1046:
the
British Parliament as it applied in the dominion. This power, so the argument went, had been granted to a Parliament consisting of two separate houses acting with simple majorities, and this power could be exercised to amend the entrenched clauses without regard to the supermajority requirement. Again the court disagreed, ruling that the "Parliament" to which the amendment power had been granted was the Parliament constituted by the South Africa Act, and that this definition of Parliament included the procedural requirement that certain bills be passed by two-thirds majority in joint session. This did not affect the doctrine of
1042:
the South Africa Act (which was itself an act of the
British Parliament) and therefore would be impermissible under the Colonial Laws Validity Act; and that once that act no longer applied the entrenchment was not enforceable. The court disagreed, noting that section 152 of the South Africa Act specifically empowered the South African Parliament to amend the South Africa Act, and that the Colonial Laws Validity Act had no application and therefore its repeal had no effect.
1129:, as chairman. The opposition members resigned before the first meeting of the committee on 21 July 1952. After three days of hearings the committee recommended the reversal of the Appellate Division's ruling and the validation of the Separate Representation of Voters Act. The High Court of Parliament, which consisted only of Nationalist members of Parliament due to an opposition boycott, approved this recommendation on 27 August.
4146:
624:
1095:, which would constitute the members of Parliament into a High Court with the power to review and overturn any ruling of the Appellate Division declaring an act of Parliament to be invalid. This court was described as a "court of law"; it would have a "Judicial Committee" of ten members which could make recommendations, but the decision of the "court" would be determined by a majority vote of members present.
1155:"). Parliament, therefore, could not remove this power from the courts of law, and the High Court of Parliament was not a court of law but rather Parliament functioning under another name. As such, it had only the powers given to it by the South Africa Act, and these did not include the power to amend the entrenched clauses without a two-thirds majority in a joint sitting.
845:
42:
1263:. This act declared the original Separate Representation of Voters Act to be valid, and repealed the parts of section 35 of the South Africa Act entrenching the Cape franchise as well as the parts of section 152 entrenching section 35. (There remained one unrelated entrenched clause guaranteeing the equality of the English and Afrikaans languages.)
1242:
reconstituted the Senate along new lines and expanded it to eighty-nine members. The number of nominated senators was doubled to sixteen. The number of elected senators was increased to be, for each province, one-fifth of the size of that province's electoral college, with a minimum of eight senators
1021:
The government's first contention was that the act did not disqualify voters on the basis of race, as all voters previously qualified were still able to vote, albeit in segregated constituencies. The court dismissed this argument as untenable. The government then argued that the entrenched clauses in
1045:
The second theory was that, by expanding the legislative powers of the dominion parliaments, the
Statute of Westminster had abolished the requirement for a two-thirds majority in joint session. Section 2 of the Statute of Westminster gave a dominion parliament the power to repeal or amend any act of
1041:
to South Africa. The
Colonial Laws Validity Act provided that any act of a colonial parliament would be valid within the colony unless it contradicted a British act applying to the colony. The argument was that an alteration of the Cape franchise without a two-thirds majority would have contradicted
1158:
This was the height of the constitutional crisis. A general election was due to be held in 1953; if the government refused to accept the rulings of the
Appellate Division and conducted the election on the basis of separate representation for white and coloured voters, the system of government could
1271:
in which it ruled that
Parliament had the power to alter the composition of the Senate, a power explicitly granted by the South Africa Act, and that its motivation was irrelevant. The Senate Act was therefore valid, and thus a joint sitting of the House of Assembly and the reconstituted Senate had
910:
was against it both because he saw it as a breach of commitments given by earlier
National Party leaders and because he believed it would lead coloured people to form political alliances with black and Indian groups opposed to the white control of South Africa. A group of coloured activists formed
1251:
twenty-seven, and the other two provinces eight each. The four
Senators elected under the Representation of Natives Act and four representing South-West Africa remained. The Senate Act also changed the system for electing provincial senators from STV to simple majority voting, meaning that the
1266:
The government's opponents returned to the courts to have this new act also declared invalid, arguing that the Senate Act was passed as part of a deliberate scheme to circumvent the entrenched clauses. This time, however, the court disagreed. On 9 November the
Appellate Division handed down a
1252:
majority party in each electoral college could choose all the senators for that province. The result was that the
National Party was able to control seventy-seven Senatorial seats: the sixteen nominated by the Governor-General, the fifty-seven elected for the Cape, Transvaal and the
926:
The National Party did not have enough seats in Parliament to pass the bill with the two-thirds majority in joint sitting that would be required if the entrenchment of sections 35 and 152 was still valid. Based on the ruling in Ndlwana's case (see above) and the principle of
888:
voting rights in a speech to Parliament, claiming that coloured voters were corrupt and immature and that they posed a threat to white control in South Africa. The government then sought to echo the 1936 Representation of Natives Act by introducing, in 1951, the
952:
1163:
from the courts, or to follow the court's ruling and risk sanctions from the administration. There was the possibility that the courts could invalidate the entire election in the Cape Province and therefore the existence of the Parliament elected in 1953.
1193:
During 1953 and 1954, the National Party tried to re-validate the Separate Representation of Voters Act by convincing enough opposition members to support it to obtain a two-thirds majority; this effort was not successful. In 1955 the new Prime Minister
1063:
case, in which it had ruled that Parliament can adopt any procedure it sees fit and the courts have no power to question the validity of its acts. The court ruled that it was entitled to overrule its own previous decisions if they were clearly wrong. In
1118:
was rejected and the bill was assented to on 3 June. The Speaker of the House of Assembly was nominated as President of the High Court of Parliament, and he appointed a Judicial Committee of six government members and four opposition members, with
1181:
1279:, expanding the Appellate Division to eleven judges, thus allowing the appointment of six new judges presumed to support the Nationalist position. This proved to have been unnecessary, as only one judge, the notoriously liberal
1098:
Dönges, in introducing the bill, argued that it would restore the power of the "sovereign will of the electorate" to determine which laws were valid, and would relieve the Appellate Division of accusations of political bias.
1113:
Despite the opposition, the High Court of Parliament Bill was forced through Parliament. It was passed by the House of Assembly on 15 May 1952 and by the Senate on 27 May. A petition asking the Governor-General to withhold
1103:
of the opposition denounced the bill as establishing a "political court a bogus court set up in order to express the will of the Caucus of the National Party". The bill was attacked in the English-language press, with the
893:, whereby coloured voters would also lose the right to vote for ordinary constituency members of the House of Assembly and instead elect four members at separate elections. Besides the Nationalists' ideological belief in
1148:
The court ruled that the existence of the entrenched clauses in the South Africa Act necessarily implied that those protected by the clauses had the right to have any law affecting them tested for validity by a court
1086:
The response of Malan's government was immediate: the Prime Minister immediately declared the decision unacceptable, that he refused to abide by it, and that he would take steps to have it overturned. In April 1952
1171:
with coloured voters in the Cape voting alongside white voters. Despite this, the National Party was returned in government with a larger majority: 94 seats out of 156, as opposed to 79 seats out of 153 in 1948.
1140:
ruled that the act had the effect of altering the entrenched clauses, and that as it had not been passed by a two-thirds majority in joint session it was invalid. The government's appeal, under the title of
1017:
to rule that it had no authority to question the validity of an act of Parliament promulgated and published by the proper authority. This decision was immediately taken on appeal to the Appellate Division.
3955:
750:. This meant that the right to vote was limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications, but not restricted on the basis of race. This differed from the other South African colonies: in
774:, unified these four colonies to form the Union but preserved their franchise arrangements unchanged. Section 35 of the South Africa Act provided that no law could disenfranchise voters in the
2119:
1314:
In 1960, a new Senate Act reduced the size of the Senate and restored the single transferable vote system of election of the provincial senators. In 1961 South Africa became a republic under
2749:
1071:
The resulting order of the Appellate Division was that the Separate Representation of Voters Act was "invalid, null and void and of no legal force and effect". The ruling, authored by
911:
the National Convention Co-ordinating Committee to oppose the bill within constitutional limits. The Franchise Action Council, a multi-racial organisation, led a campaign of rallies,
3522:
1296:
1068:
there had been no discussion of the Statute of Westminster nor any argument for or against the conclusion drawn by the court, and the court therefore felt free to overrule it.
808:
such as South Africa and gave those dominions the power to repeal or amend British laws in force within their territories. In 1936, the South African Parliament enacted the
2031:
2980:
2700:
4125:
4059:
4132:
152:
1204:(the upper house of Parliament) would be packed with National Party members to ensure the government would have the necessary two-thirds majority in a joint sitting.
4195:
3627:
2900:
2707:
2112:
3941:
3920:
3781:
2714:
3543:
2893:
1208:
932:
119:
1145:, was heard in the Appellate Division on 27–29 October, and on 13 November the court handed down a unanimous decision upholding the ruling of the Cape court.
3459:
3375:
2830:
2809:
1037:
The government's claim regarding the Statute of Westminster was based on two principal theories. The first was based on the repeal of the application of the
1211:, and thus effectively by the government of the day. For each province eight senators were elected by an electoral college consisting of the members of the
3913:
2756:
2948:
4150:
3592:
2105:
2585:
1321:
In 1994, with the end of apartheid, a new constitution was introduced which guarantees the right to vote for all adult citizens. This right, along with
4180:
4175:
3976:
3837:
3760:
3050:
832:. The challenge was rejected for a number of reasons, of which the most significant was the Appellate Division's ruling that because Parliament was a
54:
4118:
3906:
3641:
2973:
1308:
923:
was founded by white Second World War veterans in response to the bill but expanded into a more general movement against the government's policies.
209:
2467:
2405:
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3704:
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3333:
2916:
1300:
1002:
961:
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3746:
797:
by section 152, which provided that neither section 35 nor section 152 itself could be amended without a similar supermajority in joint session.
897:, the bill was also motivated by the electoral power of coloured voters to swing a number of Cape constituencies from the National Party to the
3997:
3962:
3480:
2693:
2414:
510:
259:
244:
2548:
4190:
3871:
3438:
1493:
890:
931:, Malan's government decided to enact it by following the normal parliamentary procedure of a simple majority in each house separately. The
4087:
3878:
3788:
3410:
1326:
1260:
1159:
be imperilled. The officials responsible for voter registration would be forced to follow either the government's instructions and risk an
722:) and the power of the Appellate Division to overturn the amendment as unconstitutional. The crisis ended when the government enlarged the
64:
284:
4024:
3969:
3885:
3732:
3396:
2959:
2642:
2612:
1292:
1276:
1168:
872:
653:
164:
2525:
3983:
3948:
3892:
3417:
3382:
3071:
2536:
1315:
1126:
1092:
735:
627:
194:
3767:
3634:
3613:
3571:
3113:
2045:
2017:
1216:
1212:
817:
699:
269:
239:
109:
104:
1110:
calling it "an insult to the intelligence of the judiciary". It even met with opposition from a number of prominent Nationalists.
3697:
3536:
2721:
2635:
2578:
771:
584:
214:
1231:
added four senators indirectly elected to represent black people. In 1949 another four were added to represent the territory of
3927:
3690:
3606:
3487:
3473:
3445:
2728:
2672:
1979:
1075:
1038:
997:
956:
574:
199:
94:
2865:
4185:
4170:
3676:
3585:
3340:
3099:
1303:, which had limited legislative powers. The council was in turn dissolved in 1980. In 1984 a new constitution introduced the
1050:, as Parliament was fully sovereign over South Africa, and merely obliged to follow certain procedures to pass certain laws.
876:
854:
264:
3830:
3816:
3739:
3620:
3578:
3557:
3431:
2994:
2872:
2656:
2378:
1322:
1259:
With the new Senate, the National Party commanded a two-thirds majority in a joint sitting, and thus was able to pass the
1235:. In 1955, then, there were 26 senators supporting the government and 21 supporting the opposition (and one vacant seat).
1228:
1072:
984:
862:
809:
703:
683:
417:
294:
279:
254:
4094:
4038:
3864:
3753:
3725:
3662:
3354:
3212:
1253:
1167:
The government, therefore, while continuing to insist that the court's rulings were wrong, accepted them. The elections
1027:
559:
174:
2879:
1207:
As originally constituted by the South Africa Act, the Senate consisted of forty senators. Eight were nominated by the
4031:
3934:
3809:
3718:
3564:
2923:
1224:
1196:
1185:
898:
801:
432:
274:
219:
129:
124:
1136:
case returned to the ordinary courts to challenge the validity of the High Court of Parliament Act. On 29 August the
3501:
3022:
2930:
2886:
2679:
2557:
2456:
906:
786:
707:
462:
134:
4045:
3683:
3515:
3508:
3466:
3180:
3127:
3015:
2966:
2763:
2421:
2085:
1896:
1047:
928:
867:
382:
229:
224:
204:
179:
159:
3857:
3120:
2788:
1220:
1137:
1006:
747:
569:
189:
2428:
880:
849:
392:
836:
legislative body, courts could not invalidate one of its Acts on the basis of the procedure used to pass it.
3494:
3389:
3256:
3106:
2987:
2735:
2518:
646:
599:
367:
3064:
3029:
2247:
1201:
1121:
723:
299:
3599:
3529:
3424:
3319:
3173:
2823:
2619:
2532:
2327:
2147:
1304:
739:
679:
675:
564:
554:
249:
169:
114:
2062:
Scher, D. M. (1988). "'The Court of Errors': A study of the High Court of Parliament crisis of 1952".
3347:
3233:
3001:
2937:
2686:
2449:
2442:
2394:
2177:
531:
332:
289:
139:
79:
983:, four voters affected by the Separate Representation of Voters Act, challenged its validity in the
816:) voters from the common voters' rolls and allowing them to elect, separately, three members of the
3802:
3774:
3648:
3166:
3159:
3092:
3057:
3008:
2504:
2311:
759:
609:
2083:
Wade, H. W. R. (1957). "The Senate Act case and the entrenched sections of the South Africa Act".
2511:
2071:
1996:
1965:
1948:
1931:
1914:
1882:
1248:
1010:
916:
639:
74:
25:
317:
904:
The bill attracted much opposition both inside and outside Parliament. The United Party leader
4080:
4066:
3403:
3219:
3043:
2649:
2239:
2169:
2041:
2013:
2010:
By Due Process of Law?: Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote in South Africa, 1855–1960
1863:
1499:
1489:
1232:
794:
779:
767:
711:
520:
234:
4004:
3368:
3078:
2858:
2564:
2319:
2287:
2223:
1988:
1957:
1923:
1872:
1280:
1239:
1151:
763:
755:
715:
472:
422:
352:
1013:, with whom Newton Thompson and Gawie Steyn concurred. The court followed the precedent of
3326:
3240:
3134:
2802:
2742:
2663:
2387:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2231:
894:
589:
579:
89:
4073:
3795:
3669:
3312:
3226:
2909:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2571:
2497:
2343:
2303:
1943:
1909:
1877:
1858:
1023:
920:
726:
and altered its method of election, allowing the amendment to be successfully enacted.
695:
452:
442:
412:
397:
377:
372:
362:
337:
4164:
3990:
3711:
2816:
2795:
2781:
2774:
2483:
1244:
1055:
912:
825:
790:
782:
775:
691:
604:
477:
427:
99:
84:
2097:
3655:
3264:
3085:
3036:
2215:
2129:
1329:
has the explicit power to invalidate acts of Parliament that are unconstitutional.
1115:
951:
940:
936:
813:
754:
the franchise was limited to white men in practice though not in law, while in the
751:
719:
505:
467:
457:
447:
347:
1034:
case precluded the courts from questioning the validity of an act of Parliament.
3248:
2207:
2027:
833:
821:
743:
407:
402:
387:
322:
1318:; this constitution repealed the now-unnecessary High Court of Parliament Act.
828:
supermajority, its validity was challenged by an affected voter in the case of
3823:
3361:
2490:
2435:
2295:
2279:
2035:
1295:. Even this limited representation did not last, being ended from 1970 by the
1160:
1106:
515:
482:
357:
342:
327:
184:
1503:
3282:
3273:
3204:
2626:
2603:
2592:
844:
536:
500:
437:
41:
33:
1894:
Cowen, Denis V. (1953). "The Entrenched Sections of the South Africa Act".
4052:
3550:
3195:
2335:
2192:
885:
805:
687:
2075:
1180:
2476:
2000:
1977:
Kirkwood, Kenneth (1952). "The Constitutional Crisis in South Africa".
1969:
1935:
1886:
1291:
Separate representatives for coloured voters were first elected in the
698:. It developed into a dispute between the judiciary (in particular the
1946:(1953). "The Demise of the High Court of Parliament in South Africa".
3187:
2359:
2138:
526:
1992:
1961:
1927:
1299:. Instead, all coloured adults were given the right to vote for the
2351:
1179:
950:
843:
2101:
2032:"Chapter Five: Judicial Attitudes towards Race in South Africa"
1059:
bound the Appellate Division to follow the precedent of the
710:
and the executive) over the power of Parliament to amend an
804:
ended the power of the British Parliament to legislate for
1368:
1366:
1275:
To ensure its success, the government had also passed the
1486:
Bar, bench & bullshifters : Cape tales 1950-1990
1419:
1417:
824:) instead. Although this Act was passed by the required
778:
on the basis of race, unless that law was passed by an
1297:
Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968
1912:(1952). "The 'Coloured Vote Case' in South Africa".
682:
during the 1950s as the result of an attempt by the
4108:
4014:
3847:
3302:
3293:
3151:
2947:
2602:
2547:
2466:
2404:
2377:
2370:
2136:
762:the franchise was limited by law to white men. The
1488:. Cape Town, South Africa: Siber Ink. p. 49.
1215:representing that province and the members of the
1078:and handed down on 20 March 1952, was unanimous.
2040:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2901:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1256:, and the four representing South-West Africa.
785:of two-thirds of the members of both Houses of
2113:
1053:The final argument was that the principle of
647:
8:
1484:Friedman, Gerald; Gauntlett, Jeremy (2013).
1272:the power to amend the entrenched clauses.
16:1950s constitutional crisis in South Africa
3299:
2374:
2120:
2106:
2098:
1005:. Initially the case was dismissed by the
654:
640:
20:
2070:. University of the Western Cape: 23–40.
1876:
1325:, is entrenched in the constitution. The
1132:Meanwhile, the plaintiffs from the first
2974:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1720:
1708:
1648:
1624:
1612:
1564:
1516:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1423:
1396:
1372:
1357:
1219:. These elections were conducted by the
706:) and the other branches of government (
2586:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1816:
1804:
1792:
1338:
1301:Coloured Persons Representative Council
595:Music in the movement against apartheid
32:
4196:Democratic backsliding in South Africa
3051:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
891:Separate Representation of Voters Bill
840:Separate Representation of Voters Bill
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1636:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1435:
1408:
1384:
1345:
1307:in which coloured voters elected the
7:
1840:
1828:
1261:South Africa Act Amendment Act, 1956
2981:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2643:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1277:Appellate Division Quorum Act, 1955
1189:, Prime Minister from 1954 to 1958.
746:were conducted on the basis of the
668:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
70:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
1878:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1957.tb02718.x
1269:Collins v Minister of the Interior
947:Judgment of the Appellate Division
14:
4133:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3768:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1143:Minister of the Interior v Harris
993:Harris v Minister of the Interior
4181:South African constitutional law
4176:Events associated with apartheid
4145:
4144:
1030:, and that the precedent of the
939:on 15 June 1951 and the act was
772:Parliament of the United Kingdom
623:
622:
585:Internal resistance to apartheid
40:
3782:South African Party (1977–1980)
3775:South African Party (1911–1934)
3691:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3488:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1076:Albert van der Sandt Centlivres
1009:in a ruling by Judge President
987:in a case that became known as
865:, campaigning on a platform of
95:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
3100:2019 service delivery protests
3086:#FeesMustFall student protests
2831:1983 constitutional referendum
1022:the South Africa Act had been
1:
3558:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2196:
2181:
2158:
2151:
1283:, dissented from the ruling.
1247:had twenty-two Senators, the
1229:Representation of Natives Act
1093:High Court of Parliament Bill
810:Representation of Natives Act
4191:Election law in South Africa
3213:Black Consciousness Movement
2967:Government of National Unity
1267:decision under the title of
873:that year's general election
560:Apartheid in popular culture
2924:Saint James Church massacre
2810:Weapons of mass destruction
2012:. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
1225:proportional representation
130:Saint James Church massacre
125:Assassination of Chris Hani
4212:
2680:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2558:South West Africa campaign
2457:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2422:French Huguenot settlement
1859:"The South African Senate"
1169:were held on 15 April 1953
1039:Colonial Laws Validity Act
884:addressed the question of
135:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
4142:
4119:African National Congress
3579:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2917:1992 apartheid referendum
2086:South African Law Journal
1897:South African Law Journal
1048:parliamentary sovereignty
929:parliamentary sovereignty
383:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
3572:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3565:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3121:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3079:#RhodesMustFall protests
2694:1960 republic referendum
1309:House of Representatives
1293:general election of 1958
1221:single transferable vote
1200:adopted a new plan: the
1138:Cape Provincial Division
1082:High Court of Parliament
1007:Cape Provincial Division
1003:Minister of the Interior
962:Minister of the Interior
570:Cape Qualified Franchise
4017:terrorist organisations
3107:2019 Johannesburg riots
2736:Constructive engagement
2701:International isolation
2519:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2037:Justice in South Africa
1024:repealed by implication
600:Nostalgia for apartheid
3030:Attack on Kennedy Road
2657:Congress of the People
2248:South African Republic
2008:Loveland, Ian (1999).
1190:
1028:Statute of Westminster
965:
875:. The following year,
858:
802:Statute of Westminster
789:sitting together in a
690:voters in the Union's
575:Disinvestment campaign
300:State Security Council
4186:Constitutional crises
4171:1950s in South Africa
3600:Natal Indian Congress
3320:Afrikaner Broederbond
3174:Afrikaner nationalism
2960:1994 general election
2931:Bophuthatswana crisis
2824:Church Street bombing
2620:Apartheid legislation
2613:1948 general election
2533:South Africa Act 1909
2328:Union of South Africa
2148:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2128:Political history of
1980:International Affairs
1567:, pp. 1366–1367.
1519:, pp. 1363–1364.
1399:, pp. 1370–1371.
1360:, pp. 1362–1363.
1305:Tricameral Parliament
1243:per province; so the
1183:
1176:Packing of the Senate
954:
847:
812:, removing "native" (
740:Union of South Africa
686:government to remove
680:Union of South Africa
678:that occurred in the
676:constitutional crisis
565:Apartheid legislation
555:Afrikaner nationalism
115:Cape Town peace march
105:Trojan Horse Incident
65:1948 general election
3234:Greater South Africa
3072:2014 platinum strike
2938:Shell House massacre
2866:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
2687:Sharpeville massacre
2450:Battle of Blaauwberg
2443:Battle of Muizenberg
2395:Battle of Salt River
2178:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1857:Beinart, B. (1957).
1327:Constitutional Court
1152:ubi jus ibi remedium
670:, also known as the
463:Eugène Terre'Blanche
333:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
140:Shell House massacre
110:Khotso House bombing
80:Sharpeville massacre
4126:Democratic Alliance
3303:Civic and political
3167:Afrikaner Calvinism
3160:African nationalism
3009:African Renaissance
2715:UNSC Resolution 591
2636:Internal resistance
2537:National Convention
2505:Transvaal Civil War
2429:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2312:Orange River Colony
1843:, pp. 162–163.
1819:, pp. 559–560.
1807:, pp. 558–559.
1795:, pp. 550–552.
1723:, pp. 867–869.
1615:, pp. 301–302.
1591:, pp. 262–263.
1579:, pp. 257–259.
1543:, pp. 255–256.
1474:, pp. 262–268.
1462:, pp. 269–271.
1450:, pp. 268–269.
1411:, pp. 250–251.
1348:, pp. 143–145.
1127:Minister of Justice
760:Orange River Colony
748:qualified franchise
742:, elections in the
610:Sullivan Principles
2873:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
2708:UN Resolution 1761
2673:Women's March 1956
2526:South African Wars
2512:Mineral Revolution
1949:Harvard Law Review
1944:Griswold, Erwin N.
1915:Harvard Law Review
1910:Griswold, Erwin N.
1316:a new constitution
1287:Later developments
1217:provincial council
1191:
966:
964:from 1948 to 1958.
917:civil disobedience
859:
857:from 1948 to 1954.
700:Appellate Division
672:Coloured vote case
195:Conservative Party
75:1956 Treason Trial
4158:
4157:
4111:political parties
4104:
4103:
4081:Orde van die Dood
3698:Progressive Party
3404:Congress Alliance
3220:Cape Independence
3152:Political culture
3147:
3146:
3114:COVID-19 pandemic
3044:Marikana massacre
2880:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
2650:Defiance Campaign
2240:Orange Free State
2170:Dutch Cape Colony
1864:Modern Law Review
1735:, pp. 37–38.
1699:, pp. 33–34.
1687:, pp. 30–31.
1663:, pp. 29–30.
1639:, pp. 25–26.
1603:, pp. 23–24.
1495:978-1-920025-69-4
1323:many other rights
1254:Orange Free State
1233:South West Africa
1213:House of Assembly
1015:Ndlwana v Hofmeyr
830:Ndlwana v Hofmeyr
818:House of Assembly
793:. Section 35 was
712:entrenched clause
664:
663:
521:South-West Africa
4203:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4015:Paramilitary and
4007:
4005:Umkosi Wezintaba
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3850:social movements
3848:Trade unions and
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3369:Boerestaat Party
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3300:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3140:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2859:Dakar Conference
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2750:Sporting boycott
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2722:Academic boycott
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2579:Great Depression
2574:
2567:
2565:Maritz rebellion
2560:
2540:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2415:Dutch settlement
2397:
2390:
2388:Bantu migrations
2375:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2320:Transvaal Colony
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2288:Nieuwe Republiek
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2224:Natalia Republic
2219:
2211:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2193:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2188:
2186:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2079:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2023:
2004:
1973:
1939:
1922:(8): 1361–1374.
1905:
1890:
1880:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1281:Oliver Schreiner
1240:Senate Act, 1955
1223:(STV) system of
1209:Governor-General
1199:
1188:
1124:
1102:
1101:J. G. N. Strauss
1090:
1001:was at the time
1000:
982:
978:
974:
970:
959:
933:Governor-General
909:
907:J. G. N. Strauss
883:
852:
764:South Africa Act
716:South Africa Act
694:from the common
656:
649:
642:
626:
625:
423:Albertina Sisulu
418:Benjamin Moloise
353:Arthur Goldreich
44:
21:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3516:HNP (Herstigte)
3514:
3509:HNP (Herenigde)
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3327:Afrikaner Party
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3241:Honorary whites
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3143:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3002:Soweto bombings
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2803:Soweto Uprising
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2743:Tar Baby Option
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:Freedom Charter
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2543:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2264:Griqualand West
2262:
2256:Griqualand East
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2082:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2026:
2020:
2007:
1993:10.2307/2604173
1976:
1962:10.2307/1337174
1942:
1928:10.2307/1336655
1908:
1893:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:, p. 1364.
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1289:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1120:
1100:
1091:introduced the
1088:
1084:
996:
989:Harris v Dönges
980:
976:
972:
968:
955:
949:
905:
895:white supremacy
879:
848:
842:
766:, which was an
732:
660:
615:
614:
590:Kairos Document
580:Freedom Charter
550:
542:
541:
525:
496:
488:
487:
318:Vernon Berrangé
313:
305:
304:
265:Security Branch
155:
145:
144:
90:Soweto uprising
60:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4074:Ossewabrandwag
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3817:Unionist Party
3813:
3806:
3799:
3796:Torch Commando
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3670:Orde Boerevolk
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3446:DP (1989–2000)
3442:
3439:DP (1973–1977)
3435:
3432:Dominion Party
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3313:Afrikaner Bond
3308:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3227:Day of the Vow
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2995:Floor crossing
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2910:Bisho massacre
2906:
2905:
2904:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2852:Operation Vula
2848:
2845:Rubicon speech
2841:
2838:Langa massacre
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2572:Rand Rebellion
2568:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2498:Boer Republics
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2344:Bophuthatswana
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2304:Klein Vrystaat
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2189:
2174:
2166:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2080:
2059:
2046:
2024:
2018:
2005:
1987:(4): 432–444.
1974:
1956:(5): 864–872.
1940:
1906:
1891:
1871:(6): 549–565.
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1833:
1831:, p. 162.
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1711:, p. 866.
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1651:, p. 304.
1641:
1629:
1627:, p. 302.
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 257.
1545:
1533:
1531:, p. 253.
1521:
1509:
1494:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1438:, p. 252.
1428:
1426:, p. 260.
1413:
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 247.
1377:
1362:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1288:
1285:
1227:. In 1936 the
1197:J. G. Strijdom
1186:J. G. Strijdom
1177:
1174:
1083:
1080:
948:
945:
921:Torch Commando
877:Prime Minister
863:National Party
855:Prime Minister
841:
838:
731:
728:
662:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
549:Related topics
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
534:
529:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
475:
473:H. F. Verwoerd
470:
465:
460:
455:
453:Adelaide Tambo
450:
445:
443:Robert Sobukwe
440:
435:
433:J. G. Strijdom
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Raymond Mhlaba
410:
405:
400:
398:Nelson Mandela
395:
390:
385:
380:
378:Albert Luthuli
375:
373:Ahmed Kathrada
370:
365:
363:Bantu Holomisa
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
338:F. W. de Klerk
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
255:National Party
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4208:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4141:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:Die Spoorbund
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:Workers Party
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:Radio Freedom
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:Oranjewerkers
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:organisations
3301:
3298:
3296:organisations
3292:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:Tshwane riots
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:Project Coast
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:Mafeje affair
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:Durban Moment
2779:
2776:
2775:Rivonia Trial
2772:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:Disinvestment
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:1820 Settlers
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2093:(2): 160–166.
2092:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2049:
2047:9780520026247
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:9781841130491
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1904:(3): 238–265.
1903:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:, p. 40.
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:, p. 39.
1770:
1765:
1762:
1759:, p. 38.
1758:
1753:
1750:
1747:, p. 35.
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:Griswold 1953
1717:
1714:
1710:
1709:Griswold 1953
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1675:, p. 29.
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:Loveland 1999
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:Loveland 1999
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:Loveland 1999
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:Griswold 1952
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:Griswold 1952
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1472:Loveland 1999
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:Loveland 1999
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:Loveland 1999
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:Loveland 1999
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:Griswold 1952
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:Griswold 1952
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Griswold 1952
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1245:Cape Province
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:Chief Justice
1069:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:stare decisis
1051:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
985:Supreme Court
977:W. D. Collins
963:
958:
953:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
924:
922:
918:
914:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
861:In 1948, the
856:
851:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
826:joint-session
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:In 1931, the
798:
796:
792:
791:joint session
788:
784:
783:supermajority
781:
777:
776:Cape Province
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Supreme Court
701:
697:
696:voters' rolls
693:
692:Cape Province
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
638:
637:
635:
634:
629:
621:
620:
619:
618:
611:
608:
606:
605:Project Coast
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
546:
545:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Robben Island
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
492:
491:
484:
481:
479:
478:B. J. Vorster
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:Walter Sisulu
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:Organisations
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:Vaal uprising
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
85:Rivonia Trial
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4149:
4109:Histories of
3810:United Party
3719:Reform Party
3656:Orangia Unie
3281:
3272:
3265:Swart gevaar
3263:
3247:
3203:
3194:
3135:
3037:Blikkiesdorp
2379:Pre-colonial
2232:Natal Colony
2216:Zulu Kingdom
2130:South Africa
2090:
2084:
2067:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2036:
2028:Sachs, Albie
2009:
1984:
1978:
1953:
1947:
1919:
1913:
1901:
1895:
1868:
1862:
1836:
1824:
1817:Beinart 1957
1812:
1805:Beinart 1957
1800:
1793:Beinart 1957
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1485:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1353:
1341:
1320:
1313:
1290:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1237:
1206:
1192:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1089:T. E. Dönges
1085:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1020:
1014:
998:T. E. Dönges
992:
988:
967:
957:T. E. Dönges
943:on 18 June.
925:
903:
899:United Party
866:
860:
829:
799:
733:
720:constitution
671:
667:
665:
506:District Six
468:Desmond Tutu
458:Oliver Tambo
448:Helen Suzman
348:Bram Fischer
69:
18:
3249:Rooi gevaar
3128:2021 unrest
3058:Nkandlagate
2887:Third Force
2764:Rugby union
2362:(1981–1994)
2354:(1979–1994)
2346:(1977–1994)
2338:(1976–1994)
2330:(1910–1961)
2322:(1902–1910)
2314:(1902–1910)
2306:(1886–1891)
2298:(1885–1887)
2290:(1884–1888)
2282:(1882–1885)
2274:(1882–1883)
2266:(1870–1873)
2258:(1861–1879)
2250:(1856–1902)
2242:(1854–1902)
2234:(1843–1910)
2226:(1839–1843)
2218:(1816–1897)
2210:(1795–1910)
2208:Cape Colony
2200: 1780
2185: 1780
2172:(1652–1806)
2162: 1220
2155: 1075
1122:C. R. Swart
1011:de Villiers
981:E. A. Deane
973:E. Franklin
941:promulgated
881:D. F. Malan
850:D. F. Malan
822:lower house
744:Cape Colony
734:Before the
684:Nationalist
408:Thabo Mbeki
403:Govan Mbeki
393:D. F. Malan
388:Mac Maharaj
323:P. W. Botha
250:Broederbond
4165:Categories
4060:Greyshirts
3824:Volksparty
3362:Black Sash
3023:Xenophobia
3016:Travelgate
2789:Border War
2593:Bantustans
2491:Great Trek
2436:Xhosa Wars
2296:Upingtonia
2280:Stellaland
1851:References
1781:Scher 1988
1769:Scher 1988
1757:Scher 1988
1745:Scher 1988
1733:Scher 1988
1697:Scher 1988
1685:Scher 1988
1673:Scher 1988
1661:Scher 1988
1637:Scher 1988
1601:Scher 1988
1589:Cowen 1953
1577:Cowen 1953
1553:Cowen 1953
1541:Cowen 1953
1529:Cowen 1953
1436:Cowen 1953
1409:Cowen 1953
1385:Cowen 1953
1346:Sachs 1973
1107:Cape Times
795:entrenched
787:Parliament
730:Background
708:Parliament
516:Sophiatown
483:Jacob Zuma
368:Joel Joffe
358:Chris Hani
343:Ruth First
328:Steve Biko
185:Black Sash
3283:Volkstaat
3274:Uitlander
3205:Boerehaat
3181:Anarchism
2988:Arms Deal
2951:apartheid
2627:Pass laws
2604:Apartheid
2549:1910–1948
2468:1815–1910
2406:1652–1815
1841:Wade 1957
1829:Wade 1957
1504:846790131
1249:Transvaal
1161:interdict
969:G. Harris
935:gave his
868:apartheid
834:sovereign
806:dominions
756:Transvaal
537:Vlakplaas
501:Bantustan
438:Joe Slovo
34:Apartheid
4151:Category
4053:Boeremag
3551:Jeugkrag
3502:Het Volk
3196:Baasskap
3138:incident
2757:Olympics
2336:Transkei
2139:polities
2137:Defunct
2076:41056249
2030:(1973).
886:coloured
780:absolute
758:and the
736:creation
688:coloured
674:, was a
628:Category
532:Sun City
26:a series
24:Part of
3956:SAAPAWU
3294:Defunct
3257:Slavery
2477:Mfecane
2001:2604173
1970:1337174
1936:1336655
1887:1091091
1066:Ndlwana
1061:Ndlwana
1032:Ndlwana
1026:by the
913:strikes
770:of the
738:of the
714:in the
702:of the
3907:FOSATU
3761:SAYRCO
3733:SADECO
3649:Occupy
3188:Azania
3136:Lady R
3065:Racism
2894:CODESA
2371:Events
2360:Ciskei
2272:Goshen
2202:–1819)
2187:–1817)
2074:
2064:Kronos
2053:7 July
2044:
2016:
1999:
1968:
1934:
1885:
1502:
1492:
1202:Senate
1134:Harris
1125:, the
1116:assent
937:assent
919:. The
871:, won
724:Senate
527:Soweto
495:Places
312:People
260:COSATU
210:FOSATU
120:CODESA
55:Events
4088:PAGAD
3984:SATUC
3977:SARHU
3963:SACTU
3942:NURHS
3900:FNETU
3886:CTSWU
3879:CNETU
3872:BLATU
3754:SAYCO
3642:NUSAS
3523:IDASA
3334:AITUP
2949:Post-
2352:Venda
2072:JSTOR
1997:JSTOR
1966:JSTOR
1932:JSTOR
1883:JSTOR
1333:Notes
995:, as
820:(the
814:black
752:Natal
718:(the
4095:SANF
4025:APLA
3970:SAIF
3949:PAWE
3935:NEUM
3928:MUSA
3893:FCWU
3838:WOSA
3789:TNIP
3747:SASO
3740:SAIC
3726:SABP
3677:PAVN
3411:COSG
3390:CTEG
3383:CNIP
2055:2012
2042:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1500:OCLC
1490:ISBN
1238:The
979:and
915:and
666:The
295:SACP
285:SAMA
280:SAIC
275:SADF
270:SACC
165:APLA
4046:BBB
4039:AWB
4032:ARM
3998:UDF
3921:IWW
3914:ICU
3865:BCM
3858:APF
3803:UFP
3705:PRP
3684:PFP
3635:NRP
3628:NPP
3614:NNP
3607:NLP
3593:NCP
3544:ISL
3495:GNP
3467:ECC
3460:DSM
3453:DPP
3425:DLF
3397:COD
3376:CDA
3355:BPC
3348:AVF
3341:APO
1989:doi
1958:doi
1924:doi
1873:doi
991:or
768:Act
290:SAP
245:UDF
240:PAC
230:HNP
225:PFP
205:ECC
190:CCB
180:BBB
175:AWB
170:IFP
160:ANC
4167::
4067:MK
3621:NP
3586:NA
3537:IP
3530:ID
3481:FD
3474:FA
3418:CP
2197:c.
2182:c.
2159:c.
2152:c.
2091:74
2089:.
2068:13
2066:.
2034:.
1995:.
1985:28
1983:.
1964:.
1954:66
1952:.
1930:.
1920:65
1918:.
1902:70
1900:.
1881:.
1869:20
1867:.
1861:.
1498:.
1416:^
1365:^
1311:.
1149:("
975:,
971:,
960:,
901:.
853:,
235:MK
220:RP
215:PP
200:DP
28:on
2539:)
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2195:(
2180:(
2164:)
2157:–
2150:(
2121:e
2114:t
2107:v
2078:.
2057:.
2022:.
2003:.
1991::
1972:.
1960::
1938:.
1926::
1889:.
1875::
1506:.
655:e
648:t
641:v
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