 at the
637:. 11 February 1873
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253:Illinois coal wars
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1134:Gold Standard Act
1129:Lacey Act of 1900
722:The Daily Graphic
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375:Harlan County War
333:Battle of Matewan
247:Lattimer massacre
230:Morewood massacre
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870:. Retrieved
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583:. Retrieved
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1102:Dingley Act
967:(1892–1896)
959:(1897–1901)
377:1931–1939 (
255:1898–1900 (
1303:Categories
1122:Refuse Act
1107:Erdman Act
1049:Presidency
872:20 January
802:2018-11-26
777:2018-11-26
670:2021-12-05
641:20 January
585:20 January
532:References
510:Mark Hanna
436:Tuscarawas
35:Youngstown
1054:timeline)
756:, page 13
526:Coal Wars
483:Aftermath
367:1927–28 (
331:1912–21 (
304:1913–14 (
261:Pana riot
207:Coal Wars
1287:Category
1253:(father)
1218:Statues
750:Archived
520:See also
465:Coalburg
432:Shenango
428:Mahoning
51:Location
1227:Chicago
439:Valleys
412:2021–23
406:1989–90
400:1977–78
292:1910–11
279:1903–04
99:Parties
89:Protest
85:Strikes
81:Methods
1247:(wife)
1238:Family
897:
863:
576:
446:Strike
434:, and
351:1922 (
162:Deaths
124:Number
284:1910s
75:wages
71:Goals
976:Life
954:25th
895:ISBN
874:2017
861:ISBN
643:2017
587:2017
574:ISBN
422:The
394:1974
361:1927
345:1920
318:1914
298:1912
273:1902
249:1897
243:1894
232:1891
226:1873
46:1873
43:Date
164:: 1
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795:.
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663:.
651:^
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516:.
430:,
335:,
308:,
263:,
259:,
91:,
87:,
62:,
58:,
1052:(
934:e
927:t
920:v
903:.
876:.
805:.
780:.
673:.
645:.
589:.
381:)
371:)
355:)
339:)
312:)
267:)
198:e
191:t
184:v
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