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Commissions. The
Ordnance Survey's archaeology officer, C. W. Phillips, argued that, "This continuous aspect of the work is of great importance and compares favourably with that of some other institutions which are unable to continue their work in it effectively once they have completed the inventory of a county, excellent though that inventory normally is". He warned that, the Royal Commissions' completion of their inventories "cannot be expected before much of the matter of their inquiry has been either damaged or destroyed". Antiquities had been shown on OS maps from the late eighteenth century (at least two of the iconic features of these maps were introduced first in Wales: Gothic script for antiquities in 1812 and Egyptian typeface for Roman remains in 1816). Until the end of the Great War the identification and interpretation of antiquities had taken place in consultation with local experts and antiquaries, but in 1920 the Survey had appointed its first archaeological officer, O. G. S. Crawford, who built up a small but expert group, including W. F. Grimes, who later became chairman of the Welsh Commission. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the OS archaeology branch amassed a considerable body of material on antiquities, which went far beyond what was required for mapping. The sites index included a short description and interpretation of each site, with bibliographical references and field observations. These were usually accompanied by a measured plan, normally at the appropriate basic mapping scale but sometimes supplemented with enlarged surveys and cross-sections to aid interpretation and help in draughting the published map.
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record ever having been made of them. With limited resources, it set about the formidable task of rapidly compiling a national architectural archive, and in a very short space of time it amassed an impressive collection of photographs and drawings, including the
Courtauld Institute's already established Conway Library. Leonard Monroe was seconded to the National Buildings Record from the Royal Commission to cover south Wales. Photographers around the country were also engaged to photograph buildings in areas judged to be at greatest risk: most prolific of those working in Wales was George Bernard Mason, who produced photographs of exceptional quality. After the war the National Buildings Record photographers took to recording buildings ahead of the new threat posed by demolition, as owners of many fine houses could no longer afford to maintain them.
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establish types of structures so as to provide a deeper understanding of past societies. Site descriptions were arranged by parishes, maps and plans were generously provided, the spelling of Welsh place names followed principles recommended by J. E. Lloyd rather than the antiquated practices of the
Ordnance Survey, and a helpful glossary of terms was included. The book was praised because it "not only set a fresh standard for work in Wales, but also dealt more comprehensively with the archaeology and history of the district concerned than did the publications of the fellow Commissions for England and Scotland". Vincent Evans, the long-serving chairman who had presided over the transformation of the Commission's work, died in November 1934, before the Anglesey inventory was published. He was succeeded by the Earl of Plymouth.
792:, it faced a much larger and more complex body of architecture than that in previous inventories. A greater proportion of investigators' time was needed for architectural survey than for traditional earthwork archaeology, and it was realised that it would be possible to progress the work more efficiently if the system of recording by parishes were abandoned in favour of recording by a combination of period and monument type. Volume I, published in 1976, therefore focussed exclusively on prehistoric and early medieval Glamorgan and represented a major departure. This and the plans for further thematic volumes in the Glamorgan inventory were essentially the work of A. H. A. Hogg and his team. Although Hogg himself had retired as secretary in 1973, he continued to lend his services to the Commission until his late seventies.
667:, the new director of the National Museum of Wales, as a commissioner; supported by R. C. Bosanquet, he was largely responsible for the changes that were now made. What survived of Owen's guidelines were the county arrangement of inventories and the broad classification scheme he had devised. There was a shift in focus from the use of documents and antiquarian reports to fieldwork, and an insistence on a full record of each site, building or object, with original plans and descriptions made by the Commission itself. Categories or types of structures and objects were henceforward to be identified routinely, noting any significant variations of detail, and reference to the methods used by the English and Scottish Commissions in describing and mapping monuments would be more frequent.
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Caernarfonshire, and in 1962 Hogg directed rescue excavations associated with a hydro-electric scheme on the site of Bronze Age cairns at Aber
Camddwr, Cardiganshire. For several seasons in the 1960s, L. A. S. Butler conducted excavations in medieval Conwy, including in the vicarage garden where a medieval building had possibly been destroyed during Owain Glyn Dŵr's revolt. Other excavations at this time were part of the inventory programme for Glamorgan, such as at Harding's Down in Gower, where a rampart section was cut and an entrance and two hut platforms were revealed in an Iron Age hillfort. The Commission made many significant archaeological discoveries, not the least being the identification of six new Roman marching camps between 1954 and 1972.
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the Royal
Commission to be the British controller of antiquities and excavations in Libya. His was a name to conjure with in Middle Eastern archaeology for long after, and he applied his field experience to good effect in north Wales. During the years of recovery and growing prosperity in the 1950s and early 1960s, the staff grew in number and became more specialised in both field survey and site and building recording, eventually with a specialist photographer and professional illustrator, all of whose services ensured that the three Caernarfonshire volumes published between 1956 and 1964 maintained and enhanced the standards achieved in the Anglesey book twenty years earlier.
925:. Years of under-capitalisation of the National Monuments Record had meant that it had no effective, modern finding aids. Computerisation of the records data now began to unlock its riches, including the collection of images, the largest of its kind in Wales and half as big again as that of the National Library. The National Monuments Record had become a nationwide resource of a nature different from that of the regional sites and monuments records. It expanded rapidly with significant donations from many public and private sources supplementing the detailed survey and photographic records of the Commission itself. Transfers from many other public organisations, including
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Monuments Record "as the destination of... survey data" for Wales, and computer-based technologies should be developed for "the storage, retrieval and dissemination of data". Along with improved management structures and an emphasis on staff training to ensure the future capacity of the
Commission, here was a clear remit for the new chairman, Professor J. B. Smith, and the new secretary, Peter White, who came from English Heritage with extensive experience of administrative and financial management; both were appointed in 1991. In the following year a revised Royal Warrant confirmed the changed priorities of the Royal Commission.
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Carmarthenshire volume was published at the height of the war in 1917. At the same time (and although he was in his sixties), Owen was anxious to contribute to the war effort through a position in the newlyformed statistics department of the War Office, but he was turned down. For a brief period after the war Owen ran the
Commission from his home in Wrexham, until new offices could be found in London. During his visits to the capital he took to sleeping in the office to carry out the work expected of him - which earned a mild rebuke from the Chief Commissioner of Works.
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seemed helpful to complement it with a rapid survey of those monuments that were increasingly at risk from development: they were defined as "all types of ancient structures which are no longer capable of active use", a definition that allowed the inclusion of certain industrial monuments but excluded churches and mansions. A further advantage of this new project was that priority could be given to two counties that so far had no inventories. Yet only two of these new lists were issued: the first for
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that "Our strong impression of RCAHMW is that the best has become the enemy of the good. It is inward-looking, rather with the aura of an old-fashioned university department, it has not recognised the need for good management practices and the
Commission has not fully recognised the value of integrating non-inventory activities into its priorities... If RCAHMW is to represent good value for money, there needs to be major re-orientation of effort." This report was accepted by the government.
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Chepstow about the proposed destruction of a stretch of medieval town wall, and in 1926 the
Commission was represented on the committees running the excavations at the Roman fort at Kanovium (Caerhun). Owen himself was in constant demand to give talks to national and local societies, and a steady stream of requests for information came in – for example on the Roman fort at Tomen-y-mur, Whitland Abbey, stone circles, place names and, especially, genealogy.
618:(1847-1915) was appointed in 1910 as a "temporary assistant inspector of Ancient Monuments" for six months, at 15s. a day with a guinea for subsistence and travelling. Palmer suffered ill health, and his appointment was an act of kindness by Edward Owen, who had earlier secured him a government pension in recognition of his historical researches. A chemist by profession, Palmer turned himself into a local historian, particularly of Wrexham, where the
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also depended on strengthening the complement of staff, particularly in field archaeology; but, as the government grappled with economic crises over the next few years, there was little sympathy shown at the
Treasury. A desperate Leonard Monroe repeatedly threatened to resign, and in 1933 Stuart Piggott did so. Even Hemp was moved to tell the commissioners that henceforward they could only count on receiving the "statutory allowance" of his time.
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architectural work. In Wales Peter Smith was assigned as the emergency recorder with special responsibility for domestic architecture. By this stage the Commission had also amassed a considerable archive of measured drawings, surveys and photographs through its own inventory programme. These records documented archaeological sites and buildings of all periods, and the amalgamation created a substantial national archive which was renamed the
172:
950:. This partnership was known as SWISH (Shared Web Information Services for Heritage) and was designed to develop online public services. This collaboration was the first such project between the two devolved administrations that had recently come into being. SWISH supported Coflein, the Commission's internet portal: this carries details of some 80,000 sites and monuments in Wales. Much of the information on Coflein is derived from the
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with the Glamorgan inventory, and five massive volumes were published between 1976 and 2000 which were highly praised - though even as the millennium ended the plan had not been fully realised. At the same time progress was made on the sites and monuments of Brecknock and a revision of the Radnorshire book of 1913 was begun to bring it up to modern scholarly standards. The chairman of the Commission,
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advocate of archaeology and archaeologists, in many ways Hemp was ideal for the task. On the other hand, he found the administrative burdens in a period of economic depression tiresome and his insistent attempts to squeeze resources from the "singularly ill-informed" Treasury seem to have been less effective than the efforts of Vincent Evans, who was familiar with the corridors of Whitehall.
36:
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from specialist advice from RCAHMW staff. The National Monuments Record includes drawings, photographs, maps, plans and descriptions for a total of over 80,000 sites, buildings and maritime remains. With 1.5 million photographs, it is the largest photographic archive in Wales. The NMRW is an archive for research purposes, as distinct from the Historic Environment Records maintained by the
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the more industrialised counties of Wales this would shortly raise very large issues for the Commission's future programme. like the earlier stress on "humbler dwellings" in the Anglesey inventory (of which a new edition appeared in 1960), the modifications doubtless owed much to Cyril Fox, still one of the commissioners, and to the publication of his and Lord Raglan's three volumes on
737:. Hogg was par excellence a field worker, who imbued two generations of investigators with the principles and practices of rigorous recording, using chain, tape and theodolite. Probably at his urging, it was decided to base the Commission in Aberystwyth rather than return to London. Aberystwyth had the advantages of a central location in Wales and scholarly facilities close by in
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817:, which was brought out at the end of 1975 to coincide with Architectural Heritage Year, demonstrated that the inventories could take yet another form, as national studies of a topic. Smith's book, a contribution of European importance to the history of domestic architecture, was published to great acclaim, and an expanded edition appeared in 1988.
711:. This enabled him to devote happy days to research and writing on a county that was the Commission's priority. His long-standing interest in history, genealogy and heraldry was applied to the wealth of medieval stone carvings and inscriptions, and his experience as an inspector for the Office of Works enabled him to report in 1941 on clearances at
691:, a young archaeologist with a distinguished career ahead of him, instead of a typist (but on a typist's salary of £3 a week). Convinced that each specialist member of "a skeleton staff of three should be a first rate man", Hemp nevertheless estimated that it would take forty years to complete the county inventories to the standard now adopted.
651:, who responded by congratulating the commissioners for "doing a real public service". The Commission's continuance was not questioned again for nearly seventy years. Nevertheless, financial cutbacks delayed the appearance of the Pembrokeshire inventory, and the Commission itself did not meet formally for two and a half years.
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expertise in medieval and later manuscripts. His scholarship was widely admired by the Cymmrodorion and the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society among others. He was also closely involved with the University of Liverpool, where he became reader in Welsh Medieval Antiquities (1921) during his time as the Commission's secretary.
439:. This Act, concerned principally with prehistoric monuments rather than with later, medieval structures, encouraged owners to voluntarily transfer important sites into the safekeeping of Her Majesty's Commissioners of Works. It also discouraged the public from damaging monuments by threatening to impose stiff penalties.
450:, travelled the British Isles examining the known sites, and searching for new ones. Unfortunately, only limited information was available to him and his helpers about the nature, location and condition of many monuments, and there was no easy way to assess the potential national significance or value of any given site.
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The RCAHMW maintains and curates the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW) holding a national collection of information about the archaeological, architectural and historical heritage of Wales and provides a public information service, drawing on both archival and published sources and benefiting
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for basic scales and for derived mapping such as the popular 1/50,000 scale Landranger series. The supply of this information is an invaluable product of the Royal Commission's archaeological survey projects, ensuring that every user of Ordnance Survey maps can appreciate the historic sites depicted.
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In the meantime several other important developments had broadened the Royal Commission's responsibilities. In 1969 it took the initiative to list information for local authorities. Commissioners were sensitive to the inevitably slow progress of the authoritative, detailed inventory programme, and it
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Edward Owen was prepared to defend the Commission's approach to its work, which had the merit of publishing lists of sites and monuments swiftly in the county inventories. But Owen also saw the need to keep abreast of scholarly advances, even though the financial climate of the post-war years made it
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Following the formation of English Heritage to cover historic environment functions in England, it was decided to take a fresh look at the Royal Commissions. Management consultants were engaged by the government to examine "value for money". As far as Wales was concerned, in 1988 their report stated
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The Caernarfonshire books broke new ground in their recording of hundreds of huts and field systems, site descriptions like that of Caernarfon Castle (in Volume II), and the space given to local vernacular architecture and the small churches of the Caernarfonshire countryside. Volume II recorded the
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from 1714 to 1750, with some examination of buildings constructed between then and 1850. These changes in the evolution of the Commission's interpretation of "historic monuments" reflected the passage of time and the life of buildings, as well as ideas about what should be recorded and preserved. In
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By 1949 the rest of the Commission's staff was mostly young and inexperienced, with the singular exception of C. N. Johns, who had wide knowledge as a crusader castle archaeologist in the Palestine Department of Antiquities in the 1930s and 1940s, and immediately after the war had been seconded from
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This data is both archived in the National Monuments Record of Wales, creating an enduring record of the site for future consideration, and is made available via Sketchfab. Together, survey and recording remain the essential basis for understanding and interpreting the sites and monuments of Wales.
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The Commission's publications continued to prove a strength and extended far beyond the county inventories. Books were produced on topical subjects and particular sites or buildings. Studies of the collieries of Wales, Brecon Cathedral, Newport Castle (Pembrokeshire) and Guns across the Severn (the
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At the same time the undoubted professionalism and scholarship of the Commission's staff were harnessed to maximum effect. This was well demonstrated by the large Welsh Nonconformist Chapels project, which was carried forward in partnership with the voluntary organisation, Capel. In time, all such
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In 1991 the crucial information technology post was created, and Terry James rather belatedly recast the Commission's data and introduced electronic recording. The use of the same software as that for the regional sites and monuments records helped the Commission to lead a partnership that resulted
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In the post-war decades the Royal Commission had consistently supported the county history movement in Wales, and in due time practically all the volumes that appeared - and continue to appear - in the series of histories of the counties of Glamorgan, Cardigan, Pembroke, Merioneth and Monmouth have
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The Commission's staff was active in the wider archaeological world in the post-war period. Hogg had a fruitful partnership with the castle historian, D. J. C. King, to compile lists of early castles and masonry castles in Wales and the Marches. He and several colleagues collaborated to publish the
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The fundamental nature of the inventories was bound to lead the Commission into other areas concerned with the historic sites and monuments it was recording, and this has characterised the Commission throughout its life. As early as 1916 Owen was allowed to make representations to the town clerk of
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Ivor Mervyn Pritchard, an architect employed by HM Office of Works and Public Buildings, made a long lasting contribution. His services were loaned to the Commission to make plans and drawings for the inventories and he seems to have been responsible for much of the photography. The wash drawing of
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The Survey and Investigation Team utilises a wide range of digital survey techniques in the survey of diverse heritage of Wales. Total Station Theodolites (TST) survey, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) survey, airborne laser scanning (LiDAR), terrestrial laser scanning, photogrammetry and
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In 1983 the Survey's archaeological division was transferred to the three Royal Commissions along with its invaluable sites index and responsibility for surveying, interpreting and maintaining a record of archaeological sites depicted on OS maps. In Wales since then the Royal Commission itself has
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Of great significance for the future were the trials which the Commission made in the early 1970s of the use of vertical aerial photography to speed up the survey of nationally important sites: of the Pembrokeshire hillforts Gaer Fawr and Carn lngli in 1973, and in 1974 of Carn Goch, a hillfort in
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A second experiment capitalised on the Commission's growing archive of excavated and recorded sites. In 1971 it published what it saw as "the first of a series of reports by which... the National Monuments Record of Wales hopes to provide accounts of the major field monuments for which no adequate
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inventory. There was much to be said for applying the knowledge gained in Anglesey to the county immediately across the Menai Strait, and sporadic collection of materials on Caernarfonshire had taken place already. But the Second World War caused major disruption to the Commission's plans for this
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In the event, the Anglesey book was published in 1937. Its approach and structure set the pattern for the inventory volumes that would follow over the next half-century. One of its most striking features was its emphasis on the comparative study of sites and buildings and on the use of examples to
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None of these men were practising archaeologist by the later definition of the term. Two other commissioners, however, included W. E. Llewellyn Morgan, who was on the army retired list, had spent several decades penning field descriptions of monuments; those which he made for the Royal Commission,
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Act of Queen Victoria's reign had been severely hampered by a basic lack of knowledge of the country's stock of monuments. So it was felt that an independent and official body was needed to prepare a reliable inventory from which examples could be selected and recommended for statutory protection.
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from the earliest times, and to specify those which seem most worthy of preservation". This last injunction was the most urgent purpose of the Commission in the eyes of the legislators, but the inventory was its essential preliminary. The protection of significant sites under the Ancient Monuments
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The debate about the usefulness of "static" county inventories in a changing world where developers, planners and owners needed direct access to current, reliable information about the historic environment had gone on for decades. The 1960s had seen the first shift away from inventory compilation
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The fourth secretary of the Royal Commission, Peter Smith (from 1973 to 1991), had joined the organisation in 1949 after a brief period as a trainee architect during which he became disillusioned with the prevailing modernist trend in architecture. At the outset his principal aim was to continue
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The test of the Commission's revised strategy and Hemp's stewardship was the Anglesey inventory, on which work had been proceeding since the mid-1920s. In November 1929 Hemp estimated that "it should be completed in about four years, if the services of a typist can be obtained". In Hemp's mind it
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The annual budget of the Commission was raised from £1,250 to £1,700 at the time of Hemp's appointment, but the story of the next decade is essentially one of constant struggle by both chairman and secretary to secure expert investigative staff and refine the quality of reporting, building on the
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During the war another strand of investigation and recording began that was later to be bound into the Royal Commission. This was the creation in 1940 of the National Buildings Record for England, Scotland and Wales because of concern that buildings might be destroyed by enemy action without any
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In the remaining two years of his secretaryship Owen put in order the work already done on Anglesey. It was left to his successor, Wilfred J. Hemp, to oversee the full implementation of the new guidelines. As an experienced inspector of Welsh monuments in the Office of Works and a plain-speaking
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By the turn of the century it was becoming clear that a census of archaeological sites was needed, so that a selection of the best could be put forward for Statutory Protection. Consequently, by 1908 the administrative frameworks were in place to establish individual Royal Commissions on Ancient
878:
From the Royal Commission's point of view, an alternative to the static record of the inventories had been under consideration before the Commission's inception - the Ordnance Survey's (OS) record of archaeological sites for map depiction - and this would in due course be brought into the Royal
842:, encouraged greater interest in industrial remains - though he himself was a notable prehistorian. Particular attention was given to the early communications systems of the Swansea valley: a prelude to more extensive studies of Wales's canals and the remains of the Swansea region's industries.
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The opportunity was not taken to extend the remit of the Commission's investigators to buildings dated after 1714, but this year was an advance on the earlier guidelines. Special attention would now be drawn to domestic structures of all sorts, including "humbler dwellings". Another novelty was
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During the mid-1920s developments in professional archaeology exerted growing pressure for change in the approaches, methodology and structure of the Royal Commission. While the Commission had fulfilled its role of identifying monuments worthy of preservation, the volume on Pembrokeshire (1925)
610:. Three other of the early staff made greater contributions to the Commission. George Eyre Evans's life (1857–1939) spanned the formative years of modern archaeology. As a prolific antiquary with many publications to his name before he joined the Commission, he was most closely associated with
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origins, he was trained as a lawyer and had served, like many a British civil servant, in the India Office, where he supervised the military store accounts and prepared statistical statements for India. As overall editor of the inventories, he was at pains to extend his knowledge beyond his own
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The consultants in 1988 estimated that only 11 per cent of the Commission's resources were allocated to Wales's National Monuments Record. They accordingly recommended an adjustment of the balance with the Commission's publications programme: increased priority should be given to the National
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Excavation was a prominent activity of the Royal Commission during Hogg's period as secretary, reflecting his own interests and the dearth of other organisations to carry them out. For example, between 1957 and 1960 staff were diverted to the rescue excavation of the Roman fort at Pen Llystyn,
642:
Following the publication of the first inventories (of Montgomeryshire and Flintshire in 1911-12),the Commission's work was praised in Parliament for its quality and value for money; but the Great War naturally slowed things down. Edward Owen, now unpaid, managed to keep the work going and the
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Since its inception in 1908, the Royal Commission has established a reputation for maintaining an expertise in, and developing standards for, the survey, interpretation and reconstruction of historic buildings and archaeological sites both on land and under the sea. Today our work encompasses
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to reflect its unique scope and importance. Its primary functions were "to provide an index of all monuments, so that inquirers can be directed at once to the best information concerning any structure; and to fill the gaps in that information". These ambitious and important aims resulted in a
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The future of the Royal Commission was in some doubt during the years of austerity, when the Office of Works considered a purge of Royal Commissions. This prompted the chairman, Vincent Evans, to urge Owen to publish the Merioneth volume as soon as possible, and when it appeared in 1921 Evans
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The expansion of the aerial survey programme of the 1980s and the introduction of the survey to cover all extensive Welsh uplands continue to contribute to Welsh archaeology by locating thousands of hitherto unsuspected sites. Greater managerial skills were needed to operate the Commission's
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collection of historic oblique air photographs. Today, the photographs in the National Monuments Record are Wales's largest national collection, with about 1.5 million images. A foretaste of the future was the Commission's participation in the Gathering the Jewels project, which provided an
772:
In 1963 responsibility for the National Buildings Record was transferred to the three Royal Commissions and it was amalgamated with the records gathered during the course of their own work over the previous half-century. The Commissions were explicitly empowered to continue this established
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discoveries of the Roman marching camp at Penygwryd and Roman fort at Pen Llystyn. Volume III included the first complete survey ever made of Bardsey, the Isle of Saints. The whole enterprise was informed by a multiplicity of skilful plans and maps, as well as by hundreds of photographs.
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On 10 August 1908 a Royal Commission was authorised and appointed by King Edward VII to "make an inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions connected with or illustrative of the contemporary culture, civilisation and conditions of life of the people in Wales and
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giga-pixel photography are employed to provide detailed, highly accurate 3-dimensional recording of sites, landscapes, structures and buildings. Since 2017, drone survey has been used both for low-altitude photography and video alongside photogrammetry of complex sites and buildings.
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The Royal Commission has a national role in the management of the archaeological, built and maritime heritage of Wales, as an originator, curator and supplier of information for individual, corporate and governmental decision-makers, researchers and the general public. To this end it:
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fortifications in the Severn channel) spring to mind. Gradually, from the 1990s onwards, there also developed a portfolio of outreach activity to complement management of the archive, supported by an education officer and organised from a refurbished library that welcomes the public.
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On the other hand, the Royal Commission's role in excavation was bound to change from the 1970s onwards. The creation of the four Welsh Archaeological Trusts as excavating units removed the need for the Commission to be as centrally involved in such activity as it once had been.
606:, was a fine writer and observer of the landscape but he found the Commission's work uncongenial (he regarded himself "a fish out of water") and resigned to concentrate on literature. Thomas proved to be one of Britain's finest war poets, but in 1917 he was killed in action at
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The SWISH partnership enabled access to the National Monuments Record using map searching online. It ended in 2019, and the Royal Commission has begun to develop its own system to replace it - although not in partnership with the other heritage organisations in Wales.
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In 1946 the Royal Commission was clear about its programme of future work: to complete the Caernarfonshire inventory along modern lines. But more immediate decisions were needed about where the Commission should be based and who was to lead its small staff.
733:(died 1989) was appointed the secretary in 1949. Hogg was by profession a civil engineer, but he had strong interests and field experience in archaeology going back to his teenage years. He came to the Royal Commission from a lectureship in engineering at
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difficult to find suitably qualified staff when they would be expected to work for practically nothing. A thorough review of the Commission's operations resulted in major revision of his original guidelines. The Commission had been fortunate in recruiting
485:
The early commissioners were distinguished men (there was no woman) who were notable figures in Welsh cultural life, each with a distinctive contribution to make to the task ahead. Their involvement in such long-established scholarly institutions as the
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consultation with "official referees" whose specialist advice would supplement the expertise of the small number of commissioners, especially in new and developing fields of knowledge. This enabled the Commission to recruit advisers of the calibre of
1091:(line). Coflein contains details of many thousands of archaeological sites, monuments, buildings and maritime sites in Wales, together with an index to the drawings, manuscripts and photographs held in the NMRW archive collections. Coflein is an
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so that additions could be made to its newly surveyed plan. Soon after the war ended, Hemp retired and Leonard Monroe moved elsewhere. In terms of experienced staff, and therefore continuance of its work, the Commission stood at a crossroads.
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Petrol rationing at first had delayed the fieldwork, which was made more difficult, too, by mountainous terrain and bad weather. An important modification of the principles was made to extend the cut-off date for recording vernacular
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The day-to-day work of the new Commission required specialist staff, and its first secretary was Edward Owen. Between 1908 and 1928 he did much to establish the Commission on sound and respected foundations. A reputable historian of
958:; information also comes from the National Monuments Record archive catalogue. In 2006 SWISH began developing the Historic Wales Portal, which offers access to the historic environment records of a wide range of bodies, including
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classified card index, innovatory in its day, for every known site and structure in Wales. Managed by C. H. Houlder, it laid the foundation of the Commission's structured archive, database and enquiry service as they are today.
563:, who was the pre-eminent historian of Monmouthshire, was appointed a commissioner during the Great War, when he was also a lieutenant-colonel in the militia. The last of these early commissioners to be appointed (in 1920) was
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Since the purchase of our first Electronic Measuring Device (EDM) in 1984, we have striven to encompass innovative digital technologies into our work in order to further and improve our understanding of the heritage of Wales.
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opportunity to make available online many notable images from the National Monuments Record and began a digitisation programme which remains one of the Commission's priorities in its service to the public.
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The National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW) holds information about the historic environment of Wales. It includes almost two million items, including photographs, drawings, surveys, reports and maps.
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projects came to be allocated to one of three branches, covering the main functions of survey and investigation, information management and public services, with close working between the staff of each.
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with the establishment of the National Monuments Records in Wales, Scotland and England - making concrete the concept of the dynamic record. This dynamic record was made real through the work of the
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descriptions exist". This was a detailed survey of the hut settlement on Gateholm Island, Pembrokeshire. The commissioners turned for another development to one of the senior investigators,
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that is the frontispiece of the Flintshire volume is by Pritchard, and his plans and pen-and-ink drawings can be seen in the inventories for Denbighshire (1914), Carmarthenshire (1917) and
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The Commission's specialist reference library contains books and journals, which may be consulted during public opening hours. Copies of material from the archive may also be purchased.
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988:, was broadcast in 2008 on BBC2 Wales and in 2009 on BBC4. A second series was in production in summer 2009. Both series were made by Element Productions Ltd and presented by
933:, take place from time to time. Important collections have been accepted from the private and commercial sectors, one of the most notable being the acquisition in 2008 of the
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870:, and the HERs remain key to the delivery of archaeological public benefit across Wales today. The "active" role of the HERs is supported by the "archive" role of the NMRW.
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resulted from a nationwide inquiry among interested local antiquarian societies. In order to add monuments to this Schedule, the First Inspector of Ancient Monuments,
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1016:. Following a consultation exercise, the Minister for Culture and Sport announced in January 2014 that the two organisations would remain separate for the time being.
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The National Monuments Record of Wales welcomes enquiries from individuals and organisations interested in the many and varied aspects of the heritage of Wales.
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Monuments separately in Scotland, England and Wales. Significantly, their original remit was to encompass not only Historic Monuments, but also Constructions.
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568:
1054:
archaeological survey, architectural recording, maritime survey and recording, drone and aerial survey, often working collaboratively with partners.
1004:
announced that it wished "to create a process whereby the core functions of the Royal Commission could be merged with other organizations, including
2152:
1918:
544:
1647:
2349:
659:
attracted criticism for its dearth of original fieldwork and its failure to keep up with advances in architectural recording and interpretation.
2102:
1930:
93:
1692:
2486:
2246:
2231:
2188:
2019:
1289:
810:
436:
388:
The RCAHMW maintains and curates the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW), an archive with an online platform called Coflein. Professor
2398:
1160:
2173:
536:. By profession an accountant and journalist, he was a friend of Welsh politicians and a stalwart of eisteddfodau and the Cymmrodorion.
487:
959:
2481:
2344:
2226:
2014:
1987:
1950:
1863:
552:
491:
2354:
2041:
497:
For the first four decades of its existence it was based, like other Royal Commissions, in London, which allowed easy access to the
374:
119:
813:, who had been studying over a number of years the historical and stylistic evolution of house types in Wales. The resulting book,
2388:
1955:
1557:
1177:
1150:
1111:
The Commission has published over a hundred books developing and promoting understanding of aspects of the historic environment.
687:
principles of 1926. Leonard Monroe, a trained architect, was appointed as the secretary's assistant, and Hemp decided to employ
555:. Robert Hughes was a former lord mayor of Cardiff, which had recently been created a city. Henry Owen, a lawyer, was a notable
2339:
2329:
432:
2466:
2369:
2254:
57:
477:
This need was not peculiar to Wales, and in 1908 identical Royal Commissions were established for Scotland and England too.
1278:
Browne, David & Griffiths, Ralph A. (2008) . "Chapter 3: One hundred Years of Investigation". In Wakelin, Peter (ed.).
2425:
1856:
1314:
1182:
738:
177:
1710:
1295:
2403:
1960:
1890:
1197:
1187:
1165:
905:
increasingly complex infrastructure and the Plas Crug building at Aberystwyth, into which the Commission moved in 1990.
443:
2379:
2364:
1145:
1130:
1100:
1026:
967:
955:
859:
420:
1083:
Coflein is the online database for the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW). The name is derived from the Welsh
846:
drawn on the Commission's archive for illustrations and, in some cases, on its staff and commissioners for chapters.
2451:
2393:
2236:
1982:
1155:
1096:
951:
867:
863:
946:
In order to provide public access to its archives and collections, the RCAHMW entered into a partnership with its
46:
1940:
1319:
1202:
575:
drawing on his earlier notes, were sufficiently respected to be included in the Pembrokeshire inventory (1925).
415:
The Royal Commission is committed to close partnership working with other organisations in Wales, in particular
2097:
1970:
1209:
1135:
1125:
989:
470:
2324:
2299:
2112:
1192:
587:
548:
529:
453:
In Wales, there were only three monuments on the first Schedule. These were Plas Newydd megalith, Anglesey,
825:
Carmarthenshire. The methodology was also adopted for the medieval site of Cefnllys Castle in Radnorshire.
607:
516:. He oversaw the publication of the first four inventory volumes, which appeared in quick succession: for
2294:
2273:
2077:
2062:
1120:
750:
615:
583:
579:
521:
2117:
1252:
2082:
2004:
1879:
1140:
756:
734:
603:
502:
447:
327:
2122:
1895:
1446:"BRADNEY , Sir JOSEPH ALFRED ( Achydd Glan Troddi ; 1859 - 1933 ), historian of Monmouthshire"
1172:
648:
627:
533:
1472:"MORRIS-JONES (formerly JONES ), Sir JOHN (MORRIS) ( 1864 - 1929 ), scholar, poet, and critic,"
1029:
on behalf of Welsh Ministers by statute, which are the primary active record for all of Wales.
2269:
2198:
2127:
2107:
1900:
1648:"PRITCHARD Ivor Mervyn (1886-1948) WELSH MONUMENTS.* The cataloguing of our ancient monuments"
1285:
1008:". The merger would have been similar to that undertaken in England in 1999, when the English
672:
564:
513:
235:
377:
concerned with some aspects of the archaeological, architectural and historic environment of
2282:
2264:
2147:
2142:
2067:
1562:
1281:
This information has been adapted from: Hidden Histories - Discovering the Heritage of Wales
1013:
1001:
930:
676:
2178:
984:
A five-episode BBC television series following the field investigations of the Commission,
171:
1773:
884:
866:(HERs) in the 1970s. This was pioneered by Don Benson who was then Chief Executive of the
703:
611:
517:
1832:
2287:
2132:
2092:
2029:
1711:"Written Statement - Planning for the future of historic environment services in Wales"
1551:
834:
reports of pre-Second World War excavations at the hillfort of Pen Dinas, Aberystwyth.
688:
560:
498:
360:
151:
1845:
the online interactive mapping and database for the National Monuments Record of Wales
543:(died 1914), another philologist, professor of Welsh and Comparative Philology at the
2440:
2046:
1284:. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. pp. 19–29.
797:
730:
556:
389:
287:
2278:
2072:
1975:
1935:
1393:
839:
712:
540:
1621:
1581:
1471:
1445:
1367:
1341:
1309:
1103:
on behalf of Welsh Ministers, and are the primary active record for all of Wales.
509:
2137:
2087:
551:(died 1944) was an Anglican clergyman living in Surrey but also chairman of the
525:
458:
382:
274:
2M Photographs, 530,000 pages of text and reports, 125,000 Drawings, 32,000 Maps
35:
2207:
Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales
1566:
1230:
1595:
1497:
505:
and the Cymmrodorion Society, which also had its headquarters in the capital.
207:
194:
2036:
1838:
Archwilio - the portal to the national Historic Environment Record for Wales
934:
789:
708:
664:
631:
454:
800:
in 1970 and the second in 1973 for the "Early Monuments" of Monmouthshire.
707:
volume. During the war Hemp ran the evacuated Commission from his home in
1992:
1673:
595:
162:
2211:
1848:
1231:"What do Medieval carved stones and Celtic crosses in Wales symbolise?"
1092:
17:
1798:
411:
Promotes an understanding of this information by all appropriate means
408:
Compiles, maintains and curates the National Monuments Record of Wales
1837:
1680:. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.
1420:"Dr Henry Owen Manuscripts from the Library at Poyston - 1844-1919"
781:
Monuments in the National Monuments Record of Wales are assigned a
69:"Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales"
378:
266:
Printed Works, Maps, Archives, Manuscripts, Photographs, Paintings
2184:
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
1827:
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
1778:
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
1394:"JONES , GRIFFITH HARTWELL ( 1859 - 1944 ), cleric and historian"
405:
Surveys, interprets and records the man-made environment of Wales
353:
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
137:
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
2168:
1005:
963:
926:
416:
1852:
921:
The Royal Commission's archive gave the organisation a renewed
896:
in data exchange through the Extended National Database (END).
1748:"Minister announces new strategic approach for Welsh heritage"
614:, particularly the county museum and the antiquarian society.
494:
proved invaluable to the Royal Commission from the beginning.
29:
1842:
1826:
1693:"Wales in the Vanguard: Pioneering protection of the past"
1596:"George Eyre Evans 1857–1939: one of our founding fathers"
532:(1914). The second chairman (until his death in 1934) was
282:
Acquisition through purchase, bequest and archival deposit
741:. The Commission has remained in Aberystwyth ever since.
559:
historian and another leading light of the Cymmrodorion.
1732:
Saunders, Matthew (Autumn 2012). "Secretary's Report".
338:
2360:
Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles
2217:
Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales
1368:"ANWYL , Sir EDWARD ( 1866 - 1914 ), Celtic scholar"
512:(died 1915), philologist and professor of Celtic at
2378:
2335:
Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers
2320:
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
2312:
2245:
2197:
2161:
2055:
1911:
1750:. Welsh Government. 14 January 2014. Archived from
333:
322:
314:
309:
301:
296:
286:
278:
270:
262:
257:
249:
241:
231:
223:
136:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2260:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
1550:
2472:Organisations based in Wales with royal patronage
1310:"RHYS , Sir JOHN ( 1840 - 1915 ), Celtic scholar"
788:When the Commission came to survey the county of
883:continued to provide mapping information to the
1622:"Palmer, Alfred Neobard (1847–1915), historian"
862:, who were pioneers in developing computerised
253:Established by Royal Warrant on 10 August 1908.
1342:"EVANS , EVAN (later Sir EVAN VINCENT EVANS )"
1864:
602:Owen's staff included his assistant in 1908,
8:
2222:National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors
1561:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
647:shrewdly sent a copy to the Prime Minister,
1099:are a statutory resource maintained by the
368:
143:
2375:
2194:
1871:
1857:
1849:
508:The Royal Commission's first chairman was
161:
133:
569:University College of North Wales, Bangor
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2153:Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales
545:University College of Wales, Aberystwyth
2350:Mining archaeology in the British Isles
1600:The Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society
1558:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1502:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1221:
457:, Gower, Glamorgan and the megalith at
2300:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
2457:National archaeological organizations
1552:"Thomas, (Philip) Edward (1878–1917)"
567:, poet and professor of Welsh in the
7:
2399:Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust
1734:Ancient Monuments Society Newsletter
1498:"Bosanquet, Robert Carr (1871–1935)"
1161:Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust
702:The next item on the agenda was the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2174:Cambrian Archaeological Association
2103:Kendrick's Cave Decorated Horse Jaw
488:Cambrian Archaeological Association
2477:Organisations based in Aberystwyth
2345:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
2227:National Monuments Record of Wales
1833:National Monuments Record of Wales
1253:"Augustus Pitt Rivers (1827-1900)"
775:National Monuments Record of Wales
768:National Monuments Record of Wales
553:Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
539:The early commissioners, included
492:Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
145:Commisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru
25:
2462:Buildings and structures in Wales
2447:Welsh Government sponsored bodies
2355:Monmouth in the Mesolithic period
1628:. National Library of Wales. 1959
1478:. National Library of Wales. 1959
1452:. National Library of Wales. 1959
1400:. National Library of Wales. 2001
1374:. National Library of Wales. 1959
1348:. National Library of Wales. 1959
365:Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru
2421:
2420:
2389:Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust
1178:List of monastic houses in Wales
1151:Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust
561:J. A. (later Sir Joseph) Bradney
170:
34:
2340:Festival of British Archaeology
2330:Council for British Archaeology
2295:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
1691:Catling, Chris (7 April 2016).
815:Houses of the Welsh Countryside
392:is Chair of the Commissioners.
375:Welsh Government sponsored body
45:needs additional citations for
2370:Royal Archaeological Institute
2255:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
960:Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales
783:National Primary Record Number
1:
1626:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1476:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1450:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1398:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1372:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1346:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1315:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1183:List of Roman villas in Wales
739:The National Library of Wales
582:(died 1935) was professor of
373:), established in 1908, is a
178:The National Library of Wales
27:Archival institution in Wales
2487:1908 establishments in Wales
2404:Gwynedd Archaeological Trust
1891:History of the British Isles
1582:UK public library membership
1198:Scheduled monuments in Wales
1188:List of lighthouses in Wales
1166:Gwynedd Archaeological Trust
1097:Historic Environment Records
952:Historic Environment Records
864:Historic Environment Records
804:Excavated and recorded sites
435:pioneered the First British
2380:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
2365:Portable Antiquities Scheme
1229:Neil Prior (18 July 2020).
1146:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
1131:List of hill forts in Wales
1101:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
1027:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
968:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
956:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
860:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
421:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
2503:
2394:Dyfed Archaeological Trust
2237:Sites and monuments record
1774:"Royal Commission Archive"
1156:Dyfed Archaeological Trust
868:Dyfed Archaeological Trust
250:Reference to legal mandate
2482:British Royal Commissions
2416:
1886:
1524:"Edward Owen (1853-1943)"
1320:National Library of Wales
1203:Listed buildings in Wales
931:Welsh Assembly Government
189:
185:
169:
160:
142:
141:
2098:Dog Stone, Mynydd Varteg
1210:List of museums in Wales
1136:Historic houses in Wales
1126:List of castles in Wales
2325:Archaeologia Cambrensis
2113:Llyn Cerrig Bach Plaque
1193:List of Cadw properties
1041:Library and search room
588:University of Liverpool
549:Griffith Hartwell Jones
279:Criteria for collection
1946:Prehistoric structures
1919:Archaeological museums
1567:10.1093/ref:odnb/36480
1049:Research and recording
369:
364:
144:
2467:Conservation in Wales
2078:Cantiorix Inscription
2063:Banc Tynddol sun-disc
1652:The Spectator Archive
1121:Architecture of Wales
751:architecture of Wales
620:local studies library
616:Alfred Neobard Palmer
584:Classical Archaeology
580:Robert Carr Bosanquet
444:Schedule of monuments
437:Ancient Monuments Act
2247:World Heritage Sites
2189:World Heritage Sites
2083:Capel Garmon Firedog
2005:Hill-slope enclosure
1931:Archaeological sites
1880:Archaeology of Wales
1829:in English and Welsh
1549:Longley, E. (2012).
1298:on 29 November 2016.
1141:Archaeology of Wales
948:Scottish counterpart
900:Welsh Uplands Survey
757:Monmouthshire Houses
735:Cambridge University
622:is named after him.
503:Public Record Office
305:Library open to all.
208:52.41444°N 4.06889°W
54:improve this article
2232:Scheduled monuments
2123:Maen Achwyfan Cross
2020:Scheduled monuments
1896:Prehistoric Britain
1697:Current Archaeology
448:General Pitt-Rivers
318:Christopher Catling
302:Access requirements
204: /
2199:Heritage registers
2118:Llywelyn's coronet
1173:Welsh Tower houses
1012:was absorbed into
649:David Lloyd George
628:St Asaph Cathedral
534:Evan Vincent Evans
213:52.41444; -4.06889
2452:Archives in Wales
2434:
2433:
2412:
2411:
2308:
2307:
2270:Caernarfon Castle
2128:Moel Hebog shield
2108:Llanllyfni lunula
1901:Prehistoric Wales
1580:(Subscription or
1291:978-1-871184-35-8
1000:In May 2012, the
942:SWISH Partnership
929:on behalf of the
638:First inventories
565:John Morris-Jones
514:Oxford University
461:, Pembrokeshire.
396:Mission statement
381:. It is based in
349:
348:
310:Other information
236:National archives
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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2424:
2423:
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2265:Beaumaris Castle
2195:
2148:St Brynach Cross
2143:Rhos Rydd Shield
2068:Bryn Gwyn stones
2015:Protected wrecks
1966:Industrial sites
1951:Bronze Age sites
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1294:. Archived from
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1033:Enquiry services
1014:English Heritage
1010:Royal Commission
1002:Welsh Government
986:Hidden Histories
979:Hidden Histories
720:Second World War
677:Mortimer Wheeler
433:Sir John Lubbock
372:
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996:Proposed merger
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885:Ordnance Survey
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612:Carmarthenshire
518:Montgomeryshire
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1956:Iron Age sites
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1754:on 29 May 2014
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1528:Archives Wales
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110:November 2016
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2279:Conwy Castle
2183:
2162:Preservation
2073:Cadfan Stone
2010:Long barrows
1976:Ring of Iron
1936:Celtic field
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1742:
1736:(3/2012): 4.
1733:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1713:. 3 May 2012
1705:
1696:
1686:
1677:
1674:"User guide"
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1570:. Retrieved
1556:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1296:the original
1280:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1256:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1224:
1110:
1107:Publications
1088:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1023:
999:
985:
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978:
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920:
911:
907:
903:
894:
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840:W. F. Grimes
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713:Conwy Castle
701:
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541:Edward Anwyl
538:
530:Denbighshire
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116:
107:
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90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2138:Nanteos Cup
2088:Carew Cross
1961:Roman sites
1808:15 December
1783:15 December
1717:31 December
1658:30 November
1632:30 November
1606:30 November
1572:30 November
1534:30 November
1508:30 November
1482:30 November
1456:30 November
1430:30 November
1404:30 November
1378:30 November
1352:30 November
1326:30 November
1263:30 November
1257:BBC History
990:Huw Edwards
811:Peter Smith
760:in 1951-4.
673:J. E. Lloyd
528:(1913) and
526:Radnorshire
459:Pentre Ifan
383:Aberystwyth
242:Established
227:Aberystwyth
211: /
2441:Categories
2283:Town Walls
2274:Town Walls
1758:19 January
1584:required.)
1216:References
522:Flintshire
442:The first
326:around 30
258:Collection
196:52°24′52″N
80:newspapers
2382:(defunct)
2056:Artefacts
2037:Tor cairn
1983:Hillforts
935:Aerofilms
790:Glamorgan
785:or NPRN.
709:Criccieth
665:Cyril Fox
632:Merioneth
578:Finally,
323:Employees
2426:Category
1115:See also
1020:Services
634:(1921).
596:Anglesey
524:(1912),
520:(1911),
490:and the
431:In 1882
419:and the
315:Director
224:Location
2212:Coflein
1971:Castles
1924:UK-wide
1843:COFLEIN
1803:Coflein
1799:"About"
1678:Coflein
1237:18 July
1093:archive
1079:Coflein
1070:Archive
954:of the
917:Archive
586:at the
427:History
334:Website
199:4°4′8″W
94:scholar
18:Coflein
1993:Rounds
1941:Dolmen
1654:. 1921
1602:. 1940
1578:
1530:. 2004
1504:. 2004
1426:. 2005
1322:. 1959
1288:
1259:. 2014
501:, the
357:RCAHMW
339:rcahmw
148:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2313:Other
2179:Heneb
2047:Tumps
1998:Atlas
1912:Sites
1233:. BBC
829:Staff
608:Arras
379:Wales
361:Welsh
152:Welsh
101:JSTOR
87:books
2281:and
2272:and
2169:Cadw
1810:2019
1785:2019
1760:2014
1719:2012
1660:2016
1634:2016
1608:2016
1574:2016
1536:2016
1510:2016
1484:2016
1458:2016
1432:2016
1406:2016
1380:2016
1354:2016
1328:2016
1286:ISBN
1265:2016
1239:2020
1089:lein
1006:Cadw
964:Cadw
927:Cadw
675:and
417:Cadw
370:CBHC
351:The
341:.gov
271:Size
245:1908
232:Type
73:news
1563:doi
1085:cof
343:.uk
328:FTE
292:Yes
56:by
2443::
1801:.
1776:.
1695:.
1676:.
1650:.
1624:.
1598:.
1555:.
1526:.
1500:.
1474:.
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1318:.
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1255:.
992:.
970:.
962:,
679:.
590:.
571:.
547:.
423:.
385:.
367:;
363::
359:;
1872:e
1865:t
1858:v
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1565::
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1241:.
355:(
154:)
150:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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