Coast Salish - Knowledge (XXG)

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terrified of the intentions of spirits. who only appear at night, prompting Salish people to travel only during the day and stay close to others for protection. Coastal Salish beliefs describe the journey to the underworld as a two-day adventure. The individual must walk along a trail passing through bushes and a lake to reach a valley that is divided by a river where they will reside. Salish beliefs about the afterlife very closely resemble the past life they lived, and they often assign themselves to jobs to keep busy, hunt for animals and game, and live with their families.

911:. Contact and trade began accelerating significantly with the southern Coast Salish. Significant social change and change in social structures accelerates with increasing contact. Initiative remained with Native traders until catastrophic population decline. Native traders and Native economy were not particularly interested or dependent upon European trade or tools. Trade goods were primarily luxuries such as trade blankets, ornamentation, guns and ammunition. The HBC monopoly did not condone alcohol, but freebooter traders were under no compunction. 1259:

members of the community to show their spirit powers through song, or dance. The powers they acquired were sought after individually after going through trials of isolation where their powers related to spirit animals such as a raven, woodpecker, bear, or seal. Oftentimes members of the community get together to show their powers on the longhouse floor, where the spiritual powers are for the individual alone for each member to share and display various songs.

40: 1025:. As the epidemic spread, police, supported by gunboats, forced thousands of First Nations people living in encampments around Victoria to leave and many returned to their home villages which spread the epidemic. Some consider the decision to force First Nations people to leave their encampments an intentional act of genocide. Mean population decline 1774–1874 was about 66%. Though the Salish peoples together are less numerous than the 639: 1298:

The interior walls of longhouses were typically lined with sleeping platforms. Storage shelves above the platforms held baskets, tools, clothing, and other items. Firewood was stored below the platforms. Mattresses and cushions were constructed from woven reed mats and animals skins. Food was hung

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had their own beliefs about where souls of all living things go. The shamans of these people believed everything had five components to its spirit; the body, an inner and outer soul, its life force, and its ghost. They believed that an individual becomes ill when their soul is removed from their body

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acquire high status. Wealth was required to enhance their status as elite born, or through practical skills, and ritual knowledge. An individual could not buy status or power, but wealth could be used to enhance them. Wealth was not meant to be hidden. It has been publicly displayed through ceremony.

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pattern. Society was divided into upper class, lower class and slaves, all largely hereditary. Nobility was based on genealogy, intertribal kinship, wise use of resources, and possession of esoteric knowledge about the workings of spirits and the world — making an effective marriage of class,

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Through the 1850s and 1860s, traditional resources became less and less available. Sawmill work and employment selling natural resources began; Native men worked as loggers, in the mills, and as commercial fishers. Women sold basketry and shellfish. Through the 1870s, agricultural work in hop yards

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Coast Salish peoples' had complex land management practices linked to ecosystem health and resilience. Forest gardens on Canada's northwest coast included crabapple, hazelnut, cranberry, wild plum, and wild cherry species. There is also documentation of the cultivation of great camas, Indian carrot,

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Neighboring peoples, whether villages or adjacent tribes, were related by marriage, feasting, ceremonies, and common or shared territory. Ties were especially strong within the same waterway or watershed. There existed no breaks throughout the south Coast Salish culture area and beyond. There were

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The use of the term Coast Salish, and its association with an attribute of nationhood, has increasingly become resisted, as that notion of a 'national' grouping is not a traditional part of the culture of Salish communities in this area, and as the term derives more from anthropology than community

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The shamans believed that once an individual's body was dead it was able to connect with its soul and shade in the underworld. It is believed that the spirits are able to come back amongst the living and cause family members to die of sickness and join them in the afterlife. Living individuals were

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Salish-made bowls in the Northwest have different artistic designs and features. Numerous bowls have basic designs with animal features on the surface. Similar bowls will have more decorations including a head, body, wings, and limbs. A seated figure bowl is more complex in design, depicting humans

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Since the 1970s, many federally recognized tribes have developed some economic autonomy with (initially strongly contested) tax-free tobacco retail, development of casino gambling, fisheries and stewardship of fisheries. Extant tribes not federally recognized continue ongoing legal proceedings and

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Native groups along the Northwest coast have been using plants for making wood and fiber artifacts for over 10,500 years. Anthropologists are searching for aquifer wet sites that would contain ancient Salish villages. These sites are created by a series of waters running through the archaeological

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band government, the Quwutsun. In the 19th century this term, or the variant "Cowidgin", was applied to all Halkomelem-speaking groups and certain others, such as the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh and Semiahmoo. On Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands, other "Cowichan" groups include the Penelakut, Lyackson and

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and touched off public awareness and native activism in BC and Canada. By this point, through the 1960s and 1970s, employment in commercial fisheries had greatly declined; employment in logging and lumber mills also declined significantly with automation, outsourcing, and the decline in available

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was banned in Canada; it was banned in the US some years later. This suppression ended in the US in 1934, and in 1951 in Canada. Some potlatching became overt immediately. A resurgence of tribal culture began in the 1960s; national Civil Rights movements engendered civil action for treaty rights.

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Salish groups such as Muckleshoot were heavily reliant on seasonal foods that included animals and plants. In January, they would gather along the river banks to catch salmon. By May, Salmonberry sprouts would be eaten with salmon eggs. Men would hunt deer and elk, while women gathered camas and

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Coastal Salish people believe that through dances, masks, or ceremonies they express themselve the spiritual powers that they are given. Spirit powers define a community's success through leadership, bravery, healing, or artistry. Spirit dancing ceremonies are common gatherings in the winter for

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The history of Coast Salish peoples presented here provides an overview from a primarily United States perspective. Coast Salish peoples in British Columbia have had similar economic experience, although their political and treaty experience has been different—occasionally dramatically so.

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For thousands of years, Northwest coast Salish people demonstrated valuing material possessions. They believe that material wealth included land, food resources, household items, and adornments. Material wealth not only improved one's life but it enhanced other qualities such as those needed to

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Bilateral kinship within the Skagit people is the most important system being defined as a carefully knit, and sacred bond within the society. When both adult siblings die, their children would be brought under the protection of surviving brothers and sisters, out of fear of mistreatment by

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There was little political organization. No formal political office existed. Warfare for the southern Coast Salish was primarily defensive, with occasional raiding into territory where there were no relatives. No institutions existed for mobilizing or maintaining a standing force.

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c̓əsnaʔəm (commonly known as the Eburne Site, Marpole Midden or Great Fraser Midden), located in the heart of Musqueam's Traditional and unceded Territory, is an ancient village and burial site of the Musqueam people, dating back at least 4,000 years. In the late 1700s and 1800s,

1143:, are also notable. Having gained superiority by earlier access to European guns through the fur trade, these warriors raided the southern Salish tribes for slaves and loot. Their victims organized retaliatory raids several times, attacking the Lekwiltok. 1008:

The first smallpox epidemic to hit the region was in the 1680s, with the disease travelling overland from Mexico by intertribal transmission. Among losses due to diseases, and a series of earlier epidemics that had wiped out many peoples entirely, e.g. the

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broke out among the Northwest tribes in 1862, killing roughly half the affected native populations, in some cases up to 90% or more. The smallpox epidemic of 1862 started when an infected miner from San Francisco stopped in Victoria on his way to the

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The highest-ranking male assumed the role of ceremonial leader but rank could vary and was determined by different standards. Villages were linked through intermarriage among members; the wife usually went to live at the husband's village, in a

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Gary Coupland, David Bilton, Terence Clark, Jerome S. Cybulski, Gay Frederick, Alyson Holland, Bryn Letham, and Gretchen Williams, "A Wealth of Beads: Evidence for Material Wealth-Based Inequality in the Salish Sea Region, 4000-3500 CAL BOP,"

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secular, religious, and economic power. Many Coast Salish mothers altered the appearance of their free-born by carefully shaping the heads of their babies, binding them with cradle boards just long enough to produce a steep sloping forehead.

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region of the Northwest coast has produced ancient pieces of art appearing by 4500 BP that feature various Salish styles recognizable in more recent historical works. A seated human feature bowl was used in a female puberty ritual in

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were signed on Vancouver Island between various Coast Salish peoples around Victoria and Nanaimo, and also with two Kwakwaka'wakw groups on northern Vancouver Island. The Muckleshoot Reservation was established after the

1325:. The functions of these features may have included defense, fishing platforms, and creation of house terraces. House pits and stone tools have been found in association with certain sites. Methods used include use of a 1423:

clams from the prairies and beaches. By the summer, steelhead and king salmon appeared in masses along the rivers, and berries were abundant in the forests. This harvesting cycle is referred to as the Seasonal Rounds.

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and this is followed by death when the soul reaches the underworld. It is the job of the shaman to travel to the underworld to save the individual by recovering the soul while it is travelling between the two worlds.

1415:. Many, many varieties of berries were foraged; some were harvested with comblike devices not reportedly used elsewhere. Acorns were relished but were not widely available. Regional tribes went in autumn to the 1769:(2.1) A smallpox vaccine was discovered in 1801. Russian Orthodox missionaries were an exception to general policy and vaccinated at-risk Native populations in what is now SE Alaska and NW British Columbia. 1160:

Unlike hunter-gatherer societies widespread in North America, but similar to other Pacific Northwest coastal cultures, Coast Salish society was complex, hierarchical and oriented toward property and status.

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Rudy Reimer, Pierre Freile, Kenneth Fath, and John Clague, "Tales From the River Bank: An In Situ Stone Bowl Found Along the shores of the Salish Sea on the Southern Northwest Coast of British Columbia,"

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deposits creating an environment with no oxygen that preserves wood and fiber The wet sites would typically contain perishable artifacts that were used as wedges, fishhooks, basketry, cordage, and nets.

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or transformation between human and animal spirits were widely shared in many forms. The relations of soul or souls, and conceptions of the lands of the living and the dead were complex and mutable.

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Slavery was practiced, although its extent is a matter of debate. The Coast Salish held slaves as simple property; they were not members of the tribe. The children of slaves were born into slavery.

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estuary dating back to the 6th century CE, which remained continuously inhabited until sometime in the later 18th century. Boulder walls were constructed for defensive and other purposes along the

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2013: an estimate of at least 56,590, made up of 28,406 Status Indians registered to Coast Salish bands in British Columbia, and 28,284 enrolled members of Coast Salish Tribes in Washington state.

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were maintained. The south Coast Salish may have had more vegetables and land game than people farther north or among other peoples on the outer coast. Salmon and other fish were staples; see

1877: 1171:, supplemented with a rich variety of other seafoods and forage. This was particularly the case for the southern Coast Salish, where the climate of their territories was even more temperate. 3512: 3203: 156:

system, with inheritance and descent passed through the male and female line. According to a 2013 estimate, the population of Coast Salish numbers at least 56,590 people, made of 28,406

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The Coast Salish are a large, loose grouping of many nations with numerous distinct cultures and languages. Territory claimed by Coast Salish peoples span from the northern limit of the

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self-description. The phenomenon replacing this terminology is increasingly to indicate the specific tribe in question, or otherwise to use terms not given by non-Indigenous entities.

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Schaepe, D. (2006) Rock fortifications : Archaeological insights into precontact warfare and sociopolitical organization among the Stó :lō of the Lower Fraser River Canyon, B.C.

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Catholic missionaries arrive in Puget Sound around 1839–1840; interest diminished by 1843, and Methodist missionaries were in the area from 1840 to 1842 but had no success.

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Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73

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aka Southern Kwakiutl, commonly known in historical writings as the Euclataws or Yucultas. Regular raids by northern tribes, particularly warriors of an alliance among the

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The Coast Salish use over 100 species of plants. Salal is the source of multiple tinctures and teas, and its berries are often eaten during feasts. They use the leaves of

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The Stevens Treaties were negotiated in 1854–55, but many tribes had reservations and did not participate; others dropped out of treaty negotiations. (See, for example,

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by Canadian author E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake) is a collection of Coast Salish "as told-to" narratives, stemming from the author's relationship to Squamish Chief

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not only provided game habitat, but vegetable sprouts, roots, bulbs, berries, and nuts were foraged from them as well as found wild. The most important were probably

1321:, along the Fraser River. These Salish Defensive Sites are rock wall features constructed by Coast Salish peoples. One was excavated by Kisha Supernant in 2008 at 3213: 2566: 1807: 1452:

has written a series of mysteries featuring a Coast Salish character, Silas Seaweed, from the fictitious "Mohawt Bay Band", who works as an investigator with the

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to dry from the ceiling. The larger houses included partitions to separate families, as well as interior fires with roof slats that functioned as chimneys.

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Hunting was specialized; professions were probably sea hunters, land hunters, fowlers. Water fowl were captured on moonless nights using strategic flares.

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5. Bill, Angelbeck, "localized Rituals and individual Spirit Powers: Discerning Regional Autonomy Through Religious Practices in the Coast Salish Past,"

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From the 1810s through to the 1850s, Coast Salish groups of Georgia Strait and Puget Sound experienced raiding from northern peoples, particularly the

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and other diseases affected the inhabitants. Other notable early settlements that record has been found of include prominent villages along the

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delivered a pivotal speech in 1967 on what had happened to his people. This riveted audiences at a Canadian Centennial ceremony in Vancouver's

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Coast Salish Collections: Archaeology and Ethnology of the Gulf of Georgia, Province of British Columbia, 2000, part of Digital Collections

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cultural development toward recognition. In British Columbia, 1970 marks the start of organized resistance to the "white paper" tabled by

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1. Dale R. Cross and Kathleen L. Hawes, "Exploring Ancient Wood and Fiber Technologies along the Northwest coast of North America,"

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Below is a list of some, but not all, Coast Salish-speaking tribes and nations located in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon.

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Pathways of the Past: A look at the history and organization of the Squamishie people. Community archive of the Sḵwxwú7mesh Pg. 4

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In 2022, filmmaker Ryan Abrahamson of the Spokane Tribe created a supernatural thriller featuring the Coast Salish language.

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Heidi C. Bruce, "Muckleshoot Foods and Culture: Pre- 20th Century Stkamish, Skopamish, Smulkamish, and Allied Longhouses,"

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Snaw-naw-as (originally this term was used for both the Snuneymuxw/Nanaimo and the group that today uses this name, at

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Suttles, Wayne P.; Lane, Barbara (1990). "South Coast Salish: Northwest coast". In Sturtevant, William C. (ed.).

1295:. Houses that were part of the same village sometimes stretched for several miles along a river or watercourse. 804:

and met various groups until reaching tidewater on the Fraser's North Arm, where he was attacked and repelled by

750: 92: 3253: 2140:"Ancient Indigenous forest gardens promote a healthy ecosystem: SFU study - SFU News - Simon Fraser University" 1514: 781: 411: 1850: 689: 354: 3406: 3360: 3283: 3143: 3138: 3083: 3018: 2948: 2736: 2661: 2656: 1716: 973: 922: 918: 900: 840: 793: 597: 522: 487: 467: 2228: 1674:(2) Although Hudson's Bay and Pendleton blankets have retained a widely renowned cachet to the present day. 1439: 3375: 3278: 3263: 3188: 3173: 3088: 3053: 3028: 2953: 2761: 2746: 2510: 2450: 1460: 1449: 1322: 844: 565: 549: 472: 212: 80: 44: 31: 2462:

presents a bibliography of Coast Salish related works with links to Open Access versions where available.

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Coast Salish senses of place: Dwelling, meaning, power, property and territory in the Coast Salish world

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The common enemies of all the Coast Salish for most of the first half of the 19th century were the

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killed many, and commercial fisheries employment began to decline significantly through the 1880s.

904: 886: 507: 2731: 2686: 2515: 1547: 3396: 3048: 3008: 3003: 2958: 2721: 2716: 2091: 908: 797: 560: 544: 533: 477: 428: 72: 3183: 3128: 2771: 2651: 607: 2906: 2591: 2586: 2275:"'Taboo' Season 1: Ending, Claim To Nootka Sound, & Season 2 Expectations, Explained | DMT" 1291:). The villages were typically located near navigable water for easy transportation by dugout 145:

Coast Salish cultures differ considerably from those of their northern neighbours. They have a

3486: 3416: 3411: 3148: 2856: 2414: 2400: 2382: 2358: 2083: 1656: 1386: 1272: 1081: 1022: 824: 777: 761:) is evident from c. 2000 BCE – 450 CE, and lasted at least until around the late 1800s, when 417: 398: 139: 115: 60: 2756: 2636: 2541: 1738: 1097: 989: 808:

warriors. Throughout the 1810s, coastal fur trade extended further with infrequent shipping.

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people). Their traditional territories coincide with modern major metropolitan areas, namely

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began to replace older-era names conferred by anthropologists, linguists and governments.

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The closely associated habitation site is one of the oldest discovered (ca. 5000 years).

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The culture evidenced here was present in the Fraser Delta from about 400 BC to AD 450.

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and other diseases arrived on the Northwest Coast and affected our people at c̓əsnaʔəm.

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journeys involving other states of consciousness were varied and widely practised. The

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The Cowichan designation is derived from the name of one of several groups forming the

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registered to Coast Salish bands in British Columbia, and 28,284 enrolled members of

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in what is now Eastern Washington. Similarly in Canada there were ties between the

3248: 3243: 2816: 2806: 2037:'Quantifying Defensiveness at Defended Sites on the Northwest Coast'. (unpublished) 1469:'s character James Delaney visits the grave of his mother, whose name is "Salish". 1435: 1334: 1232: 1216: 1132: 882: 855: 249: 17: 1184: 1043:

1885: less than 2,000, probably not including all the off-reservation populations.

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of 1855 and restored fisheries rights to federally recognized Puget Sound tribes.

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of the east Sound river valley increased, including cultivation of mushrooms. The

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Early European contact with Coast Salish peoples dates back to exploration of the

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The wealthy built extraordinarily large longhouses. The Suquamish Oleman House (

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The Salish later took to constructing rock walls at strategic points near the

1179: 1153: 1105: 997: 946: 434: 321: 232: 99: 2298:"Supernatural thriller featuring Salish language filmed in Pacific Northwest" 2087: 1862: 1851:"Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America by Leland Donald" 2927: 2886: 2881: 2791: 2786: 1466: 1396: 1378: 1366: 1280: 1140: 1010: 866: 847:, travelled the length of the central and south Georgia Strait-Puget Sound. 592: 586: 423: 285: 280: 127: 2203: 2164: 1990:

Jay, Miller, Shamanic Odyssey (Menlo Park California: Ballena Press, 1988).

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in 1824 was important as it established a regular site of interaction with

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Evidence has been found from c. 3000 BCE of an established settlement at

440: 404: 366: 333: 303: 243: 238: 182: 119: 2438: 988:, which called for assimilation. In the wake of that, new terms such as 2891: 2751: 2601: 2078: 1400: 1311: 972:, passed in 1974 upheld by the Supreme Court in 1979 was, based on the 612: 452: 327: 227: 222: 153: 131: 2423:

Suttles, Wayne, and Barbara Lane (1990). 'Southern Coast Salish.' In

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The Adventures of Yoo-Lah-Teen: A Legend of the Salish Coastal Indians

2324:"The University of British Columbia Indigenous Peoples Language Guide" 1580: 1207:, as well as athletic contests. Games that are similar to modern day 1037:

Pre-epidemics about 12,600; Lushootseed about 11,800, Twana about 800.

2932: 2922: 2781: 2581: 2437:. Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University (Canada), Canada. Retrieved: 2061: 1204: 1168: 1089: 1046:

1984: sum total about 18,000; Lushootseed census 15,963; Twana 1,029.

1030: 492: 217: 76: 1753:"Spirit of Pestilence: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 in Victoria BC" 1739:"The Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 (Victoria BC)--Overview and Timeline" 1783:. Vol. 7. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 486–7. 1310:

was 152 x 12–18 m (500 x 40–60 ft), c. 1850. The

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Coast Salish Spirit Dancing: The Survival of an Ancestral Religion

1350: 1292: 1117: 618: 38: 2062:"The ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island" 1203:

Games often involved gambling on a sleight-of-hand game known as

87:(Bella Coola) nation are usually included in the group, although 788:, as well as brief contact with the Vancouver expedition by the 2469: 2465: 1655:. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 50–60. 632: 2060:

Turner, Nancy Chapman; Bell, Marcus A. M. (January 1, 1971).

2254:"Seaweed on the Rocks by Stanley Evans, a Mysterious Review" 1885:. University of Washington Press. p. 57. Archived from 577: 2459: 3204:

Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon

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Jay, Miller, "Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound,"

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territory; it was believed to aid women in giving birth.

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External relations were extensive throughout most of the

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and covers most of southern Vancouver Island, all of the

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Related Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast

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for mapping the sites as well as the creation of simple

1808:"Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight" 1459:

In the third episode of the first season of the 2017's

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are a group of ethnically and linguistically related

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Villages of the Coast Salish typically consisted of

3374: 3348: 3317: 2941: 2503: 1794: 1792: 1790: 663:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 142:are the southernmost of the Coast Salish peoples. 3513:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 2357:. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978. 1611:"Marpole Midden National Historic Site of Canada" 1482:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 57:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 1630:Dailey, map icon 33, Dailey reference 2, 9, 10. 984:, then a cabinet minister in the government of 2427:, Vol. 7. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 2481: 1314:roof was unique to Puget Sound Coast Salish. 895:and its farm were established in 1833 by the 8: 3528:Native American tribes in Washington (state) 2399:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989. 2378:Be of Good Mind: Essays on the Coast Salish 2488: 2474: 2466: 1830:Suttles & Lane (1990), pp. 495–7 1419:Flats (Nisqually plains) to harvest them. 1239:had a soul recovery and journey ceremony. 949:was passed the previous year, in 1885 the 2367:Blanchard, Rebecca, and Nancy Davenport. 2077: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 877:across the river from what was to become 869:. Whattlekainum, principal chief of the 800:entered Coast Salish territories via the 723:Learn how and when to remove this message 1998: 1996: 1806:. Seattle Art Museum. July 4, 2003. per 940:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic 919:Treaty of Point Elliott#Native Americans 3340:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs 3330:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency 1506: 1167:The staple of their diet was typically 30:For details of the language group, see 1686:Suttles & Lane (1990), pp. 499–500 1579:. Musqueam Indian Band. Archived from 3325:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission 2425:The Handbook of Northamerican Indians 164:of Coast Salish in Washington State. 7: 3335:Washington Indian Gaming Association 2371:. Seattle: Stonington Gallery, 2005. 2296:Paterson, Lauren (August 25, 2022). 2165:"KWIÁHT - Ancient Gardens and Camas" 1910:Suttles & Lane (1990), pp. 488–9 1672:(1) Suttles & Lane (1990) p. 489 1653:José Narváez: The Forgotten Explorer 661:adding citations to reliable sources 3214:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis 1696:Confiscation An Incident in History 737:History of the Coast Salish peoples 2331:The University of British Columbia 2202:Hendren, Mahalia (June 29, 2021). 1804:Puget Sound Native Art and Culture 1781:Handbook of North American Indians 1069:no formal political institutions. 25: 3518:First Nations in British Columbia 3304:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community 2409:Pugh, Ellen, and Laszlo Kubinyi. 2048:Journal of Northwest Anthropology 2015:Suttles & Lane (1990), p. 491 2004:Journal of Northwest Anthropology 1949:Journal of Northwest Anthropology 1935:Journal of Northwest Anthropology 1642:, unpublished dissertation", 2008 1283:, known in the Chinook Jargon as 3523:Native American tribes in Oregon 2375:Granville Miller, Bruce (2011). 1721:Duwamish (tribe) #Recent history 1717:Treaty of Point Elliott #Context 1191:being intertwined with animals. 897:Puget Sound Agricultural Company 873:, moved most of his people from 637: 1227:Belief in guardian spirits and 945:After legislation amending the 648:needs additional citations for 118:(except for territories of the 3318:Organizations and institutions 3294:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians 2439:http://hdl.handle.net/10613/32 2413:. New York: Dial Press, 1975. 1546:. Parks Canada. Archived from 1381:were abundant. Butter clams, 1371:Coast Salish people and salmon 1: 3209:Confederated Tribes of Siletz 2369:Contemporary Coast Salish Art 2302:Northwest Public Broadcasting 965:resources through the 1980s. 3039:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council 2974:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation 1849:Archer, Christon I. (1998). 3239:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe 3164:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation 3069:Tsleil-waututh First Nation 2322:Kessler, Linc; et al. 1876:Haeberlin, Hermann (1942). 1800:"The people and their land" 1353:to make baskets and twine. 1084:-speaking lands of Chelan, 296:New Westminster Indian Band 162:federally recognized tribes 91:is more closely related to 3544: 3269:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe 3154:Yakweakwioose First Nation 3059:Yakweakwioose First Nation 3014:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation 1879:The Indians of Puget Sound 1577:Musqueam: A Living Culture 1454:Victoria Police Department 1446:Victoria, British Columbia 1269:northwest coast longhouses 925:.) From 1850 to 1854, the 734: 29: 3234:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe 3229:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe 2233:digital.library.upenn.edu 1706:Cole & Chaikin (1990) 1275:split planks and with an 861:In 1827, HBC established 751:Mission, British Columbia 93:Interior Salish languages 47:in the early 19th century 3254:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe 2397:The Coast Salish Peoples 1863:10.14288/bcs.v0i119.1792 1765:(1) Lange, Essay 5171) 1544:Canada's Historic Places 1308:Port Madison Reservation 388:(Whidbey Island Skagits) 351:Sawhewamish (Sʼəhiwʼabš) 79:. They speak one of the 3391:Sliammon/Mainland Comox 3284:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe 3144:Tsawwassen First Nation 3139:Snuneymuxw First Nation 3084:Kwikwetlem First Nation 3019:Skawahlook First Nation 2208:Salish Kootenai College 974:Treaty of Point Elliott 580:(Chemainus + Ladysmith) 578:Stz'uminus First Nation 449:(Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw) 3279:Skokomish Indian Tribe 3264:Quinault Indian Nation 3259:Nisqually Indian Tribe 3189:Esquimalt First Nation 3174:Union Bar First Nation 3094:Chemainus First Nation 3089:Semiahmoo First Nation 3054:Tzeachten First Nation 3029:Soowahlie First Nation 2994:Sq'éwlets First Nation 2979:Leq'á:mel First Nation 2954:Chawathil First Nation 2229:"Legends of Vancouver" 1651:McDowell, Jim (1998). 1389:were dried for trade. 1323:Yale, British Columbia 923:# Non-signatory tribes 903:, between present-day 827:, as well as interior 81:Coast Salish languages 48: 45:Coast Salish languages 32:Coast Salish languages 3109:Klahoose First Nation 3044:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council 3024:Skowkale First Nation 2964:Kwantlen First Nation 2460:Coast Salish Homepage 2204:"Our Seasonal Rounds" 1550:on September 12, 2015 1440:UPenn Digital Library 1306:) at what became the 1104:neighbours, i.e. the 811:The establishment of 773:in the 15th century. 753:. Early occupancy of 355:Scia'new First Nation 42: 3289:Squaxin Island Tribe 3274:Samish Indian Nation 3219:Cowlitz Indian Tribe 3194:Tsawout First Nation 3159:Tseycum First Nation 3119:Nanoose First Nation 3114:Malahat First Nation 3104:Homalco First Nation 3074:Musqueam Indian Band 3034:Squiala First Nation 2984:Matsqui First Nation 2190:Fourth World journal 1519:Wsanecschoolboard.ca 1515:"Board of Directors" 1432:Legends of Vancouver 1427:In literature and TV 899:a subsidiary of the 875:Qiqayt (Brownsville) 865:east of present-day 841:Hudson's Bay Company 657:improve this article 373:Shoalwater Bay Tribe 340:Tseycum First Nation 316:Malahat First Nation 3349:Culture and society 3124:Peters First Nation 3099:Halalt First Nation 3079:Katzie First Nation 2999:Seabird Island Band 2969:Katzie First Nation 1923:44 (1997): 375-376. 1889:on October 29, 2013 1583:on December 7, 2013 1411:especially for the 1362:and Columbia lily. 1319:Fraser River Canyon 1246:Salish people near 1139:, and one group of 1059:Social organization 887:Fraser River Salish 839:. Parties from the 749:(Hatzic Rock) near 134:. The Tillamook or 18:Coast Salish people 3049:Sumas First Nation 3009:Skway First Nation 3004:Skwah First Nation 2959:Cheam First Nation 2079:10.1007/BF02894564 2026:American Antiquity 1963:American Antiquity 1719:and, for example, 1040:1850: about 5,000. 934:of 1855–56. 909:Tacoma, Washington 798:North West Company 792:in 1792. In 1808, 786:José María Narváez 49: 3495: 3494: 3149:Yale First Nation 2431:Thom, Brian David 2395:Porter, Frank W. 2388:978-0-7748-4089-7 1767:(2) Boyd (1999) 1273:western red cedar 1023:Cariboo Gold Rush 958:Chief Dan Georges 778:Strait of Georgia 733: 732: 725: 707: 140:Tillamook, Oregon 116:Olympic Peninsula 102:on the inside of 61:Canadian province 16:(Redirected from 3535: 3064:Sts'ailes Nation 2490: 2483: 2476: 2467: 2392: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2277:. March 12, 2022 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2081: 2057: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2000: 1991: 1988: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1884: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1857:(119): 104–108. 1846: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1796: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1511: 1080:and east to the 927:Douglas Treaties 728: 721: 717: 714: 708: 706: 665: 641: 633: 104:Vancouver Island 65:British Columbia 59:, living in the 43:Distribution of 21: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3370: 3344: 3313: 3299:Suquamish Tribe 3224:Suquamish Tribe 3199:Cowichan Tribes 3184:T'Sou-ke Nation 3169:Squamish Nation 3134:shíshálh Nation 3129:Tla'amin Nation 2949:Aitchelitz Band 2937: 2499: 2494: 2447: 2389: 2374: 2353:Amoss, Pamela. 2350: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2066:Economic Botany 2059: 2058: 2054: 2050:47 (2013): 117. 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028:71(4): 671-706. 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1736: 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3314: 3312: 3311: 3309:Tulalip Tribes 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2712:Seabird Island 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667:Tsleil-Waututh 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2612:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2446: 2445:External links 2443: 2442: 2441: 2428: 2421: 2407: 2393: 2387: 2372: 2365: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2314: 2288: 2266: 2245: 2220: 2194: 2192:16 (2017): 32. 2181: 2169:www.kwiaht.org 2156: 2131: 2122: 2101: 2052: 2039: 2030: 2017: 2008: 1992: 1976: 1967: 1965:81 (2016):294. 1953: 1939: 1925: 1912: 1900: 1868: 1841: 1832: 1820: 1786: 1771: 1758: 1744: 1730: 1724: 1708: 1699: 1688: 1676: 1665: 1644: 1632: 1623: 1602: 1564: 1531: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1428: 1425: 1365:Anthropogenic 1358: 1355: 1346: 1343: 1264: 1261: 1224: 1221: 1219:also existed. 1200: 1197: 1148: 1145: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1005: 1002: 986:Pierre Trudeau 970:Boldt Decision 962:Empire Stadium 893:Fort Nisqually 867:Vancouver, B.C 843:(HBC), led by 813:Fort Vancouver 767:Duwamish River 759:Marpole Midden 735:Main article: 731: 730: 672:"Coast Salish" 645: 643: 636: 630: 627: 625: 624: 621: 616: 610: 605: 603:Tsleil-Waututh 600: 595: 590: 584: 581: 575: 574: 573: 568: 563: 558: 557:(Chehalis, BC) 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 526: 520: 518:Seabird Island 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 460: 455: 450: 444: 438: 432: 426: 421: 415: 408: 402: 396: 395: 394: 389: 380: 375: 370: 364: 358: 352: 349: 344: 343: 342: 336: 330: 324: 318: 306: 301: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 272: 267: 261: 256: 253: 247: 241: 236: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 199: 198: 185: 180: 174: 169: 166: 158:Status Indians 108:Lower Mainland 89:their language 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3540: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468:Northern and 3467: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3422:North Straits 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3179:Nuxalk Nation 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877:Stillaquamish 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2847:Sauk-Suiattle 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2767:Yakweakwioose 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2732:Shxw'ow'hamel 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2622:Kway-quit-lam 2620: 2618: 2615: 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UBC Press. 2380: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2363:0-295-95586-4 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1888: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1839:Miller (1996) 1836: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1661:0-87062-265-X 1658: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1499: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1450:Stanley Evans 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373:. There was 1372: 1368: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333:to probe for 1332: 1328: 1327:total station 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Old Man House 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:quiggly holes 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:earthen floor 1274: 1270: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1248:Port Townsend 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229:shapeshifting 1222: 1220: 1218: 1215:and forms of 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1175:stepparents. 1172: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:Georgia Basin 1075: 1070: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:Jean Chrétien 977: 975: 971: 966: 963: 959: 955: 952: 948: 943: 941: 935: 933: 928: 924: 920: 915: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 802:Fraser Canyon 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Juan Carrasco 779: 774: 772: 771:Fraser Canyon 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 738: 727: 724: 716: 705: 702: 698: 695: 691: 688: 684: 681: 677: 674: – 673: 669: 668:Find sources: 662: 658: 652: 651: 646:This article 644: 640: 635: 634: 628: 622: 620: 617: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 572: 571:Yakweakwioose 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 535: 532: 530: 529:Shxw'ow'hamel 527: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 459: 458:Stillaguamish 456: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 431:(Sduqwalbixw) 430: 427: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 393: 390: 387: 384: 383: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 357:(Beecher Bay) 356: 353: 350: 348: 345: 341: 337: 335: 331: 329: 325: 323: 319: 317: 313: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 276: 273: 271: 268: 265: 262: 260: 257: 254: 252:(Lhaq'temish) 251: 248: 245: 242: 240: 237: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 203:Cowlitz Tribe 201: 195: 191: 190: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 167: 165: 163: 159: 155: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3508:Coast Salish 3244:Lummi Nation 2822:Upper Skagit 2817:Lower Skagit 2497:Coast Salish 2496: 2434: 2424: 2410: 2396: 2377: 2368: 2354: 2348:Bibliography 2334:. Retrieved 2330: 2317: 2307:November 16, 2305:. Retrieved 2301: 2291: 2281:November 16, 2279:. Retrieved 2269: 2257:. Retrieved 2248: 2238:November 16, 2236:. Retrieved 2232: 2223: 2213:November 16, 2211:. Retrieved 2207: 2197: 2189: 2184: 2174:November 16, 2172:. Retrieved 2168: 2159: 2147:. Retrieved 2143: 2134: 2125: 2115:November 16, 2113:. Retrieved 2104: 2072:(1): 63–99. 2069: 2065: 2055: 2047: 2042: 2033: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2003: 1970: 1962: 1956: 1951:49 (2016): 3 1948: 1942: 1937:49 (2016): 2 1934: 1928: 1921:Ethnohistory 1920: 1915: 1891:. Retrieved 1887:the original 1878: 1871: 1854: 1844: 1835: 1811:. Retrieved 1803: 1780: 1774: 1761: 1747: 1733: 1727: 1711: 1702: 1691: 1668: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1618: 1615:Parks Canada 1614: 1605: 1592: 1585:. Retrieved 1581:the original 1576: 1567: 1559: 1552:. Retrieved 1548:the original 1543: 1534: 1524:November 12, 1522:. Retrieved 1518: 1509: 1496: 1471: 1461: 1458: 1444: 1436:Joe Capilano 1431: 1430: 1421: 1395:The managed 1394: 1391: 1374: 1364: 1360: 1348: 1339: 1335:stratigraphy 1316: 1301: 1297: 1284: 1266: 1263:Architecture 1257: 1253: 1241: 1233:Vision quest 1226: 1217:martial arts 1202: 1193: 1189: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1126: 1122: 1071: 1067: 1007: 978: 967: 956: 944: 936: 916: 913: 891: 883:Kanaka Creek 863:Fort Langley 860: 849: 810: 794:Simon Fraser 775: 754: 744: 740: 719: 710: 700: 693: 686: 679: 667: 655:Please help 650:verification 647: 392:Upper Skagit 386:Lower Skagit 326:SȾÁ, UTW̱ – 277:(Noxwsʼáʔaq) 266:(xməθkəy̓əm) 171: 144: 110:and most of 97: 53:Coast Salish 52: 50: 36: 3464:Lushootseed 3249:Makah Tribe 2989:Popkum Band 2942:Governments 2919:(Tillamook) 2832:Muckleshoot 1893:October 24, 1573:"C̓ƏSNAʔƏM" 1493:Terminology 1383:horse clams 1345:Ethnobotany 1114:Nlaka'pamux 1074:Puget Sound 1013:in 1850, a 780:in 1791 by 498:Leq' a: mel 443:(Lekwungen) 412:Nanoose Bay 332:W̱JOȽEȽP – 259:Muckleshoot 151:matrilineal 147:patrilineal 112:Puget Sound 69:U.S. states 3502:Categories 3402:Halkomelem 2902:Sahewamish 2857:Snoqualmie 2737:Skawahlook 2662:Tsawwassen 2657:Snuneymuxw 2577:Humptulips 2527:Stz'uminus 2456:Brian Thom 2144:www.sfu.ca 2006:50 (2016). 1855:BC Studies 1397:grasslands 1367:grasslands 1281:pit-houses 1271:made with 1199:Recreation 1180:Salish Sea 1154:patrilocal 1004:Population 998:Snuneymuxw 947:Indian Act 889:(Sto:lo). 713:March 2019 683:newspapers 615:(dxwlilap) 598:Tsawwassen 583:Suiʼaẋbixw 536:(Shxwhá:y) 523:Skawahlook 488:Kwikwetlem 468:Aitchelitz 435:Snuneymuxw 429:Snoqualmie 407:(Tla'amin) 338:W̱SÍḴEM – 322:Pauquachin 320:BOḰEĆEN – 314:MÁLEXEŁ - 311:(W̱SÁNEĆ) 246:(Hwlitsum) 100:Salish Sea 73:Washington 3442:Semiahmoo 3397:Pentlatch 3376:Languages 3361:Mythology 2928:Quamichan 2907:Wynoochee 2887:Swinomish 2882:Suquamish 2867:Nisqually 2862:Skykomish 2852:Snohomish 2837:Sammamish 2827:Skokomish 2792:Penelakut 2787:Quamichan 2762:Tzeachten 2747:Soowahlie 2727:Shilshole 2702:Leq'á:mel 2697:Sts'ailes 2692:Sq'éwlets 2682:Semiahmoo 2592:Kilpahlas 2587:Khenipsen 2557:Esquimalt 2521:Sts'ailes 2511:Chawathil 2433:(2005). 2336:March 23, 2088:1874-9364 1813:April 21, 1715:See also 1587:April 25, 1554:April 22, 1502:Footnotes 1467:Tom Hardy 1417:Nisqually 1379:Shellfish 1331:test pits 1185:Secwépemc 1141:Tsimshian 1129:Lekwiltok 1110:St'at'imc 1011:Snokomish 852:Euclataws 845:John Work 829:Klickitat 821:Multnomah 817:Clackamas 755:c̓əsnaʔəm 593:Swinomish 589:(Suqwabš) 587:Suquamish 566:Tzeachten 555:Sts'Ailes 550:Soowahlie 473:Chawathil 437:(Nanaimo) 424:Snokomish 420:(Sduhubš) 418:Snohomish 399:Skokomish 369:(Sechelt) 363:(SEMYOME) 361:Semiahmoo 286:Pentlatch 281:Penelakut 270:Nisqually 213:Esquimalt 197:Lamalcha. 128:Vancouver 3487:Quinault 3470:Southern 3452:T'sou-ke 3447:Songhees 3417:Nooksack 3412:Squamish 3407:shíshálh 2897:Quinault 2872:Puyallup 2812:Nooksack 2797:Lamalcha 2777:Tsartlip 2772:T'souk-e 2742:Skowkale 2677:Squamish 2672:shíshálh 2652:Sliammon 2632:Musqueam 2617:Kwantlen 2607:Koksilah 2597:Klahoose 2552:Duwamish 2537:Comiaken 2259:April 7, 2149:June 14, 2096:20085539 1596:smallpox 1476:See also 1413:Duwamish 1244:Quileute 1237:Duwamish 1209:lacrosse 1147:Internal 1086:Kittitas 1082:Sahaptin 1064:External 1027:Cherokee 1018:epidemic 1015:smallpox 994:Shishalh 951:potlatch 837:Kalapuya 825:Chinooks 806:Musqueam 763:smallpox 747:X̱á:ytem 540:Skowkale 483:Kwantlen 447:Squamish 441:Songhees 405:Sliammon 382:Skagits 367:Shishalh 334:Tsartlip 304:Quileute 300:Qualicum 291:Puyallup 275:Nooksack 264:Musqueam 255:Lyackson 244:Lamalcha 239:Klahoose 208:Duwamish 188:Cowichan 183:Chimakum 124:Victoria 120:Chemakum 114:and the 67:and the 3482:Cowlitz 3459:Klallam 3432:Saanich 2917:Nehalem 2892:Tulalip 2802:Saanich 2752:Squiala 2647:Malahat 2637:Nanoose 2627:Matsqui 2602:Klallam 2572:Homalco 2547:Cowlitz 2542:Copalis 2504:Peoples 1448:author 1401:bracken 1387:cockles 1375:kakanee 1312:gambrel 1223:Beliefs 1137:Tongass 1106:Lil'wat 1054:Culture 905:Olympia 833:Cowlitz 796:of the 697:scholar 629:History 623:Xacuabš 613:Tulalip 503:Matsqui 453:Squaxin 401:(Twana) 328:Tsawout 309:Saanich 235:(Comox) 233:K'omoks 228:Klallam 223:Homalco 168:Peoples 154:kinship 138:around 136:Nehalem 132:Seattle 3437:Samish 2933:Somena 2923:Siletz 2912:Satsop 2842:Samish 2782:Somena 2757:Stó꞉lō 2707:Popkum 2642:Nuxalk 2582:Katzie 2562:Halalt 2417: 2403: 2385: 2361: 2094: 2086: 1659: 1409:wapato 1385:, and 1285:kekuli 1205:slahal 1169:salmon 1098:Sto:lo 1090:Yakama 1031:Navajo 990:Sto:lo 699: 692: 685: 678: 670: 525:(Tait) 513:Salish 508:Popkum 493:Katzie 463:Stó꞉lō 378:Siletz 347:Samish 218:Halalt 130:, and 85:Nuxalk 83:. The 77:Oregon 3477:Twana 3427:Lummi 3384:Comox 3356:Music 2807:Lummi 2722:Skway 2717:Skwah 2687:Sumas 2516:Cheam 2327:(PDF) 2092:S2CID 1883:(PDF) 1462:Taboo 1405:camas 1351:Carex 1293:canoe 1287:(see 1213:rugby 1133:Haida 1118:Syilx 1100:with 856:Haida 704:JSTOR 690:books 619:Twana 561:Sumas 545:Skwah 534:Skway 478:Cheam 250:Lummi 2523:(WA) 2415:ISBN 2401:ISBN 2383:ISBN 2359:ISBN 2338:2017 2309:2022 2283:2022 2261:2013 2240:2022 2215:2022 2176:2022 2151:2021 2117:2022 2084:ISSN 1895:2013 1815:2006 1657:ISBN 1589:2019 1556:2015 1526:2017 1403:and 1357:Diet 1242:The 1178:The 1116:and 1096:and 1088:and 996:and 968:The 921:and 907:and 854:and 784:and 676:news 149:and 75:and 51:The 3366:Art 2567:Hoh 2458:'s 2074:doi 1859:doi 1029:or 901:HBC 881:to 659:by 71:of 63:of 3504:: 2329:. 2300:. 2231:. 2206:. 2167:. 2142:. 2090:. 2082:. 2070:25 2068:. 2064:. 1995:^ 1979:^ 1903:^ 1853:. 1823:^ 1802:. 1789:^ 1679:^ 1617:. 1613:. 1591:. 1575:. 1558:. 1542:. 1517:. 1465:, 1456:. 1442:. 1407:; 1211:, 1135:, 1120:. 1112:, 992:, 858:. 835:, 831:, 819:, 126:, 95:. 2489:e 2482:t 2475:v 2391:. 2340:. 2311:. 2285:. 2263:. 2242:. 2217:. 2178:. 2153:. 2119:. 2098:. 2076:: 1897:. 1865:. 1861:: 1817:. 1755:. 1741:. 1663:. 1528:. 1108:/ 1076:- 757:( 726:) 720:( 715:) 711:( 701:· 694:· 687:· 680:· 653:. 414:) 34:. 20:)

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