163:
42:
627:, coal consumption declined from 2009. In the first quarter of 2012, the use of coal for electricity generation declined substantially more, 21% from 2011 levels. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 27 gigawatts of capacity from coal-fired generators is to be retired from 175 coal-fired power plants between 2012 and 2016. Natural gas showed a corresponding increase, increasing by a third over 2011. Coal's share of electricity generation dropped to just over 36%. Coal use continues to decline rapidly through November 2015 with its share around 33.6%.
641:(CSAP). The extent of shutdowns and reduction in utilization depend on factors such as future price of natural gas and cost of installation of pollution control equipment; however, as of 2013, the future of coal-fired power plants in the United States did not appear promising. In 2014 estimates gauged that an additional 40 gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired capacity would retire until 2020, in addition to the nearly 20GW that already had retired as of 2014. This is driven most strongly by inexpensive natural gas competing with coal, and EPA's
50:
682:
4630:
58:
853:
boilers, bringing the total U.S. mercury pollution due to coal combustion to 46% of the U.S. man-made mercury sources. In contrast, China's coal-fired power plants emitted an estimated 200 ± 90 tons of mercury in 1999, which was about 38% of
Chinese human-generated mercury emissions (45% being emitted from non-ferrous metals smelting). Mercury in emissions from power plants can be reduced by the use of
4618:
191:
27:
645:(MATS), which require significant reductions in emissions of mercury, acid gases, and toxic metals, scheduled to take effect in April 2015. Over 13 GW of coal power plants built between 1950 and 1970 were retired in 2015, averaging 133 MW per plant. In Texas, the price drop of natural gas has reduced the
759:
The
Environmental Protection Agency classified the 44 sites as potential hazards to communities, which means the waste sites could cause death and significant property damage if an event such as a storm or a structural failure caused a spill. They estimate that about 300 dry landfills and wet storage
158:
per year), the highest in the world and still slightly ahead of China (1950 TWh per year) at that time. In 2000, the US average production of electricity from coal was 224.3 GW (1966 TWh for the year). In 2006, US electrical generation consumed 1,027 million short tons (932 million metric
852:
in 1999, the largest source of man-made mercury pollution in the U.S. In 1995–96, this accounted for 32.6% of all mercury emitted into the air by human activity in the U.S. In addition, 13.1% was emitted by coal-fired industrial and mixed-use commercial boilers, and 0.3% by coal-fired residential
667:
In 2023, the United States experienced a notable decrease in coal capacity, with 9.7 gigawatts (GW) of coal power being retired. This represents a reduction in the rate of coal plant retirements compared to previous years, suggesting a deceleration in the phasing out of coal infrastructure in the
663:
In 2018, 16 of the 50 Federal States of the US had either no coal power in their power production for the public power supply (California, Idaho, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
Vermont), less than 5% coal in power production (Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Delaware) or
890:
closed rather than implement court ordered pollution controls. In 2006 through 2007 there was first a bullish market attitude towards coal with the expectation of a new wave of plants, but political barriers and pollution concerns escalated exponentially, which is likely to damage plans for new
118:
in 1902, servicing the
Webster Coal and Coke Company. By the mid-20th century, coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the US. The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007. The decline has been linked to the increased
99:. Due to measures such as scrubbers air pollution from the plants kills far fewer people nowadays, but deaths in 2020 from PM 2.5 have been estimated at 1600. Environmentalists say that political action is needed to close them faster, to also reduce
891:
generation and put pressure on older plants. In 2007, 59 proposed coal plants were canceled, abandoned, or placed on hold by sponsors as a result of financing obstacles, regulatory decisions, judicial rulings, and new global warming legislation.
2400:
Increased competition from cheap natural gas is responsible for 49 percent of the decline in domestic U.S. coal consumption. Lower-than-expected demand is responsible for 26 percent, and the growth in renewable energy is responsible for 18
149:
The average share of electricity generated from coal in the US has dropped from 52.8% in 1997 to 19.7% in 2022. In 2017, there were 359 coal-powered units at the electrical utilities across the US, with a total nominal capacity of 256
760:
ponds are used around the country to store ash from coal-fired power plants. The storage facilities hold the noncombustible ingredients of coal and the ash trapped by equipment designed to reduce air pollution.
2861:
Monitor, Global Energy; CREA; E3G; Finance, Reclaim; Club, Sierra; SFOC; Network, Kiko; Europe, C. a. N.; Groups, Bangladesh; Asia, Trend; ACJCE; Sustentable, Chile; POLEN; ICM; Arayara (April 10, 2024).
4111:
894:
The Stop Coal campaign has called for a moratorium on the construction of any new coal plants and for the phase out of all existing plants, citing concern for global warming. Others have called for a
905:
The creation in
January 2009 of a Presidential task force (to look at ways to alter the energy direction of the United States energy providers) favors the trend away from coal-fired power plants.
652:
The cost of transporting coal may be around $ 20/ton for trains, or $ 5–6/ton for barge and truck. A 2015 study by a consortium of environmental organizations concluded that US Government
4660:
820:
in 2006 (with transportation emissions close behind, at 31%). Although coal power only accounted for 49% of the U.S. electricity production in 2006, it was responsible for 83% of CO
88:
2628:
3235:
2571:" May 29, 2016. Quote: "The trend of gas taking market share from coal began in earnest in 2009 — which just happens to be when the cost of gas to produce electricity collapsed"
2982:
442:
432:
402:
87:
to electric power plants, which made up 90% of coal's contribution to U.S. energy supply. Utilities buy more than 90% of the coal consumed in the United States. There were
2680:
Lincoln F. Pratson; Drew Haerer; Dalia Patiño-Echeverri (March 15, 2013). "Fuel Prices, Emission
Standards, and Generation Costs for Coal vs Natural Gas Power Plants".
2582:
4146:
4286:
2881:
2655:
110:
Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882. The first AC power station was opened by
467:
4349:
4168:
4106:
2960:
875:
807:
120:
100:
4650:
2280:
3310:
886:
In the face of increasing electricity demand through the 2000s, the US has seen a "Growing Trend
Against Coal-Fired Power Plants". In 2005 the 790 MW
637:
Utility companies have shut down and retired aging coal-fired power plants following the
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) implementation of the
3228:
2553:
4271:
4120:
3561:
69:
2307:
3556:
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3305:
610:
2326:
162:
3576:
4231:
4173:
4156:
3221:
3641:
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2632:
2543:
4655:
4141:
3566:
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2775:
422:
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4342:
4276:
4241:
4203:
4198:
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3258:
2516:
2490:
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2435:
2363:
302:
2753:
2549:
4251:
3586:
3158:
2136:
642:
307:
19:
4590:
4215:
4188:
3856:
3831:
41:
4520:
2590:
786:
86 coal powered plants have a capacity of 107.1 GW, or 9.9% of total U.S. electric capacity, they emitted 5,389,592 tons of SO
4570:
4256:
4183:
4136:
4101:
3571:
3383:
638:
624:
154:(compared to 1024 units at nominal 278 GW in 2000). The actual average generated power from coal in 2006 was 227.1 GW (1991
2913:
4410:
4246:
4178:
3791:
3756:
4608:
4460:
4335:
4261:
4236:
4001:
3836:
3736:
3696:
3546:
3508:
3325:
4475:
4370:
119:
availability of natural gas, decreased consumption, renewable power, and more stringent environmental regulations. The
4525:
4071:
3981:
3946:
3796:
3786:
3781:
3761:
3244:
4560:
3097:
649:
in 7 of the state's coal plants (max. output 8 GW), and they contribute about a quarter of the state's electricity.
4210:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4006:
3711:
3626:
3458:
2141:
899:
603:
427:
4580:
2797:
Real
Average Transportation and Delivered Costs of Coal, By Year and Primary Transport Mode (2017 dollars per ton)
2568:
4575:
4301:
4266:
3891:
3746:
3741:
3616:
3285:
3280:
537:
104:
73:
4585:
4555:
4465:
4415:
4375:
4281:
4066:
3991:
3986:
3881:
3841:
3801:
3706:
3681:
3463:
3263:
2284:
437:
317:
230:
225:
34:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4395:
2849:
2837:
2383:
4535:
4450:
4425:
3186:
3146:
2615:
2183:
4500:
4435:
4405:
4380:
4076:
4041:
3956:
3821:
3771:
3751:
3726:
3716:
3701:
3691:
3676:
3656:
3631:
3621:
3611:
3513:
3428:
2208:
494:
115:
4530:
4515:
4510:
4440:
4420:
4455:
4445:
4390:
4385:
4291:
4061:
4016:
3996:
3971:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3911:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3846:
3816:
3721:
3661:
3636:
3606:
3596:
3468:
813:
738:
724:
572:
334:
4505:
4430:
4400:
4161:
4081:
4056:
3966:
3916:
3871:
3776:
3731:
3671:
3646:
3601:
3488:
3373:
3134:
3031:
2875:
752:
720:
631:
596:
557:
2431:
49:
3198:
4634:
4021:
3976:
3926:
3901:
3866:
3806:
3686:
3651:
3453:
3363:
3071:
2689:
887:
734:
712:
In the United States, three coal-fired power plants reported the largest toxic air releases in 2001:
567:
417:
297:
275:
76:
3203:
4046:
3936:
3906:
3811:
3766:
3666:
3518:
3493:
3438:
3423:
3268:
322:
2863:
2796:
4051:
4011:
3921:
3478:
3443:
3433:
3403:
3368:
3358:
3300:
2953:
2512:
2390:. Center on Global Energy Policy, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
727:. The four-unit, 2,462 megawatt facility is one of the largest power plants in the United States.
657:
562:
392:
354:
312:
2457:
878:(then known as Americans for Balanced Energy Choices), a pro-coal organization started in 2000.
2230:
3523:
3503:
3408:
3378:
3295:
2705:
2606:
Electric Power
Monthly, March 2011 (released May 2012), U.S. Energy Information Administration
2359:
2255:
849:
489:
472:
377:
245:
124:
2931:
2539:
3483:
3448:
3418:
3393:
3353:
3079:
2895:
2697:
2486:
870:
In 2007 an advertising campaign was launched to improve public opinion on coal power titled
854:
845:
653:
484:
111:
96:
2724:"AEO2014 projects more coal-fired power plant retirements by 2016 than have been scheduled"
4296:
3498:
3398:
3208:
3044:
646:
285:
215:
3075:
2749:
2693:
2413:
695:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3473:
3413:
3388:
3290:
2723:
2184:"Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2013 – November 2023"
817:
730:
542:
532:
462:
280:
270:
265:
255:
250:
144:
132:
84:
3162:
3008:
2823:
4644:
4622:
4315:
744:
522:
517:
260:
174:
80:
816:
account for the largest share of U.S. greenhouse gases, 38.9% of U.S. production of
3083:
547:
57:
91:
in 2024. Coal plants have been closing since the 2010s due to cheaper and cleaner
72:
in 2022, down from 38.6% in 2014 and 51% in 2001. In 2021, coal supplied 9.5
748:
716:
582:
552:
412:
407:
344:
292:
92:
30:
2809:
2750:"Coal made up more than 80% of retired electricity generating capacity in 2015"
2308:"US coal power plants killed at least 460,000 people in past 20 years – report"
4327:
3213:
2209:"Table 3.1.A. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2001–2011"
895:
825:
210:
664:
between 5 and 10% (Alaska, Nevada, Mississippi, Oregon and Washington State)
53:
Coal electrical generation (black line), compared to other sources, 1949–2016
4617:
2146:
775:
769:
634:
with typical utilisation rates of 50% to 60% (relating to full load hours).
577:
499:
397:
387:
151:
2709:
2538:
Rivera, Alfredo; King, Ben; Larsen, John; Larsen, Kate (January 10, 2023).
190:
3122:
3101:
2167:
527:
479:
372:
339:
235:
220:
2629:"EPA finalizes rules for cross-state air pollution – The Hill's E2-Wire"
26:
824:
emissions caused by electricity generation that year, or 1,970 million
205:
166:
Renewable energy exceeded coal-based energy for the first time in 2022.
3098:"Palang Thai: The Growing Trend Against Coal-Fired Power Plants (USA)"
2701:
2656:"Study: The coal industry is in far more trouble than anyone realizes"
2458:"Inventory of Electric Utility Power Plants in the United States 2000"
382:
349:
3059:
2281:"Industrial plans spur coal price spike – Pittsburgh Tribune-Review"
2799:
U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
2327:"Why the U.S. Didn't Join 40 Other Countries in Pledge to End Coal"
2848:
for Jan.-Oct. 2018 see EIA, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation
2382:
Trevor Houser, Jason Bordoff and Peter Marsters (April 25, 2017).
457:
161:
56:
48:
40:
25:
2954:"Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2006"
452:
240:
182:
128:
65:
4331:
3217:
3192:
3123:"59 Coal Plants Cancelled, Abandoned, or Put on Hold in 2007,"
3018:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 1997
675:
447:
155:
3204:
Coal production in the United States – an historical overview
844:
U.S. coal-fired electricity-generating power plants owned by
836:
were released by other industrial coal-burning applications.
2896:"Coal and Oil Power Plants Top North American Polluter List"
2618:
Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
2540:"Preliminary US Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimates for 2022"
70:
electricity at utility-scale facilities in the United States
2432:"Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States"
2985:. U.S. Dept. of Energy. January 18, 2006. Archived from
2776:"5 Charts That Show How Coal Is Getting Killed in Texas"
2414:"What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source?"
123:
has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract
3009:"Mercury study: Report to Congress (EPA-452/R-97-004)"
2930:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
2836:
EIA, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation from Coal,
4606:
2231:"Table 2.6 Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption"
89:
over 200 coal powered units across the United States
4489:
4363:
4224:
4129:
4094:
3855:
3585:
3539:
3532:
3344:
3251:
2928:"Technology Transfer Network: State Emission Index"
2569:
Trump can’t make both coal and fracking great again
2356:
The Chemistry and Technology of Coal, Third Edition
3058:Streets D. G.; Hao J.; Wu Y.; et al. (2005).
2178:
2176:
2256:"Table 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source"
832:emissions. Further 130 million metric ton of CO
4661:Electric power generation in the United States
2261:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
2236:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
2211:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
2186:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
774:Byproducts of coal plants have been linked to
4343:
3229:
2824:"Assessing Thermal Coal Production Subsidies"
876:American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity
808:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
604:
101:greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
8:
3159:"Cap-&-Trade and Carbon Tax Legislation"
159:tons) or 92.3% of the coal mined in the US.
2880:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2583:"Record Number of Coal Power Plants Retire"
2377:
2375:
790:in 2006 – which represents 28.6% of U.S. SO
4350:
4336:
4328:
3536:
3236:
3222:
3214:
3060:"Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China"
2602:
2600:
2487:"Electric Power Annual with data for 2006"
2481:
2479:
611:
597:
403:Coal mining disasters in the United States
169:
2513:"U.S. Coal Consumption by End-Use Sector"
2163:
2161:
2730:. U.S. Energy Information Administration
2203:
2201:
912:
4613:
3147:Want to stop global warming? STOP COAL!
2354:Speight, James G. (September 4, 2012).
2349:
2347:
2157:
181:
61:Coal power generation in 2011 by state.
3321:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
3040:
3029:
2873:
2682:Environmental Science & Technology
2546:from the original on January 10, 2023.
749:Bowen Steam Electric Generating Plant
7:
2756:from the original on August 20, 2016
914:United States coal generation (GWh)
4651:Climate change in the United States
2983:"Mercury emissions control R&D"
2581:Gerhardt, Tina (November 1, 2012).
2306:Lakhani, Nina (November 23, 2023).
139:Trends, comparisons, and forecasts
14:
2517:Energy Information Administration
2491:Energy Information Administration
2462:Energy Information Administration
2436:Energy Information Administration
4628:
4616:
4471:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2810:"Rail Coal Transportation Rates"
2168:Electric power monthly Feb. 2017
2137:Coal mining in the United States
848:emitted an estimated 48 tons of
680:
643:Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
418:Environmental problems involving
189:
45:Sources of electricity for 2016.
20:Coal mining in the United States
121:Environmental Protection Agency
3209:Is America Ready to Quit Coal?
3187:Carbon-emissions culprit? Coal
3084:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.029
2914:"Associated Press – June 2009"
639:Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
1:
2654:Brad Plumer (April 8, 2013).
654:subsidies for coal production
68:generated about 19.5% of the
4596:United States Virgin Islands
4358:Coal power in North America
3326:Renewable portfolio standard
3199:State Coal Profile Index Map
794:emissions from all sources.
721:Roxboro Steam Electric Plant
3245:Energy in the United States
2384:"Can Coal Make a Comeback?"
2088:Last entry, % of total
902:for all coal power plants.
656:are around $ 8/ton for the
630:The coal plants are mostly
4677:
4121:Vehicle emission standards
2142:Mountaintop removal mining
805:
767:
142:
17:
4656:Coal in the United States
4571:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4310:
2864:"Boom and Bust Coal 2024"
2388:energypolicy.columbia.edu
2358:. CRC Press. p. 13.
2087:
689:This section needs to be
538:Coal pollution mitigation
433:coal mining in Appalachia
4591:Turks and Caicos Islands
4107:Greenhouse gas emissions
3316:Offshore drilling debate
3286:Energy Policy Act (2005)
3281:Energy Policy Act (1992)
2550:Archive including images
874:. This was done by the
782:Sulfur dioxide emissions
438:Greenhouse gas emissions
231:Coal-fired power station
226:Coal combustion products
35:coal-fired power station
495:Problems in coal mining
116:Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania
4521:British Virgin Islands
4112:State and territory CO
3125:Lowbagger.org, 1/22/08
3039:Cite journal requires
814:electricity generation
739:Shelocta, Pennsylvania
725:Semora, North Carolina
625:emergence of shale gas
573:History of coal mining
468:the petroleum industry
335:Coal preparation plant
167:
62:
54:
46:
38:
4461:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4130:Governmental agencies
3311:Nuclear energy policy
2868:Global Energy Monitor
2287:on September 11, 2008
898:and a requirement of
768:Further information:
753:Cartersville, Georgia
672:Environmental impacts
558:Fossil fuel phase-out
165:
143:Further information:
77:British thermal units
60:
52:
44:
37:in the United States.
29:
4095:Environmental issues
3104:on December 22, 2007
2989:on December 22, 2007
2593:on November 1, 2012.
2552:) Also presented in
900:carbon sequestration
888:Mohave Power Station
798:Carbon footprint: CO
735:Keystone Power Plant
568:Great Smog of London
105:limit climate change
33:, the third largest
4476:Trinidad and Tobago
4371:Antigua and Barbuda
3331:Secretary of Energy
3259:Energy independence
3165:on October 15, 2007
3076:2005AtmEn..39.7789S
2934:on December 4, 2008
2694:2013EnST...47.4926P
2660:The Washington Post
2331:Scientific American
2325:Storrow, Benjamin.
915:
4411:Dominican Republic
3301:Fossil fuels lobby
2778:. October 17, 2016
2555:The New York Times
913:
658:Powder River Basin
563:Fossil fuels lobby
485:Hydrosulfuric acid
473:toxic heavy metals
393:Black lung disease
355:Metallurgical coal
313:Coal-mining region
168:
63:
55:
47:
39:
4604:
4603:
4493:other territories
4325:
4324:
4090:
4089:
3336:Smart grid policy
3306:Hydropower policy
3296:Federal Power Act
3135:"Victories 2007,"
3070:(40): 7789–7806.
2702:10.1021/es4001642
2635:on August 9, 2011
2542:. Rhodium Group.
2128:
2127:
840:Mercury pollution
710:
709:
621:
620:
378:Asian brown cloud
125:mercury pollution
4668:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4561:Saint Barthélemy
4491:Dependencies and
4364:Sovereign states
4352:
4345:
4338:
4329:
3832:Washington, D.C.
3537:
3291:Energy subsidies
3252:Politics and law
3238:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3161:. Archived from
3155:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3100:. Archived from
3094:
3088:
3087:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3013:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2963:. April 15, 2008
2958:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2900:ens-newswire.com
2892:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2871:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2688:(9): 4926–4933.
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2631:. Archived from
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2589:. Archived from
2578:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2547:
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2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2474:
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2469:
2454:
2448:
2447:
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2428:
2422:
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2397:
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2379:
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2341:
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2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2283:. Archived from
2277:
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2243:
2241:
2235:
2227:
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2220:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2180:
2171:
2165:
916:
855:activated carbon
705:
702:
696:
684:
683:
676:
632:base-load plants
613:
606:
599:
512:Related articles
193:
170:
112:General Electric
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3858:
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3528:
3346:
3345:Energy by state
3340:
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3193:Clean Air Watch
3183:
3178:
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3152:
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2851:, 20. Nov. 2018
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2728:Today in Energy
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2616:Progress Report
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2579:
2575:
2567:Liam Denning. "
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2519:. July 25, 2008
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2159:
2155:
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911:
884:
872:America's Power
868:
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812:Emissions from
810:
804:
801:
793:
789:
784:
772:
766:
706:
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697:
694:
685:
681:
674:
647:capacity factor
617:
588:
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216:Bituminous coal
201:
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12:
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5:
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4102:CAFE standards
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3757:North Carolina
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3181:External links
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3064:Atmos. Environ
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2493:. October 2007
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818:carbon dioxide
806:Main article:
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731:Reliant Energy
728:
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543:Coal-seam fire
540:
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533:Coal phase-out
530:
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510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
497:
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487:
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477:
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463:sulfur dioxide
460:
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145:Coal phase out
140:
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133:global warming
85:primary energy
13:
10:
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4:
3:
2:
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4072:West Virginia
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3982:New Hampshire
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3837:West Virginia
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3276:Energy policy
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865:
861:Public debate
860:
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839:
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797:
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745:Georgia Power
743:
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701:December 2021
692:
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541:
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531:
529:
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524:
523:Carboniferous
521:
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518:Carbon bubble
516:
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367:Externalities
364:
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346:
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341:
338:
336:
333:
329:
326:
324:
321:
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164:
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153:
146:
138:
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134:
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126:
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117:
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108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
59:
51:
43:
36:
32:
28:
24:
21:
16:
4586:Sint Maarten
4566:Saint Martin
4480:
4314:
4037:South Dakota
4032:Rhode Island
4027:Pennsylvania
4007:North Dakota
3797:South Dakota
3787:Rhode Island
3782:Pennsylvania
3762:North Dakota
3551:
3469:North Dakota
3347:or territory
3169:November 13,
3167:. Retrieved
3163:the original
3153:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3108:December 19,
3106:. Retrieved
3102:the original
3092:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3032:cite journal
3020:. Retrieved
3015:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2922:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2876:cite journal
2867:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2818:
2804:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2727:
2718:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2623:
2611:
2591:the original
2586:
2576:
2563:
2554:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2466:. Retrieved
2464:. March 2002
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2392:. Retrieved
2387:
2355:
2336:December 30,
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2320:
2312:The Guardian
2311:
2301:
2291:September 9,
2289:. Retrieved
2285:the original
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2188:. Retrieved
904:
893:
885:
871:
869:
843:
811:
785:
773:
758:
711:
698:
690:
666:
662:
651:
636:
629:
622:
548:Energy lobby
443:human health
327:
276:South Africa
200:Economic use
148:
109:
79:(2,800
64:
23:
15:
4556:Puerto Rico
4466:Saint Lucia
4416:El Salvador
3892:Connecticut
3712:Mississippi
3627:Connecticut
3489:Puerto Rico
3374:Connecticut
2993:January 27,
2782:October 19,
2548:Figure 4. (
2190:January 31,
925:% of total
717:Duke Energy
583:War on coal
553:Fossil fuel
413:Coal slurry
408:Coal refuse
345:Coke (fuel)
293:Coal mining
103:and better
93:natural gas
74:quadrillion
31:Plant Bowen
4645:Categories
4551:Montserrat
4546:Martinique
4541:Guadeloupe
4396:Costa Rica
4067:Washington
3992:New Mexico
3987:New Jersey
3882:California
3827:Washington
3747:New Mexico
3742:New Jersey
3617:California
3557:Geothermal
3509:Washington
3454:New Mexico
3364:California
3264:Energy law
2967:August 29,
2760:August 31,
2587:E-Magazine
2523:August 29,
2153:References
909:Statistics
896:carbon tax
882:Opposition
826:metric ton
423:Appalachia
328:in the USA
318:Coal power
308:in the USA
211:Anthracite
97:renewables
18:See also:
4536:Greenland
4451:Nicaragua
4426:Guatemala
4116:emissions
4077:Wisconsin
4042:Tennessee
3957:Minnesota
3842:Wisconsin
3802:Tennessee
3707:Minnesota
3682:Louisiana
3577:Renewable
3572:Petroleum
3519:Wisconsin
3494:Tennessee
3439:Minnesota
3424:Louisiana
3137:CoalSwarm
2639:August 6,
2170:, eia.gov
2147:Superfund
1768:1,149,487
1721:1,205,835
1674:1,239,149
1627:1,352,398
1580:1,581,710
1533:1,581,115
1486:1,514,043
1439:1,733,430
1392:1,847,290
1345:1,755,904
1298:1,985,801
1251:2,016,456
1204:1,990,511
1157:2,012,873
1110:1,978,301
1063:1,973,737
1016:1,933,130
969:1,903,956
866:Advocates
846:utilities
802:emissions
776:acid rain
770:Acid rain
764:Acid rain
668:country.
578:Peak coal
500:Whitedamp
490:Outbursts
398:Coal dust
388:Blackdamp
303:in the UK
246:Australia
4501:Anguilla
4436:Honduras
4406:Dominica
4381:Barbados
4062:Virginia
4017:Oklahoma
3997:New York
3972:Nebraska
3962:Missouri
3952:Michigan
3942:Maryland
3932:Kentucky
3912:Illinois
3897:Delaware
3887:Colorado
3877:Arkansas
3822:Virginia
3772:Oklahoma
3752:New York
3727:Nebraska
3717:Missouri
3702:Michigan
3692:Maryland
3677:Kentucky
3657:Illinois
3632:Delaware
3622:Colorado
3612:Arkansas
3587:Solar by
3540:Material
3479:Oklahoma
3459:New York
3444:Missouri
3434:Michigan
3404:Illinois
3369:Colorado
3359:Arkansas
3269:New York
3022:July 31,
2961:U.S. EPA
2754:Archived
2734:July 25,
2710:23496173
2665:April 8,
2544:Archived
2497:June 19,
2468:June 19,
2442:July 27,
2401:percent.
2131:See also
1807:100,319
1760:106,545
1713:118,747
1619:124,620
1572:141,860
1525:134,079
1478:132,929
1431:167,258
1384:166,434
1337:167,786
1290:173,830
1243:173,509
1196:177,965
1149:176,755
1102:176,291
1055:172,190
1008:157,402
528:Coal oil
480:Firedamp
428:coal ash
373:Ash pond
340:Coal tar
323:in China
298:in Chile
236:Coal gas
221:Charcoal
175:a series
173:Part of
4609:Portals
4531:Curaçao
4516:Bonaire
4511:Bermuda
4441:Jamaica
4421:Grenada
4376:Bahamas
4082:Wyoming
4057:Vermont
3967:Montana
3917:Indiana
3872:Arizona
3857:Wind by
3847:Wyoming
3817:Vermont
3722:Montana
3662:Indiana
3642:Georgia
3637:Florida
3607:Arizona
3597:Alabama
3567:Nuclear
3547:Biofuel
3533:Sources
3524:Wyoming
3504:Vermont
3409:Indiana
3384:Georgia
3379:Florida
3072:Bibcode
2752:. EIA.
2690:Bibcode
2418:eia.gov
2394:May 15,
2265:May 25,
2240:May 25,
2215:June 5,
2124:16.25%
2050:303,027
2042:56,271
2003:675,264
1995:73,381
1956:831,512
1948:60,025
1936:101,855
1933:101,537
1909:897,999
1901:78,588
1862:773,393
1854:72,581
1839:100,771
1821:100,905
1815:964,957
1795:115,129
1792:115,376
1789:101,503
1774:119,284
1748:119,488
1745:127,698
1742:107,508
1727:115,333
1704:114,118
1701:135,635
1698:136,316
1695:116,034
1680:113,459
1666:89,495
1657:117,986
1654:134,670
1651:139,100
1648:125,673
1645:104,585
1639:108,488
1636:126,977
1633:132,451
1616:119,127
1613:111,296
1610:126,110
1607:148,452
1604:149,627
1601:137,577
1598:118,786
1595:109,281
1592:136,443
1589:143,294
1586:157,097
1569:120,940
1566:120,996
1563:133,110
1560:149,426
1557:152,867
1554:138,283
1551:119,513
1548:111,835
1545:130,634
1542:123,547
1539:138,105
1522:128,727
1519:120,999
1516:125,589
1513:152,181
1510:160,450
1507:131,261
1504:115,983
1498:105,526
1495:113,872
1492:129,091
1475:121,463
1472:126,627
1469:140,941
1466:171,281
1463:176,586
1460:158,055
1457:137,102
1454:124,488
1451:134,845
1448:138,311
1445:170,803
1428:135,185
1425:132,270
1422:148,746
1419:177,745
1416:179,600
1413:165,491
1410:143,272
1407:126,952
1404:144,406
1401:153,044
1398:173,320
1381:136,810
1378:139,956
1375:137,145
1372:163,260
1369:158,234
1366:148,087
1363:131,673
1360:125,935
1357:135,530
1354:140,916
1351:171,925
1334:154,281
1331:151,841
1328:161,356
1325:180,576
1322:186,733
1319:171,043
1316:154,916
1313:146,983
1310:160,743
1307:166,666
1304:182,876
1287:159,382
1284:162,234
1281:169,391
1278:190,135
1275:185,054
1272:173,513
1269:157,513
1266:146,250
1263:159,811
1260:163,603
1257:175,739
1240:159,440
1237:161,390
1234:161,590
1231:189,455
1228:187,821
1225:169,693
1222:157,010
1219:141,426
1216:161,325
1213:158,616
1210:169,236
1193:158,798
1190:162,437
1187:171,656
1184:187,574
1181:186,091
1178:174,867
1175:153,958
1172:143,083
1169:163,613
1166:155,818
1163:177,014
1146:157,436
1143:157,605
1140:164,253
1137:178,181
1134:181,492
1131:167,642
1128:157,076
1125:141,471
1122:154,288
1119:161,503
1116:180,657
1099:158,223
1096:159,323
1093:164,910
1090:185,332
1087:181,852
1084:162,285
1081:150,263
1078:141,960
1075:155,002
1072:156,982
1069:181,313
1052:156,054
1049:159,099
1046:165,366
1043:179,955
1040:183,195
1037:164,668
1034:151,406
1031:142,305
1028:151,486
1025:143,049
1022:164,358
1005:144,117
1002:148,931
999:154,158
996:183,116
993:179,060
990:162,616
987:151,593
984:140,671
981:155,269
978:149,735
975:177,287
850:mercury
691:updated
623:Due to
286:Ukraine
241:Coal in
206:Ammonia
4623:Energy
4456:Panama
4446:Mexico
4391:Canada
4386:Belize
4022:Oregon
3977:Nevada
3927:Kansas
3902:Hawaii
3867:Alaska
3777:Oregon
3732:Nevada
3672:Kansas
3647:Hawaii
3602:Alaska
3484:Oregon
3449:Nevada
3419:Kansas
3394:Hawaii
3354:Alaska
2938:May 1,
2708:
2438:. 2009
2362:
2121:15.92%
2118:15.47%
2115:16.76%
2112:18.44%
2109:18.54%
2106:15.75%
2100:12.01%
2097:11.85%
2094:13.76%
2091:19.92%
2071:61,399
2068:46,328
2065:37,223
2062:38,360
2059:44,055
2056:75,662
2053:14.64%
2039:51,229
2036:50,954
2033:60,006
2030:78,185
2027:78,910
2024:57,698
2021:43,852
2018:40,079
2015:50,067
2012:46,488
2009:61,291
2006:16.16%
1992:56,377
1989:54,228
1986:64,998
1983:85,215
1980:86,415
1977:73,463
1974:62,532
1971:55,329
1968:61,019
1965:70,966
1962:87,588
1959:19.65%
1945:57,426
1942:62,572
1939:78,877
1930:87,265
1927:63,873
1924:53,956
1921:61,904
1918:87,470
1915:81,240
1912:21.85%
1898:61,182
1895:59,805
1892:68,407
1889:91,145
1886:89,709
1883:65,283
1880:46,527
1877:40,675
1874:50,731
1871:56,201
1868:65,140
1851:75,549
1848:66,777
1845:85,707
1842:94,040
1836:78,540
1833:71,885
1830:59,922
1827:78,352
1824:79,929
1818:23.38%
1804:92,819
1801:87,264
1798:96,544
1786:85,227
1783:73,346
1780:80,626
1777:82,050
1771:27.51%
1757:90,986
1754:89,776
1751:98,202
1739:92,777
1736:81,335
1733:89,365
1730:86,822
1724:29.89%
1710:86,940
1707:99,194
1692:81,695
1689:72,113
1686:72,173
1683:92,705
1663:87,227
1660:96,759
1642:88,989
1630:33.17%
1583:38.64%
1536:38.89%
1501:96,285
1442:42.27%
1395:44.78%
1348:44.45%
1301:48.21%
1254:48.51%
1207:48.97%
1160:49.63%
1113:49.82%
1066:50.83%
972:50.95%
922:Total
383:Asthma
350:Coking
281:Turkey
271:Russia
266:Poland
256:Europe
251:Canada
131:, and
4506:Aruba
4431:Haiti
4287:NRECA
4232:ACORE
4047:Texas
3937:Maine
3907:Idaho
3859:state
3807:Texas
3687:Maine
3652:Idaho
3589:state
3499:Texas
3399:Idaho
3012:(PDF)
2957:(PDF)
2259:(PDF)
2234:(PDF)
2103:13.4%
1865:19.3%
1677:30.4%
1489:37.4%
1019:50.1%
919:Year
828:of CO
458:smoke
261:India
83:) of
4576:Saba
4401:Cuba
4277:EPRI
4272:EESI
4257:BTEC
4252:AWEA
4247:ASES
4242:APPA
4216:USGS
4204:WAPA
4199:SWPA
4194:SEPA
4184:PMAs
4174:FERC
4157:NREL
4147:EERE
4137:CARB
4052:Utah
4012:Ohio
3922:Iowa
3812:Utah
3767:Ohio
3667:Iowa
3552:Coal
3474:Ohio
3414:Iowa
3389:Guam
3171:2007
3110:2007
3045:help
3024:2008
2995:2008
2969:2008
2940:2008
2882:link
2784:2016
2762:2016
2736:2014
2706:PMID
2667:2013
2641:2011
2525:2008
2499:2008
2470:2008
2444:2010
2396:2017
2360:ISBN
2338:2021
2293:2008
2267:2022
2242:2022
2217:2022
2192:2024
2047:2024
2000:2023
1953:2022
1906:2021
1859:2020
1812:2019
1765:2018
1718:2017
1671:2016
1624:2015
1577:2014
1530:2013
1483:2012
1436:2011
1389:2010
1342:2009
1295:2008
1248:2007
1201:2006
1154:2005
1107:2004
1060:2003
1013:2002
966:2001
961:Dec
958:Nov
955:Oct
952:Sep
949:Aug
946:Jul
943:Jun
940:May
937:Apr
934:Mar
931:Feb
928:Jan
453:smog
183:Coal
129:smog
95:and
66:Coal
4302:RMI
4297:PIA
4292:PFI
4282:NEI
4267:EEI
4262:EBI
4237:API
4211:TVA
4189:BPA
4179:NRC
4169:EPA
4152:EIA
4142:DOE
3080:doi
2698:doi
751:in
747:'s
737:in
733:'s
723:in
719:'s
448:NOx
156:TWh
114:in
81:TWh
4647::
4162:OE
3078:.
3068:39
3066:.
3062:.
3036::
3034:}}
3030:{{
3014:.
2959:.
2898:.
2878:}}
2874:{{
2866:.
2726:.
2704:.
2696:.
2686:47
2684:.
2658:.
2599:^
2585:.
2515:.
2489:.
2478:^
2460:.
2434:.
2416:.
2398:.
2386:.
2374:^
2346:^
2329:.
2310:.
2200:^
2175:^
2160:^
857:.
778:.
660:.
177:on
152:GW
135:.
127:,
107:.
4611::
4351:e
4344:t
4337:v
4114:2
3237:e
3230:t
3223:v
3195:.
3189:.
3173:.
3112:.
3086:.
3082::
3074::
3047:)
3043:(
3026:.
3016:2
2997:.
2971:.
2942:.
2916:.
2902:.
2884:)
2870:.
2826:.
2812:.
2786:.
2764:.
2738:.
2712:.
2700::
2692::
2669:.
2643:.
2558:.
2527:.
2501:.
2472:.
2446:.
2420:.
2368:.
2340:.
2314:.
2295:.
2269:.
2244:.
2219:.
2194:.
834:2
830:2
822:2
800:2
792:2
788:2
755:.
741:.
703:)
699:(
693:.
612:e
605:t
598:v
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