201:
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366:
27:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1129:
510:
e fait, par une personne dépositaire de l'autorité publique, agissant dans l'exercice de ses fonctions, de prendre des mesures destinées à faire échec à l'exécution de la loi est puni de cinq ans d'emprisonnement et de 75 000 euros
1114:
1099:
234:(new penal code, as it was initially known) was the result of several laws promulgated July 22, 1992, which took effect on March 1, 1994. While the code theoretically remained the same, and kept the same title,
1423:
849:, allows new texts to be indefinitely added and interwoven without effect on the numbering. It is thus well-adapted to legislation that foresees indefinite future evolution.
2351:
1400:
220:. Badinter took over the chairmanship of the commission created in 1975, whose membership had been greatly modified. The penal code project was discussed in the
1243:
1928:
1745:
1084:
1650:
1383:
438:
2345:
166:
in a decree issued on
November 8, 1974. The membership of the commission was set by a February 25, 1975 decree. The president of the commission was
410:
387:
44:
141:, which had until then been in effect. This in turn has become known as the "old penal code" in the rare decisions that still need to apply it.
878:, magistrate, co-author of the penal code project, head of the office of general criminal legislation, author of various works on criminal law
495:
Its first article is not number 1, but 111-1, the first article of the first chapter of the first title of the first book, from right to left
417:
1886:
246:
2437:
1378:
424:
2282:
2014:
1314:
1299:
1269:
1911:
1901:
1701:
1453:
1236:
863:
457:
209:
110:
2270:
2031:
1957:
406:
833:
242:, but rather an original work of composition and of writing, with a new outline, new principles and a new formulation of the law.
2255:
1597:
91:
2376:
2177:
919:
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63:
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1349:
391:
48:
1795:
163:
1999:
1881:
1788:
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1373:
1212:
311:
2301:
1973:
1612:
70:
2432:
2243:
2082:
2056:
1640:
1629:
1443:
1229:
144:
The new code was created by several laws promulgated on July 22, 1992. It introduced the judicial notion of fundamental
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2202:
2147:
2128:
1208:
1194:
2187:
1994:
1978:
1833:
1582:
912:
839:
186:
2260:
2212:
1896:
1681:
593:
The section, sub-section and paragraph hierarchical levels are not taken into account in the numbering, for example:
376:
2396:
2041:
2004:
1750:
590:, which is more compact but caps at nine the maximum value of the first three levels, i.e. book, title and chapter.
501:). Thus the numbering of Article 432-1 in the legislative section allows the hierarchy to be retraced, as follows:
431:
2339:
2192:
2021:
1418:
77:
2287:
2233:
2046:
1943:
1848:
1816:
1727:
1722:
602:"theft, extortion, blackmail and abuse of trust are all considered. for purposes of recidivism, the same offense."
395:
380:
37:
2009:
1906:
1862:
1843:
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1755:
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915:– highest judicial court of appeal in French law; differs considerably from procedures in common law jurisdiction
586:
guide, does not have delimiters such as the periods in the default numbering of scientific documents composed in
484:
239:
138:
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2092:
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59:
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1324:
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330:
182:
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1049:
251:
200:
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1602:
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488:
where the articles are numbered in an ascending order, valid only for a given period, the numbering of the
2072:
701:). However, a hierarchical structure can be discerned from the number of the article, for example :
1567:
1523:
1358:
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217:
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1950:
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534:
es atteintes à l'administration publique commises par des personnes exerçant une fonction publique"
134:
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145:
130:
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1070:
1062:
245:
It introduced a number of new concepts, such as the criminal responsibility of moral persons (
221:
873:
249:) apart from that of the State, (Article 121-2), and increased the sentencing for almost all
2172:
1923:
1827:
329:
Book IV: Crimes and offenses against the nation, the State and the public peace (political
1811:
1517:
1479:
1474:
1304:
890:
472:
213:
886:
1388:
216:, a former criminal lawyer who had become Minister of Justice, returned to the idea of
172:
286:
Book IV: Felonies and
Misdemeanors Against the Nation, the State, and the Public Peace
2411:
2391:
1821:
1216:
1198:
1160:
Book IV Felonies and
Misdemeanors against the Nation, the State, and the Public Peace
831:
This numbering style, which originated in administrative regulations such as the
1891:
1489:
365:
162:
The Penal Code project began with the work of a commission created by
President
26:
1061:. Translated by Tomlinson, Edward A. Littleton, Colorado: F. B. Rothman. 1999.
2358:
2248:
1438:
894:
497:
227:
Book I was approved in 1991 and was rapidly followed by Books II, III and IV.
1066:
2228:
193:, heavily criticised by the criminal justice community, was rejected by the
1074:
948:" La réforme du code pénal remise en cause – La logique de la répression "
2238:
970:
952:
1221:
923:– in French criminal law, an offense of intermediate gravity, between
2333:
697:
The article is not number 132123-1 but number 16 of its chapter (132–
1050:"France, French Penal Code of 1994 as Amended as of January 1, 1999"
587:
572:"es crimes et délits contre la nation, l'État et la paix publique"
199:
470:
Breaking with prior usage in other legislative codes such as the
1225:
903:– differs considerably from common law appeal court procedures.
897:
jurisdictions, which differ from French appeals court procedure
763:"u contenu et des modalités d'application de certaines peines".
359:
20:
137:(droit pénal). It took effect March 1, 1994 and replaced the
966:
M. Badinter préside la commission de révision du code pénal
238:, the new code was not so much a modified or even a recast
909:– general scope, does not discuss France specifically
280:
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1467:
1424:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
1409:
1357:
1348:
1145:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1173:
1158:
1143:
1128:
1113:
1098:
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1048:
728:"e placement sous surveillance mis à exécution."
773:"es peines applicables aux personnes physiques"
1237:
8:
834:Code général des collectivités territoriales
323:Book II: Crimes and offenses against persons
149:
394:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
326:Book III: Crimes and offenses against goods
247:responsabilité pénale des personnes morales
2323:
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627:"es peines applicables en cas de récidive"
338:Three books were added December 16, 1992:
303:Book VII: Provisions relatives to overseas
1384:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
458:Learn how and when to remove this message
347:Book VII: Provisions relative to overseas
310:The Regulation portion — (Decrees of the
267:The penal code is composed of two parts:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
407:"numerotation" code penale français
2346:National School for the Judiciary (ENM)
940:
297:Book V: Other Felonies and Misdemeanors
1175:Book V Other Felonies and Misdemeanors
1055:American Series of Foreign Penal Codes
208:After government changed hands in the
708:of the penal code starts saying that
629:. (Of penalties for repeat offenders)
553:"es atteintes à l'autorité de l'État"
294:Three books added December 16, 1992:
289:Book IV b: Crimes and offenses of war
271:The Legislation part is composed of:
7:
392:adding citations to reliable sources
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1034:, p. xviii, Table of Contents.
714:It is the first article (131-36-12–
1444:Code of criminal procedure of 1808
341:Book V: Other crimes and offenses
151:intérêts fondamentaux de la nation
14:
1010:, p. xiv, Table of Contents.
864:French code of criminal procedure
746:"n décret à l'article 131-35-1."
1542:
1022:, p. xv, Table of Contents.
998:, p. xi, Table of Contents.
986:, p. ix, Table of Contents.
578:This numbering of the articles,
364:
25:
1204:out-of-date English translation
710:"ar dérogation de la victime."
36:needs additional citations for
2134:European Court of Human Rights
1593:European Court of Human Rights
1434:Code of Offences and Penalties
1:
1495:Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau
582:in 1.4.2. of the Légifrance
320:Book I: General dispositions
2438:March 1994 events in France
913:Court of Cassation (France)
191:Book I (General Provisions)
16:Criminal law code of France
2454:
2098:Sentence enforcement judge
1663:Sentence enforcement judge
1613:Sentence Enforcement Court
1454:Code of criminal procedure
1419:Criminal Ordinance of 1670
1265:code, law, or procedure in
1211:, issue of decrees by the
300:Book VI: Of contraventions
277:Book I: General provisions
210:1981 presidential election
189:. The definitive draft of
2372:
2283:Civil rights restrictions
2093:Liberty and custody judge
1774:Aggravating circumstances
1658:Liberty and custody judge
1540:
1259:
1115:Book I General Provisions
893:, describe procedures in
767:Sub-section 5 is part of
632:Sub-section 2 is part of
139:French Penal Code of 1810
2129:Review and reexamination
2015:Prosecutorial discretion
1912:Presumption of innocence
1882:Accused person (prévenu)
1796:Mitigating circumstances
901:Court of Appeal (France)
882:Police Tribunal (France)
788:e la nature des peines".
508:of the penal code says "
485:Code de procédure pénale
479:Code de procédure civile
263:Organizational structure
164:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
60:"France" penal code
2340:Documentation française
2302:Criminal imprisonment (
1887:Criminal responsibility
1077:– via HeinOnline.
825:"ispositions générales"
691:"ispositions générales"
638:"ispositions générales"
621:Paragraph 3 is part of
344:Book VI: Contraventions
224:between 1989 and 1991.
2271:Punishment and redress
2032:Judicial investigation
1958:Statute of limitations
1789:Personal vulnerability
1598:Jurisdictional dualism
1369:Constitution of France
815:1-36-12-1) is part of
616:ispositions générales"
205:
204:New penal code of 1993
197:on February 22, 1980.
154:) (Book IV, Title I).
150:
2288:Electronic monitoring
2213:Prison administration
1746:Principle of legality
1568:Correctional tribunal
1524:Gendarmerie nationale
796:–36-12-1) is part of
778:Section 1 is part of
653:"u régime des peines"
643:Section 1 is part of
317:Four original books:
274:Four original books:
203:
2256:Citizenship training
2168:Peine complémentaire
2057:Preventive detention
2005:Police investigation
1951:Inquisitorial system
1394:French customary law
1374:Constitutional block
1085:Translator's Preface
956:, February 17, 1980.
935:Notes and references
492:is more structured.
388:improve this section
177:, later replaced by
45:improve this article
2433:French criminal law
2083:Investigating judge
1668:Judiciary of France
1641:Investigating judge
1588:EU Court of Justice
1253:French criminal law
1092:, p. xxi–xxii.
974:, October 22, 1981.
840:Code de l'urbanisme
823:31-36-12-1) titled
744:–12-1), which says
732:Article 12 (131-36–
726:–1) providing that
706:Article 131-36-12-1
135:French criminal law
2244:Capital punishment
2178:Suspended sentence
1939:Adversarial system
1767:mitigating factors
1702:Criminal procedure
1583:Court of Cassation
1459:Penal code of 1994
1449:Penal Code of 1810
1429:Penal Code of 1791
1167:, p. 197–268.
1152:, p. 161–196.
907:Court of Cassation
869:Francis Le Gunehec
859:Codification (law)
804:1-36-12-1) titled
786:–36-12-1) titled "
757:–12-1) is part of
314:) is composed of:
240:Code pénal de 1810
232:nouveau code pénal
206:
187:Court of Cassation
146:national interests
2405:
2404:
2368:
2367:
2314:
2313:
2266:Community service
2142:
2141:
2078:Public prosecutor
2052:Court supervision
1857:
1856:
1676:
1675:
1636:Public prosecutor
1538:
1537:
1266:
1137:, p. 89–160.
681:2–16) is part of
468:
467:
460:
442:
218:penal code reform
183:procureur général
121:
120:
113:
95:
2445:
2352:Journal officiel
2324:
2173:Minimum sentence
2153:
1924:Reasonable doubt
1870:
1828:Biens mal acquis
1751:Material element
1687:
1630:Ministère public
1556:
1546:
1545:
1485:Élisabeth Guigou
1395:
1355:
1264:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1183:
1180:Tomlinson (1999)
1177:
1168:
1165:Tomlinson (1999)
1162:
1153:
1150:Tomlinson (1999)
1147:
1138:
1135:Tomlinson (1999)
1132:
1123:
1122:, p. 29–88.
1120:Tomlinson (1999)
1117:
1108:
1105:Tomlinson (1999)
1102:
1093:
1090:Tomlinson (1999)
1087:
1078:
1052:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
963:
957:
945:
877:
662:–16) is part of
562:2-1) is part of
463:
456:
452:
449:
443:
441:
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368:
360:
356:Numbering scheme
176:
153:
116:
109:
105:
102:
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94:
53:
29:
21:
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2408:
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2406:
2401:
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2320:
2310:
2217:
2138:
2102:
2061:
2022:Criminalization
1983:
1962:
1874:
1864:
1853:
1812:Crime in France
1800:
1766:
1765:Aggravating and
1760:
1732:
1706:
1672:
1646:Judicial police
1617:
1578:Court of appeal
1573:Court of Assize
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:National Police
1518:Presidial court
1499:
1480:Cesare Beccaria
1475:Robert Badinter
1463:
1411:
1405:
1393:
1360:
1344:
1255:
1250:
1191:
1184:
1182:, p. 269–.
1171:
1156:
1141:
1126:
1111:
1107:, p. 1–28.
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1026:
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978:
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946:
942:
937:
891:Appellate court
871:
855:
846:Code des impôts
736:–1) is part of
580:called décimale
570:32-1) entitled
543:–1) is part of
464:
453:
447:
444:
401:
399:
385:
369:
358:
265:
214:Robert Badinter
170:
168:Maurice Aydalot
160:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Criminal codes
2425:
2420:
2418:1994 in France
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2205:
2203:Rehabilitation
2200:
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2047:Search warrant
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2018:
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2007:
2002:
2000:Police custody
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1817:List of crimes
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1389:Old French law
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1234:
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1220:
1219:
1213:Conseil d'État
1206:
1201:
1190:
1189:External links
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1169:
1154:
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1124:
1109:
1094:
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1037:
1036:
1032:Tomlinson 1999
1024:
1020:Tomlinson 1999
1012:
1008:Tomlinson 1999
1000:
996:Tomlinson 1999
988:
984:Tomlinson 1999
976:
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765:
748:
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712:
695:
694:
689:32-16) titled
675:
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641:
630:
619:
604:
599:Article 132-16
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466:
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312:Conseil d'État
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33:
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2398:
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2392:Law of France
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1892:Culpability
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