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209:, cobblestone streets became common in many European towns and cities. Cobblestones were readily available, as they were often naturally occurring stones found in riverbeds and fields. Their rounded shape made them easy to lay, and their durability was well-suited to the needs of growing urban centers. Cobblestones are typically either set in sand or similar material, or are bound together with
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regularly-sized granite setts by more than a thousand years. Such pitched paving is quite distinct from that formed from rounded stones, although both forms are commonly referred to as 'cobbled' surfaces. Most surviving genuinely old 'cobbled' areas are in reality pitched surfaces. A cobbled area is known as a "causey", "cassay" or "cassie" in
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and even modern automobiles make a lot of noise when rolling over cobblestone paving might be thought a disadvantage, but it has the advantage of warning pedestrians of their approach. In
England, the custom was to strew straw over the cobbles outside the house of a sick or dying person to dampen the
221:. It has the additional advantage of immediately draining water, and not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. Shod horses are also able to get better traction on stone cobbles, pitches or setts than tarmac or asphalt. Cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being
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Region of New York State, the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age left numerous small, rounded cobblestones available for building. Pre-Civil War architecture in the region made heavy use of cobblestones for walls. Today, the fewer than 600 remaining cobblestone buildings are prized as
184:
It has been used across various cultures for millennia, particularly in Europe, and became especially prominent during the medieval and early modern periods. Today, cobblestone streets are often associated with historic preservation and are used in many cities to maintain the historical character of
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streets in Europe. In this case, the noisy nature of the surface is an advantage as pedestrians can hear approaching vehicles. The visual cues of the cobblestones also clarify that the area is more than just a normal street. The use of cobblestones/setts is also considered to be a more "upmarket"
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In fact, Belgian block refers not to the type of stone but the way it is cut: in rectangles. People often refer to roads paved this way as "cobblestone streets," but that isn't strictly correct. Cobblestones are rounded, typically because they've been worn smooth by rivers. They might be hell to
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With the advent of asphalt and concrete in the 20th century, the use of cobblestones declined. These newer materials were cheaper and easier to install, leading to the replacement of many cobblestone streets. However, cobblestone streets have been preserved in many historic districts around the
255:
In
England, it was commonplace since ancient times for flat stones with a flat narrow edge to be set on edge to provide an even paved surface. This was known as a 'pitched' surface and was common all over Britain, as it did not require rounded pebbles. Pitched surfaces predate the use of
364:, many of the older streets are paved in cobblestones and setts (mostly setts); however, many such streets have been paved over with asphalt, which can crack and erode away due to heavy traffic, thus revealing the original stone pavement.
181:, also called Belgian blocks, are often referred to as "cobbles", although a sett is distinct from a cobblestone by being quarried and shaped into a regular form, while cobblestones are naturally occurring forms less uniform in size.
375:, as late as the 1990s some busy intersections still showed cobblestones through worn down sections of pavement. In Toronto streets using setts were used by streetcar routes and disappeared by the 1980s, but are still found in the
472:
historic locations, most of them private homes. Ninety percent of the cobblestone buildings in
America can be found within a 75-mile radius of Rochester, New York. There is also a cluster of cobblestone buildings in the Town of
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compliant, but does state that "cobblestones can significantly impede wheelchair movement" and that sidewalks must not have surface variances of greater than one inch. Due to the accessibility challenges of cobblestone, the
426:, are well known for their many cobblestone streets, which are still operational and in good condition. They are still maintained and repaired in the traditional manner, by placing and arranging granite stones by hand.
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for disabled people, particularly wheelchair users. Wheelchair users and other disabled people may opt to avoid streets and sidewalks made with cobblestone. Some
European cities, such as
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at the beginning of the 20th century. However, cobblestones are often retained in historic areas, even for streets with modern vehicular traffic. Many older villages and cities in
519:, have tried to preserve their historic aesthetic while also making cobblestone pavement more accessible for disabled people by slicing the cobblestone to be flat on the surface.
268:, cities like Paris, London, and Amsterdam began to pave their streets with cobblestones to manage the increased traffic from carts, carriages, and pedestrians.
480:. In addition to homes, cobblestones were used to build barns, stagecoach taverns, smokehouses, stores, churches, schools, factories, and cemetery markers.
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world, valued for their historical significance and aesthetic charm. In recent decades, cobblestones have become a popular material for paving newly
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sound. In rural areas, cobblestones were sometimes used to pave important roads, particularly those leading to and from major cities.
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644:"Were Pittsburgh's original finished roads and streets paved with cobblestone, Belgian block or some other type of brick?"
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roadway solution, having been described as "unique and artistic" compared to the normal asphalt road environment.
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287:(also known as Belgian block) in the nineteenth century. Cobblestoned and "setted" streets gradually gave way to
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recommends against the use of cobblestone and bricks in its accessibility guide for sidewalks and crosswalks.
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The
Alexander Classical School three-story cobblestone building in Alexander, New York.
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drive on, but they were cheap: you could just dredge them up from the river...
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does not specify which materials a sidewalk must be made of in order to be
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26:"Cobbled" and "cobbles" redirect here. For the profession of cobbler, see
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251:. Cobblestones such as these are designed for horses to get a good grip.
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748:"How Europe's big cities can innovate for people with disabilities"
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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
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Setts visible beneath cracked asphalt in New
Bedford, MA.
682:"Architect: Open Salem pedestrian mall to cars, parking"
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Cobblestones were largely replaced by quarried granite
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The only public cobblestone building in the US is the
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A cobblestone lane in the Old Town (Senamiestis) in
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
798:"San Francisco Will Say So Long to Brick Sidewalk"
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618:Scottish National Dictionary Association (1999)
16:Natural stones for surfacing roads and buildings
433:, there are old cobblestone paths with colored
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303:are still paved with cobblestones or pitched.
30:. For the concept of "cobbling together", see
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201:on wet, slippery London cobblestones in 1823.
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445:. The cubes of the old ways are handmade.
157:Cobblestones, Fulham in south-west London
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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773:"ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)"
382:Many cities in Latin America, such as
247:Italian cobblestone-covered street in
1949:Median / Central reservation
7:
606:participating institution membership
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1867:Risk compensation (road transport)
145:Cobblestones on a road surface in
14:
679:Roy, Matthew K. (13 April 2011).
642:Potter, Chris (14 October 2004).
2233:Glossary of road transport terms
503:Implications for disabled people
41:
173:-sized stones, and is used for
52:needs additional citations for
707:Frances Page, Cecilia (2010).
533:Federal Highway Administration
1:
2215:Pavement performance modeling
2205:International roughness index
556:List of cobblestone buildings
320:In older U.S. cities such as
2210:Present serviceability index
2004:Sidewalk / Pavement
1549:Diamond grinding of pavement
21:Cobblestone (disambiguation)
2182:Underpass / Tunnel
2177:Overpass / Flyover
1931:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1821:Driving under the influence
895:Freeway / Motorway
561:List of cobblestone streets
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1109:Highway systems by country
777:United States Access Board
723:"Cobblestone Architecture"
524:United States Access Board
485:Alexander Classical School
452:
177:, streets, and buildings.
25:
18:
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2220:Granular base equivalency
2039:Traffic signal preemption
1447:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1353:Single-point urban (SPUI)
620:Concise Scots Dictionary
593:Oxford English Dictionary
2259:Cobblestone architecture
2200:Pavement condition index
1926:High-occupancy toll lane
1921:Contraflow lane reversal
1896:Barrier transfer machine
455:Cobblestone architecture
1054:Express-collector setup
598:Oxford University Press
507:Cobblestone may not be
369:Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
367:In some places such as
189:History as road surface
185:certain neighborhoods.
2238:Road types by features
2133:Raised pavement marker
2100:Constant-slope barrier
2024:Traffic directionality
2014:Street running railway
1437:Protected intersection
727:Orleans County Tourism
622:. Edinburgh, Polygon.
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2095:Concrete step barrier
1432:Offset T-intersection
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2138:Road surface marking
1836:Single-vehicle crash
1559:Full depth recycling
1457:Seagull intersection
291:roads and later to
61:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1964:Pedestrian crossing
1527:Reinforced concrete
1363:Three-level diamond
1074:Two-lane expressway
1059:Farm-to-market road
596:(Online ed.).
566:Portuguese pavement
489:Alexander, New York
449:Use in architecture
377:Distillery District
266:early modern period
1994:Runaway truck ramp
1816:Driver's education
1604:Rubberized asphalt
1539:Crocodile cracking
1462:Split intersection
1230:Hierarchy of roads
1191:Single carriageway
709:Authentic Insights
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2054:Wide outside lane
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1857:Automotive safety
1738:Road slipperiness
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1333:Diverging diamond
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1196:Single-track road
1138:Bicycle boulevard
604:(Subscription or
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167:building material
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2284:Stone (material)
2090:Cat's eye (road)
1911:Complete streets
1683:Dead Man's Curve
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1584:Pavement milling
1499:Asphalt concrete
1442:Quadrant roadway
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905:Elevated highway
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652:. Archived from
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297:asphalt concrete
223:permeable paving
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2108:F-Shape barrier
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2019:Traffic calming
1979:Reversible lane
1969:Pedestrian zone
1954:Motorcycle lane
1916:Contraflow lane
1888:time allocation
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656:on 14 June 2011
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453:Main article:
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314:pedestrianised
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175:pavement roads
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117:September 2008
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2128:Noise barrier
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2085:Cable barrier
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2034:Traffic lanes
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2015:
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1974:Refuge island
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1939:Living street
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1906:Climbing lane
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1808:Human factors
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1773:Traffic light
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1723:Oversize load
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1713:Manhole cover
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1544:Crushed stone
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1427:Michigan left
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1379:Intersections
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1328:Directional T
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1245:special route
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1163:Frontage road
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1039:Arterial road
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1023:United States
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873:Types of road
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628:1-902930-01-0
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342:San Francisco
339:
335:
334:New York City
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165:is a natural
164:
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109:
106:
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92:
88:
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81:
78: –
77:
76:"Cobblestone"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
29:
22:
2153:Traffic cone
2143:Rumble strip
2044:Truck bypass
1999:Shared space
1959:Passing lane
1944:Managed lane
1901:Bicycle lane
1783:Washboarding
1778:Traffic sign
1703:Hairpin turn
1516:
1472:Texas U-turn
1402:Box junction
1296:Interchanges
1240:Route number
1148:Country lane
890:Bike freeway
805:. Retrieved
792:
780:. Retrieved
767:
755:. Retrieved
742:
730:. Retrieved
726:
717:
708:
702:
690:. Retrieved
686:
674:
665:
660:23 September
658:. Retrieved
654:the original
647:
619:
614:
591:
580:
521:
506:
482:
469:Finger Lakes
466:
428:
404:Old San Juan
384:Buenos Aires
381:
366:
322:Philadelphia
319:
310:
282:
261:
254:
204:
183:
162:
160:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2191:Performance
2123:Kassel kerb
2080:Botts' dots
2068:Demarcation
1768:Storm drain
1733:Road debris
1658:Aquaplaning
1651:environment
1639:Road safety
1517:Cobblestone
1467:Superstreet
1272:Winter road
1220:Concurrency
1213:Other terms
1204:Sunken lane
1173:Main street
1118:Local roads
517:Netherlands
416:Philippines
408:Puerto Rico
362:New Orleans
249:Isola Bella
205:During the
163:Cobblestone
2253:Categories
2193:indicators
2162:Structures
2113:Guard rail
1989:Road verge
1862:Seat belts
1798:Snowsquall
1763:Speed bump
1743:Road train
1564:Glassphalt
1504:Bioasphalt
1477:Turnaround
1452:Roundabout
1382:(at-grade)
1348:Roundabout
1313:Cloverleaf
1168:Green lane
1104:Trunk road
1032:Main roads
915:By country
732:30 January
608:required.)
572:References
509:accessible
439:limestones
420:Montevideo
396:Guanajuato
358:Charleston
346:New Castle
330:Pittsburgh
264:). In the
219:dirt roads
87:newspapers
28:shoemaking
2279:Pavements
1984:Road diet
1886:Space and
1831:Road rage
1718:Oil spill
1678:Crosswind
1668:Black ice
1663:Avalanche
1589:Permeable
1422:Jughandle
1417:Hook turn
1323:Free-flow
1267:Toll road
1186:Side road
1143:Boulevard
1099:Super two
1094:Ring road
1069:Link road
968:Hong Kong
923:Australia
865:hierarchy
807:11 August
802:Next City
782:11 August
757:11 August
551:Flagstone
392:Zacatecas
388:Argentina
354:Baltimore
307:Use today
199:cabriolet
169:based on
32:bricolage
2172:Causeway
2009:Shoulder
1845:Vehicles
1793:Whiteout
1753:Rockfall
1748:Roadkill
1673:Bleeding
1649:Road and
1609:Sealcoat
1534:Corduroy
1522:Concrete
1512:Chipseal
1491:Surfaces
1343:Raindrop
1158:Driveway
1153:Dead end
1133:Backroad
1084:2+2 road
1079:2+1 road
1003:Portugal
993:Pakistan
692:23 April
587:"cobble"
539:See also
262:causeway
227:carriage
149:, Italy.
2075:Bollard
2059:Woonerf
1788:Washout
1728:Pothole
1641:factors
1629:Texture
1599:Plastic
1579:Macadam
1368:Trumpet
1318:Diamond
1089:Parkway
1064:Highway
978:Ireland
958:Germany
948:Croatia
928:Belgium
515:in the
478:Ontario
467:In the
443:Bohemia
435:marbles
429:In the
424:Uruguay
338:Chicago
289:macadam
101:scholar
2168:Bridge
1852:Airbag
1624:Tarmac
1569:Gravel
1397:Bowtie
1338:Parclo
1262:Stroad
1225:Detour
1200:Street
1128:Avenue
1013:Taiwan
998:Poland
963:Greece
938:Canada
933:Brazil
626:
545:Calade
418:; and
400:Mexico
373:Canada
360:, and
326:Boston
301:Europe
293:tarmac
277:Kaunas
237:hooves
230:wheels
211:mortar
171:cobble
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1594:Plank
1508:Brick
1358:Stack
1124:Alley
1008:Spain
988:Nepal
983:Italy
973:India
943:China
602:
513:Breda
474:Paris
412:Vigan
398:, in
285:setts
258:Scots
234:horse
179:Setts
147:Imola
108:JSTOR
94:books
2104:Curb
1935:Lane
1698:Ford
1614:Sett
1554:Dirt
1182:Road
862:Road
809:2024
784:2024
759:2024
734:2020
694:2011
662:2009
624:ISBN
522:The
437:and
394:and
215:ruts
80:news
1758:Rut
1693:Fog
1574:Ice
528:ADA
63:by
2255::
800:.
775:.
750:.
725:.
685:.
664:.
646:.
634:^
590:.
476:,
422:,
414:,
410:;
406:,
402:;
390:;
386:,
379:.
371:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
232:,
197:A
1304:)
1300:(
854:e
847:t
840:v
811:.
786:.
761:.
736:.
711:.
696:.
600:.
491:.
279:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
