744:(CR) is a popular form of therapy used to identify and reject maladaptive cognitive distortions, and is typically used with individuals diagnosed with depression. In CR, the therapist and client first examine a stressful event or situation reported by the client. For example, a depressed male college student who experiences difficulty in dating might believe that his "worthlessness" causes women to reject him. Together, therapist and client might then create a more realistic cognition, e.g., "It is within my control to ask girls on dates. However, even though there are some things I can do to influence their decisions, whether or not they say yes is largely out of my control. Thus, I am not responsible if they decline my invitation." CR therapies are designed to eliminate "automatic thoughts" that include clients' dysfunctional or negative views. According to Beck, doing so reduces feelings of worthlessness, anxiety, and anhedonia that are symptomatic of several forms of mental illness. CR is the main component of Beck's and Burns's CBT.
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events in the patient's life); (ii) dualities (positive/negative, qualitative/quantitative, ...); (iii) the taxon system (degrees allowing to attribute properties according to a given duality to the elements of a reference class). In this model, "dichotomous reasoning", "minimization", "maximization" and "arbitrary focus" constitute general cognitive distortions (applying to any duality), whereas "disqualification of the positive" and "catastrophism" are specific cognitive distortions, applying to the positive/negative duality. This conceptual framework posits two additional cognitive distortion classifications: the "omission of the neutral" and the "requalification in the other pole".
218:, it made Beck's approach to distorted thinking widely known and popularized. Burns sold over four million copies of the book in the United States alone. It was a book commonly "prescribed" for patients with cognitive distortions that have led to depression. Beck approved of the book, saying that it would help others alter their depressed moods by simplifying the extensive study and research that had taken place since shortly after Beck had started as a student and practitioner of psychoanalytic psychiatry. Nine years later,
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because they cause the person to feel guilty and upset at themselves. Some people also direct this distortion at other people, which can cause feelings of anger and frustration when that other person does not do what they should have done. He also mentions how this type of thinking can lead to rebellious thoughts. In other words, trying to whip oneself into doing something with "shoulds" may cause one to desire just the opposite.
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musterbation (i.e., perceiving that one 'must' do something), personalizing, judging human worth, control fallacy (i.e., perception that everything is under one's control), polaraized thinking (i.e., an all-or-none mentality), being right, fallacy of fairness (i.e., the belief that life should be fair), shoulding (i.e., perceiving that one 'should' do something), and magnifying.
161:, while his patients followed the rule of saying anything that comes to mind. He realized that his patients had irrational fears, thoughts, and perceptions that were automatic. Beck began noticing his automatic thought processes that he knew his patients had but did not report. Most of the time the thoughts were biased against themselves and very erroneous.
157:(REBT) with his patients, in order to help them "reframe" or reinterpret the experience in a more rational manner. In this model, Ellis explains it all to his clients, while Beck helps his clients figure this out on their own. Beck first started to notice these automatic distorted thought processes when practicing
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there is no in-between. According to one article, "Because there is always someone who is willing to criticize, this tends to collapse into a tendency for polarized people to view themselves as a total failure. Polarized thinkers have difficulty with the notion of being 'good enough' or a partial success."
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In a series of publications, philosopher Paul
Franceschi has proposed a unified conceptual framework for cognitive distortions designed to clarify their relationships and define new ones. This conceptual framework is based on three notions: (i) the reference class (a set of phenomena or objects, e.g.
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Disqualifying the positive refers to rejecting positive experiences by insisting they "don't count" for some reason or other. Negative belief is maintained despite contradiction by everyday experiences. Disqualifying the positive may be the most common fallacy in the cognitive distortion range; it is
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Example: Andy gets mostly compliments and positive feedback about a presentation he has done at work, but he also has received a small piece of criticism. For several days following his presentation, Andy dwells on this one negative reaction, forgetting all of the positive reactions that he had also
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Schafer (1999) identified at least 16 different types of negative self-talk: negativizing (i.e., focusing on the negative aspects), awfulizing (i.e., perceiving situations as awful), catastrophizing (i.e., perceiving situations as catastrophes), overgeneralizing, minimizing, blaming, perfectionism,
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A related cognitive distortion, also present in Ellis' REBT, is a tendency to "awfulize"; to say a future scenario will be awful, rather than to realistically appraise the various negative and positive characteristics of that scenario. According to Burns, "must" and "should" statements are negative
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This example captures the polarized nature of this distortion—the person believes they are totally inadequate if they fall short of perfection. In order to combat this distortion, Burns suggests thinking of the world in terms of shades of gray. Rather than viewing herself as a complete failure for
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Beck believed that the negative schemas developed and manifested themselves in the perspective and behavior. The distorted thought processes led to focusing on degrading the self, amplifying minor external setbacks, experiencing other's harmless comments as ill-intended, while simultaneously seeing
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Labelling occurs when someone overgeneralizes the characteristics of other people. Someone might use an unfavourable term to describe a complex person or event, such as assuming that a friend is upset with them due to a late reply to a text message, even though there could be various other reasons
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The "all-or-nothing thinking distortion" is also referred to as "splitting", "black-and-white thinking", and "polarized thinking." Someone with the all-or-nothing thinking distortion looks at life in black and white categories. Either they are a success or a failure; either they are good or bad;
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to obtain cooperative actions from another person. The underlying assumption of this thinking style is that one's happiness depends on the actions of others. The fallacy of change also assumes that other people should change to suit one's own interests automatically, and/or that it is fair to
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because there was no empirical evidence for the success of
Freudian psychoanalysis. Beck's book provided a comprehensive and empirically supported theoretical model for depression—its potential causes, symptoms, and treatments. In Chapter 2, titled "Symptomatology of Depression", he described
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from insufficient evidence. Such as seeing a "single negative event" as a "never-ending pattern of defeat", and as such drawing a very broad conclusion from a single incident or a single piece of evidence. Even if something bad happens only once, it is expected to happen over and over again.
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A form of overgeneralization; attributing a person's actions to their character instead of to an attribute. Rather than assuming the behaviour to be accidental or otherwise extrinsic, one assigns a label to someone or something that is based on the inferred character of that person or thing.
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onsequences that come from the beliefs. Ellis wanted to prove that the activating event is not what caused the emotional behavior or the consequences, but the beliefs and how the person irrationally perceives the events which aid the consequences. With this model, Ellis attempted to use
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Examples: "I feel stupid, therefore I must be stupid". Feeling fear of flying in planes, and then concluding that planes must be a dangerous way to travel. Feeling overwhelmed by the prospect of cleaning one's house, therefore concluding that it's hopeless to even start
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and the theoretical basis. If the perceptions of the patient differ from those of the therapist, it may not be because of intellectual malfunctions, but because the patient has different experiences. In some cases, depressed subjects appear to be "sadder but wiser".
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pressure them to change. It may be present in most abusive relationships in which partners' "visions" of each other are tied into the belief that happiness, love, trust, and perfection would just occur once they or the other person change aspects of their beings.
469:(REBT), an early form of CBT; he termed it "musturbation". Michael C. Graham called it "expecting the world to be different than it is". It can be seen as demanding particular achievements or behaviors regardless of the realistic circumstances of the situation.
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Moritz, Steffen; Schilling, Lisa; Wingenfeld, Katja; Köther, Ulf; Wittekind, Charlotte; Terfehr, Kirsten; Spitzer, Carsten (2011). "Persecutory delusions and catastrophic worry in psychosis: Developing the understanding of delusion distress and persistence".
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self as inferior. Inevitably cognitions are reflected in their behavior with a reduced desire to care for oneself, reduced desire to seek pleasure, and finally give up. These exaggerated perceptions, due to cognition, feel real and accurate because the
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Example 2: A person is lonely and often spends most of their time at home. Friends sometimes ask them to dinner and to meet new people. They feel it is useless to even try. No one could really like them. And anyway, all people are the same: petty and
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In cognitive therapy, decatastrophizing or decatastrophization is a cognitive restructuring technique that may be used to treat cognitive distortions, such as magnification and catastrophizing, commonly seen in psychological disorders like
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Blaming is the opposite of personalization. In the blaming distortion, the disproportionate level of blame is placed upon other people, rather than oneself. In this way, the person avoids taking personal responsibility, making way for a
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In the emotional reasoning distortion, it is assumed that feelings expose the true nature of things and experience reality as a reflection of emotionally linked thoughts; something is believed true solely based on a feeling.
80:, the meaning or interpretation that people give to their experience importantly influences whether they will become depressed and whether they will experience severe, repeated, or long-duration episodes of depression.
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Giving proportionally greater weight to a perceived failure, weakness or threat, or lesser weight to a perceived success, strength or opportunity, so that the weight differs from that assigned by others, such as
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over the feelings of another person. In this cognitive distortion, the facts that oneself has about their surroundings are always right while other people's opinions and perspectives are wrongly seen.
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Examples of some common cognitive distortions seen in depressed and anxious individuals. People may be taught how to identify and alter these distortions as part of cognitive behavioural therapy.
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is a form of magnification where one gives greater weight to the worst possible outcome, however unlikely, or experiences a situation as unbearable or impossible when it is just uncomfortable.
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for the delay. It is a more extreme form of jumping-to-conclusions cognitive distortion where one presumes to know the thoughts, feelings, or intentions of others without any factual basis.
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In this cognitive distortion, being wrong is unthinkable. This distortion is characterized by actively trying to prove one's actions or thoughts to be correct, and sometimes prioritizing
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often analyzed with "always being right", a type of distortion where a person is in an all-or-nothing self-judgment. People in this situation show signs of depression. Examples include:
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and thoughts. During difficult circumstances, these distorted thoughts can contribute to an overall negative outlook on the world and a depressive or anxious mental state. According to
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One suggestion to combat this distortion is to "examine the evidence" by performing an accurate analysis of one's situation. This aids in avoiding exaggerating one's circumstances.
284:): A woman eats a spoonful of ice cream. She thinks she is a complete failure for breaking her diet. She becomes so depressed that she ends up eating the whole quart of ice cream.
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Gil, Pedro J. Moreno; Carrillo, Francisco Xavier Méndez; Meca, Julio Sánchez (2001). "Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural treatment in social phobia: A meta-analytic review".
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Example 1: A student assumes that the readers of their paper have already made up their minds concerning its topic, and, therefore, writing the paper is a pointless exercise.
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An "elusive ugliness in many relationships, a deceptive 'kindness,' the main purpose of which is to make others feel indebted", as defined by psychologist Ellen Kenner.
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Example 1: A person is asked out on a first date, but not a second one. They are distraught as tells a friend, "This always happens to me! I'll never find love!"
1982:. American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
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was published, which was also built on Beck's work and includes a list of ten specific cognitive distortions that will be discussed throughout this article.
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169:, after being reinforced through the behavior, tend to become 'knee-jerk' automatic and do not allow time for reflection. This cycle is also known as
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797:. Major features of these disorders are the subjective report of being overwhelmed by life circumstances and the incapability of affecting them.
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tend, unrealistically, to view themselves as superior, overemphasizing their strengths and understating their weaknesses. Narcissists use
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eating a spoonful of ice cream, the woman in the example could still recognize her overall effort to diet as at least a partial success.
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Filtering distortions occur when an individual dwells only on the negative details of a situation and filters out the positive aspects.
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Personalization is assigning personal blame disproportionate to the level of control a person realistically has in a given situation.
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Gibbs and Potter's...four-category typology: 1. Self-Centered...2. Blaming Others...3. Minimizing-Mislabeling... 4. Assuming the Worst
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Martin, Ryan C.; Dahlen, Eric R. (2005). "Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger".
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A gratitude trap is a type of cognitive distortion that typically arises from misunderstandings regarding the nature or practice of
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214:, Burns described personal and professional anecdotes related to cognitive distortions and their elimination. When Burns published
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Example: A depressed person tells themselves they will never improve; they will continue to be depressed for their whole life.
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Reaching preliminary conclusions (usually negative) with little (if any) evidence. Three specific subtypes are identified:
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Example 2: Kevin assumes that because he sits alone at lunch, everyone else must think he is a loser. (This can encourage
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notes that filtering is like a "drop of ink that discolors a beaker of water". One suggestion to combat filtering is a
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340:; Kevin may not initiate social contact because of his fear that those around him already perceive him negatively).
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114:, 'known'. Distortion means the act of twisting or altering something out of its true, natural, or original state.
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The goal of CR is to help the client change their perceptions to render the felt experience as less significant.
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193:"cognitive manifestations" of depression, including low self-evaluation, negative expectations, self-blame and
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Franceschi, Paul (2009). "Théorie des distorsions cognitives : la sur-généralisation et l'étiquetage".
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Example 2: A child has bad grades. Their mother believes it is because they are not a good enough parent.
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Example 1: A foster child assumes that they have not been adopted because they are not "loveable enough".
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Theunissen, Maurice; Peters, Madelon L.; Bruce, Julie; Gramke, Hans-Fritz; Marcus, Marco A. (2012).
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Example: After a performance, a concert pianist believes they should not have made so many mistakes.
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One way to combat this distortion is to ask, "If this is true, does it say more about me or them?"
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Rush, A.; Khatami, M.; Beck, A. (1975). "Cognitive and
Behavior Therapy in Chronic Depression".
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850: – Psychological fixation of holding false beliefs in spite of clearly disqualifying proofs
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is a thought that causes a person to perceive reality inaccurately due to being exaggerated or
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140:. Ellis created what he called the ABC Technique of rational beliefs. The ABC stands for the
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2202:(1986). "A Critique of the Theoretical Bases of Cognitive Behavioral Theories and Therapy".
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Franceschi, Paul (2010). "Théorie des distorsions cognitives : la personnalisation".
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John C. Gibbs and
Granville Bud Potter propose four categories for cognitive distortions:
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Kovacs, Maria; Beck, Aaron T. (1986). "Maladaptive
Cognitive Structure in Depression".
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1793:"Fallacy of Change: 15 types of distorted thinking that lead to massive anxiety 10/15"
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Franceschi, Paul (2007). "Compléments pour une théorie des distorsions cognitives".
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Barriga, Alvaro Q.; Morrison, Elizabeth M.; Liau, Albert K.; Gibbs, John C. (2001).
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329:; taking precautions against the worst suspected case without asking the person.
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261:. The cognitive distortions listed below are categories of negative self-talk.
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480:, David Burns clearly distinguished between pathological "should statements",
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1997:
1636:"Cognitive Distortions: Jumping to Conclusions & All or Nothing Thinking"
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925:"A Meta-Analysis on Cognitive Distortions and Externalizing Problem Behavior"
880: – Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
1181:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 166.
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Helmond, Petra; Overbeek, Geertjan; Brugman, Daniel; Gibbs, John C. (2015).
832: – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
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National
Association of Cognitive Behavioral Therapists Online Headquarters
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1360:"Moral Cognition: Explaining the Gender Difference in Antisocial Behavior"
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Ellis, Albert (1957). "Rational
Psychotherapy and Individual Psychology".
511:. The term can refer to one of two related but distinct thought patterns:
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2055:; Carrie M. Millon; Seth Grossman; Sarah Meagher; Rowena Ramnath (2004).
1271:. National Association of Cognitive Behavioral Therapists. Archived from
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a person's possible or probable (usually negative) thoughts from their
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The
Feeling Good Handbook: Using the New Mood Therapy in Everyday Life
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Common criticisms of the diagnosis of cognitive distortion relate to
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are exaggerated, and their negative characteristics are understated.
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Example: Placing blame for marital problems entirely on one's spouse.
34:. Cognitive distortions are involved in the onset or perpetuation of
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In 1972, psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and cognitive therapy scholar
53:'s cognitive model, a negative outlook on reality, sometimes called
856: – Attempts to undermine political, military or economic power
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Challenging and changing cognitive distortions is a key element of
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Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
898: – Inclination to skew perceptions of others based on fantasy
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892: – Tendency to give more importance to negative experiences
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619:". In depressed clients, often the positive characteristics of
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68:. Specifically, negative thinking patterns reinforce negative
1416:"General Semantics Formulations in David Burns' Feeling Good"
838: – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions
19:"Thinking errors" redirects here. For faulty reasoning, see
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in correcting cognitive distortions and indirectly helping
980:. PsychCentral. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07.
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related to one's expectations of how things "should" be.
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Journal of
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
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A self-oriented thought process involving feelings of
1743:"How to Savor Gratitude and Disarm "Gratitude Traps""
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Making "must" or "should" statements was included by
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1199:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
349:Predicting outcomes (usually negative) of events.
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1494:...Dr. Albert Ellis (1994) has labeled this...as
1890:Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive
1863:Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive
1836:Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive
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874: – Study of how language influences thought
868: – Distortion of the perception of reality
810:Cognitive behavioral therapy § Criticisms
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208:continued research on the topic. In his book
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1661:"Common Cognitive Distortions: Mind Reading"
693:"They are just congratulating me to be nice"
457:Should/shouldn't and must/mustn't statements
844: – Unconscious psychological mechanism
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399:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
126:, though he did not know it yet, would aid
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2115:"Preoperative Anxiety and Catastrophizing"
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1123:"The Past and Future of Cognitive Therapy"
184:He was dissatisfied with the conventional
1523:45 Techniques Every Counselor Should Know
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16:Exaggerated or irrational thought pattern
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1947:Personality and Individual Differences
1521:Erford, Bradley (2020) . "Self-Talk".
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770:this way to shield themselves against
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1127:Journal of Psychotherapy and Research
886: – List of faulty argument types
292:This distortion is commonly found in
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2301:Foreclosure or repudiation (German:
2058:Personality Disorders in Modern Life
397:adding citations to reliable sources
148:eliefs that are irrational, and the
617:making a mountain out of a molehill
1420:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
1240:Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy
1222:Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy
1164:The American Journal of Psychiatry
657:Someone who overgeneralizes makes
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216:Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy
211:Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy
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2315:Identification with the Aggressor
1768:"15 Common Cognitive Distortions"
1611:"15 Common Cognitive Distortions"
978:"15 Common Cognitive Distortions"
760:narcissistic personality disorder
687:"I will never be as good as Jane"
467:rational emotive behavior therapy
182:Depression: Causes and Treatment.
155:rational emotive behavior therapy
1197:Depression; Causes and Treatment
1104:Journal of Individual Psychology
690:"Anyone could have done as well"
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1721:. Outskirts Press. p. 37.
1609:Grohol, John M. (17 May 2016).
1179:Depression Causes and Treatment
122:In 1957, American psychologist
2278:Denial or abnegation (German:
1085:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy"
1062:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
600:Magnification and minimization
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2555:Barriers to critical thinking
2039:10.1016/S0005-7894(75)80116-X
1848:10.1016/s1155-1704(07)89710-2
932:Criminal Justice and Behavior
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2134:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31824549d6
2122:The Clinical Journal of Pain
1811:"Disqualifying the Positive"
902:Rationalization (psychology)
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2172:(September 2011): 349–354.
2089:Narcissism: Behind the Mask
1717:Graham, Michael C. (2014).
1492:Should/Shouldn't Statements
535:Personalization and blaming
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2204:Clinical Psychology Review
1959:10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.004
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282:The Feeling Good Handbook
220:The Feeling Good Handbook
137:The Feeling Good Handbook
1693:"You Are What You Think"
1525:. Pearson. p. 130.
1364:Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
1329:Burns, David D. (1980).
1238:Burns, David D. (1980).
1220:Burns, David D. (1980).
1083:McLeod, Saul A. (2015).
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878:List of cognitive biases
633:Labeling and mislabeling
338:self-fulfilling prophecy
230:Not to be confused with
1691:Schimelpfening, Nancy.
1555:"Cognitive Distortions"
1444:All-or-Nothing Thinking
1414:Maas, David F. (1997).
1337:. New York: W. Morrow.
1195:Beck, Aaron T. (1972).
1177:Beck, Aaron T. (1967).
1121:Beck, Aaron T. (1997).
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327:nonverbal communication
265:All-or-nothing thinking
2514:Postponement of affect
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300:Jumping to conclusions
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171:Beck's cognitive triad
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108:, equivalent to Latin
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2273:Delusional projection
2265:Level 1: Pathological
1456:Selective Abstraction
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976:Grohol, John (2009).
758:Those diagnosed with
754:Narcissistic defences
722:cost–benefit analysis
704:Selective abstraction
240:
66:subjective well-being
2499:Compartmentalization
2431:Repression (German:
1242:. New York: Morrow.
896:Parataxic distortion
872:Language and thought
836:Cognitive dissonance
748:Narcissistic defense
393:improve this section
28:cognitive distortion
2504:Defensive pessimism
2406:Intellectualization
2063:John Wiley and Sons
1917:Psychology in Spain
1553:Tagg, John (1996).
1488:Emotional Reasoning
442:Emotional reasoning
436:Emotional reasoning
74:hopelessness theory
2540:Defence mechanisms
2421:Reaction formation
2358:Passive-aggression
2310:Extreme projection
2257:Defence mechanisms
2200:Beidel, Deborah C.
1448:Overgeneralization
860:Emotion and memory
772:psychological pain
648:Assuming the worst
570:Always being right
259:assuming the worst
243:
36:psychopathological
2560:Depression (mood)
2535:Cognitive therapy
2522:
2521:
2383:Level 3: Neurotic
2330:Level 2: Immature
2099:978-1-84624-506-0
2072:978-0-471-23734-1
1728:978-1-4787-2259-5
1532:978-0-13-469489-4
1344:978-0-688-01745-3
1249:978-0-688-03633-1
1206:978-0-8122-7652-7
1065:. Merriam-Webster
884:List of fallacies
842:Defence mechanism
784:Decatastrophizing
778:Decatastrophizing
728:Conceptualization
582:Fallacy of change
482:moral imperatives
429:
428:
421:
144:ctivating event,
128:cognitive therapy
2582:
2545:Cognitive biases
2250:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2053:Millon, Theodore
2049:
2043:
2042:
2027:Behavior Therapy
2022:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1953:(7): 1249–1260.
1942:
1933:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:Abate Counseling
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1695:. Archived from
1688:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
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1326:
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1254:
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1211:
1210:
1192:
1183:
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1174:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:SimplyPsychology
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1002:
996:
995:
989:
981:
973:
956:
955:
929:
920:
698:Mental filtering
653:Overgeneralizing
559:victim mentality
424:
417:
413:
410:
404:
373:
365:
113:
107:
38:states, such as
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2487:
2450:Level 4: Mature
2444:
2416:Rationalization
2401:Hypochondriasis
2377:
2324:
2259:
2254:
2224:
2223:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2002:
1990:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1590:. 12 March 2019
1582:
1581:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1504:Personalization
1476:Fortune Telling
1460:Reverse Alchemy
1436:
1434:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1394:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1010:psycnet.apa.org
1004:
1003:
999:
982:
975:
974:
959:
927:
922:
921:
917:
912:
907:
890:Negativity bias
854:Destabilisation
825:
812:
806:
786:
780:
756:
750:
739:
730:
706:
700:
680:
655:
650:
641:
639:Labeling theory
635:
627:Catastrophizing
612:
604:Main articles:
602:
597:
584:
572:
543:
537:
505:
499:
497:Gratitude traps
459:
444:
438:
425:
414:
408:
405:
390:
374:
363:
347:
345:Fortune-telling
316:
308:
302:
273:
267:
235:
232:logical fallacy
228:
204:Beck's student
120:
100:
93:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
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2542:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Identification
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
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2355:
2350:
2345:
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2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2191:
2155:
2128:(9): 819–841.
2105:
2098:
2092:. Book Guild.
2078:
2071:
2044:
2033:(3): 398–404.
2017:
1988:
1964:
1934:
1907:
1880:
1869:(4): 136–140.
1853:
1826:
1802:
1784:
1759:
1734:
1727:
1709:
1678:
1652:
1627:
1601:
1588:MentalHelp.net
1572:
1542:
1531:
1513:
1426:(2): 225–234.
1406:
1370:(4): 532–562.
1350:
1343:
1286:
1263:Roberts, Joe.
1255:
1248:
1227:
1212:
1205:
1184:
1169:
1154:
1113:
1094:
1075:
1048:
1021:
997:
957:
938:(3): 245–262.
914:
913:
911:
908:
906:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
830:Cognitive bias
826:
824:
821:
808:Main article:
805:
802:
782:Main article:
779:
776:
752:Main article:
749:
746:
738:
735:
729:
726:
715:
714:
702:Main article:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
688:
679:
676:
672:
671:
667:
654:
651:
649:
646:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
601:
598:
596:
593:
588:social control
583:
580:
571:
568:
567:
566:
554:
553:
550:
539:Main article:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
503:Gratitude trap
501:Main article:
498:
495:
490:
489:
474:
458:
455:
454:
453:
440:Main article:
437:
434:
427:
426:
377:
375:
368:
362:
359:
355:
354:
346:
343:
342:
341:
334:
315:
312:
304:Main article:
301:
298:
294:perfectionists
286:
285:
280:Example (from
269:Main article:
266:
263:
251:blaming others
227:
224:
206:David D. Burns
195:self-criticism
159:psychoanalysis
132:David D. Burns
119:
116:
92:
89:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2217:
2213:
2210:(2): 177–97.
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2156:
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2147:
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2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2109:
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2101:
2095:
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2082:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:9780890425541
1985:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
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1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
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1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
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1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:. 2018-08-30.
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1699:on 2016-03-04
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1667:. 8 July 2015
1666:
1662:
1656:
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1539:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Must-urbation
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Magnification
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Mental Filter
1449:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1385:
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1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1275:on 2016-05-06
1274:
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1259:
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1234:
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1128:
1124:
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1098:
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1086:
1079:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1038:(Online). n.d
1037:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1011:
1007:
1006:"APA PsycNet"
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987:
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624:
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618:
611:
607:
599:
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589:
581:
579:
577:
576:self-interest
569:
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542:
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450:
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398:
394:
388:
387:
383:
378:This section
376:
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367:
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360:
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352:
351:
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344:
339:
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328:
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295:
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283:
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264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:self-centered
239:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:
207:
202:
200:
196:
191:
188:treatment of
187:
183:
179:
178:Aaron T. Beck
174:
172:
168:
162:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
125:
117:
115:
112:
106:
98:
90:
88:
86:
81:
79:
78:Beck's theory
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
49:According to
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2509:Minimisation
2463:Anticipation
2432:
2396:Dissociation
2391:Displacement
2373:Somatization
2353:Introjection
2348:Idealization
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2088:
2081:
2057:
2047:
2030:
2026:
2020:
1977:
1950:
1946:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1896:(2): 51–55.
1893:
1889:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1842:(2): 84–88.
1839:
1835:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1776:. Retrieved
1774:. 2016-05-17
1772:PsychCentral
1771:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1749:. 2020-05-20
1746:
1737:
1718:
1712:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1669:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1615:PsychCentral
1614:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1587:
1563:. Retrieved
1536:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:Minimization
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:Mind-Reading
1471:
1468:Mind-Reading
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1435:. Retrieved
1423:
1419:
1409:
1401:
1395:. Retrieved
1367:
1363:
1353:
1332:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1268:
1258:
1239:
1221:
1215:
1196:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1078:
1067:. Retrieved
1060:
1057:"Distortion"
1051:
1040:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
935:
931:
918:
816:epistemology
813:
799:
787:
768:minimization
764:exaggeration
757:
740:
731:
717:
716:
707:
681:
673:
656:
642:
625:
621:other people
620:
613:
606:Exaggeration
585:
573:
555:
544:
506:
491:
486:social norms
477:
463:Albert Ellis
460:
445:
430:
415:
406:
391:Please help
379:
356:
348:
317:
314:Mind reading
309:
291:
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2478:Sublimation
2433:Verdrängung
2289:Verleugnung
1565:October 24,
1030:"Cognitive"
713:been given.
586:Relying on
525:frustration
134:in writing
2570:Narcissism
2529:Categories
2426:Regression
2363:Projection
2338:Acting out
2303:Verwerfung
2296:Distortion
2280:Verneinung
1820:2020-01-03
1778:2020-02-28
1753:2021-02-11
1703:2010-01-31
1437:2022-02-07
1397:2022-02-07
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1042:2020-03-14
1015:2020-06-29
910:References
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190:depression
180:published
111:cognit(us)
105:cognitīvus
91:Definition
51:Aaron Beck
40:depression
32:irrational
2575:Deception
2411:Isolation
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1998:830807378
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