421:(ITD). Due to differing lengths and a finite conduction speed within the axons of the delay lines, different coincidence detector neurons will fire when sound comes from different positions along the azimuth. Jeffress' model proposes that two signals even from an asynchronous arrival of sound in the cochlea of each ear will converge synchronously on a coincidence detector in the auditory cortex based on the magnitude of the ITD (Fig. 2). Therefore, the ITD should correspond to an anatomical map that can be found within the brain.
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receive inputs mainly from nearby cells in the same layer as the receiving cell, and also from distant connections which are fed through Layer 1. The dendrites which receive these inputs are quite distant from the cell body, and therefore they exhibit different electrical and signal-processing behaviour compared with the proximal (or feedforward) dendrites described above.
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potential threshold. Hence, the function of coincidence detection is to reduce the jitter caused by spontaneous neuronal activity, and while random sub-threshold stimulations from cells may not often fire coincidentally, coincident synaptic inputs derived from a unitary external stimulus ensure that a target neuron will fire as a result of the stimulus.
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enter the nucleus laminaris dorsally while the contralateral axons enter ventrally, sounds from various positions along the azimuth correspond directly to stimulation of different depths of the nucleus laminaris. From this information, a neural map of auditory space was formed. The function of the nucleus laminaris parallels that of the
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received within a short period of time (i.e. before the overall voltage decays to background), the voltage of the segment will rise above a threshold, giving rise to a non-linear dendritic spike, which travels, effectively undiminished, all the way to the cell body, and which causes it to become partially depolarised.
497:. As a result, both synapses strengthen. The prolonged depolarization needed for the expulsion of Mg from NMDA receptors requires a high frequency stimulation. Associativity becomes a factor because this can be achieved through two simultaneous inputs that may not be strong enough to activate LTP by themselves.
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Besides the NMDA-receptor based processes, further cellular mechanisms allow of the association between two different input signals converging on the same neuron, in a defined timeframe. Upon a simultaneous increase in the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and Ca, a transcriptional coactivator
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of the ears travels to the ipsilateral nucleus magnocellularis. From here, the signals project ipsilaterally and contralaterally to two nucleus laminari. Each nucleus laminaris contains coincidence detectors that receive auditory input from the left and the right ear. Since the ipsilateral axons
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The above description applies well to feedforward inputs to neurons, which provide inputs from either sensory nerves or lower-level regions in the brain. About 90% of interneural connections are, however, not feedforward but predictive (or modulatory, or attentional) in nature. These connections
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long) of distal dendrite, the reaction to activations coming in on synapses to the dendritic spines acts to raise the overall local potential with each incoming signal. This rising potential acts against a background of decay in the potential back to the resting level. If sufficient signals are
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of a target neuron over the threshold required to create an action potential. Conversely, if the two inputs temporally arrive too far apart, the depolarization of the first input may have time to drop significantly, preventing the membrane potential of the target neuron from reaching the action
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proposed that some organisms may have a collection of neurons that receive auditory input from each ear. The neural pathways to these neurons are called delay lines. Jeffress claimed that the neurons that the delay lines link act as coincidence detectors by firing maximally when receiving
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Coincidence detection relies on separate inputs converging on a common target. For example (Fig. 1), in a basic neural circuit with two input neurons—A and B—that have excitatory synaptic terminals converging on a single output neuron (C), if each input neuron's
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This is perhaps the most important form of dendritic coincidence detection in the brain. The more easily understood proximal activation acts over much longer time periods, and is thus much less sensitive to the time factor in coincidence detection.
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Fig. 2: If a sound arrives at the left ear before the right ear, the impulse in the left auditory tract will reach X sooner than the impulse in the right auditory tract reaches Y. Neurons 4 or 5 may therefore receive coincident
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encodes information by detecting the occurrence of temporally close but spatially distributed input signals. Coincidence detectors influence neuronal information processing by reducing temporal
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postulated that synaptic efficiency will increase through repeated and persistent stimulation of a postsynaptic cell by a presynaptic cell. This is often informally summarized as "
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at C, then C cannot fire unless the two inputs from A and B are temporally close. The synchronous arrival of these two inputs may push the
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simultaneous inputs from both ears. When a sound is heard, sound waves may reach the ears at different times. This is referred to as the
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may not induce long-term potentiation. However, this same stimulation paired with a simultaneous strong stimulation from another neuron
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Willoughby, Debbie; Cooper, Dermot M. F. (July 2007). "Organization and Ca2+ regulation of adenylyl cyclases in cAMP microdomains".
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Long-term depression also works through associative properties although it is not always the reverse process of LTP. LTD in the
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Zupanc, G.K.H. 2004. Behavioral
Neurobiology: An Integrative Approach. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. pp. 133-150
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893:"TORC1 is a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence detector involved in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity"
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1005:"The role of Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulable adenylyl cyclases as molecular coincidence detectors in memory formation"
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Kovacs, K. A.; Steullet, P.; Steinmann, M.; Do, K. Q.; Magistretti, P. J.; Halfon, O.; Cardinaux, J. -R. (2007).
485:. The removal of the Mg block allows the flow of Ca into the cell. A large elevation of calcium levels activate
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Neve, Kim A.; Seamans, Jeremy K.; Trantham-Davidson, Heather (August 2004). "Dopamine receptor signaling".
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and spontaneous activity, allowing the creation of variable associations between separate neural events in
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and DAG. The climbing fibers stimulate a large increase in postsynaptic Ca levels when activated. The Ca,
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to internalize AMPA receptors and decrease the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell to glutamate.
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Frey, Uwe; Morris, Richard G. M. (February 1997). "Synaptic tagging and long-term potentiation".
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activation, might also account for the detection of the repetitive stimulation of a given
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1178:"Two Coincidence Detectors for Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity in Somatosensory Cortex"
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into long term changes such as LTP. This cellular mechanism, through calcium-dependent
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requires a prolonged depolarization that can expel the Mg block of postsynaptic
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Bender, V. A.; Bender, K. J.; Brasier, D. J.; Feldman, D. E. (2006).
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870:(3 ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 575–608.
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738:"Axonal delay lines for time measurement in the owl's brainstem"
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Jeffress, L. A. (1948). "A place theory of sound localization".
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493:. This increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell to
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Coincidence detection has been shown to be a major factor in
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glutamate receptors that release the second messengers IP
258:. The study of coincidence detectors has been crucial in
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shows that this is true. Sensory information from the
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Journal of
Receptor and Signal Transduction Research
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Mons, N.; Guillou, J.-L.; Jaffard, R. (1999-04-01).
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that ultimately increase the number of postsynaptic
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
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107:Learn how and when to remove this message
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452:cells that fire together, wire together
158:"Coincidence detection in neurobiology"
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540:requires a coincident stimulation of
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1009:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
378:In a short section (perhaps 40
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270:Principles of coincidence detection
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736:Carr, C. E.; Konishi, M. (1988).
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