550:
921:
503:
3201:
1498:
38:
1113:
1486:
1474:
1450:
1402:
1386:
1434:
1418:
1061:
473:
606:
615:
1370:
1510:
1342:
342:
1308:
385:
1354:
1105:
1292:
1326:
78:
1003:
678:
5258:
5250:
1179:
101:
2776:
844:
786:... karakuri-namban (riveted namban), with stout links each closed by a rivet. Its invention is credited to Fukushima Dembei Kunitaka, pupil, of Hojo Awa no Kami Ujifusa, but it is also said to be derived directly from foreign models. It is heavy because the links are tinned (biakuro-nagashi) and these are also sharp-edged because they are punched out of iron plate
2163:
461:'s regiment of "Iron Men" was manufactured from split rings which proved to be too brittle, and the rings would fragment when struck by bullets and aggravate the injury. The riveted mail armour worn by the opposing Sudanese Madhists did not have the same problem but also proved to be relatively useless against the firearms of British forces at the
859:), material used (iron versus bronze or steel), weave density (a tighter weave needs a thinner weapon to surpass), and ring thickness (generally ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 mm diameter (18 to 14 gauge) wire in most examples). Mail, if a warrior could afford it, provided a significant advantage when combined with competent fighting techniques.
835:(chain jackets) with detachable arms being worn by samurai police officials during the Edo period. The end of the samurai era in the 1860s, along with the 1876 ban on wearing swords in public, marked the end of any practical use for mail and other armour in Japan. Japan turned to a conscription army and uniforms replaced armour.
912:, was worn under the hauberk. Medieval surgeons were very well capable of setting and caring for bone fractures resulting from blunt weapons. With the poor understanding of hygiene, however, cuts that could get infected were much more of a problem. Thus mail armour proved to be sufficient protection in most situations.
446:. These three types of armour made up the bulk of the equipment used by soldiers, with mail being the most expensive. It was sometimes more expensive than plate armour. Mail typically persisted longer in less technologically advanced areas such as Eastern Europe but was in use throughout Europe into the 16th century.
977:(it was also “well documented” as it was found in a well). Outside of Europe this practice was more common such as "theta" links from India. Very few examples of historic butted mail have been found, and it is generally accepted that butted mail was never in wide use historically except in Japan, where mail (
892:, Gotland, a majority of the skeletons showed wounds on less well protected legs. Although mail was a formidable protection, due to technological advances as time progressed, mail worn under plate armour (and stand-alone mail as well) could be penetrated by the conventional weaponry of another knight.
331:
There is some dispute among historians as to what exactly constituted the
Carolingian byrnie. Relying... only on artistic and some literary sources because of the lack of archaeological examples, some believe that it was a heavy leather jacket with metal scales sewn onto it with strong thread. It was
932:
Several patterns of linking the rings together have been known since ancient times, with the most common being the 4-to-1 pattern (where each ring is linked with four others). In Europe, the 4-to-1 pattern was completely dominant. Mail was also common in East Asia, primarily Japan, with several more
421:
inherited her father's mail making tools to continue her work after his death. Mail from dead combatants was frequently looted and was used by the new owner or sold for a lucrative price. As time went on and infrastructure improved, it came to be used by more soldiers. The oldest intact mail hauberk
1087:
Mail worn today for re-enactment and recreational use can be made in a variety of styles and materials. Most recreational mail today is made of butted links which are galvanised or stainless steel. This is historically inaccurate but is much less expensive to procure and especially to maintain than
1080:, commonly use mail both as practical armour and for costuming. Mail is especially popular amongst those groups which use steel weapons. A modern hauberk made from 1.5 mm diameter wire with 10 mm inner diameter rings weighs roughly 10 kg (22 lb) and contains 15,000–45,000 rings.
943:
Up until the 14th century
European mail was made of alternating rows of round riveted rings and solid rings. Sometime during the 14th century European mail makers started to transition from round rivets to wedge-shaped rivets, but continued using alternating rows of solid rings. Eventually European
1014:
Scuba divers sometimes use mail to protect them from sharkbite, as do animal control officers for protection against the animals they handle. In 1980, marine biologist
Jeremiah Sullivan patented his design for Neptunic full coverage chain mail shark resistant suits which he had developed for close
437:
was commonly used to supplement mail. Eventually mail was supplanted by plate for the most part, as it provided greater protection against windlass crossbows, bludgeoning weapons, and lance charges while maintaining most of the mobility of mail. However, it was still widely used by many soldiers,
658:
arrived wearing "armour similar to chains". Once in China, mail was imported but was not produced widely. Due to its flexibility, comfort, and rarity, it was typically the armour of high-ranking guards and those who could afford the exotic import (to show off their social status) rather than the
332:
also quite long, reaching below the hips and covering most of the arms. Other historians claim instead that the
Carolingian byrnie was nothing more than a coat of mail, but longer and perhaps heavier than traditional early medieval mail. Without more certain evidence, this dispute will continue.
1010:
Mail is used as protective clothing for butchers against meat-packing equipment. Workers may wear up to 4 kg (8.8 lb) of mail under their white coats. Butchers also commonly wear a single mail glove to protect themselves from self-inflicted injury while cutting meat, as do many oyster
64:
consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. It was in common military use between the 3rd century BC and the 16th century AD in Europe, while it continued to be used in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East as late as the 17th century. A coat of this armour is often
412:
diminished. Eventually the word "mail" came to be synonymous with armour. It was typically an extremely prized commodity, as it was expensive and time-consuming to produce and could mean the difference between life and death in a battle. Historically mail makers were often men, but women also
1780:
802:
was constructed with links where the wire was turned or twisted two or more times; these split links are similar to the modern split ring commonly used on keychains. The rings were lacquered black to prevent rusting, and were always stitched onto a backing of cloth or leather. The kusari was
2917:
2573:
2370:
489:
round fired at a distance of one hundred yards (91 m). Another invention, a "splatter mask" or "splinter mask", consisted of rigid upper face protection and a mail veil to protect the lower face, and was used by early tank crews as a measure against flying steel fragments
2349:
1746:
1051:
Conventional textile-based ballistic vests are designed to stop soft-nosed bullets but offer little defense from knife attacks. Knife-resistant armour is designed to defend against knife attacks; some of these use layers of metal plates, mail and metallic wires.
322:
A waist-length coat in medieval Europe was called a byrnie, although the exact construction of a byrnie is unclear, including whether it was constructed of mail or other armour types. Noting that the byrnie was the "most highly valued piece of armour" to the
1449:
1088:
historically accurate reproductions. Mail can also be made of titanium, aluminium, bronze, or copper. Riveted mail offers significantly better protection ability as well as historical accuracy than mail constructed with butted links. Japanese mail (
525:
and heavy cavalry as well as armour for the soldiers themselves. Asian mail could be just as heavy as the
European variety and sometimes had prayer symbols stamped on the rings as a sign of their craftsmanship as well as for divine protection.
951:, but some later pieces were made of heat-treated steel. Wire for the riveted rings was formed by either of two methods. One was to hammer out wrought iron into plates and cut or slit the plates. These thin pieces were then pulled through a
2024:
Samuel R. Meyrick, A Critical
Inquiry into Ancient Armour, as it Existed in Europe, but Particularly in England, from the Norman Conquest to the Reign of King Charles II: with a Glossary of Military Terms of the Middle Ages, (London,
1401:
1142:
metals. Mail artwork includes headdresses, decorative wall hangings, ornaments, chess sets, macramé, and jewelry. For these non-traditional applications, hundreds of patterns (commonly referred to as "weaves") have been invented.
591:
armies where it eventually became the armour of choice in India. Indian mail was constructed with alternating rows of solid links and round riveted links and it was often integrated with plate protection (mail and plate armour).
1385:
1473:
1256:, in addition to many metal coats. The metal coats are used rarely because of their weight, except in close-up filming where the appearance of ABS rings is distinguishable. A large scale example of the ABS mail used in the
549:
862:
When the mail was not riveted, a thrust from most sharp weapons could penetrate it. However, when mail was riveted, only a strong well-placed thrust from certain spears, or thin or dedicated mail-piercing swords like the
484:
Captain Cruise of the
British Infantry designed a mail fringe to be attached to helmets to protect the upper face. This proved unpopular with soldiers, in spite of being proven to defend against a three-ounce (85 g)
895:
The flexibility of mail meant that a blow would often injure the wearer, potentially causing serious bruising or fractures, and it was a poor defence against head trauma. Mail-clad warriors typically wore separate rigid
1417:
887:
could also penetrate riveted mail. Some evidence indicates that during armoured combat, the intention was to actually get around the armour rather than through it—according to a study of skeletons found at the
1433:
1083:
One of the drawbacks of mail is the uneven weight distribution; the stress falls mainly on shoulders. Weight can be better distributed by wearing a belt over the mail, which provides another point of support.
1497:
1485:
920:
2493:
2428:
1369:
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into a rod and then proceed to draw it out into wire. The solid links would have been made by punching from a sheet. Guild marks were often stamped on the rings to show their origin and craftsmanship.
663:
types. However, it was one of the few military products that China imported from foreigners. Mail spread to Korea slightly later where it was imported as the armour of imperial guards and generals.
764:). The rings of Japanese mail were much smaller than their European counterparts; they would be used in patches to link together plates and to drape over vulnerable areas such as the armpits.
3200:
969:
was also used to create solid links, but there are few possible examples known; the only well-documented example from Europe is that of the camail (mail neck-defence) of the 7th-century
2846:
3902:
3087:
2832:
1127:
Mail remained in use as a decorative and possibly high-status symbol with military overtones long after its practical usefulness had passed. It was frequently used for the
545:
21:80 It was We Who taught him the making of coats of mail for your benefit, to guard you from each other's violence: will ye then be grateful? (Yusuf Ali's translation)
291:
Civilizations that used mail invented specific terms for each garment made from it. The standard terms for
European mail armour derive from French: leggings are called
4251:
2984:
2071:
2768:
1291:
1325:
502:
1341:
3012:
1307:
3897:
3488:
699:
is used in conjunction with an armoured item it usually means that mail makes up the majority of the armour composition. An example of this would be
5292:
5019:
4918:
3955:
3877:
3828:
3080:
2043:
Eugène
Emmanuel Viollet-le-duc, Encyclopédie Médiévale and Dictionnaire Raisonne du Mobilier Francais de l'Epoque Carlovingienne a la Renaissance.
1962:
1239:
In some films, knitted string spray-painted with a metallic paint is used instead of actual mail in order to cut down on cost (an example being
650:
in 718 by giving him a coat of "link armour" assumed to be mail. Earliest assumed reference to mail can be found in early 3rd century record by
4989:
4984:
4736:
2520:
2460:
1353:
1509:
1666:
2466:
1828:
1798:
2526:
1250:
37:
2793:
284:
4979:
4001:
3073:
1112:
1264:
museum in Leeds in the form of a large curtain bearing the logo of the museum. It was acquired from the makers of the film's armour,
5004:
4059:
2762:
2556:
2426:
The manufacture of armour and helmets in sixteenth century Japan: (Chūkokatchū seisakuben) Kōzan
Sakakibara, C. E. Tuttle, 1964 p.84
2413:
2394:
1840:
1810:
1226:
2989:
4782:
3907:
2985:
The Treatment of Mail on an Arm Guard from the Armoury of the Shah Shuja: Ethical Repair and in situ Documentation in Miniature
1246:
1241:
944:
mail makers stopped using solid rings and almost all European mail was made from wedge riveted rings only with no solid rings.
1204:
1860:
2314:
David G Alexander, Decorated and inscribed mail shirts in the Metropolitan Museum, Waffen- und Kostumkunde 27 (1985), 29–36
1315:
740:
691:
3716:
3481:
3096:
1546:
1146:
Large-linked mail is occasionally used as BDSM clothing material, with the large links intended for fetishistic purposes.
672:
2629:
2594:
5185:
3932:
3912:
2364:
1686:
423:
774:
by H. Russell Robinson, there is a picture of Japanese riveted kusari, and this quote from the translated reference of
4651:
4626:
4171:
1200:
31:
4121:
2160:
1995:
1189:
148:. Mail spread to North Africa, West Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Tibet, South East Asia, and Japan.
3032:
2961:
2567:
1479:
Indian theta link mail (bar link mail), alternating rows of solid theta rings and round riveted rings, 17th century.
4762:
4606:
4544:
1939:
1270:
959:-powered drawing mills are pictured in several period manuscripts. Another method was to simply forge down an iron
940:
closed to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to a thrusting attack or a hit by an arrow.
831:
715:
707:
2752:
1740:
1208:
1193:
4489:
4176:
1905:
727:
723:
654:, being called "chained ring armor". China first encountered the armour in 384 when its allies in the nation of
465:. During World War I, Wilkinson Sword transitioned from mail to a lamellar design which was the precursor to the
141:
2994:
1060:
5287:
4141:
3860:
3736:
3706:
3474:
1562:
614:
3000:
The Maille Artisans International League (MAIL) – Hundreds of weaves/tutorials/articles, and gallery pictures
1030:
Mail is widely used in industrial settings as shrapnel guards and splash guards in metal working operations.
719:
711:
5144:
5056:
4726:
4671:
4346:
4186:
3711:
1910:
2343:
1138:
Mail has applications in sculpture and jewellery, especially when made out of precious metals or colourful
732:
5154:
4964:
4812:
4611:
3937:
3887:
3251:
3005:"Mail: Unchained", an article taking an in-depth look at the construction and usage of European chain mail
1770:
Catalogue of the Exhibition of Ancient Helmets and Examples of Mail, William Burgess & Baron De Cosson
1069:
1020:
782:, shows that the Japanese not only knew of and used riveted kusari but that they manufactured it as well.
315:
if mid-thigh length. A layer (or multiple layers) of mail sandwiched between layers of fabric is called a
414:
128:
at a burial in Horný Jatov, Slovakia dated in the 3rd century BC, and in a chieftain's burial located in
5217:
4721:
4716:
4621:
4261:
4241:
4166:
4131:
4111:
4052:
3942:
3917:
3607:
2452:
A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times
2241:
2211:"Ethnographic Arms & Armour - View Single Post - African knights - African armour collection thread"
1541:
1456:
986:
605:
151:
4832:
4827:
4296:
2512:
A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times
2345:
A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times
2210:
2197:
A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times
1954:
1781:
A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms And Armor in All Countries and in All Times
1682:
144:
pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC. Mail may have been inspired by the much earlier
4701:
4696:
4691:
4601:
4444:
4326:
4231:
4181:
3865:
2886:
2325:
908:
could harm the wearer by their impact without penetrating the armour; usually a soft armour, such as
936:
Historically, in Europe, from the pre-Roman period on, the rings composing a piece of mail would be
5282:
4777:
4636:
4351:
4151:
4096:
4026:
3689:
3679:
3602:
2252:
1625:
5249:
418:
341:
85:
warrior, 1st century BC, a statue depicting a Romanized Gaulish warrior wearing mail and a Celtic
5086:
5014:
4862:
4847:
4731:
4156:
4086:
3927:
2730:
2590:
960:
513:
Mail armour was introduced to the Middle East and Asia through the Romans and was adopted by the
462:
105:
1663:
1024:
154:
wrote that the ancient Persians wore scale armour, but mail is also distinctly mentioned in the
2269:'Without the Faces of Men': Facially Disfigured Great War Soldiers of Britain and the Dominions
1245:, which was filmed on a very small budget). Films more dedicated to costume accuracy often use
752:(1336–1392). The Japanese used many different weave methods including a square 4-in-1 pattern (
345:
Mail armour and equipment of Polish medium cavalryman, from the second half of the 17th century
5192:
5103:
5071:
4913:
4686:
4316:
4306:
4236:
4221:
4146:
4116:
4106:
3882:
3731:
3694:
3555:
3550:
3150:
2914:
2758:
2552:
2516:
2487:
2456:
2450:
2425:
2409:
2390:
1836:
1823:
1806:
1793:
1731:
Rusu, M., "Das Keltische Fürstengrab von Ciumeşti in Rumänien", Germania 50, 1969, pp. 267–269
1640:
970:
868:
749:
560:
427:
384:
3044:
Ancient Roman originals can be seen on the pages of the Roman Military Equipment Web museum,
2915:
Illustrated Directory of Special Forces, Ray Bonds, David Miller, Zenith Imprint, 2003 p. 368
2510:
1918:
5229:
5134:
4999:
4928:
4898:
4888:
4524:
4246:
4211:
4045:
3758:
3669:
3353:
2934:
2818:
2722:
2291:
2273:
1491:
Ottoman riveted mail, alternating rows of round riveted links and solid links, 16th century.
775:
458:
300:
192:
125:
1104:
5261:
5098:
5076:
4661:
4575:
4499:
4439:
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4256:
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4126:
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3767:
3664:
3577:
3572:
3450:
3389:
3297:
3170:
3135:
2965:
2921:
2833:"Chainmail, Metal Spikes and Unbreakable Material: Can We Design a 'Shark-Proof' Wetsuit?"
2748:
2577:
2497:
2432:
2374:
2353:
2167:
1966:
1943:
1832:
1802:
1750:
1718:
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1604:
1276:
1261:
1073:
901:
889:
745:
660:
572:
518:
454:
389:
3065:
3050:
2110:
2600:"Old vs. New - Bows and Crossbows tested on Butted and Riveted Mail Armor ("Chainmail")"
77:
5159:
5066:
5061:
5044:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4867:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4752:
4706:
4666:
4560:
4424:
4321:
4216:
4191:
3833:
3741:
3652:
3612:
3582:
3567:
3514:
3317:
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2789:
2647:. Stockholm, Sweden: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. p. 160.
1825:
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World
1599:
1556:
580:
576:
486:
450:
374:
370:
366:
166:
159:
90:
1274:, Tina Turner is said to have worn actual mail and she complained how heavy this was.
1092:) is one of the few historically correct examples of mail being constructed with such
1002:
677:
5276:
5224:
5197:
5175:
5139:
5108:
5093:
4772:
4711:
4656:
4596:
4591:
4539:
4434:
4311:
4276:
4196:
3775:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3562:
3322:
3220:
3215:
2734:
1620:
1609:
1551:
1268:, when the museum hosted an exhibition of WETA armour from their films. For the film
1265:
966:
584:
507:
378:
3045:
2757:. The Archaeology of York. Vol. 17/8. London: Council for British Archaeology.
517:
Persians starting in the 3rd century AD, where it was supplemental to the scale and
5180:
4903:
4817:
4534:
4504:
4484:
4419:
4366:
4356:
4291:
4136:
4091:
3701:
3684:
3674:
3659:
3587:
3455:
3445:
3175:
3140:
2726:
1615:
1503:
European wedge riveted mail, showing both sides of the rings, 16th to 17th century.
1460:
1132:
1034:
948:
647:
633:
564:
434:
409:
358:
145:
2095:
Reed Jr., Robert W. "Armour Purchases and Lists from the Howard Household Books",
408:
After the fall of the Western Empire, much of the infrastructure needed to create
185:
are not fully known. One theory is that it originally derives from the Latin word
3055:
2775:
1854:
5212:
5024:
4994:
4969:
4822:
4570:
4565:
4529:
4514:
4414:
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4021:
4016:
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3785:
3780:
3642:
3287:
3267:
3185:
3130:
1645:
1567:
1531:
1178:
1077:
1033:
Electrical applications for mail include RF leakage testing and being worn as a
880:
875:
blow could break through the armour. Strong projectile weapons such as stronger
748:
at least from the time of the Mongol invasion (1270s) but particularly from the
626:
588:
553:
522:
472:
466:
443:
397:
354:
324:
129:
82:
3022:
985:
links. Butted link mail was also used by the Moros of the Philippines in their
798:
together meaning that the ends touched each other and were not riveted, or the
417:
was an armourer who worked in Cheapside in the early 1300s and in York in 1446
165:
Mail continues to be used in the 21st century as a component of stab-resistant
100:
5118:
4943:
4807:
4676:
4646:
4631:
4479:
4474:
4449:
3816:
3726:
3721:
3617:
3535:
3509:
3419:
3312:
3272:
3190:
3145:
2619:
2599:
1991:
1761:
Oriental Armour, H. Russell Robinson, 1967 Walker and Co., New York, pp. 11-12
1635:
1594:
956:
952:
905:
810:
439:
312:
283:
110:
3004:
1131:
of military uniforms. It is still used in this form by some regiments of the
449:
During the late 19th and early 20th century, mail was used as a material for
237:'to bronze') suggest an Arabic influence for the Carolingian armour known as
5113:
5081:
4959:
4641:
4616:
4494:
4336:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3870:
3801:
3637:
3545:
3363:
3165:
3155:
1161:
1139:
1128:
1046:
925:
843:
377:. The Roman army adopted the technology for their troops in the form of the
296:
17:
1874:
933:
patterns being utilised and an entire nomenclature developing around them.
900:
over their mail coifs for head protection. Likewise, blunt weapons such as
357:, becoming less common over the course of the 16th and 17th centuries when
851:
Mail's resistance to weapons is determined by four factors: linkage type (
287:
In early medieval Europe "byrn(ie)" was the equivalent of a "coat of mail"
5207:
5149:
5009:
4757:
4454:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4371:
3540:
3394:
3373:
3368:
3358:
3307:
3292:
3236:
3160:
3125:
3120:
2957:
2819:"Oyster Shucking Gloves: The Pros Wear them [and you should too]"
2034:
Charles Henry Ashdown, British and Foreign Arms and Armour, (London, 1909
1583:
1459:
rejects the unaccustomed armour" (detail of fol. 28r of the 13th century
909:
884:
876:
813:
1603 to 1868 as a stand-alone defense. According to George Cameron Stone
659:
armour of the rank and file, who used more common brigandine, scale, and
514:
491:
350:
316:
304:
292:
224:
2620:"Arms & Armor 12th Century Spear VS. Riveted Mail and Ballistic Gel"
2277:
1931:
1899:
1443:. 17th century, alternating rows of round riveted rings and solid rings.
1427:, 17th century, alternating rows of round riveted rings and solid rings.
1411:, 17th century, alternating rows of round riveted rings and solid rings.
1395:, 17th century, alternating rows of solid rings and round riveted rings.
1249:
rings, for the lower cost and weight. Such ABS mail coats were made for
381:
which was used as a primary form of armour through the Imperial period.
5202:
5049:
4459:
4399:
3960:
3647:
3597:
3519:
3440:
3424:
3414:
3399:
3343:
3338:
3302:
3277:
3115:
2699:
Horsfall, I. et al., "An Assessment of Human Performance in Stabbing",
2624:
2604:
2549:
Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan
2387:
Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan
1579:
Typically worn under mail armour if thin or over mail armour if thick:
1536:
1464:
872:
827:
Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan
651:
481:
401:
393:
362:
327:
soldier, Bennet, Bradbury, DeVries, Dickie, and Jestice indicate that:
308:
238:
220:
170:
133:
116:
66:
4974:
4908:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4787:
4681:
4519:
4509:
4469:
4464:
4068:
3922:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3497:
3409:
3404:
3348:
3246:
3180:
2267:
2235:
2015:
Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, London, 1786
1977:
Bennet, M., Bradbury, J., DeVries, K., Dickie, I., & Jestice, P.
1016:
897:
856:
173:
for defense against shark bites, and a number of other applications.
169:, cut-resistant gloves for butchers and woodworkers, shark-resistant
155:
93:
61:
3060:
3027:
2491:: (Chūkokatchū seisakuben) Kōzan Sakakibara, C. E. Tuttle, 1964 p.85
1037:
suit by tesla coil enthusiasts and high voltage electrical workers.
1700:
4893:
4883:
4837:
4389:
4341:
3241:
3110:
3037:
2995:
Maillers Worldwide - weaves/tutorials/articles, and gallery photos
2675:
Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon
1379:. Armour of this type was introduced into India under the Mughals.
1111:
1103:
1059:
1001:
937:
919:
864:
852:
842:
686:
676:
655:
643:
568:
548:
538:
534:
530:
501:
471:
383:
340:
282:
137:
99:
76:
36:
457:
Company. Results were unsatisfactory; Wilkinson mail worn by the
4767:
2489:
The manufacture of armour and helmets in sixteenth century Japan
974:
829:, Ian Bottomley shows a picture of a kusari armour and mentions
780:
The Manufacture of Armour and Helmets in Sixteenth-Century Japan
476:
WWI Splatter Mask on display at the Army Medical Services Museum
86:
4041:
3470:
3466:
3069:
2347:, George Cameron Stone, Courier Dover Publications, 1999 p. 403
1064:
Roman soldier 175 A.D. from a northern province (re-enactment).
196:
2847:"Stainless steel chainmail diving suit worn by Valerie Taylor"
2368:, Robert C. Woosnam-Savage, Anthony Hall, Brassey's, 2002 p.92
2113:. Department of Arms and Armor, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1172:
521:
already used. Mail was commonly also used as horse armour for
3023:
The Apprentice Armorer's Illustrated Handbook For Making Mail
2999:
2408:
by H. Russell Robinson, London, Arms & Armour P., p. 58,
1347:
A rare example of Japanese riveted mail, round riveted rings.
821:
were worn on occasions, sometimes under the ordinary clothing
3017:
1701:"Celtic Chainmail | Brendan Mac Gonagle - Academia.edu"
400:
soldiers in mail armour. Note the scene of stripping a mail
349:
The use of mail as battlefield armour was common during the
1744:, Richard A. Gabriel, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 P.79
1280:
makes use of mail, notably during the "Red Wedding" scene.
1165:, which can only be obtained from chest loot or some mobs.
681:
Edo period Japanese (samurai) chain armour or kusari gusoku
4037:
3038:
Ring Guide – Sizing Specialty Square Rings to Round Weaves
2894:
2874:. Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.
201:, meaning 'to hammer' (related to the modern English word
124:
The earliest examples of surviving mail were found in the
2979:
2887:"Dr Zeus - Testing of HV Suit w Twin Musical Tesla Coils"
790:
Butted or split (twisted) links made up the majority of
369:
first came into contact with mail fighting the Gauls in
2072:"The Women who Forged Medieval England | History Today"
480:
Mail was also used for face protection in World War I.
3051:
http://artofchainmail.com/patterns/european/index.html
803:
sometimes concealed entirely between layers of cloth.
2713:
Richardson, T. (2011). "Armour in England, 1325–99".
195:). Another theory relates the word to the old French
2332:先帝赐臣铠：黑光、明光各一领、两当铠一领、环锁铠一领、马铠一领。今代以昇平，兵革无事，乞悉以付铠曹自理。
955:
repeatedly until the desired diameter was achieved.
770:
was known and used in Japan. On page 58 of the book
646:
when its allies in Central Asia paid tribute to the
5168:
5127:
5037:
4952:
4876:
4745:
4584:
4553:
4380:
4284:
4275:
4075:
4009:
3995:
3853:
3794:
3766:
3757:
3750:
3528:
3433:
3382:
3331:
3260:
3229:
3208:
3103:
422:still in existence is thought to have been worn by
1898:
1297:Edo period 1800s Japanese (samurai) mail socks or
730:, and other armoured clothing were produced, even
3061:Chain Mail 101: Learn all about making Chain Mail
1805:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006
506:Tibetan warrior in mail reinforced by additional
1586:(also known as quilted armour or a padded jack)
1391:Close up of Mughal riveted mail and plate coat
1359:Examples of Edo period Japanese (samurai) mail
1159:Chainmail armor is one of the armor tiers from
3056:http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armor-ii
1313:Japanese Edo period mail jacket, butted rings
794:links used by the Japanese. Links were either
4053:
3482:
3081:
2669:
2667:
1570:, type of mail from the Nusantara archipelago
1331:Edo period Japanese (samurai) mail gauntlets
809:or chain armour was commonly used during the
209:refers to a loop or stitch. The Arabic words
162:religion that written in the 6th century AD.
8:
1463:). The image depicts a method of removing a
1407:Close up detail of Mughal riveted mail hood
571:(Tamerlane) and the Sogdians and by India's
232:
214:
136:. Its invention is commonly credited to the
3018:The Ringinator - Tool for making jump rings
2455:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 424.
1207:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
303:. A mail collar hanging from a helmet is a
186:
4281:
4060:
4046:
4038:
3850:
3763:
3754:
3489:
3475:
3467:
3088:
3074:
3066:
2515:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 61.
2150:. The Wilkinson Sword Co. Ltd. p. 41.
1664:"chain mail" Cambridge dictionaries online
579:in late 12th century and commonly used by
2569:The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords
2199:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 69.
2184:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 85.
1979:Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World
1936:Trésor de la langue française informatisé
1559:with scales attached to a backing of mail
1227:Learn how and when to remove this message
928:from 1698 showing the manufacture of mail
3028:The Ring Lord Chainmail Discussion Forum
2980:Erik D. Schmid/The Mail Research Society
2754:The Anglian Helmet from 16–22 Coppergate
2571:, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International
2237:Helmets and body armor in modern warfare
2097:The Journal of the Mail Research Society
1072:groups, especially those whose focus is
1023:was among the first to develop and test
1019:. Shark expert and underwater filmmaker
365:were developed. It is believed that the
2406:Japanese Arms & Armor: Introduction
2272:(PhD thesis). UNSW Sydney. p. 37.
1656:
1287:
772:Japanese Arms & Armor: Introduction
3097:Components of medieval European armour
2659:Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight
2111:"Fashion in European Armor, 1600–1700"
847:Mail hauberk from the Museum of Bayeux
2794:"Fast-Food Nation: Meat and Potatoes"
2444:
2442:
2440:
2051:
2049:
1612:(supplementary plates worn over mail)
191:, meaning 'spot' or 'opacity' (as in
7:
2645:Armour from the Battle of Wisby 1361
2509:George Cameron Stone (2 July 1999).
2449:George Cameron Stone (2 July 1999).
1959:The Middle English Dictionary Online
1919:participating institution membership
1795:Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare
1205:adding citations to reliable sources
575:. Mail armour was introduced by the
248:are in Old French and Anglo-Norman:
114:) wearing mail armour and bearing a
2893:. Discovery Channel. Archived from
2771:from the original on 21 March 2024.
2677:. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
1835:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003
1822:Robert E. Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs,
1423:Mughal riveted mail and plate coat
1260:can be seen in the entrance to the
244:The first attestations of the word
233:
215:
2872:Straight Up: Helicopters in Action
2870:Douglas, David (director) (2002).
1981:. Thomas Dunne Books, 2005, p. 82.
1027:in 1979 while diving with sharks.
636:axeman in mail and lamellar armour
25:
1719:"Celtic chainmail – Balkan Celts"
695:which means chain. When the word
433:By the 14th century, articulated
5257:
5256:
5248:
3956:Body armor performance standards
3199:
3013:Butted mail: A Mailmaker's Guide
2774:
2688:The Knight and the Blast Furnace
2632:from the original on 2017-12-23.
2547:Ian Bottomley & A.P. Hopson
2469:from the original on 3 June 2016
2385:Ian Bottomley & A.P. Hopson
1863:from the original on 2017-12-23.
1515:Man wearing mail in modern days.
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1400:
1384:
1368:
1352:
1340:
1324:
1306:
1290:
1177:
613:
604:
529:Mail armour is mentioned in the
404:from a dead combatant at bottom.
260:or other variants, which became
5293:Military equipment of antiquity
2529:from the original on 1 May 2016
1998:from the original on 2013-01-15
1853:Laufer, Berthold (1914-01-01).
1242:Monty Python and the Holy Grail
1116:A modern example of the use of
756:), a hexagonal 6-in-1 pattern (
2727:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.06.001
2701:Forensic Science International
2195:Stone, George Cameron (1999).
1783:, Dover Publications, New York
1590:Can be worn over mail armour:
563:, mail was quickly adopted in
426:, who died in 1386 during the
307:. A shirt made from mail is a
27:Personal armour of metal links
1:
3742:Boiled leather (cuir bouilli)
3717:Kusari (Japanese mail armour)
3033:Phong's Chainmaille Tutorials
2058:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1856:Notes on Turquois in the East
1547:Kusari (Japanese mail armour)
673:Kusari (Japanese mail armour)
2366:Brassey's Book of Body Armor
2296:American Militaria Reference
2180:Robinson, H. Russel (2002).
1687:University of North Carolina
1575:Armour supplementary to mail
1375:Riveted mail and plate coat
533:as being a gift revealed by
424:Leopold III, Duke of Austria
227:worn by Coptic priests) and
158:, the holy scripture of the
140:, but there are examples of
4627:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
2715:Journal of Medieval History
2148:The Wilkinson Sword Catalog
2056:Strayer, Joseph R. (1982).
1689:. Accessed 4 November 2018.
947:Both were commonly made of
703:which means chain armour.
89:around his neck, bearing a
32:Chain mail (disambiguation)
5309:
4763:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
2099:, Vol. 1. No. 1, July 2003
2060:. Charles Scribner's Sons.
1271:Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
1044:
670:
223:, a hooded cloak', also a
29:
5244:
4035:
3505:
3197:
2933:magpie (29 August 2015).
2891:Daily Planet Segment 2008
2643:Thordeman, Bengt (1940).
1906:Oxford English Dictionary
1439:Mughal riveted mail hood
981:) was commonly made from
867:, could penetrate, and a
760:) and a European 4-in-1 (
3861:Armour of the Kelly gang
3707:Karuta (Japanese armour)
2703:, 102 (1999). pp. 79–89.
2657:D. Edge and J. Paddock.
1563:Tatami (Japanese armour)
3759:Bullet-resistant armour
3712:Kikko (Japanese armour)
3529:Historical armour types
2990:Excavated lorica hamata
2851:collections.anmm.gov.au
2234:Dean, Bashford (1920).
2146:Randolph, T.H. (1892).
2131:"Men Who Wear Armour".
1911:Oxford University Press
1120:, a bracelet using the
1108:Major's shoulder chains
1056:Historical re-enactment
642:Mail was introduced to
197:
181:The origin of the word
69:or sometimes a byrnie.
4965:Advanced Combat Helmet
4010:Fictional armour types
2939:Birds Before the Storm
1699:Gonagle, Brendan Mac.
1124:
1109:
1070:historical reenactment
1065:
1007:
987:mail and plate armours
929:
848:
823:
788:
682:
556:
547:
510:
494:) inside the vehicle.
477:
453:, most notably by the
405:
346:
334:
288:
187:
121:
97:
42:
41:A European mail shirt.
5057:Boxing / Martial Arts
3608:Mail and plate armour
2792:(September 3, 1998).
2661:(London: Bison), 1988
2266:Neale, Kerry (2015).
2242:Yale University Press
1542:Mail and plate armour
1252:The Lord of the Rings
1115:
1107:
1063:
1005:
923:
846:
817:Entire suits of mail
815:
784:
680:
552:
543:
505:
475:
387:
344:
329:
311:if knee-length and a
286:
205:). In modern French,
103:
80:
40:
4607:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
3866:Brewster Body Shield
2292:"Tank Splatter Mask"
1875:"Neptunic Sharksuit"
1779:Stone, G.C. (1934):
1683:The Celts Themselves
1201:improve this section
413:undertook the work:
30:For other uses, see
4778:Romanian M73 helmet
4732:M1918 (Switzerland)
4652:Mk II talker helmet
4617:Stahlhelm (Germany)
4172:Henry VIII's Horned
3751:Modern armour types
3690:Gothic plate armour
3680:Kasten-brust armour
3603:Transitional armour
2935:"Wearing Chainmail"
2821:. 26 December 2017.
2673:Mitchell, Piers D.
2253:Library of Congress
2215:www.vikingsword.com
1909:(Online ed.).
1626:Transitional armour
1006:Neptunic shark suit
726:, shoulder guards,
415:Alice la Haubergere
280:in Middle English.
5015:Lightweight Helmet
4490:Lobster-tailed pot
3928:Osprey body armour
3009:Construction tips
2964:2009-06-19 at the
2920:2016-05-06 at the
2576:2016-04-27 at the
2496:2016-05-12 at the
2431:2016-05-12 at the
2373:2016-05-04 at the
2352:2016-05-27 at the
2166:2016-05-03 at the
2109:Breiding, Dirk H.
1965:2013-07-31 at the
1942:2016-03-05 at the
1831:2016-05-12 at the
1801:2016-05-06 at the
1749:2016-05-01 at the
1669:2015-11-24 at the
1150:In popular culture
1125:
1110:
1066:
1008:
930:
849:
776:Sakakibara Kozan's
683:
557:
511:
478:
463:battle of Omdurman
406:
361:and more advanced
347:
305:camail or aventail
289:
122:
106:ancient Macedonian
98:
43:
5270:
5269:
5238:
5237:
5077:Gridiron football
5033:
5032:
4687:SSh-39 and SSh-40
4622:M1934/39 (Greece)
3969:
3968:
3951:
3950:
3883:Ranger Body Armor
3849:
3848:
3795:Ballistic fabrics
3695:Maximilian armour
3551:Lorica segmentata
3464:
3463:
2522:978-0-486-40726-5
2462:978-0-486-40726-5
2389:P.57 & P.186
1917:(Subscription or
1742:The ancient world
1641:Proofing (armour)
1526:Mail-based armour
1258:Lord of the Rings
1237:
1236:
1229:
1122:roundmaille weave
971:Coppergate Helmet
750:Nambokucho Period
689:, mail is called
561:Abbasid Caliphate
451:bulletproof vests
428:Battle of Sempach
16:(Redirected from
5300:
5260:
5259:
5252:
4672:M1940 (Portugal)
4347:Late Roman ridge
4282:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
3851:
3764:
3755:
3670:Greenwich armour
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3203:
3161:Lobster tail pot
3090:
3083:
3076:
3067:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2882:
2876:
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2829:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2749:Tweddle, Dominic
2745:
2739:
2738:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2655:
2649:
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2609:
2587:
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2435:
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2417:
2403:
2397:
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2321:
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2171:
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2100:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1952:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1820:
1814:
1792:Philip Sidnell,
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1690:
1681:Ashton, Kasey. "
1679:
1673:
1661:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1452:
1436:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1372:
1356:
1344:
1328:
1310:
1294:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1181:
1173:
1041:Stab-proof vests
1015:encounters with
617:
608:
459:Khedive of Egypt
236:
235:
218:
217:
200:
193:macula of retina
190:
126:Carpathian Basin
21:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5288:Medieval armour
5273:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5262:Category:Armour
5240:
5239:
5234:
5164:
5155:Riot protection
5123:
5029:
4980:ECH (Australia)
4948:
4872:
4741:
4737:Type 92 Tetsubo
4662:Netherlands M34
4612:M1923 (Denmark)
4580:
4576:Tarleton helmet
4549:
4382:
4376:
4271:
4127:Coventry Sallet
4079:
4077:
4071:
4066:
4031:
4005:
3991:
3965:
3947:
3845:
3841:Ballistic nylon
3790:
3768:Ballistic plate
3746:
3665:Munition armour
3578:Lamellar armour
3573:Lorica squamata
3524:
3501:
3495:
3465:
3460:
3429:
3378:
3327:
3256:
3225:
3204:
3195:
3136:Enclosed helmet
3099:
3094:
3046:Romancoins.info
2976:
2971:
2966:Wayback Machine
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2922:Wayback Machine
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2868:
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2855:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2790:Schlosser, Eric
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2765:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2598:
2595:Wayback Machine
2588:
2584:
2578:Wayback Machine
2566:
2562:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2498:Wayback Machine
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2433:Wayback Machine
2424:
2420:
2404:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2375:Wayback Machine
2363:
2359:
2354:Wayback Machine
2342:
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2318:
2313:
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2300:
2298:
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2233:
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2228:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2182:Oriental Armour
2179:
2178:
2174:
2168:Wayback Machine
2159:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2108:
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2076:web.archive.org
2070:
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2019:
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1967:Wayback Machine
1953:
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1944:Wayback Machine
1930:
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1916:
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1671:Wayback Machine
1662:
1658:
1654:
1605:Lamellar armour
1577:
1528:
1523:
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1501:
1492:
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1480:
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1468:
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1412:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1335:, butted rings.
1333:kusari han kote
1329:
1320:
1316:kusari katabira
1311:
1302:
1301:, butted rings.
1295:
1286:
1277:Game of Thrones
1262:Royal Armouries
1233:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1198:
1182:
1171:
1157:
1152:
1102:
1100:Decorative uses
1058:
1049:
1043:
1000:
995:
918:
890:battle of Visby
841:
832:kusari katabira
675:
669:
640:
639:
638:
637:
620:
619:
618:
610:
609:
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573:Delhi Sultanate
519:lamellar armour
500:
455:Wilkinson Sword
390:Bayeux Tapestry
388:Panel from the
339:
299:, and mittens,
179:
75:
60:) is a type of
48:(also known as
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5306:
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5218:American fiber
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4800:
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4790:
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4760:
4755:
4753:Bangtan Helmet
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4722:M1937 (Sweden)
4719:
4717:M1926 (Sweden)
4714:
4709:
4707:M1942 Modelo Z
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
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4659:
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4609:
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4602:M36 (Bulgaria)
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4299:
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4288:
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4279:
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4264:
4262:Witcham Gravel
4259:
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4234:
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4209:
4204:
4199:
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4174:
4169:
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4159:
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4152:Guilden Morden
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4132:Crosby Garrett
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
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3855:
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3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:Spectra Shield
3826:
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3819:
3814:
3804:
3798:
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3792:
3791:
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3667:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3653:Muscle cuirass
3650:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:Coat of plates
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Laminar armour
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Lorica plumata
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3515:Vehicle armour
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3493:
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3479:
3471:
3462:
3461:
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3318:Coat of plates
3315:
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3305:
3300:
3295:
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3285:
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3275:
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3262:
3258:
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3015:
3007:
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2992:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2974:External links
2972:
2970:
2969:
2958:DeviantArt.com
2950:
2925:
2907:
2885:Blake, Terry.
2877:
2862:
2838:
2824:
2810:
2800:. No. 794
2781:
2763:
2740:
2721:(3): 304–320.
2705:
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2650:
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2611:
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2521:
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2357:
2336:
2316:
2307:
2283:
2258:
2226:
2202:
2187:
2172:
2153:
2138:
2133:The Daily Mail
2123:
2101:
2088:
2063:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2017:
2008:
1983:
1970:
1947:
1924:
1890:
1866:
1845:
1815:
1785:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1733:
1724:
1721:. 8 July 2013.
1710:
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1607:
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1600:Coat of plates
1597:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1557:Lorica plumata
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1524:
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1183:
1176:
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1167:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1101:
1098:
1057:
1054:
1045:Main article:
1042:
1039:
1021:Valerie Taylor
999:
998:Practical uses
996:
994:
991:
917:
914:
840:
837:
768:Riveted kusari
746:samurai armour
671:Main article:
668:
665:
629:mail armour.
622:
621:
612:
611:
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
597:
594:
499:
496:
375:Northern Italy
371:Cisalpine Gaul
367:Roman Republic
338:
335:
295:, a hood is a
178:
175:
74:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5305:
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5174:
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5148:
5146:
5145:Firefighter's
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
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5097:
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5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Hełm wz. 2005
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
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4983:
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4932:
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4929:Hełm wz. 2000
4927:
4925:
4922:
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4915:
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4910:
4907:
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4902:
4900:
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4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Hungarian M70
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:L'Eplattenier
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:M1934 (Spain)
4700:
4698:
4697:M1926 (Spain)
4695:
4693:
4692:M1921 (Spain)
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
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4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Germanic boar
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Falling buffe
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
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4328:
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4323:
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4308:
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4298:
4295:
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4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Staffordshire
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
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3879:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:Armor systems
3852:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
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3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Ceramic plate
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
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3668:
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3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Mirror armour
3631:
3629:
3628:Splint armour
3626:
3624:
3623:Jack of plate
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Lorica hamata
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3457:
3456:Arming points
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3323:Jack of plate
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3221:Falling buffe
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2897:on 2011-08-29
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2799:
2798:Rolling Stone
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2764:1-872414-19-2
2760:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2690:. pp. 942–943
2689:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:1-86222-002-6
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:9780853680192
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:1-86222-002-6
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2244:. p. 133
2243:
2240:. New Haven:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:0-313-31342-3
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:1-85285-374-3
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Splint armour
1619:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:Mirror armour
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Lorica hamata
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:Weta Workshop
1263:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:This section
1184:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:Forge welding
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
939:
934:
927:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
860:
858:
855:, butted, or
854:
845:
839:Effectiveness
838:
836:
834:
833:
828:
822:
820:
819:kusari gusoku
814:
812:
808:
807:Kusari gusoku
804:
801:
797:
793:
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
763:
762:nanban gusari
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
735:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
701:kusari gusoku
698:
694:
693:
688:
679:
674:
666:
664:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
635:
632:
628:
625:
616:
607:
595:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
551:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
524:
520:
516:
509:
504:
497:
495:
493:
488:
483:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
416:
411:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
380:
379:lorica hamata
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
343:
336:
333:
328:
326:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
241:(see below).
240:
230:
226:
222:
212:
208:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
176:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
118:
113:
112:
107:
104:Fresco of an
102:
95:
92:
88:
84:
79:
72:
70:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
5193:Heraldic use
5181:Helmet cover
4953:2001–present
4783:Mº 44 E.T.A.
4637:M42 Duperite
4535:Takula tofao
4485:Lamellenhelm
4383:Early Modern
4381:Medieval and
4352:Montefortino
4097:Benty Grange
3702:Lame (armor)
3685:White armour
3675:Almain rivet
3660:Plate armour
3592:
3588:Scale armour
3176:Nasal helmet
3141:Close helmet
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2928:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:the original
2890:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2854:. Retrieved
2850:
2841:
2827:
2813:
2802:. Retrieved
2797:
2784:
2753:
2743:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2658:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2623:
2614:
2603:
2591:Ghostarchive
2589:Archived at
2585:
2580:, 1998 p. 43
2568:
2563:
2551:pp. 155–156
2548:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2511:
2504:
2488:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2451:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2386:
2381:
2365:
2360:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
2278:1959.4/55193
2268:
2261:
2251:– via
2246:. Retrieved
2236:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2161:Google Books
2156:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2115:. Retrieved
2104:
2096:
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2078:. 2024-09-10
2075:
2066:
2057:
2039:
2030:
2020:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1986:
1978:
1973:
1958:
1950:
1935:
1927:
1904:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1855:
1848:
1824:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1741:
1736:
1727:
1713:
1704:
1694:
1677:
1659:
1630:
1616:Scale armour
1589:
1578:
1461:Morgan Bible
1440:
1425:zirah Bagtar
1424:
1408:
1393:zirah Bagtar
1392:
1377:zirah bagtar
1376:
1360:
1332:
1314:
1298:
1275:
1269:
1257:
1254:film trilogy
1251:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1214:
1199:Please help
1187:
1160:
1158:
1145:
1137:
1133:British Army
1126:
1121:
1117:
1094:butted links
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1067:
1050:
1035:Faraday cage
1032:
1029:
1013:
1009:
982:
978:
965:
949:wrought iron
946:
942:
935:
931:
894:
881:recurve bows
861:
850:
830:
826:
825:In his book
824:
818:
816:
806:
805:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
779:
771:
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
744:was used in
739:
738:
731:
728:thigh guards
704:
700:
696:
690:
684:
648:Tang Emperor
641:
634:Song dynasty
630:
623:
565:Central Asia
558:
544:
528:
512:
508:mirror plate
479:
448:
444:padded jacks
435:plate armour
432:
419:Agnes Hecche
410:plate armour
407:
359:plate armour
348:
330:
321:
290:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
243:
228:
210:
206:
202:
182:
180:
164:
150:
146:scale armour
123:
115:
109:
91:Celtic-style
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
18:Coat of mail
4970:BK-3 helmet
4924:Hełm wz. 93
4848:Paratrooper
4833:Modèle 1978
4828:Modèle 1951
4803:Hełm wz. 67
4798:Hełm wz. 63
4793:Hełm wz. 50
4667:Hełm wz. 31
4632:M33 (Italy)
4571:Pith helmet
4566:Pickelhaube
4554:Late Modern
4530:Spangenhelm
4515:Pickelhaube
4415:Cervelliere
4297:Boar's tusk
4157:Guisborough
4122:Coțofenești
4027:Power armor
4022:Ring armour
4017:Banded mail
3973:Flak jacket
3903:FSBE AAV QR
3893:Dragon Skin
3829:UHMWPE/HPPE
3786:Steel plate
3781:Doron plate
3643:Breastplate
3268:Breastplate
3186:Spangenhelm
3131:Cervelliere
2533:18 February
2473:18 February
1992:"Chainmail"
1705:Balkancelts
1646:Ring armour
1568:Baju Rantai
1532:Banded mail
1441:kulah zirah
1409:kulah zirah
1299:kusari tabi
1247:ABS plastic
1155:Video games
1078:Middle Ages
1025:shark suits
993:Modern uses
916:Manufacture
778:1800 book,
758:hana gusari
733:kusari tabi
724:shin guards
627:Western Xia
554:Mughal Army
523:cataphracts
467:flak jacket
440:brigandines
438:along with
398:Anglo-Saxon
355:Middle Ages
325:Carolingian
167:body armour
160:Zoroastrian
5283:Body armor
5277:Categories
5104:Motorcycle
5087:Revolution
5072:Equestrian
4899:M90 (Iraq)
4480:Kulah khud
4440:Frog-mouth
4317:Corinthian
4307:Chalcidian
4237:Sutton Hoo
4222:Ribchester
4182:Iron Gates
4177:Horncastle
4147:Gjermundbu
4117:Coppergate
4107:Canterbury
4078:historical
4076:Individual
3996:Components
3817:Kevlar KM2
3618:Brigandine
3593:Chain mail
3536:Linothorax
3510:Body armor
3313:Lance rest
3273:Brigandine
3191:Kettle hat
3151:Frog mouth
3146:Great helm
2944:2020-09-29
2901:2011-08-20
2856:2020-10-29
2804:2020-11-19
2686:Williams,
2301:2023-10-12
2248:2023-10-12
2220:2024-02-23
2117:2020-10-03
2082:2024-09-10
2002:2013-02-13
1921:required.)
1884:2024-07-26
1652:References
1636:Cataphract
1595:Brigandine
1129:epaulettes
1011:shuckers.
957:Waterwheel
953:draw plate
906:warhammers
811:Edo period
313:haubergeon
111:thorakites
50:chain-mail
46:Chain mail
5230:Zuckerman
5186:Mitznefet
5135:Custodian
5114:Scrum cap
5082:Eyeshield
4960:A2 Helmet
4877:1980–2000
4863:Swiss M71
4746:1945–1980
4585:1914–1945
4455:Hounskull
4337:Kegelhelm
3988:Stab vest
3983:Bomb suit
3978:Riot gear
3871:Steel Bib
3802:Gold Flex
3638:Klivanion
3546:Buff coat
3420:Schynbald
3364:Rerebrace
3166:Mail coif
3156:Hounskull
2735:162329279
1188:does not
1162:Minecraft
1074:Antiquity
1047:Stab vest
973:found in
926:engraving
885:crossbows
877:self bows
754:so gusari
559:From the
337:In Europe
297:mail coif
203:malleable
177:Etymology
171:wet-suits
152:Herodotus
108:soldier (
65:called a
5208:Tarnhelm
5150:Hard hat
5099:Lacrosse
5038:Athletic
5010:KH-B2000
4985:ECH (US)
4813:M76 Para
4758:CABAL II
4430:Enclosed
4410:Burgonet
4405:Bascinet
4395:Aventail
4372:Shmarjet
4362:Phrygian
4332:Imperial
4327:Illyrian
4302:Boeotian
4257:Waterloo
4252:Venetian
4227:Shorwell
4207:Nijmegen
4202:Newstead
4162:Hallaton
4142:Gevninge
4112:Ciumeşti
4087:Agighiol
4002:Medieval
3918:MTV/IMTV
3732:Haramaki
3541:Gambeson
3395:Chausses
3374:Vambrace
3369:Spaulder
3359:Pauldron
3354:Gauntlet
3308:Codpiece
3293:Plackart
3237:Aventail
3126:Burgonet
3121:Bascinet
2962:Archived
2918:Archived
2769:Archived
2751:(1992).
2630:Archived
2593:and the
2574:Archived
2527:Archived
2494:Archived
2467:Archived
2429:Archived
2371:Archived
2350:Archived
2170:Iron Men
2164:Archived
1996:Archived
1963:Archived
1955:"maille"
1940:Archived
1932:"maille"
1879:Neptunic
1861:Archived
1829:Archived
1799:Archived
1747:Archived
1667:Archived
1631:Others:
1584:Gambeson
1521:See also
1217:May 2018
1140:anodized
910:gambeson
661:lamellar
583:and the
515:Sassanid
492:spalling
487:shrapnel
392:showing
363:firearms
353:and the
351:Iron Age
317:jazerant
293:chausses
225:chasuble
221:burnoose
198:maillier
142:Etruscan
130:Ciumești
83:Vachères
5203:Mahiole
5160:Welding
5067:Cricket
5062:Bicycle
5050:Coolflo
5045:Batting
4939:SPECTRA
4868:Type 66
4561:Dragoon
4525:Secrete
4460:Jingasa
4425:Dragoon
4400:Barbute
4285:Ancient
4217:Pioneer
4192:Meyrick
4187:Lokrume
4080:helmets
4069:Helmets
3961:BA 9000
3888:IBA/OTV
3727:Dō-maru
3722:Ō-yoroi
3648:Cuirass
3598:Hauberk
3520:Barding
3441:Gousset
3415:Sabaton
3400:Cuisses
3344:Besagew
3339:Ailette
3303:Hauberk
3288:Pauncer
3278:Cuirass
3252:Pizaine
3116:Barbute
2625:YouTube
2605:YouTube
2135:. 1886.
1843:, p.309
1813:, p.159
1537:Hauberk
1465:hauberk
1284:Gallery
1209:removed
1194:sources
1076:or the
938:riveted
873:halberd
869:pollaxe
853:riveted
736:socks.
708:jackets
652:Cao Zhi
498:In Asia
482:Oculist
402:hauberk
309:hauberk
229:barnaza
134:Romania
117:thureos
73:History
67:hauberk
5253:Portal
5225:Winged
5198:Horned
5176:Flight
5140:Diving
5109:Racing
5094:Hockey
4975:QGF-03
4909:M59/85
4858:SSh-68
4853:SSh-60
4843:OR-201
4788:M59/85
4712:SSK 90
4682:SSh-36
4657:Mk III
4597:Brodie
4592:Adrian
4545:Viking
4540:Turban
4520:Sallet
4510:Paseki
4500:Morion
4475:Kettle
4470:Katapu
4465:Kabuto
4312:Coolus
4277:Combat
4212:Peretu
4197:Nemiya
4167:Hellvi
3923:PRU-70
3822:Twaron
3812:Kevlar
3807:Aramid
3737:Tatami
3556:Manica
3498:Armour
3451:Rondel
3434:Pieces
3425:Tasset
3410:Poleyn
3405:Greave
3349:Couter
3247:Gorget
3181:Sallet
3171:Morion
2761:
2733:
2555:
2519:
2459:
2412:
2393:
1900:"mail"
1839:
1809:
1361:kusari
1090:kusari
1017:sharks
983:butted
979:kusari
961:billet
883:, and
857:welded
800:kusari
796:butted
792:kusari
741:Kusari
716:gloves
705:Kusari
697:kusari
692:kusari
631:Right:
585:Mughal
394:Norman
373:, now
301:mitons
266:maille
262:mailye
250:maille
239:byrnie
211:burnus
207:maille
188:macula
156:Avesta
120:shield
94:shield
62:armour
58:maille
5169:Other
4934:Sfera
4919:PASGT
4904:JK 96
4894:GOLFO
4884:CG634
4838:MPC-1
4818:Mk IV
4505:Nasal
4495:Mempo
4450:Great
4420:Close
4390:Armet
4367:Pilos
4357:Negau
4342:Konos
4322:Galea
4292:Attic
4247:Veksø
4242:Tjele
4137:Emesa
4092:Agris
3898:CIRAS
3878:PASGT
3500:types
3390:Bases
3298:Fauld
3283:Culet
3261:Torso
3242:Bevor
3216:Visor
3111:Armet
2731:S2CID
2324:"8".
2025:1824)
1915:
1457:David
1068:Many
902:maces
898:helms
865:estoc
720:vests
712:hoods
687:Japan
667:Japan
656:Kuchi
644:China
624:Left:
596:China
577:Turks
569:Timur
539:David
535:Allah
531:Quran
278:meile
276:, or
270:maile
256:, or
254:maile
216:برنوس
138:Celts
5213:Pith
5128:Work
5025:Mk 7
5020:MICH
5005:IHPS
4995:6B47
4990:FAST
4823:Mk 6
4768:GK80
4267:Yarm
4102:Broe
3933:SPCS
3913:IOTV
3446:Lame
3383:Legs
3332:Arms
3230:Neck
3209:Face
3104:Head
2759:ISBN
2553:ISBN
2535:2011
2517:ISBN
2475:2011
2457:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2327:曹子建集
1837:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1192:any
1190:cite
1169:Film
1118:mail
975:York
904:and
589:Suri
587:and
581:Turk
442:and
396:and
274:male
258:male
246:mail
234:برنز
183:mail
87:torc
81:The
54:mail
5119:Ski
4944:6B7
4914:M87
4889:M92
4808:M63
4677:RAC
4647:M1C
3943:MSV
3938:SPC
3908:HRM
2723:doi
2274:hdl
1685:."
1203:by
924:An
871:or
685:In
567:by
537:to
56:or
5279::
4642:M1
2960:.
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2849:.
2796:.
2767:.
2729:.
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2717:.
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2622:.
2602:.
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2525:.
2465:.
2439:^
2330:.
2294:.
2213:.
2074:.
2048:^
1994:.
1961:.
1957:,
1938:.
1934:,
1903:.
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722:,
718:,
714:,
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272:,
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