174:
158:, where very complex interactions between partially understood components produce higher order phenomena. Nevertheless, until the unappreciated concept in question has been thoroughly investigated and shown to be a real phenomenon, it is improbable that the term would be used by anyone other than its creator and achieve the status of
244:"Recognising the preliminary (or even want-to-be) nature of many neologisms, Mikhail N. Epstein the American literary theorist and thinker coined his own: ‘protologism’, which refers to a neologism that has not yet been accepted as a useful or substantiated addition to the vocabulary" (
128:
protologism is unlikely to make the leap to neologism status unless society connects with the word or identifies a genuine need for it there's no guarantee that simple exposure to these creations will be effective in getting them used, as discovered by
British inventor
278:"Most of Carroll's words were not adopted into the language, but nonetheless, such literary invention will be familiar to anyone reading academic writers, where terms are created for conveying particular innovative concepts. Linguists even have a word for such terms,
62:
as soon as it appears in published press, on a website, or in a book, independently of the coiner—though, most definitively, in a dictionary. A word whose developmental stage is between that of a protologism (freshly coined) and a neologism (a new word) is a
332:"Ėpštejn's projective dictionary should be a collection of protologisms, a protologism being a new word, coined to designate a new phenomenon or to fill in blank spaces and semantic voids in the lexical-conceptual system, as he proclaimed in 2003" (
53:, that has been repeated but has not gained acceptance beyond its original users or been published independently of the coiners. The word may be proposed, may be extremely new, or may be established only within a very limited group of people.
75:
Protologisms constitute one stage in the development of neologisms. A protologism is coined to fill a gap in the language, with the hope of its becoming an accepted word. As an example, when the word
113:). The protologism is a freshly minted word not yet widely accepted. It is a verbal prototype, which may eventually be adopted for public service or remain a whim of linguo-poetic imagination.
198:, a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been fully accepted into mainstream language.
304:
Simatupang, E. C. M., & Heryono, H. (2022). New-word formation and social disruption on metaverse. English Review: Journal of
English Education, 10(3), 1019.
834:
117:
According to
Epstein, every word in use started out as a protologism, subsequently became a neologism, and then gradually grew to be part of the language.
257:"This process does not seem to be coincidental because neologisms themselves are prone to go through certain stages of transformation. They begin as
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231:, a term invented by Mikhail Epstein of Emory University to refer to a newly created and proposed word which has not yet gained acceptance" (
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is a protologism. This phenomenon, where a word itself possesses the property it refers to, is technically described as being
844:
492:
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There is no fixed rule determining when a protologism becomes a stable neologism, and according to Kerry
Maxwell, author of
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614:
Short Cuts: A Guide to Oaths, Ring Tones, Ransom Notes, Famous Last Words, and Other Forms of
Minimalist Communication
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538:
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515:
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295:
Lysanets, Yu V., and K. H. Havrylieva. "Medical neologisms in the british mass media discourse." (2017).
641:
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Within
Language, Beyond Theories (Volume III): Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics and Corpus-based Studies
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31:
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describes a word which has been coined in the 'hope' that it will become accepted into usage" (
282:(itself a modern neologism), a word that is new and not yet established beyond a small group" (
265:), that is, they are extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a small subculture" (
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728:"Lexicographical Basis for Russian Naval Sublanguage Dictionary: Theoretical Considerations"
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192:, a word occurring only once in a given context, such as in the works of a particular author
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188:
83:
612:
732:
Essays on
Lexicon, Lexicography, Terminography in Russian, American and Other Cultures
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210:, a humorous word made up to describe something for which no dictionary word exists
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320:
Lexical
Innovation in World Englishes: Cross-fertilization and Evolving Paradigms
130:
87:
38:
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589:"On Institutionalization and De-Institutionalization of Late 1990s Neologisms"
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Word-Formation: An
International Handbook of the Languages of Europe: Volume 3
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50:
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Interested
Readers: Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honor of David J. A. Clines
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516:"Individual initiatives and concepts for expanding the lexicon in Russian"
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30:"New words" redirects here. For the bookstore in Cambridge, Mass., see
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I suggest calling such brand new words 'protologisms' (from Greek
46:
610:
Humez, Alexander; Humez, Nicholas; Flynn, Rob (3 August 2010).
595:. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
430:
428:
495:. In Aitken, J.K.; Clines, J.M.S.; Maier, C.M. (eds.).
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About the concept and his name for it, Epstein wrote:
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New word that has not yet been independently published
154:
are needed in scientific fields, particularly in the
499:. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature.
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467:
522:. Berlin, Germany; Boston, USA: Walter de Gruyter.
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133:when he fruitlessly attempted to promote a verb
730:. In Karpova, Olga; Kartashkova, Faina (eds.).
540:PreDictionary: Experiments in Verbal Creativity
407:
232:
126:
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362:For the earliest date of the use of the word
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518:. In Müller, Peter O.; et al. (eds.).
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569:The Transformative Humanities: A Manifesto
79:itself was coined—in 2003 by the American
306:http://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i3.6722
227:"One such neologism is the Wiktionary's
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101:, meaning 'first, original' and Greek
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591:. In Malec, W.; Rusinek, M. (eds.).
318:Anesa, Patrizia (2018). "Three, 3".
618:. Oxford University Press. p.
414:, on the other hand, each describe
835:Linguistic theories and hypotheses
640:Maxwell, Kerry (28 October 2014).
493:"Neologisms: A Septuagint Problem"
394:writes, "In other words, the term
25:
757:Skidelsky, William (April 2007).
734:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
172:
726:Solnyshkina, Marina I. (2009).
649:Moore, Andrew (January 2011).
408:Humez, Humez & Flynn (2010
1:
791:List of protologisms by topic
233:Humez, Humez & Flynn 2010
651:"The hypothesis' ambassador"
382:, p. 19) indicate 2003.
374:, p. x) indicate 2005;
261:creations (otherwise called
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514:Eismann, Wolfgang (2015).
45:is a newly used or coined
29:
784:24 September 2018 at the
572:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
566:Epstein, Mikhail (2012).
537:Epstein, Mikhail (2011).
491:Aitken, James K. (2013).
705:Miller, D. Gary (2014).
56:A protologism becomes a
642:"BuzzWord: protologism"
667:10.1002/bies.201090064
150:It has been suggested
143:
141:) in the early 2000s.
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105:, meaning 'word'; cf.
845:Linguistic morphology
796:7 August 2016 at the
708:English Lexicogenesis
779:List of protologisms
587:Gryniuk, D. (2015).
378:, p. 1756) and
410:, p. 36), and
32:New Words Bookstore
447:Solnyshkina (2009)
180:Linguistics portal
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718:978-0-19-100420-9
629:978-0-19-538913-5
602:978-1-4438-7822-7
579:978-1-4411-6094-2
550:978-1-257-83189-0
529:978-3-11-037566-4
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830:Neologisms
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202:Nonce word
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