20:
105:
employ 400 former soldiers, invalids of the Seven Years' War, as coffee sniffers to detect smuggled coffee being roasted or consumed. Citizens who were found to be in possession of illegal coffee had to pay large fines. Coffee sniffers wore military uniforms and conducted searches on people and houses. They were detested by the populace but well paid and received premiums for each smuggler they caught (a quarter of the fine was paid to the coffee sniffers). The ire caused by the coffee sniffers lasted well into the first quarter of the 19th century.
136:
96:
which he deemed healthier than coffee and which would support the local breweries while coffee led to money leaving the country. Frederick initially sought to ban coffee altogether in favour of chicory, a substitute that was produced domestically, but after realizing the futility of such a ban, the
104:
While some commoners turned to cheaper coffee substitutes made from wheat, corn, chicory or dried figs, many turned to smuggling of coffee beans, which were near undetectable before roasting. This led to workers even abandoning their old jobs in order to profit from smuggling. Frederick decided to
81:. This led to coffee becoming a common commodity with all swaths of the population, since offering coffee was seen as something special; by the mid-18th century, most Prussians regularly drank coffee.
124:. Since the population continued drinking coffee, Frederick tightened the laws in 1774 and officials were dispatched to search people and houses to detect coffee being roasted or served.
46:
during a period when
Prussia imposed a high luxury tax on coffee. Prussia did this to keep money in the country, and to encourage domestically-produced alternatives such as beer and
97:
government instead in 1781 decided to monopolize coffee roasting. Frederick decreed that only state-owned roasting plants were allowed to roast coffee. Exceptions were made for
92:
on coffee to 150% of the sale price; a spinstress now had to work a full day to afford a cup of coffee. Frederick justified the taxes by saying that people could instead drink
42:) were a group of about 400 war invalids whose job was to literally sniff out smuggled coffee being roasted or consumed. They were employed between 1781 and 1787 by decree of
101:, soldiers in command positions, the clergy, industrialists and other privileged citizens. This led to merchants with concessions selling coffee for inflated prices.
237:
117:
58:
421:
394:
272:
213:
108:
After the death of
Frederick, the state's monopoly on coffee was abolished in 1787, leading to the dissolution of the coffee sniffers.
175:
319:
70:
465:
121:
54:
460:
470:
116:
Although coffee sniffers are mostly associated with
Prussia, contemporary sources also mention that in 1766,
57:
also employed coffee sniffers to enforce a ban of coffee instituted in 1766 and tightened in 1774 by
85:
43:
231:
19:
417:
390:
268:
219:
209:
438:
384:
411:
260:
180:
355:
252:
205:
Von
Kaffeeriechern, Abtrittanbietern und FischbeinreiĂźern Berufe aus vergangenen Zeiten
74:
454:
141:
78:
264:
413:
The World of
Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug
131:
89:
223:
93:
203:
135:
98:
47:
288:
386:
The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an
Industry from Crop to the Last Drop
350:
259:(in German), Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, pp. 47–60,
410:
Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2004-11-23).
320:"Vergessene Professionen: Diese Jobs gibt es nicht mehr"
289:"6 Berufe, die den Wandel der Zeit nicht ĂĽberlebt haben"
88:, Prussia's treasury was empty, Frederick II raised the
174:
Vieser, Michaela; Schautz, Irmela (30 August 2009).
73:, had declared coffee as well as chocolate, tea,
383:Luttinger, Nina; Dicum, Gregory (2012-05-01).
440:Geschichte des Preussischen Staats: 1763–1806
8:
236:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
202:Vieser, Michaela; Schautz, Irmela (2010).
16:Group employed to sniff out illegal coffee
443:(in German). E. Trewendt. pp. 35–36.
18:
149:
118:Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
59:Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
26:, based on a painting by L. Katzenstein
255:[From coffee tax to war tax],
229:
318:von Wedemeyer, Juliane (1 May 2020).
257:Von der Aufruhrsteuer bis zum Zehnten
7:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
344:
342:
340:
313:
311:
309:
287:Scherrer, Pascal (25 January 2017).
169:
167:
165:
163:
161:
159:
157:
155:
153:
253:"Von kaffeesteuer bis kriegssteuer"
389:. New Press, The. pp. 43–44.
14:
134:
416:. Routledge. pp. 133–137.
71:Frederick William I of Prussia
1:
120:, had outlawed coffee in the
265:10.1007/978-3-658-19008-8_11
122:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
55:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
349:Kröner, Adolf, ed. (1892).
487:
77:and fruit ice cream to be
437:Eberty, Felix (1870).
27:
251:Sahm, Reiner (2018),
53:Besides Prussia, the
22:
466:Obsolete occupations
69:Frederick's father,
351:"Die Kaffeeriecher"
324:SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung
176:"Der Kaffeeriecher"
44:Frederick the Great
461:Economy of Prussia
208:. C. Bertelsmann.
28:
471:History of coffee
423:978-1-135-95817-6
396:978-1-59558-724-4
274:978-3-658-19007-1
215:978-3-641-04083-3
24:Die Kaffeeriecher
478:
445:
444:
434:
428:
427:
407:
401:
400:
380:
365:
364:
346:
335:
334:
332:
331:
315:
304:
303:
301:
300:
284:
278:
277:
248:
242:
241:
235:
227:
199:
193:
192:
190:
188:
181:Der Tagesspiegel
171:
144:
139:
138:
86:Seven Years' War
84:When, after the
40:KaffeeschnĂĽffler
486:
485:
481:
480:
479:
477:
476:
475:
451:
450:
449:
448:
436:
435:
431:
424:
409:
408:
404:
397:
382:
381:
368:
356:Die Gartenlaube
348:
347:
338:
329:
327:
317:
316:
307:
298:
296:
286:
285:
281:
275:
250:
249:
245:
228:
216:
201:
200:
196:
186:
184:
173:
172:
151:
140:
133:
130:
114:
67:
32:coffee sniffers
17:
12:
11:
5:
484:
482:
474:
473:
468:
463:
453:
452:
447:
446:
429:
422:
402:
395:
366:
336:
305:
279:
273:
243:
214:
194:
148:
147:
146:
145:
129:
126:
113:
110:
75:sparkling wine
66:
63:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
483:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
456:
442:
441:
433:
430:
425:
419:
415:
414:
406:
403:
398:
392:
388:
387:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
357:
352:
345:
343:
341:
337:
325:
321:
314:
312:
310:
306:
294:
290:
283:
280:
276:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
247:
244:
239:
233:
225:
221:
217:
211:
207:
206:
198:
195:
183:
182:
177:
170:
168:
166:
164:
162:
160:
158:
156:
154:
150:
143:
142:Coffee portal
137:
132:
127:
125:
123:
119:
111:
109:
106:
102:
100:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
64:
62:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:Kaffeeriecher
33:
25:
21:
439:
432:
412:
405:
385:
360:
354:
328:. Retrieved
323:
297:. Retrieved
292:
282:
256:
246:
204:
197:
185:. Retrieved
179:
115:
112:Hesse-Kassel
107:
103:
83:
79:luxury goods
68:
52:
39:
35:
31:
29:
23:
326:(in German)
295:(in German)
455:Categories
363:: 259–260.
330:2021-03-31
299:2021-03-31
128:References
90:luxury tax
293:watson.ch
232:cite book
224:984942817
187:31 March
99:nobility
34:(German
65:Prussia
48:chicory
420:
393:
271:
222:
212:
418:ISBN
391:ISBN
269:ISBN
238:link
220:OCLC
210:ISBN
189:2021
94:beer
30:The
261:doi
38:or
457::
369:^
359:.
353:.
339:^
322:.
308:^
291:.
267:,
234:}}
230:{{
218:.
178:.
152:^
61:.
50:.
426:.
399:.
361:8
333:.
302:.
263::
240:)
226:.
191:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.