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and anthracite coals make lower-rank coals less efficient. The average heat content of sub-bituminous coal consumed in the United States is approximately 8,500 British thermal units (9,000 kJ) per pound. The K-Fuel(R) process uses heat and pressure to remove approximately 30 percent of the moisture from raw, low-rank coal and raises its thermal content to approximately 11,000 Btu per pound. In addition to raising the coal's heat value, a significant amount, up to 70 percent, of the elemental mercury in the coal is removed and, because of its higher efficiency, lower chloride and nitrogen oxides emissions are achieved on a per kilowatt hour generated basis.
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Coldry refined coal pellets as a black coal equivalent. The Coldry
Process provides the added advantage of creating new revenue streams for power generators through the production of a product that can be exported to other countries as a replacement for black coal. Unlike other refined coal processes, the Coldry Process is a commercial methodology that does not require subsidy.
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The State of
Victoria contains approximately 25% of the world's known reserves of brown coal (lignite). This coal is also amongst the world's 'wettest' coal, with a typical moisture content of 60 per cent water by weight. High moisture content makes Victorian brown coal an inefficient fuel source and
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Much of the coal in the western United States is known as "lower-rank" coal that falls under the categories of "sub-bituminous" and "lignite" coals. These coals have high moisture levels and can be 20% to 30% water. This relatively high moisture content compared to "higher rank" coals like bituminous
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The advantage of the Coldry
Process is its ability to allow power generators to switch to a blend of raw as mined brown coal and Coldry pellets to achieve lower emissions in existing inefficient boilers, or achieve substantially less emissions by introducing black coal boilers and using 100 per cent
767:
Victorian brown coal, with a characteristic moisture content of 60% by weight, is regarded as the world's moistest brown coal. The high moisture content is the key reason the state's three major power stations are collectively regarded as the dirtiest carbon emitters in the world. Studies undertaken
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GBCE has built and is now operating the world's first industrial-scale coal-upgrading facility. It has capacity to process 1 MTPA of coal feedstock and is located in
Holingol, Inner Mongolia, the largest lignite-producing region in China. The coal is typically high moisture (35 – 40% TM) and 3200 –
2259:
The advantages of the refined coal process are more efficient transportation and the ability of utilities to switch to a fuel made of 100 percent refined coal or a blend of raw and refined coals in order to achieve lower emissions and greater efficiency. A disadvantage is that the industry requires
780:
With significant brown coal mining occurring worldwide and mining levels increasing, the need for coal-upgrading technologies has become more apparent. The technologies will help to address the global environmental concern of rising emissions from the burning of brown coal and provide alternative
2426:
in the
Latrobe Valley is regarded as the world's dirtiest coal-fired power station. The Coldry Process uses low-pressure mechanical shear to create a natural exothermic reaction within the coal that then naturally expels 80 per cent of the moisture content. Expelled moisture is then captured and
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that began operation in late 2005. Designed originally to be a commercial plant, the facility encountered design and operational problems. Evergreen idled the facility in March 2008 and instead used the plant as a process development platform with its engineering, construction and procurement
425:
refining or upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and processes that alter the characteristics of coal before it is burned. Pre-combustion coal-upgrading technologies aim to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when coal is burned. Depending on the situation,
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at
Maddingley Mine near Bacchus Marsh, Victoria that began operation in early 2004. From 2005 ECT Limited upgraded the facility, added a water recovery process with Victorian Government funding in 2007 and operated the plant as a process development platform with its engineering partner
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confirm that when moisture is removed from
Victorian brown coal, naturally low levels of ash, sulfur, and other elements rank it as being one of the cleanest coals in the world. When de-watered, upgraded brown coal can compete in the export market at comparable prices to black coal.
1315:
need to be dried prior to combustion. Depending on the technology, drying is achieved either via a discrete operation or part of a process. The comparison chart identifies different drying methods that are in development in different countries and provides a qualitative comparison.
681:(Australia), are highly dependent on brown coal for electricity. Improved environmental performance and the need for stable economic environment provide incentives for investment to substantially reduce the negative environmental impact of burning raw ('as mined') brown coal.
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to finalise commercial feasibility ahead of construction of a 2 million tonne pa export plant by 2014 and 20 million tonne pa export by 2020. ECT Limited is using the ARUP improved design to secure technology licensing agreements with brown coal suppliers in
755:
Coal-upgrading technologies remove moisture from 'as mined' brown coal and transform the calorific performance of brown coal to a 'cleaner' burning status relatively equivalent to high calorific value black coal. Some coal-upgrading processes result in a
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exchange. According to the company's website and its Form 10-K on file with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission, it was founded in 1984 to commercialize a coal-upgrading technology first developed in a Stanford University laboratory by
429:
A primary benefit of refined coal is the capacity to reduce the net volume of carbon emissions that is currently emitted from power generators and would reduce the number of emissions that is proposed to be managed via emerging
450:) developed to alter the chemical bonds of brown coal to create a product that is cleaner, stable (not prone to spontaneous combustion), exportable and of sufficiently high calorific value to be a
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recovered as distilled water. Victorian brown coal transformed by the Coldry
Process has a raised thermal content of 5874 kcal/kg, which is comparable to most export-grade Australian black coal.
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mixing crushed coal with oil, heating the mixture to 130-160 °C under 19-19.5 Bar pressure, separating the slurry cake from the oil by a centrifuge and then drying and briquetting it
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583:) and raise their calorific values. Companies in Australia, Germany, and the United States are the principal drivers of this research, development, and commercialization.
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3400 kcal gar. Depending on market requirements, it produces 5000–5500 kcal coal (gar) with greatly reduced moisture content (< 10% gar). The plant uses LCP
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Continuous
Hydrothermal Dewatering decarboxylation reaction in the slurry form at 300 degC and 100 Bar, followed by gas/liquid/solid separation and press drying
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The best known producer of refined coal is a company based in Denver, Colorado called Evergreen Energy Inc. The company is publicly traded and is listed on the
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pre-combustion technology can be used in place of or as a supplement to post-combustion technologies to control emissions from coal-fueled boilers.
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Evergreen is now seeking to construct a coal refinery using the improved Bechtel design at locations in the Midwestern United States and in Asia.
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process that employs heat and pressure in an oxygen-free environment to continue the coalification process that occurs naturally in the earth
1848:
pilot plant operational for 7 years; extensive database of global testing; commencing feasibility for full-scale commercial operation by 2014
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drying achieved using >900 °C flue gas to dry 0–50 mm raw coal with 2-4% system O2 concentration under slight positive pressure
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1626:~15% CO2 reduction in combustion (detailed analysis not available). Zero net improvement due to energy used for heating and compression
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well established and proven technology, industrial plants of up to 3 MTPA capacity running in Germany and the Czech Republic
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worldwide. Brown coal power stations that cannot economically dewater brown coal are inefficient and cause high levels of
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2252:. Taking the "K" from Koppelman's name, Evergreen, formerly KFx Inc., branded its refined coal product as "K-Fuel."
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drying achieved by exposure to high pressure and temperature in a vertical autoclave, followed by a flashing step
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1629:~15% CO2 reduction in combustion (detailed analysis unavailable). Utilises energy for heating and compression
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Up to 30-40% CO2 reduction from the boiler. (Lost steam energy utilised in fluid bed dryer not accounted for)
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Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
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Product of the coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and pollutants from lower-rank coals
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Pilot Plant 2002 - 2008, ready for commercialisation. Tested on Victorian and Indonesian coals
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2728: – Chemical reactions that convert carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons
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refers to a class of technologies developed to remove moisture, and certain pollutants from
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Calleja Group constructed a full-scale 16,000 tonne per annum pilot demonstration plant at
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significant subsidies. An examination of government figures show that in 2007, for every
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Up to 40% reduction in CO2. Net beneficial CO2 position due to low heat and low pressure
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drying achieved by exposure to 130-160 °C under 19-19.5 Bar pressure in oil slurry
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http://www.nextgenenergy.org/Portals/Nextgen/docs/TechPapers/NextGen_EEE_Clean_new.pdf
2398:(ASX). The company was listed in 2005 with the primary purpose of commercialising the
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one commercial scale plant, operations have not exceeded 30% of nameplate capacity
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The process employs no additives and extracts both surface and inherent moisture.
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drying achieved via exposure to high pressure combustion stream (flash drying)
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drying achieved using low-temperature waste heat to provide evaporative drying
802:
580:
438:. Several similar technologies have been researched, developed, and tested in
434:
methodologies. Refined coal technologies have primarily been developed in the
2684: – method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel
59:
was found. You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at
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http://www.evgenergy.com/documents/2008-11-10-EEE_Shareholder_Letter.shtml
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http://www.evgenergy.com/documents/2008-03-20-EEE_Shareholder_Letter.shtml
1974:
MTE = Mechanical Thermal Expression, develop|ed by the CRC for Clean Power
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3016:
2875:"Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets in 2007"
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2402:
coal-upgrading methodology first developed in the Chemical Laboratory of
2406:
by Dr B. A. John in the 1980s. The name of the process derived from the
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2314: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2153: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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zero net improvement due to energy source for drying is coal combustion
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492: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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heat and squeeze at 250 °C and 125 Bar, express water from coal
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2780: – Gas in an atmosphere with certain absorption characteristics
673:, attract environmental criticism. Many modern economies, including
2767: – Physical quantity representing energy content per unit mass
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drying achieved using low pressure steam of max. 180 °C, 4 bar
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The producer of densified coal in Australia is a company based in
1949:
UBC = Upgraded Brown Coal Process, Japan Coal Energy Center &
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It was used for coking drying since 1955 for over 200 wash plants
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2394:(ECT Limited) The company is publicly traded and listed on the
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http://evgenergy.com/documents/EEE-PA-Test-Burn-Ex-Summary.pdf
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Evergreen Energy constructed a full-scale coal refinery near
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generated, refined coal received $ 29.81 in federal support,
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drying achieved via high pressure and temperature compression
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drying achieved via high pressure and temperature compression
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Around 30 nations collectively operate more than 1,400 brown
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1MTPA plant in Inner Mongolia fully operational since 2012
1414:. natural evaporation. accelerated drying at 25-30 °C
162:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
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drying achieved using >100 °C low pressure steam
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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emitted per million Joule of energy from various fuels
1965:
company, Continuous Hydrothermal Dewatering technology
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pilot plant operational, demonstration plant 2008-2011
1426:
flash dry coal fines. use pressure to form briquettes
785:, that face difficulty competing for black coal with
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Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2736:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2717: – Product of the Coldry Process coal upgrading
2702: – Product of the Coldry Process coal upgrading
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2473:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
2091:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1996:
LCP = LiMaxTM Coal Process Technology, developed by
764:
product suitable for burning in black coal boilers.
246:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
3284:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
3202:
3034:
2975:
2850:
http://evgenergy.com/documents/BHP_Results_ES.shtml
781:fuel options to rapidly emerging economies such as
308:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2752: – Soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock
2601:. In 2009 ECT Limited secured and agreement with
1580:(normal) plus mechanical mastication and extrusion
1454:Microwave Drying while keeping coal below 90 deg C
405:that removes moisture and certain pollutants from
55:, consensus to merge this with content from
2852:Refined Coal Test Burn Results Black Hills Power
2678: – Collective term for higher-quality coal
1311:Because of inherent high moisture content, all
2920:Evergreen Letter to Shareholders November 2008
1530:Alternative uses for energy consumed in drying
2953:
2765:Orders of magnitude (specific energy density)
2734: – low temperature carbonization process
1918:(Rhenish-Westphalian Electric) WTE technology
1725:for briquetting/exporting or power generation
8:
1832:hydrophobic, transportable & exportable
1438:heat and squeeze at 200 °C and 100 Bar
665:. High-emitting power stations, notably the
143:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
2908:Evergreen Letter to Shareholders March 2008
2864:Test Burn Results with Pennsylvania Utility
2560:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2050:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1279:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
723:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
625:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
158:and maintains a consistent citation style.
117:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2960:
2946:
2938:
1851:commercial operations in several locations
1614:Up to 25-35% CO2 reduction from the boiler
1408:indirect contact drying in tubular dryers
799:
2930:http://www.gbce.com/en/projects_yield.php
2803:NextGen Energy Council Breakthrough Paper
2711: – Coal product used in making steel
2693: – Measurement of properties of coal
2580:Learn how and when to remove this message
2493:Learn how and when to remove this message
2374:Learn how and when to remove this message
2231:Learn how and when to remove this message
2213:Learn how and when to remove this message
2111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1798:Coal output - transportable or exportable
1299:Learn how and when to remove this message
743:Learn how and when to remove this message
645:Learn how and when to remove this message
552:Learn how and when to remove this message
386:Learn how and when to remove this message
368:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
200:Learn how and when to remove this message
2895:Environmental Clean Technologies Limited
2392:Environmental Clean Technologies Limited
1423:High temp flue gas fluidised bed drying
1318:
2790:
1879:
1217:
2813:http://www.fmifuel.com/pcia/index.html
2515:contractor Bechtel Power Corporation.
2454:contains content that is written like
2072:contains content that is written like
227:contains content that is written like
3252:mining disasters in the United States
1752:exportable coal for power generation
1549:coal sales (fines used for combustion
1546:coal sales (fines used for combustion
7:
2558:adding citations to reliable sources
2312:adding citations to reliable sources
2151:adding citations to reliable sources
1842:Technology in food industry 35 years
1749:input coal for power generation only
1746:input coal for power generation only
1731:input coal for power generation only
1277:adding citations to reliable sources
721:adding citations to reliable sources
623:adding citations to reliable sources
490:adding citations to reliable sources
306:adding citations to reliable sources
2815:Pre Combustion Innovations Alliance
1638:Waste streams generated from drying
760:product that is considered to be a
150:Please consider converting them to
3279:Environmental issues in Appalachia
1927:HTFG = Delta Drying Technology Ltd
1740:coal briquettes for use and export
1737:coal briquettes for use and export
25:
2882:Energy Information Administration
2031:This article has multiple issues.
1734:coal for sale or power generation
98:This article has multiple issues.
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1889:Clean Energy Technology, Germany
1586:crushing/screening to 50 mm
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2299:needs additional citations for
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2039:or discuss these issues on the
1728:coal pellets for use and export
477:needs additional citations for
293:needs additional citations for
106:or discuss these issues on the
2422:is the primary reason why the
1718:Coal output stream description
154:to ensure the article remains
1:
2603:Thang Long Investment Company
1940:, Binderless Coal Briquetting
1490:Grade of heat used for drying
801:Lignite mined in millions of
417:(brown) coals, raising their
1574:Sizing for material handling
1577:crushing/screening (normal)
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3299:Health effects of coal ash
3107:power in the United States
1758:Coal output moisture level
1678:Byproduct streams possible
1623:Up to 40% reduction in CO2
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1078:People's Republic of China
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2758: – mine in Australia
2648:coal-upgrading technology
2396:Australian Stock Exchange
659:coal-fired power stations
565:Coal-upgrading technology
458:Coal-upgrading technology
442:, Australia, such as the
403:coal-upgrading technology
44:This is currently being
18:Coal upgrading technology
3169:Greenhouse gas emissions
1983:KFuel = Koppelman Fuel,
1814:short-distance transport
1592:crushing and mixing wit
1570:Pretreatment requirement
3329:Problems in coal mining
2743: – Organic mineral
2726:Fischer–Tropsch process
2424:Hazelwood power station
1987:, Denver, Colorado, USA
1869:pilot plant operational
1805:long-distance transport
1802:long-distance transport
1743:coal for use and export
1405:Drycol Microwave Drying
770:University of Melbourne
667:Hazelwood power station
587:Environmental rationale
3304:History of coal mining
2435:Commercial development
2272:received $ 23.37, and
2007:History and advantages
401:is the product of the
63:and the resolution on
3159:Fossil fuel phase-out
3057:Black coal equivalent
2475:neutral point of view
2093:neutral point of view
1866:pilot plant abandoned
1811:direct to boiler only
1241:Technology comparison
1138:Serbia and Montenegro
797:, and other nations.
762:Black coal equivalent
452:black coal equivalent
248:neutral point of view
57:Black coal equivalent
3164:Great Smog of London
3097:pollution mitigation
2721:Energy value of coal
2554:improve this section
2404:Melbourne University
2308:improve this article
2147:improve this article
1938:White Energy Company
1273:improve this section
717:improve this section
619:improve this section
486:improve this article
432:carbon sequestration
302:improve this article
3082:fired power station
3077:combustion products
3002:Sub-bituminous coal
2979:(lowest to highest)
2976:Coal types by grade
2467:promotional content
2085:promotional content
1838:Industrial maturity
1703:demineralised water
1688:demineralised water
1412:exothermic reaction
1401:Process Description
805:
240:promotional content
70:Process started in
3217:Black lung disease
3194:Toxic heavy metals
3174:Metallurgical coal
2469:and inappropriate
2390:, Victoria called
2268:received $ 24.34,
2087:and inappropriate
1669:waste water stream
1666:waste water stream
1660:waste water stream
1450:Drying Description
800:
685:Economic rationale
571:coals such as sub-
242:and inappropriate
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3112:preparation plant
3047:Asian brown cloud
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2594:JBD Business Park
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2512:Gillette, Wyoming
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2534:
2526:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2456:an advertisement
2447:
2446:
2439:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2316:
2292:
2284:
2250:Edward Koppelman
2236:
2229:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2155:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2074:an advertisement
2065:
2064:
2057:
2046:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1985:Evergreen Energy
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1543:power generation
1537:power generation
1319:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1253:
1245:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1016:
1014:
1013:
986:
984:
983:
956:
954:
953:
926:
924:
923:
896:
894:
893:
866:
864:
863:
836:
834:
833:
806:
748:
741:
737:
734:
728:
697:
689:
663:carbon emissions
650:
643:
639:
636:
630:
599:
591:
557:
550:
546:
543:
537:
535:
494:
470:
462:
419:calorific values
391:
384:
373:
366:
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264:
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229:an advertisement
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185:
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132:
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113:
91:
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68:
38:
30:
21:
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3372:
3371:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3198:
3035:Coal combustion
3030:
3021:
3007:Bituminous coal
2977:
2971:
2966:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
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2893:
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2824:
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2807:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2756:Maddingley Mine
2744:
2735:
2732:Karrick process
2703:
2694:
2685:
2682:Bergius process
2676:Bituminous coal
2666:
2659:
2656:
2643:
2586:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2551:
2535:
2524:
2508:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2412:Maddingley Mine
2380:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2293:
2282:
2237:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2132:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1998:GB Clean Energy
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1383:Indonesia/Japan
1305:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1270:
1254:
1243:
1191:
1189:
1161:
1159:
1131:
1129:
1101:
1099:
1071:
1069:
1041:
1039:
1011:
1009:
981:
979:
951:
949:
921:
919:
891:
889:
861:
859:
831:
829:
749:
738:
732:
729:
714:
698:
687:
651:
640:
634:
631:
616:
600:
589:
573:bituminous coal
558:
547:
541:
538:
495:
493:
483:
471:
460:
392:
381:
380:
379:
374:
363:
357:
354:
311:
309:
299:
287:
272:
261:
255:
252:
233:
221:
217:
206:
195:
189:
186:
174:
163:
149:
133:
129:
92:
88:
77:
71:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:Mining regions
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:homogenization
3239:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3189:Sulfur dioxide
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:power in China
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
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3024:
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3009:
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2999:
2994:
2989:
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2789:
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2783:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2718:
2715:Densified coal
2712:
2706:
2700:Coldry Process
2697:
2688:
2679:
2672:
2671:
2655:
2652:
2642:
2639:
2588:
2587:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2471:external links
2451:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2400:Coldry Process
2382:
2381:
2323:"Refined coal"
2296:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2239:
2238:
2221:
2220:
2162:"Refined coal"
2135:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2089:external links
2069:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1976:
1967:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1920:
1907:
1899:Coldry Process
1891:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
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1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:non-pyrophoric
1821:
1820:non-pyrophoric
1818:
1817:non-pyrophoric
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:non-pyrophoric
1806:
1803:
1800:
1794:
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1420:stream drying
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1331:Coldry Process
1329:
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1307:
1306:
1257:
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1125:
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1113:
1110:
1108:SFR Yugoslavia
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:Czech Republic
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
976:
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972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
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936:
933:
930:
916:
915:
912:
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876:
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870:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
758:densified coal
751:
750:
701:
699:
692:
686:
683:
653:
652:
603:
601:
594:
588:
585:
560:
559:
501:"Refined coal"
474:
472:
465:
459:
456:
448:Coldry Process
444:Densified coal
411:sub-bituminous
409:coals such as
394:
393:
376:
375:
317:"Refined coal"
290:
288:
281:
274:
273:
244:external links
224:
222:
215:
208:
207:
190:September 2022
152:full citations
136:
134:
127:
122:
96:
95:
93:
86:
79:
78:
65:the discussion
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3379:
3368:
3365:
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3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
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3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:mining region
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2832:on 2015-06-28
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:Energy portal
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2573:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2539:This section
2537:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2506:United States
2505:
2497:
2494:
2486:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:This section
2450:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2416:Bacchus Marsh
2413:
2409:
2408:Calleja Group
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325: –
2324:
2320:
2319:Find sources:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:This section
2295:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2274:nuclear power
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:megawatt-hour
2257:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2235:
2232:
2217:
2214:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164: –
2163:
2159:
2158:Find sources:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2136:This section
2134:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:This section
2068:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2012:United States
2011:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
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1888:
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1880:
1871:
1868:
1865:
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1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:CO2 exposures
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
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1471:
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1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:fluidised bed
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:United States
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:United States
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1303:
1300:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1258:This section
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1233:
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1224:
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1218:
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1210:
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1177:
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1123:
1120:
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1111:
1109:
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1090:
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1084:
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898:United States
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503: –
502:
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497:Find sources:
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475:This section
473:
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436:United States
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318:
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313:Find sources:
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291:This article
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3334:Refined coal
3333:
3247:liquefaction
3139:Energy value
2925:
2913:
2901:
2890:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:the original
2820:
2808:
2644:
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2593:
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2567:
2552:Please help
2540:
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2465:by removing
2461:Please help
2453:
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2407:
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2306:Please help
2301:verification
2298:
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2183:
2176:
2169:
2157:
2145:Please help
2140:verification
2137:
2107:
2098:
2083:by removing
2079:Please help
2071:
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2033:Please help
2030:
1992:
1979:
1970:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1923:
1910:
1894:
1882:
1837:
1797:
1757:
1717:
1712:tar product
1677:
1637:
1597:
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1489:
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1400:
1360:
1346:Exergen CHTD
1310:
1295:
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1271:Please help
1259:
779:
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715:Please help
703:
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605:
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484:Please help
479:verification
476:
446:technology (
428:
402:
399:Refined coal
398:
397:
382:
364:
355:
345:
338:
331:
324:
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300:Please help
295:verification
292:
262:
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238:by removing
234:Please help
226:
196:
187:
176:Citation bot
138:
114:
107:
101:
100:Please help
97:
72:January 2023
69:
61:Help:Merging
53:a discussion
43:
3204:Coal mining
3154:Fossil fuel
2266:solar power
1905:, Australia
1903:ECT Limited
1642:clean water
1198:North Korea
803:metric tons
3227:Coalfields
3012:Anthracite
2836:2013-03-25
2785:References
2774:List of CO
2741:Leonardite
2691:Coal assay
2463:improve it
2334:newspapers
2270:wind power
2173:newspapers
2081:improve it
2036:improve it
1951:Kobe Steel
1936:WEC-BCB =
1914:RWE-WTE =
1829:pyrophoric
1826:pyrophoric
1722:Direct use
581:brown coal
512:newspapers
407:lower-rank
328:newspapers
236:improve it
156:verifiable
103:improve it
3339:Whitedamp
3324:Peak coal
3319:Outbursts
3222:Coal dust
3212:Blackdamp
3117:seam fire
3092:phase-out
2709:Coke fuel
2623:Indonesia
2541:does not
2522:Australia
2388:Melbourne
2280:Australia
2245:NYSE Arca
2042:talk page
1442:pyrolytic
1389:Australia
1386:Australia
1380:Australia
1371:Australia
1260:does not
928:Australia
704:does not
671:Australia
606:does not
141:bare URLs
109:talk page
3361:Category
3289:Firedamp
3144:Flue gas
3067:Charcoal
3042:Ash pond
3017:Graphite
2654:See also
2606:(Tincom)
2570:May 2023
2483:May 2023
2364:May 2023
2203:May 2023
2101:May 2023
1762:10 - 30%
1589:(normal)
1583:(normal)
1494:Very Low
1313:lignites
1289:May 2023
733:May 2023
679:Victoria
635:May 2023
569:low rank
542:May 2023
440:Victoria
358:May 2023
256:May 2023
145:link rot
3149:Fly ash
2997:Lignite
2750:Lignite
2610:Vietnam
2562:removed
2547:sources
2348:scholar
2187:scholar
1963:Exergen
1524:Medium
1374:Germany
1368:Germany
1340:WEC-BCB
1334:RWE-WTA
1281:removed
1266:sources
1228:1,214.0
1225:1,028.0
1168:Romania
838:Germany
809:Country
783:Vietnam
768:by the
725:removed
710:sources
627:removed
612:sources
577:lignite
526:scholar
415:lignite
342:scholar
3267:slurry
3262:refuse
3134:Coking
3052:Asthma
2826:"GBCE"
2635:Russia
2631:Greece
2627:Poland
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
1792:1-15%
1777:10-15%
1771:12-14%
1768:12-14%
1515:Medium
1512:Medium
1503:Medium
1395:China
1325:Drycol
1322:Option
1234:894.8
1195:
1165:
1135:
1105:
1075:
1045:
1018:Turkey
1015:
988:Poland
985:
958:Greece
955:
925:
895:
868:Russia
865:
854:175.4
835:
675:Greece
528:
521:
514:
507:
499:
344:
337:
330:
323:
315:
165:reFill
51:After
46:merged
2987:Xylit
2878:(PDF)
2641:China
2619:India
2615:China
2355:JSTOR
2341:books
2194:JSTOR
2180:books
1887:ZEMAG
1783:5-10%
1774:6-30%
1765:5-20%
1672:none
1377:China
1352:Kfuel
1328:ZEMAG
1231:877.4
1222:804.0
1219:Total
1214:26.5
1184:29.8
1154:35.5
1094:47.0
1064:50.7
1034:57.2
1004:59.5
974:67.0
944:67.8
914:80.5
884:83.2
878:137.3
875:141.0
872:127.0
851:167.7
848:356.5
845:388.0
842:369.3
824:2001
795:Japan
791:India
787:China
533:JSTOR
519:books
349:JSTOR
335:books
139:uses
3367:Coal
3272:town
3232:Coal
3184:Smog
3129:Coke
3072:Coal
3062:Char
2992:Peat
2969:Coal
2633:and
2599:ARUP
2545:any
2543:cite
2327:news
2166:news
1953:Ltd.
1789:~20%
1786:~18%
1709:none
1706:none
1697:none
1694:none
1691:none
1685:none
1682:none
1663:none
1657:none
1654:none
1651:none
1648:none
1645:none
1632:n/a
1540:none
1534:None
1521:High
1518:High
1509:High
1355:LCP
1337:HTFG
1264:any
1262:cite
1211:26.0
1208:10.0
1205:10.0
1181:17.9
1178:33.5
1175:27.1
1172:14.1
1151:35.5
1118:60.0
1115:43.0
1112:26.0
1091:40.0
1088:38.0
1085:22.0
1082:13.0
1061:50.1
1058:71.0
1055:87.0
1052:67.0
1031:63.0
1028:43.8
1025:15.0
1001:61.3
998:67.6
995:36.9
992:32.8
971:63.3
968:51.7
965:23.2
941:65.0
938:46.0
935:32.9
932:24.2
911:83.5
908:82.6
905:42.3
881:86.4
821:2000
818:1990
815:1980
812:1970
772:and
708:any
706:cite
677:and
610:any
608:cite
575:and
505:news
423:Coal
413:and
321:news
173:and
3237:gas
3179:NOx
3122:tar
3087:gas
2608:of
2556:by
2310:by
2149:by
1916:RWE
1780:n/a
1700:n/a
1620:n/a
1605:n/a
1602:n/a
1552:n/a
1506:Low
1500:Low
1497:Low
1349:MTE
1343:UBC
1275:by
1202:5.7
1022:4.4
962:8.1
902:5.4
719:by
669:in
621:by
488:by
304:by
3363::
2880:.
2793:^
2637:.
2629:,
2625:,
2621:,
2617:,
2414:,
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1901:,
1124:-
793:,
789:,
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2961:e
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2839:.
2776:2
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2577:(
2572:)
2568:(
2564:.
2550:.
2496:)
2490:(
2485:)
2481:(
2477:.
2459:.
2377:)
2371:(
2366:)
2362:(
2352:·
2345:·
2338:·
2331:·
2304:.
2234:)
2228:(
2216:)
2210:(
2205:)
2201:(
2191:·
2184:·
2177:·
2170:·
2143:.
2114:)
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2103:)
2099:(
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2077:.
2052:)
2048:(
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629:.
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579:(
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115:(
74:.
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20:)
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