189:
479:
654:
858:'s Experimental Works at Feltham adapted their radio control system, enabling two DCB craft to be controlled from one aircraft and proving in the 1918 trials that a flotilla of up to eight DCBs could be controlled in close formation. At the conclusion of extensive post war trials CMB9/DCB1 was converted back to her original condition, remaining in service until 1950. She has been restored in her role as CMB9 and is based at
41:
849:
in 1917, the first CMB so converted and in so doing became DCB1. The DCB role was and still is in part classified, completely autonomous, unmanned and radio controlled via aircraft, therefore can considered to be the first autonomous drone vessel. Following the success of the Royal Flying Corps drone
328:
firing pistol and a long steel ram, entering the water tail-first. A trip-wire between the torpedo and the ram head would start the torpedo motors once pulled taut during release. The CMB would then turn hard over and get out of its path. There is no record of a CMB ever being hit by its own torpedo,
461:
produced an enlarged 60-foot (18 m) overall version. This allowed a heavier payload, and now two torpedoes could be carried. A mixed warload of a single torpedo and four depth charges could also be carried, the depth charges released from individual cradles over the sides, rather than a stern
93:
These boats were expected to have a high speed, making use of the lightweight and powerful petrol engines then available. The speed of the boat when fully loaded was to be at least 30 knots (56 km/h) and sufficient fuel was to be carried to give a considerable radius of action.
128:, who had experience in small fast boats, though nearly half were built by eight other boat builders under subcontract. The boat builders were Tom Bunn of Rotherhithe, Taylor & Bates of Chertsey, Camper & Nicholson of Gosport, Wills & Packham of Sittingbourne,
661:
Twelve 72 ft long CMBs were ordered in early 1918 for minelaying (7 magnetic mines) or torpedo work (6 torpedoes). Five were cancelled; of the remainder, 3 survived the Second World War, with CMB 103 MT, built by Camper and
Nicholsons in 1920, preserved as a
465:
Speeds from 35–41 knots (40–47 mph; 65–76 km/h) were possible, depending on the various petrol engines fitted. At least two unexplained losses due to fires in port are thought to have been caused by a build-up of petrol vapour igniting.
308:
was accepted by the
Admiralty for trials. A number of these boats were built and had a distinguished service history, but in hindsight they were considered to be too small to be ideal, particularly in how their payload was limited to a single
881:(BMPT) at Marchwood, is the sole surviving 55-foot CMB. Built in 1941, the penultimate 55-foot built, her design was based on that of the CMBs of 1917 with two V12 engines. Her post-war history is incomplete, but she was registered as the
316:
Several companies were approached, but only
Thornycroft considered it possible to meet such a requirement. In January 1916, twelve boats were ordered, all of which were completed by August 1916. Further boats were built, to a total of 39.
844:
The hull of the other remaining example, CMB9, is identical to that of CMB4, for many years thought to be the sole survivor of the type. Her crew consisted of
Archibald Dayrell Reed and Lieutenant Harold Drew. CMB 9 was converted to a
744:
supported with aircraft managed to damage one battleship and sink a depot ship. There were casualties as the mission came under heavy fire. For piloting the boats there Lt. Agar was awarded a
719:. Coastal Motor Boats were initially used for secret duties to move agents in and out of Russia from a base in Finland. But in June 1919, the commander of the force, Lieutenant
893:. She was acquired by the Council around 1990. Some restoration after this was carried out at Priddy's Hard, then she was transported by road to BMPT Marchwood in March 2000.
1097:
846:
1500:
699:
140:
of
Lowestoft. Engines were not proper maritime internal combustion engines (as these were in short supply) but adapted aircraft engines from firms such as
86:
gave tentative approval to the idea and, in the summer of 1915, produced a Staff
Requirement requesting designs for a Coastal Motor Boat for service in the
1505:
716:
1266:
1199:
329:
but in one instance the firing pistol was triggered prematurely and the crew had a tense 20 minutes close to the enemy whilst reloading it.
1025:
1216:
1082:
78:
that small motor boats carrying a torpedo might be capable of travelling over the protective minefields and attacking ships of the
902:
851:
512:
458:
287:
175:
125:
1192:
Operation
Kronstadt: The True Story of Honor, Espionage, and the Rescue of Britain's Greatest Spy, the Man with a Hundred Faces
794:
790:
690:
and operated on the
Belgian coast. On 7 April 1917, the 3rd CMB Division attacked a group of German destroyers anchored at
1256:
830:
1409:
878:
834:
745:
49:
709:
on 23 April 1918 to block the port, Coastal Motor Boats and Motor
Launches were fitted out to deploy a smoke screen.
1490:
83:
178:, Tom Bunn, Taylor & Bates, Camper and Nicholsons, J W Brooke, Frank Maynard, Salter Bros, Wills & Packham
786:
141:
1427:
764:
295:
1495:
867:
806:
757:
695:
687:
310:
114:
753:
301:
powered by a 120 hp (89 kW) Thornycroft petrol engine and could reach 35 knots (65 km/h).
1355:
749:
478:
1132:
826:
729:
694:. As a result, one destroyer was sunk and one very seriously damaged. For these actions Beckett was
79:
45:
32:
1322:
1302:
1282:
838:
1384:
1327:
1307:
1287:
968:
133:
1147:
1109:
1008:
145:
1029:
117:, was to not exceed the weight of the 30-foot (9.1 m) long motor boat then carried in the
1262:
1195:
1078:
741:
298:
683:
667:
129:
863:
653:
324:, but instead was carried in a rear-facing trough. On firing it was pushed backwards by a
1356:"Capabilities of distantly controlled boats. Reports of trials at Dover 28 - 31 May 1918"
818:
734:
706:
483:
1173:
1148:"31189: 18 February 1919, Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids, Naval Despatch dated 9 May 1918"
40:
1484:
855:
720:
137:
75:
1475:
942:
756:(Flotilla commander in the 55-ft Coastal Motor Boat 31) received Victoria Crosses.
642:
321:
262:
102:
17:
109:. Secondary armament would have been provided by light machine guns, such as the
829:. When these works closed it was restored and can now be seen in Boathouse 4 at
785:) to join a British naval unit supporting the anti-Bolshevik governments of the
770:
663:
604:
Twin screws & twin 650 hp (480 kW) Thornycroft RY12 petrol engines
71:
64:
28:
886:
266:
194:
106:
60:
1217:"The Hornets of Sea: The World War One Coastal Motor Boats of the Royal Navy"
1413:
874:
859:
810:
778:
760:(captain of CMB31), Edward Bodley (CMB 72) and Francis Yates received DSOs.
724:
691:
258:
110:
87:
27:
This article is about WWI British Royal Navy boats. For coastal patrol, see
1410:"The Preservation of Thornycroft Coastal Motor Boat 331 at Fort Gilkicker"
727:. Agar, in Coastal Motor Boat 4, entered the harbour and sank the cruiser
921:
British "18 inch" torpedoes were 17.72 in (45.0 cm) in diameter
628:
276:
Mahogany plank on frame construction, single-step planing round-form hull
1178:
citing "British
Vessels Lost at Sea, 1914-1918", published by HMSO, 1919
993:
Barrie Griffin (April 2008). "The Thornycroft 55' Coastal Motor Boat".
890:
679:
325:
98:
320:
The restriction on weight meant the torpedo could not be fired from a
1431:
822:
774:
678:
In December 1916, the 3rd Coastal Motor Boat Division proceeded to
652:
411:
750–900 hp (560–670 kW) total power depending on engines
290:
had designed and built a 25 ft (7.6 m) speedboat called
118:
39:
837:
with details of these boats and the action. Agar’s VC is at the
782:
631:
plank on frame construction, single-step planing round-form hull
645:. The last survivor, MTB 331, is of this group, built in 1941.
74:, following a suggestion from three junior officers of the
943:"Torpedoes of the United Kingdom/Britain Pre-World War II"
1430:. British Military Powerboat Trust (BMPT). Archived from
866:
events in Bristol. The boat is listed on the register of
769:
In January 1919 a force of 12 CMBs was dispatched to the
641:
The design was so successful that more were built during
52:. View from the stern showing the torpedo launching ramp.
1412:. Hampshire County Museums Service. 1991. Archived from
817:
was, for many years, at the Vosper Thornycroft works on
666:. She was restored in August 2011 and is on display at
59:
was a small high-speed British torpedo boat used by the
1476:
An Offensive Need: The Birth of the Coastal Motor Boat
454:
Larger versions of the 40-footer were ordered in 1916
712:
Sixteen Coastal Motor Boats were lost during the war
809:
in which Augustus Agar won his VC for the attack on
1462:
Coastal Forces: Vessels of the Royal Navy from 1865
1054:
1052:
1050:
113:. The weight of a fully loaded boat, complete with
1060:Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921
97:They were to be armed in a variety of ways, with
1258:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy
723:, took two CMBs in a raid on Bolshevik ships in
717:operated against Soviet Red forces in the Baltic
444:1 18" torpedo plus 4 depth charges, 4 Lewis guns
1331:(Supplement). 11 November 1919. p. 13745.
1311:(Supplement). 11 November 1919. p. 13743.
1020:
1018:
241:Single screw, various choices of petrol engine
1291:(Supplement). 21 October 1919. p. 12979.
1255:Hill, J. R.; Ranft, Bryan (17 October 2002).
1042:sinking of the Russian Cruiser 'Oleg' in 1919
8:
1341:"The Royal Navy on the Caspian, 1918–1919".
1098:Historic Warships News Sheet: December 2011
1428:"MTB 331 home site and restoration photos"
1174:"British Minor Warship Losses - 1914–1918"
620:Twin 18" torpedoes, depth charges or mines
136:of Rowhedge, Frank Maynard of Chiswick,
1261:. Oxford University Press. p. 330.
1133:"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939–1945 - B"
813:naval base in 1919 and sank the cruiser
1009:"WW1 numbers and losses of MTB classes"
934:
914:
304:A 40 ft (12 m) boat based on
67:and up to end of the Second World War.
1464:. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
468:
336:
155:
1501:Motor torpedo boats of the Royal Navy
476:
7:
1373:. Casemate Publishers. p. 254.
1345:, 7/8 1919-20. pp87-99 and 218-240*
204:39 +2 not taken into service as CMB
121:of a light cruiser, i.e. 4.5 tons.
1073:Air Commodore F. R. Banks (1978).
877:County Council and on-loan to the
25:
1026:"A naval operation in the Baltic"
969:"Royal Navy Ships of World War 1"
748:to accompany his Victoria Cross.
459:John I. Thornycroft & Company
31:. For other coastal defence, see
949:. Tony DiGiulian. 7 October 2019
903:Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy
879:British Military Powerboat Trust
737:for his part in this operation.
682:under the command of Lieutenant
477:
187:
1215:Mills, Steve (5 October 2019).
854:aircraft trials in March 1917,
424:34–42 kn (63–78 km/h)
1506:Ship classes of the Royal Navy
995:Marine Modelling International
795:Democratic Republic of Georgia
791:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
82:at anchor in their bases, the
1:
1451:Fast Fighting Ships 1870-1945
1146:Keyes, Roger (1 March 2013).
833:where it is on loan from the
668:The Historic Dockyard Chatham
835:Imperial War Museum, Duxford
831:Portsmouth Historic Dockyard
752:(Coastal Motor Boat 88) and
1194:. London, UK: Arrow Books.
746:Distinguished Service Order
700:Distinguished Service Cross
333:55 foot Coastal Motor Boats
152:40-foot Coastal Motor Boats
50:Imperial War Museum Duxford
1522:
862:and took part in the 2014
762:
649:70-foot Coastal Motor Boat
385:60 ft (18 m) o/a
233:45 ft (14 m) o/a
124:The CMBs were designed by
26:
1112:. National Historic Ships
773:(travelling by rail from
588:11.5 ft (3.5 m)
563:
535:55 foot CMBT (1941 class)
526:
471:
368:
339:
224:
158:
48:(1916) on display at the
1190:Ferguson, Harry (2010).
765:British Caspian Flotilla
257:Single 18" torpedo, 2-4
115:18-inch (450 mm) torpedo
1389:National Historic Ships
1077:. Airlife. p. 29.
870:, certificate no 2430.
868:National Historic Ships
758:Russell Hamilton McBean
733:. Agar was awarded the
696:mentioned in Despatches
688:HM Coastal Motor Boat 4
612:40 knots (74 km/h)
564:General characteristics
401:3 ft (0.91 m)
393:11 ft (3.4 m)
369:General characteristics
225:General characteristics
76:Harwich destroyer force
754:Claude Congreve Dobson
658:
596:4 ft (1.2 m)
580:60 ft (18 m)
53:
1371:The Dawn of the Drone
1369:Mills, Steve (2019).
1152:www.naval-history.net
847:Distance Control Boat
750:Gordon Charles Steele
656:
43:
1244:. Vol. 8. 1969.
1062:. 1985. p. 100.
715:In 1919 the British
698:and was awarded the
80:Imperial German Navy
46:Coastal Motor Boat 4
33:coastal defence ship
1460:M P Cocker (2006).
1449:Harald Fox (1978).
839:Imperial War Museum
787:Republic of Armenia
294:. She was a single-
134:Rowhedge Iron Works
72:the First World War
18:Coastal Motor Boats
1416:on 2 January 2005.
1328:The London Gazette
1308:The London Gazette
1288:The London Gazette
1032:on 28 October 2007
873:MTB 331, owned by
742:a larger operation
659:
657:CMB 103 at Chatham
57:Coastal Motor Boat
54:
1491:Fast attack craft
1434:on 15 March 2008.
1268:978-0-19-860527-0
1201:978-0-09951-465-7
1176:. 2 August 2011.
973:NAVAL-HISTORY.NET
639:
638:
452:
451:
284:
283:
16:(Redirected from
1513:
1465:
1454:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1028:. Archived from
1022:
1013:
1012:
1005:
999:
998:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
922:
919:
889:, then later at
684:W. N. T. Beckett
486:
481:
469:
440:2 18" torpedoes
337:
193:
191:
190:
156:
21:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1459:
1448:
1445:
1443:Further reading
1440:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1075:I Kept No Diary
1072:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
941:
940:
936:
931:
926:
925:
920:
916:
911:
899:
864:Remembrance Day
852:‘Aerial Target'
803:
767:
676:
674:Service history
651:
482:
335:
311:18-inch torpedo
188:
186:
154:
130:Salter Brothers
65:First World War
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:Military boats
1493:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1470:External links
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1419:
1401:
1376:
1361:
1347:
1334:
1314:
1294:
1274:
1267:
1247:
1242:History of WWI
1233:
1207:
1200:
1182:
1165:
1154:. Gordon Smith
1138:
1124:
1101:
1090:
1083:
1065:
1046:
1014:
1000:
985:
960:
933:
932:
930:
927:
924:
923:
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
895:
802:
799:
763:Main article:
735:Victoria Cross
707:Zeebrugge Raid
675:
672:
650:
647:
637:
636:
633:
632:
626:
622:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
566:
565:
561:
560:
557:
553:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
527:Class overview
524:
523:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
505:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
487:
484:United Kingdom
474:
473:
450:
449:
446:
445:
438:
434:
433:
430:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
416:
415:
412:
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
340:Class overview
334:
331:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
184:
180:
179:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
159:Class overview
153:
150:
105:or for laying
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1518:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1084:0-9504543-9-7
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
989:
986:
974:
970:
964:
961:
948:
944:
938:
935:
928:
918:
915:
908:
904:
901:
900:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
721:Augustus Agar
718:
713:
710:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
669:
665:
655:
648:
646:
644:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
538:
534:
531:
530:
525:
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
480:
475:
470:
467:
463:
460:
455:
448:
447:
443:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
419:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
367:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
338:
332:
330:
327:
323:
318:
314:
312:
307:
302:
300:
297:
293:
289:
280:
279:
275:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:depth charges
260:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
232:
229:
228:
223:
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
199:
196:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
157:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:depth charges
100:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1461:
1450:
1432:the original
1422:
1414:the original
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1350:
1343:Naval Review
1342:
1337:
1326:
1317:
1306:
1297:
1286:
1277:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1141:
1127:
1114:. Retrieved
1104:
1093:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1041:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1003:
994:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:Navweaps.com
946:
937:
917:
882:
872:
843:
819:Platt's Eyot
814:
805:The hull of
804:
768:
739:
728:
714:
711:
704:
677:
660:
643:World War II
640:
569:Displacement
494:
464:
456:
453:
441:
374:Displacement
322:torpedo tube
319:
315:
305:
303:
291:
285:
138:J. W. Brooks
132:of Oxford,
123:
96:
92:
69:
56:
55:
37:
1394:3 September
1323:"No. 31638"
1303:"No. 31638"
1283:"No. 31613"
1221:History Hit
841:in London.
771:Caspian Sea
740:In August,
705:During the
686:commanding
664:museum ship
513:Thornycroft
348:55 foot CMB
288:Thornycroft
176:Thornycroft
167:40 foot CMB
126:Thornycroft
29:patrol boat
1485:Categories
929:References
887:Teignmouth
601:Propulsion
543:Royal Navy
504:Royal Navy
406:Propulsion
356:Royal Navy
306:Miranda IV
299:hydroplane
292:Miranda IV
259:Lewis guns
246:Complement
238:Propulsion
195:Royal Navy
61:Royal Navy
1110:"CMB 103"
978:27 August
875:Hampshire
860:Avonmouth
856:A. M. Low
811:Kronstadt
801:Survivors
781:coast to
779:Black Sea
725:Kronstadt
692:Zeebrugge
556:Preserved
548:Completed
540:Operators
457:In 1917,
361:Completed
353:Operators
286:In 1910,
220:1 (CMB 4)
217:Preserved
209:Cancelled
201:Completed
183:Operators
111:Lewis gun
99:torpedoes
88:North Sea
84:Admiralty
1226:23 March
1036:28 March
897:See also
827:Kingston
793:and the
629:Mahogany
617:Armament
519:Launched
501:Operator
437:Armament
414:2 shafts
254:Armament
172:Builders
1158:9 April
1116:9 April
953:9 April
891:Bristol
821:on the
777:on the
702:(DSC).
680:Dunkirk
593:Draught
572:17 tons
559:MTB 331
509:Builder
495:MTB 331
472:History
398:Draught
377:11 tons
326:cordite
142:Sunbeam
70:During
63:in the
1385:"CMB9"
1265:
1198:
1081:
883:Jonrey
823:Thames
775:Batumi
577:Length
462:ramp.
382:Length
230:Length
192:
146:Napier
119:davits
909:Notes
825:near
807:CMB 4
625:Notes
609:Speed
421:Speed
273:Notes
267:mines
107:mines
1396:2020
1263:ISBN
1228:2021
1196:ISBN
1160:2022
1118:2022
1079:ISBN
1038:2008
980:2022
955:2022
815:Oleg
783:Baku
730:Oleg
585:Beam
532:Name
522:1941
491:Name
429:Crew
390:Beam
345:Name
296:step
164:Name
144:and
885:at
432:3-5
265:or
249:2-3
44:HM
1487::
1387:.
1325:.
1305:.
1285:.
1219:.
1150:.
1049:^
1040:.
1017:^
971:.
945:.
797:.
789:,
670:.
551:14
442:or
364:88
313:.
261:,
212:16
148:.
101:,
90:.
1453:.
1398:.
1358:.
1271:.
1230:.
1204:.
1162:.
1135:.
1122:.
1120:.
1087:.
1011:.
997:.
982:.
957:.
35:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
