1175:, similar to other steam turbine power plants, can be fitted with extractions in the turbines to bleed partially expanded steam to a heating system. With a heating system temperature of 95 °C it is possible to extract about 10 MW heat for every MW electricity lost. With a temperature of 130 °C the gain is slightly smaller, about 7 MW for every MWe lost. A review of cogeneration options is in Czech research team proposed a "Teplator" system where heat from spent fuel rods is recovered for the purpose of residential heating.
2198:
country's electricity to 25% of the country's electricity by 2020 and has passed supporting legislation accordingly. The UK is also actively supporting combined heat and power. In light of UK's goal to achieve a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, the government has set the target to source at least 15% of its government electricity use from CHP by 2010. Other UK measures to encourage CHP growth are financial incentives, grant support, a greater regulatory framework, and government leadership and partnership.
2252:
1006:
848:, distillation columns, steam driers and other uses. This heat, which is usually used in the form of steam, can be generated at the typically low pressures used in heating, or can be generated at much higher pressure and passed through a turbine first to generate electricity. In the turbine the steam pressure and temperature is lowered as the internal energy of the steam is converted to work. The lower-pressure steam leaving the turbine can then be used for process heat.
2148:
901:
810:
55:
1291:. One author indicated in 2008 that MicroCHP based on Stirling engines is the most cost-effective of the so-called microgeneration technologies in abating carbon emissions. A 2013 UK report from Ecuity Consulting stated that MCHP is the most cost-effective method of using gas to generate energy at the domestic level. However, advances in reciprocation engine technology are adding efficiency to CHP plants, particularly in the
4696:
2124:
5275:
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660:
2190:.” Energy efficiency and cogeneration are recognized in the opening paragraphs of the European Union's Cogeneration Directive 2004/08/EC. This directive intends to support cogeneration and establish a method for calculating cogeneration abilities per country. The development of cogeneration has been very uneven over the years and has been dominated throughout the last decades by national circumstances.
2434:
1334:
31:
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2304:(combined heat and power, waste heat recovery, and district energy) technologies as viable energy options and reduce any perceived risks associated with their implementation. The focus of the Application Centers is to provide an outreach and technology deployment program for end users, policymakers, utilities, and industry stakeholders.
1391:, refineries and chemical plants. In this "industrial cogeneration/CHP", the heat is typically recovered at higher temperatures (above 100 °C) and used for process steam or drying duties. This is more valuable and flexible than low-grade waste heat, but there is a slight loss of power generation. The increased focus on
1962:
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has an aggressive goal of having CHP constitute 20% of generation capacity by 2030. Eight Clean Energy
Application Centers have been established across the nation. Their mission is to develop the required technology application knowledge and educational infrastructure necessary to lead "clean energy"
955:
The viability of CHP (sometimes termed utilisation factor), especially in smaller CHP installations, depends on a good baseload of operation, both in terms of an on-site (or near site) electrical demand and heat demand. In practice, an exact match between the heat and electricity needs rarely exists.
2095:
For cogeneration to be practical power generation and end use of heat must be in relatively close proximity (<2 km typically). Even though the efficiency of a small distributed electrical generator may be lower than a large central power plant, the use of its waste heat for local heating and
1117:. These plants are generally manufactured as fully packaged units that can be installed within a plantroom or external plant compound with simple connections to the site's gas supply, electrical distribution network and heating systems. Typical outputs and efficiencies see Typical large example see
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power plants operate at up to 60% efficiency. In the case of conventional power plants, approximately 10-15% of this heat is lost up the stack of the boiler. Most of the remaining heat emerges from the turbines as low-grade waste heat with no significant local uses, so it is usually rejected to the
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and warm water, the same water may even serve as both a "dump" for the waste heat rejected by a/c units and as a "source" for heat pumps providing warm water. Those considerations are behind what is sometimes called "cold district heating" using a "heat" source whose temperature is well below those
1626:
It is also possible to run a heat driven operation combined with a heat pump, where the excess electricity (as heat demand is the defining factor on se) is used to drive a heat pump. As heat demand increases, more electricity is generated to drive the heat pump, with the waste heat also heating the
1617:
a heat pump were used to provide the same heat by taking electrical power from the generator running at lower output temperature and higher efficiency. Typically for every unit of electrical power lost, then about 6 units of heat are made available at about 90 °C (194 °F). Thus CHP has an
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Energy cogeneration in sugarcane industries located in Brazil is a practice that has been growing in last years. With the adoption of energy cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol sector, the sugarcane industries are able to supply the electric energy demand needed to operate, and generate a surplus
2193:
The
European Union generates 11% of its electricity using cogeneration. However, there is large difference between Member States with variations of the energy savings between 2% and 60%. Europe has the three countries with the world's most intensive cogeneration economies: Denmark, the Netherlands
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of steam that is not recovered when a turbine exhausts its low temperature and pressure steam to a condenser. (Typical steam to condenser would be at a few millimeters absolute pressure and on the order of 5 °C (41 °F) hotter than the cooling water temperature, depending on the condenser
1414:
Cogeneration plants face possible contamination of returned condensate. Because boiler feed water from cogeneration plants has much lower return rates than 100% condensing power plants, industries usually have to treat proportionately more boiler make up water. Boiler feed water must be completely
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As the efficiency of heat pumps depends on the difference between hot end and cold end temperature (efficiency rises as the difference decreases) it may be worthwhile to combine even relatively low grade waste heat otherwise unsuitable for home heating with heat pumps. For example, a large enough
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compared to a heat pump of 6. However, for a remotely operated heat pump, losses in the electrical distribution network would need to be considered, of the order of 6%. Because the losses are proportional to the square of the current, during peak periods losses are much higher than this and it is
800:
Cogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power used exhaust steam for process heating. Large office and apartment buildings, hotels, and stores commonly generated their own
2284:
By the early 1900s, regulations emerged to promote rural electrification through the construction of centralized plants managed by regional utilities. These regulations not only promoted electrification throughout the countryside, but they also discouraged decentralized power generation, such as
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scheme regulates the combined production of heat and power. It was introduced in 1996. It defines, through calculation of inputs and outputs, "Good
Quality CHP" in terms of the achievement of primary energy savings against conventional separate generation of heat and electricity. Compliance with
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CHP is most efficient when heat can be used on-site or very close to it. Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances. This requires heavily insulated pipes, which are expensive and inefficient; whereas electricity can be transmitted along a comparatively
888:
may have extraction pressures of 160 and 60 psi (1.10 and 0.41 MPa). A typical back pressure may be 60 psi (0.41 MPa). In practice these pressures are custom designed for each facility. Conversely, simply generating process steam for industrial purposes instead of high enough
2197:
Other
European countries are also making great efforts to increase efficiency. Germany reported that at present, over 50% of the country's total electricity demand could be provided through cogeneration. So far, Germany has set the target to double its electricity cogeneration from 12.5% of the
964:
with some use of its waste heat, the latter being less advantageous in terms of its utilisation factor and thus its overall efficiency. The viability can be greatly increased where opportunities for trigeneration exist. In such cases, the heat from the CHP plant is also used as a primary energy
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reduction from buildings, where more than 14% of emissions can be saved using CHP in buildings. The
University of Cambridge reported a cost-effective steam engine MicroCHP prototype in 2017 which has the potential to be commercially competitive in the following decades. Quite recently, in some
1043:
is used for both heating and cooling, typically in an absorption refrigerator. Combined cooling, heat, and power systems can attain higher overall efficiencies than cogeneration or traditional power plants. In the United States, the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building
2201:
According to the IEA 2008 modeling of cogeneration expansion for the G8 countries, the expansion of cogeneration in France, Germany, Italy and the UK alone would effectively double the existing primary fuel savings by 2030. This would increase Europe's savings from today's 155.69 Twh to
1648:
Most industrial countries generate the majority of their electrical power needs in large centralized facilities with capacity for large electrical power output. These plants benefit from economy of scale, but may need to transmit electricity across long distances causing transmission losses.
1552:
In addition to the environmental advantages, cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse presents advantages in terms of efficiency comparing to thermoelectric generation, through the final destination of the energy produced. While in thermoelectric generation, part of the heat produced is lost, in
1247:
in a house or small business. Instead of burning fuel to merely heat space or water, some of the energy is converted to electricity in addition to heat. This electricity can be used within the home or business or, if permitted by the grid management, sold back into the electric power grid.
1771:
3314:
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consumption and thus reduced carbon emissions. These plants are generally manufactured as fully packaged units that can be installed within a plantroom or external plant compound with simple connections to the site's electrical distribution and heating systems. Another variant is the
2092:
environment, typically to cooling water passing through a condenser. Because turbine exhaust is normally just above ambient temperature, some potential power generation is sacrificed in rejecting higher-temperature steam from the turbine for cogeneration purposes.
1649:
Cogeneration or trigeneration production is subject to limitations in the local demand and thus may sometimes need to reduce (e.g., heat or cooling production to match the demand). An example of cogeneration with trigeneration applications in a major city is the
2281:, the world's first commercial power plant, was a combined heat and power plant, producing both electricity and thermal energy while using waste heat to warm neighboring buildings. Recycling allowed Edison's plant to achieve approximately 50 percent efficiency.
1324:
system with a secondary heat exchanger that allows heat to be extracted from combustion products down to the ambient temperature along with recovering heat from the water vapor. The chimney is replaced by a water drain and vent to the side of the building.
1315:
Another MicroCHP example is a natural gas or propane fueled
Electricity Producing Condensing Furnace. It combines the fuel saving technique of cogeneration meaning producing electric power and useful heat from a single source of combustion. The condensing
1888:
2295:
Cogeneration plants proliferated, soon producing about 8% of all energy in the United States. However, the bill left implementation and enforcement up to individual states, resulting in little or nothing being done in many parts of the country.
1612:
may be compared with a CHP unit as follows. If, to supply thermal energy, the exhaust steam from the turbo-generator must be taken at a higher temperature than the system would produce most electricity at, the lost electrical generation is
3310:
1474:
Since the temperature difference between the hot gases and the fluid to be heated (steam or water) is low, and with the heat transmission coefficient being low as well, the evaporator and economizer are designed with plate fin heat
1587:
After each reaction, chlorine starts a destructive cycle with another ozone molecule. In this way, a single chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules. As these molecules are being broken, they are unable to absorb the
1697:
976:
A car engine becomes a CHP plant in winter when the reject heat is useful for warming the interior of the vehicle. The example illustrates the point that deployment of CHP depends on heat uses in the vicinity of the heat engine.
1572:
Due to this absorption, when the sugarcane bagasse is burned in the power cogeneration, dioxins and methyl chloride ends up being emitted. In the case of dioxins, these substances are considered very toxic and cancerous.
984:(TEOR) plants often produce a substantial amount of excess electricity. After generating electricity, these plants pump leftover steam into heavy oil wells so that the oil will flow more easily, increasing production.
3415:
864:
of some steam at lower pressures after it has passed through a number of turbine stages, with the un-extracted steam going on through the turbine to a condenser. In this case, the extracted steam causes a mechanical
855:
are normally designed to be fed high-pressure steam, which exits the turbine at a condenser operating a few degrees above ambient temperature and at a few millimeters of mercury absolute pressure. (This is called a
2781:
1092:
boiler feeds an electrical plant. Bottoming cycle plants are only used in industrial processes that require very high temperatures such as furnaces for glass and metal manufacturing, so they are less common.
3250:"Best Value CHP, Combined Heat & Power and Cogeneration - Alfagy - Profitable Greener Energy via CHP, Cogen and Biomass Boiler using Wood, Biogas, Natural Gas, Biodiesel, Vegetable Oil, Syngas and Straw"
1267:
units, which shut down at night, this equates to an estimated lifetime of between ten and fifteen years. For a price of $ 22,600 before installation. For 2013 a state subsidy for 50,000 units is in place.
1421:
Utilities are less likely to have sharp load swings than industrial operations, which deal with shutting down or starting up units that may represent a significant percent of either steam or power demand.
2219:
1187:. The heat is removed from the exhaust and radiator. The systems are popular in small sizes because small gas and diesel engines are less expensive than small gas- or oil-fired steam-electric plants.
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3636:
Tomaz W. L, Gordono F. S, Da Silva F. P, De Castro M. D. C, Esperidião M. (2015). "Cogeração de energia a partir do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar: estudo de caso múltiplo no setor sucroalcoleiro".
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who serve as an information hub for the most recent updates within Europe's energy policy. COGEN is Europe's umbrella organization representing the interests of the cogeneration industry.
4271:
3108:
2186:. In September 2008 at a hearing of the European Parliament's Urban Lodgment Intergroup, Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs is quoted as saying, “security of supply really starts with
1402:
Smaller industrial co-generation units have an output capacity of 5–25 MW and represent a viable off-grid option for a variety of remote applications to reduce carbon emissions.
801:
power and used waste steam for building heat. Due to the high cost of early purchased power, these CHP operations continued for many years after utility electricity became available.
4164:
4206:
1074:
Topping cycle plants primarily produce electricity from a steam turbine. Partly expanded steam is then condensed in a heating condensor at a temperature level that is suitable e.g.
995:
systems of larger buildings (e.g. hospitals, hotels, prisons) and are commonly used in the industry in thermal production processes for process water, cooling, steam production or
4110:
2838:
1312:(see reaction) but (temporarily) running on this can be a good solution until the point where the hydrogen is starting to be distributed through the (natural gas) piping system.
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likely that widespread (i.e. citywide application of heat pumps) would cause overloading of the distribution and transmission grids unless they were substantially reinforced.
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2216:
3411:
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3583:
1997:
1806:
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952:, whose exhaust powers a steam plant, whose condensate provides heat. Cogeneration plants based on a combined cycle power unit can have thermal efficiencies above 80%.
3916:
3749:
3661:
3231:
2032:
1841:
4189:
3030:
Pearce, J. M. (2009). "Expanding
Photovoltaic Penetration with Residential Distributed Generation from Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic + Combined Heat and Power Systems".
2064:
1873:
1127:, depending upon which biofuel is being used, and are otherwise very similar in design to a Gas engine CHP plant. The advantage of using a biofuel is one of reduced
3235:
2960:
Oliveira, A.C.; Afonso, C.; Matos, J.; Riffat, S.; Nguyen, M.; Doherty, P. (2002). "A Combined Heat and Power System for
Buildings driven by Solar Energy and Gas".
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2522:
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The exhaust gas velocity is limited by the need to keep head losses down. Thus, the transmission coefficient is low, which calls for a large heating surface area.
1957:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}\equiv {\frac {W_{out}}{Q_{in}}}\equiv {\frac {\text{Electrical power output + Heat output + Cooling output}}{\text{Total heat input}}}}
2110:
Typically, for a gas-fired plant the fully installed cost per kW electrical is around £400/kW (US$ 577), which is comparable with large central power stations.
1225:
generation to further improve technical and environmental performance. Such hybrid systems can be scaled down to the building level and even individual homes.
4076:
873:(non-condensing). The extracted or exhaust steam is used for process heating. Steam at ordinary process heating conditions still has a considerable amount of
5220:
4342:
691:
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1113:
CHP plants use a reciprocating gas engine, which is generally more competitive than a gas turbine up to about 5 MW. The gaseous fuel used is normally
3802:
1027:) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms
4136:
1678:
capacity.) In cogeneration this steam exits the turbine at a higher temperature where it may be used for process heat, building heat or cooling with an
4483:
4242:
761:-powered generator. The resulting low-temperature waste heat is then used for water or space heating. At smaller scales (typically below 1 MW), a
3957:
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turbine.) For all practical purposes this steam has negligible useful energy before it is condensed. Steam turbines for cogeneration are designed for
3205:
2194:
and
Finland. Of the 28.46 TWh of electrical power generated by conventional thermal power plants in Finland in 2012, 81.80% was cogeneration.
1631:
reservoir of cooling water at 15 °C (59 °F) can significantly improve efficiency of heat pumps drawing from such a reservoir compared to
3514:
3608:
Análise da
Viabilidade Econômica Financeira de Projetos de Cogeração de Energia Através do Bagaço de Cana-de-Açúcar em Quatro Usinas em São Paulo
2243:
Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance is required for cogeneration installations to be eligible for government subsidies and tax incentives.
2096:
cooling can result in an overall use of the primary fuel supply as great as 80%. This provides substantial financial and environmental benefits.
4260:
3543:
1766:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}\equiv {\frac {W_{out}}{Q_{in}}}\equiv {\frac {\text{Electrical power output + Heat output}}{\text{Total heat input}}}}
3104:
2289:
186:
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1879:
Heat output may also be used for cooling (for example, in summer), thanks to an absorption chiller. If cooling is achieved in the same time,
1498:
A growing sector in the use of biomass for power generation is the sugar and alcohol sector, which mainly uses sugarcane bagasse as fuel for
3085:
1375:
distributes 66 billion kilograms of 350 °F (177 °C) steam each year through its seven cogeneration plants to 100,000 buildings in
5278:
4153:
4114:
2070:
Typical cogeneration models have losses as in any system. The energy distribution below is represented as a percent of total input energy:
1044:
cooling, heating, and power. Heating and cooling output may operate concurrently or alternately depending on need and system construction.
4420:
4210:
3468:
3164:
893:). The capital and operating cost of high-pressure boilers, turbines, and generators is substantial. This equipment is normally operated
5117:
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2516:
2288:
By 1978, Congress recognized that efficiency at central power plants had stagnated and sought to encourage improved efficiency with the
1553:
cogeneration this heat has the possibility of being used in the production processes, increasing the overall efficiency of the process.
3131:"Launch of New 'Ene-Farm' Home Fuel Cell Product More Affordable and Easier to Install - Headquarters News - Panasonic Newsroom Global"
2307:
High electric rates in New England and the Middle Atlantic make these areas of the United States the most beneficial for cogeneration.
1379:—the biggest steam district in the United States. The peak delivery is 10 million pounds per hour (or approximately 2.5 GW).
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heated a boiler for a conventional steam powerplant, whose condensate was then used for space heat. A more modern system might use a
513:
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layer, since chlorine when combined with the ozone molecule generates a catalytic reaction leading to the breakdown of ozone links.
333:
3488:
4224:
3579:
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1304:
can now be found, which can operate on hydrogen, or other fuels as natural gas or LPG. When running on natural gas, it relies on
1096:
Large cogeneration systems provide heating water and power for an industrial site or an entire town. Common CHP plant types are:
684:
121:
4048:
3827:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1998). "Public health statement chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs)".
54:
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4804:
1341:
A plant producing electricity, heat and cold is called a trigeneration or polygeneration plant. Cogeneration systems linked to
377:
2213:
3130:
2202:
465 Twh in 2030. It would also result in a 16% to 29% increase in each country's total cogenerated electricity by 2030.
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The HRSG is designed based upon the specific features of the gas turbine or reciprocating engine that it will be coupled to.
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in gas turbine with steam turbine plants. Most of the efficiency loss with steam power generation is associated with the
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and safety considerations have often kept them further from population centers than comparable chemical power plants and
734:
from electricity generation is put to some productive use. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants recover otherwise wasted
5033:
4993:
4570:
2527:
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1569:(KCl). Considering that KCl is applied in huge quantities, sugarcane ends up absorbing high concentrations of chlorine.
928:(in which several thermodynamic cycles produce electricity), may also be used to extract heat using a heating system as
2616:
2087:
Conventional central coal- or nuclear-powered power stations convert about 33–45% of their input heat to electricity.
1418:
Utilities are typically larger scale power than industry, which helps offset the higher capital costs of high pressure.
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refers to any plant or animal matter in which it is possible to be reused as a source of heat or electricity, such as
1410:
Industrial cogeneration plants normally operate at much lower boiler pressures than utilities. Among the reasons are:
1237:
1035:
can also be applied to the power systems simultaneously generating electricity, heat, and industrial chemicals (e.g.,
677:
2794:
1457:
HRSGs used in the CHP industry are distinguished from conventional steam generators by the following main features:
1415:
oxygen free and de-mineralized, and the higher the pressure the more critical the level of purity of the feed water.
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field. As both MiniCHP and CHP have been shown to reduce emissions they could play a large role in the field of CO
1149:
547:
4339:
2995:
Yagoub, W.; Doherty, P.; Riffat, S. B. (2006). "Solar energy-gas driven micro-CHP system for an office building".
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Yive, N. S. C. K., Tiroumalechetty, M. (2008). "Dioxin levels in fly ash coming from the combustion of bagasse".
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in the downstream stages of the turbine. Or they are designed, with or without extraction, for final exhaust at
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Any of the following conventional power plants may be converted to a combined cooling, heat and power system:
1308:
of natural gas to convert the natural gas to hydrogen prior to use in the fuel cell. This hence still emits CO
1202:). Some CHP plants use waste gas as the fuel for electricity and heat generation. Waste gases can be gas from
4137:"Energy Efficiency Industrial Forum Position Paper: energy efficiency – a vital component of energy security"
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5124:
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2893:"High cogeneration performance by innovative steam turbine for biomass-fired CHP plant in Iislami, Finland"
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drawing from cold air during a −20 °C (−4 °F) night. In the summer when there's both demand for
1255:
micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012. 20,000 units were sold in
770:
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724:
628:
437:
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partially offsetting their low (single digit percent) efficiency in converting thermal to electric energy
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Pehnt, M (2008). "Environmental impacts of distributed energy systems—The case of micro cogeneration".
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Since the exhaust gas temperature is relatively low, heat transmission is accomplished mainly through
1140:
in a zero oxygen high temperature environment; the resulting gas is then used to power the gas engine.
4794:
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4154:"2011 - Cogen -Experts discuss the central role cogeneration has to play in shaping EU energy policy"
3997:
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3326:"Combined Heat and Power (CHP or Cogeneration) for Saving Energy and Carbon in Commercial Buildings."
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1542:, the energy generation using sugarcane bagasse has environmental advantages due to the reduction of
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industries. Brazil is now considered a world reference in terms of energy generation from biomass.
1388:
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742:. This is also called combined heat and power district heating. Small CHP plants are an example of
427:
293:
276:
221:
76:
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3566:. Utilização de resíduos sucro-alcooleiros na fabricação de fibrocimento pelo processo de extrusão
1005:
746:. By-product heat at moderate temperatures (100–180 °C (212–356 °F) can also be used in
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compared to generating steam or burning fuel on-site and importing electric power from the grid.
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A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
1972:
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Gestão ambiental em usinas do setor sucroalcooleiro: fatores de influência e práticas adotadas
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In sugarcane cultivation, is usually used potassium source's containing high concentration of
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residue of sugar refining, which is burned to produce steam. Some steam can be sent through a
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2004:
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CHP plants using the waste heat in the flue gas of gas turbines. The fuel used is typically
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4988:
4958:
4923:
4883:
4685:
4392:
4346:
4328:
3988:
Lowe, R. (2011). "Combined heat and power considered as a virtual steam cycle heat pump".
3845:
3654:
3472:
3192:
3089:
2924:
2892:
2566:
2510:
2222:
project ene.field deploys in 2017 up 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (
1280:
1184:
1085:
992:
933:
241:
196:
126:
3859:
XU, J., YE, Y., HUANG, F., CHEN, H., WU, HAN., HUANG, J., HU, J., XIA, D., WU, Y (2016).
3623:
A cogeração de energia e sua importância do ponto de vista técnico, econômico e ambiental
3204:
Elsevier Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom.
3016:
4001:
3876:
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3719:
3484:
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2593:
2161:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
5195:
5185:
4983:
4595:
4228:
4023:
3893:
3860:
3770:"Global chlorine emissions from biomass burning: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory"
2536:
2462:
2411:
2404:
2235:
2179:
1597:
1543:
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2806:
Locatelli, Giorgio; Fiordaliso, Andrea; Boarin, Sara; Ricotti, Marco E. (2017-05-01).
2123:
5293:
5215:
5003:
4888:
4868:
4799:
4789:
4746:
4630:
4585:
4037:
3625:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Faculdade de Tecnologia, Ciências e Educação - FATECE.
3069:
2665:
2554:
2480:
2474:
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360:
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5235:
5210:
5075:
5044:
4660:
3361:
3338:"Cost Effective Grid-Connected Inverter for a Micro Combined Heat and Power System"
2468:
2226:) installations in 12 states. Per 2012 the first 2 installations have taken place.
2206:
1662:
1593:
1577:
1333:
1284:
1260:
1222:
1207:
1203:
1199:
841:
833:
778:
562:
447:
116:
3958:"Why Heat From CHP is Renewable - based on paper presented at IAEE Vilnius (2010)"
3727:
2834:
2795:
http://www.elforsk.se/nyhet/seminarie/Elforskdagen%20_10/webb_varme/d_welander.pdf
17:
3296:
3061:
2864:"Czech researchers develop revolutionary nuclear heating plant | DW | 07.04.2021"
2693:"Consider Installing High-Pressure Boilers With Back Pressure Turbine-Generators"
2495: – Decentralised electricity generation (more general term encompassing CHP)
5060:
5028:
4821:
4809:
4729:
4655:
4645:
4575:
4009:
3861:"Association between dioxin and cancer incidence and mortality: a meta analysis"
3682:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) de Bauru.
3386:
2808:"Cogeneration: An option to facilitate load following in Small Modular Reactors"
2447:
2344:
2334:
2329:
1539:
1492:
1439:
1435:
1128:
1114:
1104:
1100:
961:
949:
945:
797:
is less efficient in lower population density areas due to transmission losses.
754:
716:
659:
567:
442:
392:
355:
338:
323:
141:
2692:
1576:
In the case of methyl chloride, when this substance is emitted and reaches the
1534:
In comparison with the electric power generation by means of fossil fuel-based
5023:
5018:
4831:
4814:
4670:
2557: – Model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
2429:
2292:(PURPA), which encouraged utilities to buy power from other energy producers.
1465:
1215:
1110:
1040:
885:
837:
813:
762:
731:
577:
402:
397:
365:
328:
313:
96:
4111:"38% HHV Caterpillar Bio-gas Engine Fitted to Sewage Works - Claverton Group"
3353:
889:
pressure to generate power at the top end also has an opportunity cost (See:
785:
for electricity generation at all. Cogeneration is less commonly employed in
4739:
4734:
4620:
4580:
3157:"What is Microgeneration? And what is the most cost effective in terms of CO
2433:
2400:
2339:
2223:
2205:
Governments are being assisted in their CHP endeavors by organizations like
1609:
1488:
1376:
1288:
1252:
432:
412:
181:
91:
4190:"COGEN Europe: Cogeneration in the European Union's Energy Supply Security"
3902:
3735:
3311:"Buying CHP and Cogeneration - the Process - Alfagy CHP & Cogeneration"
820:. This station burns straw as fuel. The adjacent greenhouses are heated by
30:
4853:
3797:
2397:
2256:
1661:
Every heat engine is subject to the theoretical efficiency limits of the
1562:
1211:
1137:
1064:
917:
874:
572:
457:
452:
106:
101:
71:
2778:"Complete 7 MWe Deutz ( 2 x 3.5MWe) gas engine CHP power plant for sale"
1052:
730:
Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel or heat, because otherwise-
4774:
4764:
4525:
3688:
2489: – Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
1519:
1515:
1484:
1191:
1120:
1068:
913:
897:, which usually limits self-generated power to large-scale operations.
817:
594:
552:
288:
271:
3884:
2182:
has actively incorporated cogeneration into its energy policy via the
1251:
Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the
1088:
plants produce high temperature heat for industrial processes, then a
973:
simple wire, and over much longer distances for the same energy loss.
34:
Diagram comparing losses from conventional generation vs. cogeneration
4769:
2578:
1395:
has made industrial CHP more attractive, as it substantially reduces
1292:
941:
909:
283:
1491:, vegetable oils, wood, organic waste and residues from the food or
2519: – Legislation in the area of energetics in the European Union
3206:"Micro CHP report powers heated discussion about UK energy future"
2250:
2136:
2122:
1581:
1447:
1332:
1256:
1163:
1051:
1012:, a bituminous coal-fired combined heat and power plant in Germany
1004:
899:
808:
790:
518:
3932:"Dioxins & Furans: The Most Toxic Chemicals Known to Science"
4724:
2324:
1241:
1060:
905:
877:
that could be used for power generation, so cogeneration has an
739:
616:
4529:
4389:"World's First Commercial Power Plant Was a Cogeneration Plant"
4100:
See Mechanical or Chemical Engineering texts on Thermodynamics.
3931:
916:
as an energy source, providing electricity and heat for 30,000
4322:
European-wide field trials for residential fuel cell micro-CHP
3536:"Micro CHP (Combined Heat & Power) – Cogeneration Systems"
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2141:
4358:
3768:
Lobert, Jurgen; Keene, Willian; Yevich, Jennifer (1999).
3610:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.
3568:(Dissertação) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.
3249:
1557:
Disadvantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse
1514:
In the sugarcane industry, cogeneration is fueled by the
2513: – Process of changing something to use electricity
1271:
MicroCHP installations use five different technologies:
1136:
CHP plant whereby a wood pellet or wood chip biofuel is
3437:"Clarke Energy - Fuel-Efficient Distributed Generation"
2532:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1039:). Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the
4296:
2539: – Gaseous materials produced for use in industry
2483: – EU Directive on cogeneration of heat and power
1947:
Electrical power output + Heat output + Cooling output
1530:
Advantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse
1454:
or is used in industrial processes that require heat.
1123:
CHP plants use an adapted reciprocating gas engine or
27:
Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat
4359:"Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance Programme"
2042:
2007:
1975:
1891:
1851:
1816:
1784:
1700:
1596:
is more intense on Earth and there is a worsening of
4077:"DOE – Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work"
3099:
3097:
2563: – Variation on the Rankine thermodynamic cycle
1259:
in 2012 overall within the Ene Farm project. With a
1240:(DER). The installation is usually less than 5
5244:
5154:
5091:
5053:
4907:
4844:
4755:
4710:
4703:
4563:
2925:"Transforming Greenhouse Gas Emissions into Energy"
753:The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a
4243:"DEFRA Action in the UK - Combined Heat and Power"
2934:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2014.
2664:
2598:(35 ed.). Babcock & Wilson Company. 1913.
2058:
2026:
1991:
1956:
1867:
1835:
1800:
1765:
1522:that turns a generator, producing electric power.
1510:Power cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol sector
1406:Utility pressures versus self generated industrial
4261:"5th stakeholders general assembly of the FCH JU"
4464:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2551: – District heating system in New York City
2545: – Small-scale generation of heat and power
2671:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press.
2617:"How Does Cogeneration Provide Heat and Power?"
1221:Some cogeneration plants combine gas and solar
956:A CHP plant can either meet the need for heat (
4517:Renewable and efficient electric power systems
2581: – Closed vessel in which fluid is heated
2523:Environmental impact of electricity generation
2507: – Process of generating electrical power
1162:CHP plants that use the heating system as the
1156:have a hot exhaust, very suitable for heating.
769:may be used. Cogeneration is also common with
4541:
4071:
4069:
3186:The role of micro CHP in a smart energy world
2569: – Closed-cycle regenerative heat engine
1669:in the case of steam turbine power plants or
1446:in a CHP plant to heat up water and generate
685:
8:
3915:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3777:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
3748:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3230:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3105:"Latest Developments in the Ene-Farm Scheme"
2752:"Finning Caterpillar Gas Engine CHP Ratings"
2575: – Refrigerator that uses a heat source
2501: – Centralized heat distribution system
3342:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
2648:. The Decentralised Energy Knowledge Base.
5305:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4707:
4548:
4534:
4526:
4447:. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15
3234:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2663:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991).
987:Cogeneration plants are commonly found in
692:
678:
53:
37:
4207:"Electricity Generation by Energy Source"
3892:
3796:
3687:
3660:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3051:
2240:Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance
2217:Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking
2047:
2041:
2012:
2006:
1980:
1974:
1944:
1930:
1914:
1908:
1896:
1890:
1883:in a trigeneration system is defined as:
1856:
1850:
1821:
1815:
1789:
1783:
1753:
1739:
1723:
1717:
1705:
1699:
965:source to deliver cooling by means of an
4445:"Eight Clean Energy Application Centers"
2311:Applications in power generation systems
1692:in a cogeneration system is defined as:
1682:. The majority of this heat is from the
1580:, it ends up being very harmful for the
1357:Combined heat and power district heating
1218:, and combustible industrial waste gas.
912:. The 45 MW boiler uses waste wood
884:A typical power generation turbine in a
29:
4038:"Trigeneration Systems with Fuel Cells"
4024:"Was bedeutet kalte Nahwärme? (Update)"
3930:Environmental Justice Activists (ed.).
3763:
3761:
3759:
3701:
3699:
3673:
3671:
2608:
2530: – European bioenergy organization
1434:(HRSG) is a steam boiler that uses hot
1236:or 'Micro cogeneration" is a so-called
45:
4457:
4414:"World Survey of Decentralized Energy"
3908:
3841:
3830:
3741:
3650:
3639:
3223:
2371:Radioisotope thermoelectric generators
2290:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
2127:A cogeneration thermal power plant in
1640:usually employed in district heating.
1190:Some cogeneration plants are fired by
187:List of low-energy building techniques
4277:from the original on 10 November 2013
3963:. 2011-09-14. p. 4 paragraph 4.
3586:from the original on 22 December 2018
3336:Du, Ruoyang; Robertson, Paul (2017).
2709:from the original on 21 December 2016
2471: – Idealized thermodynamic cycle
1756:Electrical power output + Heat output
1179:Smaller cogeneration units may use a
781:may be necessary to reach acceptable
7:
4369:from the original on 30 October 2014
3808:from the original on 26 October 2019
3017:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.11.021
4303:from the original on 2 October 2016
4079:. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from
4054:from the original on 6 October 2011
2780:. Claverton Energy Research Group.
2517:Energy policy of the European Union
2477: – Energy allocation procedure
891:Steam supply and exhaust conditions
5226:Renewable energy commercialization
3938:from the original on 19 March 2019
3606:Dantas Filho, Paulo Lucas (2009).
3582:. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética.
3580:"Balanço energético nacional 2018"
3277:Environmental Science & Policy
3256:from the original on 23 April 2015
3212:from the original on 20 March 2016
3111:from the original on 14 April 2016
3083:The fuel cell industry review 2013
2941:from the original on 13 April 2015
2301:United States Department of Energy
2230:Cogeneration in the United Kingdom
2066:= Total heat input into the system
2034:= Total work output by all systems
1875:= Total heat input into the system
1843:= Total work output by all systems
727:and useful heat at the same time.
25:
4170:from the original on 20 June 2017
3564:Soares Teixeira, Ronaldo (2010).
3167:from the original on 11 July 2015
3137:from the original on 10 July 2014
2905:from the original on 15 July 2011
2247:Cogeneration in the United States
828:Many process industries, such as
773:as they often produce relatively
5274:
5273:
4694:
4504:from the original on 2015-01-23.
4486:from the original on 2015-05-31.
3621:Barbeli, Marcelo Carlos (2015).
3447:from the original on 19 May 2015
2784:from the original on 2013-09-30.
2758:from the original on 18 May 2015
2652:from the original on 2008-12-10.
2446:
2432:
2269:Perhaps the first modern use of
2146:
1620:Coefficient of Performance (COP)
1387:Cogeneration is still common in
1021:combined cooling, heat and power
658:
645:
644:
122:Energy efficiency implementation
4426:from the original on 2009-01-06
3970:from the original on 2017-09-21
3546:from the original on 2021-06-24
3517:from the original on 2007-08-13
3509:Bevelhymer, Carl (2003-11-10).
3491:from the original on 2007-08-21
3418:from the original on 2019-10-23
3393:from the original on 2019-11-06
3368:from the original on 2020-02-23
3317:from the original on 2012-11-03
2874:from the original on 2021-06-09
2844:from the original on 2018-07-24
2646:"What is Decentralised Energy?"
2627:from the original on 2019-11-27
1450:. The steam, in turn, drives a
1166:condenser for the steam turbine
378:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3708:Journal of Hazardous Materials
3412:"Fuel cell micro Cogeneration"
2862:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
1426:Heat recovery steam generators
1:
5221:Renewable Energy Certificates
5181:Cost of electricity by source
5103:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
4979:High-voltage shore connection
4519:. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press.
3728:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.045
2982:10.1016/S1359-4311(01)00110-7
2932:WIPO Green Case Studies, 2014
2835:10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.12.012
2740:. Babcock & Wilcox. 1913.
2595:Steam, Its Generation and Use
2543:Micro combined heat and power
2487:Cost of electricity by source
2420:compressed air energy storage
2106:Cost of electricity by source
1432:heat recovery steam generator
1234:Micro combined heat and power
207:Passive solar building design
5236:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
5034:Transmission system operator
4994:Mains electricity by country
4571:Automatic generation control
3297:10.1016/j.envsci.2007.07.001
3062:10.1016/j.energy.2009.08.012
2737:Steam-its generation and use
2528:European Biomass Association
2260:Kendall Cogeneration Station
1526:that can be commercialized.
1263:of around 60,000 hours. For
1146:power plants adapted for CHP
1063:cogeneration power plant in
5261:List of electricity sectors
5256:Electric energy consumption
4974:High-voltage direct current
4949:Electric power transmission
4939:Electric power distribution
4616:Energy return on investment
4010:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.007
2997:Applied Thermal Engineering
2962:Applied Thermal Engineering
2220:Seventh Framework Programme
2083:Electrical line losses = 2%
1684:latent heat of vaporization
1675:latent heat of vaporization
1604:Comparison with a heat pump
1238:distributed energy resource
1150:Molten-carbonate fuel cells
840:, require large amounts of
665:Renewable energy portal
383:Renewable energy transition
5336:
5176:Carbon offsets and credits
4894:Three-phase electric power
4345:November 10, 2013, at the
2815:Progress in Nuclear Energy
2549:New York City steam system
2214:public–private partnership
2103:
1992:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}}
1801:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}}
1686:when the steam condenses.
1651:New York City steam system
1480:Cogeneration using biomass
1360:
1302:fuel cell micro-CHP plants
5269:
5231:Renewable Energy Payments
4720:Fossil fuel power station
4692:
4515:Masters, Gilbert (2004).
4340:ene.field Grant No 303462
2375:Radioisotope heater units
2155:This section needs to be
936:. For example, the RU-25
227:Sustainable refurbishment
5315:Sustainable technologies
5014:Single-wire earth return
4954:Electrical busbar system
4611:Energy demand management
3783:(D7). Wiley: 8373–8389.
3678:Ribeiro, Silvio (2010).
3354:10.1109/TIE.2017.2677340
2465: – Chemical process
2264:Cambridge, Massachusetts
904:A cogeneration plant in
748:absorption refrigerators
212:Sustainable architecture
167:Glass in green buildings
157:Environmental technology
87:Compact fluorescent lamp
5145:Residual-current device
5135:Power system protection
5125:Generator interlock kit
2573:Absorption refrigerator
2454:Renewable energy portal
2027:{\displaystyle W_{out}}
1836:{\displaystyle W_{out}}
844:for such operations as
771:geothermal power plants
709:combined heat and power
533:Human-powered transport
237:Tropical green building
172:Green building and wood
4929:Distributed generation
4601:Electric power quality
3840:Cite journal requires
3649:Cite journal requires
3540:Vista Projects Limited
2505:Electricity generation
2493:Distributed generation
2266:
2139:
2119:Cogeneration in Europe
2060:
2059:{\displaystyle Q_{in}}
2028:
1993:
1958:
1869:
1868:{\displaystyle Q_{in}}
1837:
1802:
1767:
1644:Distributed generation
1338:
1154:solid oxide fuel cells
1071:
1013:
921:
853:thermal power stations
825:
629:Personal rapid transit
371:Tidal stream generator
232:Thermal energy storage
152:Environmental planning
35:
5201:Fossil fuel phase-out
4969:Electricity retailing
4964:Electrical substation
4944:Electric power system
3471:May 18, 2012, at the
3387:"Fuel Cell micro CHP"
2561:Organic Rankine cycle
2254:
2126:
2061:
2029:
1994:
1959:
1870:
1838:
1803:
1768:
1633:air source heat pumps
1444:reciprocating engines
1336:
1196:municipal solid waste
1057:Hanasaari Power Plant
1055:
1010:Rostock Power Station
1008:
982:enhanced oil recovery
958:heat driven operation
932:of the power plant's
903:
816:CHP power station in
812:
473:Sustainable transport
418:Floating wind turbine
247:Zero heating building
162:Fossil fuel phase-out
33:
4557:Electricity delivery
4498:"New England Energy"
3798:10.1029/1998JD100077
2279:Pearl Street Station
2077:Heat + Cooling = 40%
2040:
2005:
1999:= Thermal efficiency
1973:
1889:
1849:
1814:
1808:= Thermal efficiency
1782:
1698:
1389:pulp and paper mills
1194:, or industrial and
1181:reciprocating engine
787:nuclear power plants
744:decentralized energy
725:generate electricity
607:Personal transporter
502:Wind-powered vehicle
346:Marine current power
252:Zero-energy building
112:Efficient energy use
5166:Availability factor
5118:Sulfur hexafluoride
4999:Overhead power line
4899:Virtual power plant
4874:Induction generator
4827:Sustainable biofuel
4636:Home energy storage
4626:Grid energy storage
4591:Droop speed control
4002:2011EnPol..39.5528L
3877:2016NatSR...638012X
3789:1999JGR...104.8373L
3720:2008JHzM..155..179C
3289:2008ESPol..11...25P
3044:2009Ene....34.1947P
3009:2006AppTE..26.1604Y
2974:2002AppTE..22..587O
2827:2017PNuE...97..153L
2621:Scientific American
1592:. As a result, the
1373:Consolidated Edison
1349:use waste heat for
1347:adsorption chillers
1343:absorption chillers
1337:Trigeneration cycle
1277:internal combustion
1212:gas from coal mines
1090:waste heat recovery
991:systems of cities,
294:Carbon-neutral fuel
222:Sustainable habitat
77:Building insulation
65:Energy conservation
41:Part of a series on
5040:Transmission tower
4651:Nameplate capacity
4480:"Electricity Data"
4327:2016-11-09 at the
4195:. 16 October 2017.
4026:. 17 January 2018.
3865:Scientific Reports
3513:. Gotham Gazette.
3466:Fuel Cells and CHP
3191:2016-03-04 at the
3088:2016-04-14 at the
2366:geothermal heating
2267:
2140:
2056:
2024:
1989:
1954:
1881:thermal efficiency
1865:
1833:
1798:
1763:
1690:Thermal efficiency
1680:absorption chiller
1657:Thermal efficiency
1567:potassium chloride
1339:
1080:water desalination
1072:
1014:
967:absorption chiller
922:
851:Steam turbines at
826:
783:thermal efficiency
715:) is the use of a
309:Geothermal heating
137:Energy saving lamp
47:Sustainable energy
36:
18:Cogeneration plant
5310:Energy conversion
5287:
5286:
5191:Environmental tax
5071:Cascading failure
4840:
4839:
4676:Utility frequency
4117:on 19 August 2019
3885:10.1038/srep38012
3542:. 18 March 2020.
3485:"Newsroom: Steam"
3038:(11): 1947–1954.
3003:(14): 1604–1610.
2678:978-0-262-08198-6
2345:Small gas turbine
2188:energy efficiency
2176:
2175:
2129:Ferrera Erbognone
2080:Heat losses = 13%
2074:Electricity = 45%
1952:
1951:
1948:
1939:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1748:
960:) or be run as a
846:chemical reactors
702:
701:
299:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
5327:
5320:Renewable energy
5277:
5276:
5186:Energy subsidies
5140:Protective relay
5081:Rolling blackout
4708:
4698:
4666:Power-flow study
4606:Electrical fault
4550:
4543:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4391:. Archived from
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4355:
4349:
4337:
4331:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4265:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4245:. Archived from
4239:
4233:
4232:
4227:. Archived from
4221:
4215:
4214:
4209:. Archived from
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4113:. Archived from
4107:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3996:(9): 5528–5534.
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3896:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3774:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3714:(1–2): 179–182.
3703:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3481:
3475:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3348:(7): 5360–5367.
3333:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3201:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3092:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3055:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2613:
2599:
2533:
2499:District heating
2456:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2373:often double as
2362:Geothermal power
2271:energy recycling
2171:
2168:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2022:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1950:Total heat input
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1759:Total heat input
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1637:air conditioning
1590:ultraviolet rays
1538:plants, such as
1397:carbon footprint
1363:District heating
1281:stirling engines
1076:district heating
989:district heating
879:opportunity cost
822:district heating
795:district heating
694:
687:
680:
667:
663:
662:
653:
648:
647:
485:Electric vehicle
334:Run-of-the-river
319:Hydroelectricity
304:Geothermal power
265:Renewable energy
217:Sustainable city
192:Low-energy house
132:Energy recycling
57:
38:
21:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5265:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5171:Capacity factor
5159:
5157:
5150:
5130:Numerical relay
5108:Circuit breaker
5096:
5094:
5087:
5049:
4989:Load management
4959:Electrical grid
4924:Demand response
4917:
4912:
4903:
4884:Microgeneration
4836:
4751:
4699:
4690:
4686:Vehicle-to-grid
4559:
4554:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4347:Wayback Machine
4338:
4334:
4329:Wayback Machine
4320:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4083:on May 27, 2010
4075:
4074:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4017:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3907:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3839:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3757:
3740:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3659:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3473:Wayback Machine
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3193:Wayback Machine
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3090:Wayback Machine
3081:
3077:
3053:10.1.1.593.8182
3029:
3028:
3024:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2592:
2589:
2587:Further reading
2584:
2567:Stirling engine
2531:
2511:Electrification
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2384:
2353:
2318:
2313:
2249:
2232:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1926:
1910:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1735:
1719:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1659:
1646:
1627:heating fluid.
1606:
1559:
1547:
1532:
1512:
1482:
1428:
1408:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1331:
1311:
1306:steam reforming
1300:private homes,
1298:
1283:, closed-cycle
1245:
1231:
1185:Stirling engine
1086:Bottoming cycle
1050:
1048:Types of plants
1002:fertilization.
1000:
993:central heating
934:bottoming cycle
830:chemical plants
824:from the plant.
807:
698:
657:
656:
643:
636:
635:
475:
465:
464:
267:
257:
256:
242:Waste-to-energy
197:Microgeneration
127:Energy recovery
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5333:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5292:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:Statistics and
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5196:Feed-in tariff
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4984:Interconnector
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Dynamic demand
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Combined cycle
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4641:Load-following
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:Electric power
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4507:
4489:
4471:
4436:
4405:
4380:
4350:
4332:
4314:
4288:
4252:
4249:on 2010-06-12.
4234:
4231:on 2014-02-02.
4216:
4213:on 2014-02-20.
4198:
4181:
4161:cogeneurope.eu
4145:
4128:
4102:
4093:
4065:
4045:Research Paper
4029:
4015:
3980:
3949:
3922:
3851:
3842:|journal=
3819:
3755:
3695:
3667:
3651:|journal=
3628:
3613:
3598:
3571:
3556:
3527:
3501:
3476:
3458:
3428:
3403:
3378:
3328:
3302:
3267:
3241:
3196:
3178:
3158:
3148:
3122:
3093:
3075:
3022:
2987:
2968:(6): 587–593.
2952:
2916:
2884:
2854:
2798:
2787:
2769:
2743:
2720:
2684:
2677:
2655:
2637:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2537:Industrial gas
2534:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:Air separation
2459:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2405:green hydrogen
2395:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2285:cogeneration.
2248:
2245:
2236:United Kingdom
2231:
2228:
2174:
2173:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1658:
1655:
1645:
1642:
1605:
1602:
1598:global warming
1558:
1555:
1545:
1536:thermoelectric
1531:
1528:
1511:
1508:
1504:electric power
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1393:sustainability
1384:
1383:Industrial CHP
1381:
1358:
1355:
1330:
1327:
1322:forced-air gas
1309:
1296:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1144:Combined cycle
1141:
1121:Biofuel engine
1118:
1108:
1049:
1046:
998:
926:combined cycle
834:oil refineries
806:
803:
775:low grade heat
736:thermal energy
700:
699:
697:
696:
689:
682:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:
654:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:
631:
621:
620:
619:
612:Rail transport
609:
604:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
585:Roller skating
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
558:Cycle rickshaw
555:
545:
540:
530:
529:
528:
523:
522:
521:
514:Human-electric
509:Hybrid vehicle
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
493:
492:
476:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
400:
395:
390:
388:Renewable heat
385:
380:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
353:
348:
343:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
280:
279:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
177:Green building
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
147:Energy storage
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5332:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Pigouvian tax
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Earth-leakage
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:Failure modes
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Power station
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4889:Rankine cycle
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Cooling tower
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4712:Non-renewable
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Grid strength
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Demand factor
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4422:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4395:on 2008-04-25
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3990:Energy Policy
3984:
3981:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3834:
3823:
3820:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3643:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3490:
3487:. ConEdison.
3486:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3446:
3442:
3441:Clarke Energy
3438:
3432:
3429:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:Rankine cycle
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:CHP Directive
2479:
2476:
2475:Carnot method
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2440:Energy portal
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2418:, such as in
2417:
2416:turboexpander
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Solar thermal
2386:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Nuclear power
2355:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:Thomas Edison
2272:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:The 250
2253:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:The European
2210:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:CHP Directive
2181:
2170:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:Brayton cycle
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1671:Brayton cycle
1668:
1667:Rankine cycle
1664:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:steam turbine
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:exhaust gases
1433:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:United States
1364:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1351:refrigeration
1348:
1344:
1335:
1329:Trigeneration
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:steam engines
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:microturbines
1269:
1266:
1265:PEM fuel cell
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1170:Nuclear power
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:Steam turbine
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:wood gasifier
1130:
1126:
1125:diesel engine
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:trigeneration
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Trigeneration
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
994:
990:
985:
983:
978:
974:
970:
968:
963:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:MHD generator
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
898:
896:
892:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:back pressure
868:
863:
859:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
836:and pulp and
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Binary cycles
776:
772:
768:
767:diesel engine
764:
760:
759:steam turbine
756:
751:
750:for cooling.
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
721:power station
718:
714:
710:
706:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:
673:
672:
666:
661:
655:
652:
642:
641:
640:
639:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:Rapid transit
622:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
608:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Skateboarding
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
503:
500:
498:
497:Solar vehicle
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:Green vehicle
478:
477:
474:
469:
468:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Tidal barrage
359:
358:
357:
354:
352:
351:Marine energy
349:
347:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
202:Passive house
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
40:
39:
32:
19:
5300:Cogeneration
5211:Net metering
5158:and policies
5076:Power outage
5045:Utility pole
5009:Pumped hydro
4915:distribution
4910:Transmission
4859:Cogeneration
4858:
4661:Power factor
4516:
4510:
4492:
4474:
4449:. Retrieved
4439:
4428:. Retrieved
4419:. May 2006.
4408:
4397:. Retrieved
4393:the original
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4335:
4317:
4305:. Retrieved
4291:
4279:. Retrieved
4267:
4255:
4247:the original
4237:
4229:the original
4219:
4211:the original
4201:
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4160:
4148:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4115:the original
4105:
4096:
4085:. Retrieved
4081:the original
4056:. Retrieved
4044:
4032:
4018:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3972:. Retrieved
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3925:
3911:cite journal
3868:
3864:
3854:
3833:cite journal
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3780:
3776:
3744:cite journal
3711:
3707:
3679:
3642:cite journal
3631:
3622:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3588:. Retrieved
3574:
3565:
3559:
3548:. Retrieved
3539:
3530:
3519:. Retrieved
3504:
3493:. Retrieved
3479:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3440:
3431:
3420:. Retrieved
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3381:
3370:. Retrieved
3345:
3341:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3305:
3283:(1): 25–37.
3280:
3276:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3244:
3214:. Retrieved
3199:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3078:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2931:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2867:
2857:
2846:. Retrieved
2818:
2814:
2801:
2790:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2746:
2736:
2711:. Retrieved
2699:
2687:
2666:
2658:
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2594:
2469:Carnot cycle
2410:Any type of
2330:Microturbine
2319:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2273:was done by
2268:
2239:
2233:
2211:
2207:COGEN Europe
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2177:
2164:
2156:
2109:
2094:
2086:
2069:
1965:
1885:
1878:
1774:
1694:
1688:
1663:Carnot cycle
1660:
1647:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1607:
1594:UV radiation
1586:
1578:stratosphere
1575:
1571:
1560:
1551:
1533:
1524:
1513:
1506:generation.
1497:
1493:agricultural
1483:
1456:
1440:gas turbines
1429:
1409:
1401:
1386:
1366:
1340:
1314:
1270:
1250:
1232:
1223:photovoltaic
1220:
1208:landfill gas
1204:animal waste
1200:incineration
1189:
1178:
1095:
1084:
1073:
1032:
1029:cogeneration
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
986:
979:
975:
971:
957:
954:
923:
895:continuously
883:
870:
861:
857:
850:
842:process heat
827:
799:
752:
729:
712:
708:
705:Cogeneration
704:
703:
563:Kick scooter
548:Land vehicle
117:Energy audit
82:Cogeneration
81:
5206:Load factor
5061:Black start
5029:Transformer
4730:Natural gas
4681:Variability
4656:Peak demand
4646:Merit order
4576:Backfeeding
4363:decc.gov.uk
4297:"ene.field"
4225:"KWKG 2002"
3689:11449/92984
2821:: 153–161.
2335:Natural gas
2277:. His 1882
1549:emissions.
1540:natural gas
1475:exchangers.
1129:fossil fuel
1115:natural gas
1105:natural gas
1101:Gas turbine
962:power plant
950:natural gas
948:powered by
946:gas turbine
838:paper mills
732:wasted heat
717:heat engine
568:Quadracycle
423:Forecasting
356:Tidal power
339:Small hydro
324:Micro hydro
277:Sustainable
142:Energy Star
5294:Categories
5248:production
5093:Protective
5024:Super grid
5019:Smart grid
4846:Generation
4780:Geothermal
4671:Repowering
4451:2010-02-24
4430:2008-07-27
4399:2008-06-15
4087:2011-09-25
3974:2017-12-25
3550:2021-06-21
3521:2007-07-20
3495:2007-07-20
3422:2019-10-23
3397:2019-10-23
3372:2019-07-07
3321:2012-11-03
3161:reduction"
2878:2021-06-16
2848:2019-07-07
2631:2019-11-27
2604:References
2412:compressor
2104:See also:
1665:or subset
1618:effective
1565:, such as
1466:convection
1361:See also:
1289:fuel cells
1216:sewage gas
1111:Gas engine
1061:coal-fired
1041:waste heat
980:Thermally
886:paper mill
867:power loss
862:extraction
858:condensing
763:gas engine
600:Watercraft
578:Velomobile
538:Helicopter
366:Tidal farm
329:Pico hydro
314:Hydropower
97:Eco-cities
5156:Economics
4879:Micro CHP
4757:Renewable
4740:Petroleum
4735:Oil shale
4621:Grid code
4581:Base load
4268:fch-ju.eu
3871:: 38012.
3070:109780285
3048:CiteSeerX
2401:fuel cell
2382:Renewable
2262:plant in
2224:micro-CHP
1978:η
1942:≡
1906:≡
1894:η
1787:η
1751:≡
1715:≡
1703:η
1610:heat pump
1489:sugarcane
1438:from the
1377:Manhattan
1279:engines,
1253:fuel cell
930:condenser
918:dwellings
543:Hydrofoil
408:Community
182:Heat pump
92:Eco hotel
5279:Category
5066:Brownout
4854:AC power
4564:Concepts
4502:Archived
4484:Archived
4460:cite web
4421:Archived
4373:28 April
4367:Archived
4343:Archived
4325:Archived
4301:Archived
4281:28 April
4272:Archived
4174:28 April
4165:Archived
4058:18 April
4049:Archived
3965:Archived
3936:Archived
3903:27897234
3812:11 March
3803:Archived
3736:18166264
3590:11 March
3584:Archived
3544:Archived
3515:Archived
3489:Archived
3469:Archived
3445:Archived
3416:Archived
3391:Archived
3366:Archived
3315:Archived
3254:Archived
3226:cite web
3210:Archived
3189:Archived
3165:Archived
3135:Archived
3109:Archived
3086:Archived
2936:Archived
2909:13 March
2900:Archived
2898:. OPET.
2872:Archived
2839:Archived
2782:Archived
2756:Archived
2713:28 April
2704:Archived
2700:nrel.gov
2650:Archived
2625:Archived
2426:See also
2398:Hydrogen
2167:May 2021
1563:chlorine
1261:Lifetime
1229:MicroCHP
1138:gasified
1065:Helsinki
875:enthalpy
805:Overview
651:Category
573:Tricycle
458:Windpump
453:Windbelt
428:Industry
107:Ecolabel
102:Ecohouse
72:Arcology
5095:devices
4805:Thermal
4800:Osmotic
4795:Current
4775:Biomass
4765:Biofuel
4747:Nuclear
4704:Sources
3998:Bibcode
3942:5 March
3894:5126552
3873:Bibcode
3785:Bibcode
3716:Bibcode
3511:"Steam"
3362:1042325
3285:Bibcode
3040:Bibcode
3005:Bibcode
2970:Bibcode
2945:6 April
2823:Bibcode
2403:(using
2393:Biomass
2351:Nuclear
2234:In the
2157:updated
2114:History
1966:Where:
1775:Where:
1520:turbine
1516:bagasse
1500:thermal
1485:Biomass
1367:In the
1318:furnace
1192:biomass
1069:Finland
914:biomass
818:Denmark
814:Masnedø
740:heating
595:Walking
553:Bicycle
526:Plug-in
490:Bicycle
448:Turbine
438:Outline
289:Biomass
272:Biofuel
4790:Marine
4770:Biogas
4307:15 May
4121:15 May
3901:
3891:
3734:
3451:15 May
3360:
3260:15 May
3216:15 May
3171:15 May
3141:15 May
3115:15 May
3068:
3050:
3032:Energy
2868:DW.COM
2762:15 May
2675:
2579:Boiler
2316:Fossil
2238:, the
1293:biogas
1287:, and
1173:plants
1037:syngas
942:Moscow
910:France
649:
443:Rights
284:Biogas
5147:(GFI)
5036:(TSO)
4822:Solar
4810:Tidal
4785:Hydro
4424:(PDF)
4417:(PDF)
4275:(PDF)
4264:(PDF)
4193:(PDF)
4168:(PDF)
4157:(PDF)
4140:(PDF)
4052:(PDF)
4041:(PDF)
3968:(PDF)
3961:(PDF)
3806:(PDF)
3773:(PDF)
3358:S2CID
3066:S2CID
2939:(PDF)
2928:(PDF)
2903:(PDF)
2896:(PDF)
2842:(PDF)
2811:(PDF)
2707:(PDF)
2696:(PDF)
2137:Italy
2100:Costs
1615:as if
1582:ozone
1448:steam
1320:is a
1257:Japan
1198:(see
1164:steam
791:NIMBY
519:Twike
393:Solar
4913:and
4832:Wind
4815:Wave
4725:Coal
4466:link
4375:2018
4309:2015
4283:2018
4176:2018
4123:2015
4060:2011
3944:2019
3917:link
3899:PMID
3846:help
3814:2019
3750:link
3732:PMID
3662:link
3655:help
3592:2019
3453:2015
3262:2015
3236:link
3232:link
3218:2015
3173:2015
3143:2015
3117:2015
2947:2015
2911:2011
2764:2015
2715:2018
2673:ISBN
2325:Coal
2299:The
2178:The
1502:and
1152:and
1059:, a
1031:and
1025:CCHP
906:Metz
738:for
617:Tram
433:Lens
413:Farm
403:Wind
398:Wave
4006:doi
3889:PMC
3881:doi
3793:doi
3781:104
3724:doi
3712:155
3684:hdl
3350:doi
3293:doi
3058:doi
3013:doi
2978:doi
2831:doi
2414:or
2340:Oil
2135:),
1442:or
1345:or
1183:or
1078:or
1019:or
940:in
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765:or
757:or
755:gas
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713:CHP
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