147:. A crowd of approximately 5,000 people gathered in Sharpeville that day in response to the call made by the Pan-Africanist Congress to leave their pass-books at home and to demand that the police arrest them for contravening the pass laws. The protestors were told that they would be addressed by a government official and they waited outside the police station as more police officers arrived, including senior members of the notorious Security Branch. At 1.30pm, without issuing a warning, the police fired 1344 rounds into the crowd. For more than fifty years the number of people killed and injured has been based on the police record, which included 249 victims in total, including 29 children, with 69 people killed and 180 injured. More recent research has shown that at least 91 people were killed at Sharpeville and at least 238 people were wounded. Many people were shot in the back as they fled from the police.
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without respite. Some insight into the mindset of those on the police force was provided by
Lieutenant Colonel Pienaar, the commanding officer of the police reinforcements at Sharpeville, who said in his statement that "the native mentality does not allow them to gather for a peaceful demonstration. For them to gather means violence." He also denied giving any order to fire and stated that he would not have done so.
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rate of unemployment as well as high crime rates. There were also youth problems because many children joined gangs and were affiliated with crimes instead of schools. Furthermore, a new police station was created, from which the police were energetic to check passes, deporting illegal residents, and raiding illegal
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used these laws to enforce greater racial segregation and, in 1959–1960, extended them to include women. From the 1960s, the pass laws were the primary instrument used by the state to detain and harass its political opponents. These laws forced
Africans to carry special identification that police and
219:, marched peacefully and unarmed to the Orlando police station in Soweto and demanded to be arrested as they were not prepared to a carry dompass, on 21 March, simultaneously a university student, a member of the PAC, Philip Ata Kgosana led the very same march in the Cape Province in Langa Township.
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Police reports in 1960 claimed that young and inexperienced police officers panicked and opened fire spontaneously, setting off a chain reaction that lasted about forty seconds. Few of the policemen present had received public order training. Some of them had been on duty for over twenty-four hours
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The apartheid-era police records indicate that that 69 people were killed, including 10 children, and 180 injured, including 19 children. This figure has subsequently been shown to have been greatly under-estimated. New research has shown that at least 91 people were killed and more than 238 people
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approached to within 30 metres (98 ft) of the ground, flying low over the crowd in an attempt to scatter it. The protesters responded by hurling stones (striking three policemen) and rushing the police barricades. Police officers attempted to use tear gas to repel these advances, but it proved
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By 10:00, a large crowd had gathered, and the atmosphere was initially peaceful and festive. Fewer than 20 police officers were present in the station at the start of the protest. Later the crowd grew to about 20,000, and while some news reports described the mood as "ugly", this has been contested
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Sharpeville was first built in 1943 to replace
Topville, a nearby township that suffered overcrowding where illnesses like pneumonia were widespread. Due to the illness, removals from Topville began in 1958. Approximately 10,000 Africans were forcibly removed to Sharpeville. Sharpeville had a high
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The PAC actively organized to increase turnout to the demonstration, distributing pamphlets and appearing in person to urge people not to go to work on the day of the protest. Many of the civilians present attended voluntarily to support the protest, but there is evidence that the PAC also used
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On 21 March 1960, a group of approximately 5,000 people gathered at the
Sharpeville police station, offering themselves up for arrest for not carrying their passbooks. The Sharpeville police were not completely unprepared for the demonstration, as they had already driven smaller groups of more
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found in 1998 that "the evidence of
Commission deponents reveals a degree of deliberation in the decision to open fire at Sharpeville and indicates that the shooting was more than the result of inexperienced and frightened police officers losing their nerve."
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South
African governments since the eighteenth century had enacted measures to restrict the flow of African South Africans into cities. Pass laws, intended to control and restrict their movement and employment, were updated in the 1950s. Under the country's
203:, which contained an identity card, employment and influx authorisation from a labour bureau, name of employer and address, and details of personal history. Leading up to the Sharpeville massacre, the National Party administration under the leadership of
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was a child living on a mining compound near
Johannesburg where her father worked at the time of the Sharpeville massacre. In her poem "Our Sharpeville" she reflects on the atrocity through the eyes of a child.
366:. Sharpeville marked a turning point in South Africa's history; the country found itself increasingly isolated in the international community. The event also played a role in South Africa's departure from the
315:
The uproar among South Africa's black population was immediate, and the following week saw demonstrations, protest marches, strikes, and riots around the country. On 30 March 1960, the government declared a
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530:(1974-75) to the Sharpeville Massacre. Iconic reportage photographs of scattering protesters are arranged alongside stenciled and handwritten captions pulled from news reporting of the unfolding event.
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ineffectual, and the police fell back on the use of their batons. At about 13:00 the police tried to arrest a protester, and the crowd surged forward. The police began shooting shortly thereafter.
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A storm of international protest followed the
Sharpeville shootings, including sympathetic demonstrations in many countries and condemnation by the United Nations. On 1 April 1960, the
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government "for its steadfast policy of segregation and the adherence to their traditions in the face of overwhelming external agitation." The resolution passed 78-8 in the
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1143:"Naming history's forgotten fighters: South Africa's government is setting out to forget some of the alliance who fought against apartheid. Some of them remain in prison"
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442:(TRC) found that the police actions constituted "gross human rights violations in that excessive force was unnecessarily used to stop a gathering of unarmed people."
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On 21 March 2002, the 42nd anniversary of the massacre, a memorial was opened by former
President Nelson Mandela as part of the Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct.
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1016:"Outside South Africa there were widespread reactions to Sharpeville in many countries which in many cases led to positive action against South Africa".—
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The
Sharpeville massacre contributed to the banning of the PAC and ANC as illegal organisations. The massacre was one of the catalysts for a shift from
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coercive means to draw the crowd there, including the cutting of telephone lines into Sharpeville, and preventing bus drivers from driving their routes.
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E.g., "mmediately following the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa, over 1000 students demonstrated in Sydney against the apartheid system".—
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government, African residents in urban districts were subject to influx control measures. Individuals over sixteen were required to carry
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Some of the victims were buried en masse in a ceremony performed by clergy. Philip Finkie Molefe, responsible for establishing the first
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other authorities could check at any time. The government used passes to restrict where Africans could work, live and travel.
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occurred on 21 March 1960, when police opened fire on a crowd of people who had assembled outside the police station in the
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320:, detaining more than 18,000 people, including prominent anti-apartheid activists who were known as members of the
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154:, who initially thought the police were firing blanks. In present-day South Africa, 21 March is commemorated as a
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Barcan, Alan (24 June 2007). "Student activists at Sydney University 1960-1967: a problem of interpretation".
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wounded. The police shot many people in the back as they turned to flee, causing some to be paralyzed.
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The row of graves of the 69 people killed by police at the Sharpeville Police Station on 21 March 1960.
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rifles. There was no evidence that anyone in the gathering was armed with anything other than stones.
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2006:
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628:– six people convicted from a demonstration in Sharpeville in 1984 which drew international attention
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by witnesses who were there, including photographer Ian Berry. 130 police officers supported by four
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622:– August 2012 police shooting of approximately 34 striking miners widely compared to Sharpeville
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The massacre is referenced in the 1992 book Tandia, by South African author Bryce Courtenay.
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Humphrey, Tyler; Fourie, Bernardus G.; Duncan, Patrick (1960). "Sharpeville and After".
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1294:"Sharpeville Memorial, Theunis Kruger Street, Dicksonville, Sharpville – ABLEWiki"
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864:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 3, Chapter 6
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670:. The making of the modern world. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
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958:"Influential religious leader with 70-years in ministry to be laid to rest"
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Many white South Africans were also horrified by the massacre. The poet
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In 2024 the area where the massacre occurred and the memorial became a
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arrived in Sharpeville. The police were armed with firearms, including
175:
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In 2024 the area where the massacre occurred and the memorial became a
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in honour of human rights and to commemorate the Sharpeville massacre.
140:
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1971:
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460:
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Not all reactions were negative: embroiled in its opposition to the
750:"The photos that changed history – Ian Berry; Sharpeville Massacre"
190:
Demonstrators discarding their passbooks to protest apartheid, 1960
1963:
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185:
935:. London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
382:
244:
1713:
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353:
Bean Dubh a' Caoidh a Fir a Chaidh a Marbhadh leis a' Phoileas
465:
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
456:
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
389:, the military wing of the ANC, followed shortly afterwards.
355:" ("A Black Woman Mourns her Husband Killed by the Police").
933:
Voices of Sharpeville: the long history of racial injustice
693:
Voices of Sharpeville: The Long History of Racial Injustice
1091:"Macmillan, Verwoerd and the 1960 'Wind of Change' Speech"
1023:"The Sharpeville Massacre – A watershed in South Africa"
1005:
An Tuil: Anthology of 20th Century Scottish Gaelic Verse
723:"The Sharpeville Massacre – A watershed in South Africa"
592:, a similar toll over months at the Gaza-Israeli border.
668:
Sharpeville: an apartheid massacre and its consequences
3860:
Killings by law enforcement officers in South Africa
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2016:
1989:
1982:
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282:, was among the clergy that conducted the service.
100:
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1025:. United Nations Unit on Apartheid. Archived from
906:Thomas McGhee, Charles C.; N/A, N/A, eds. (1989).
483:mentioned the Sharpeville Massacre in her verse.
1219:. Vol. 5, no. 7. April 1960. p. 1
2513:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1341:"Calls for inquiry into Israel's Gaza killings"
427:Sharpeville was the site selected by President
16:1960 South African Police killing of protestors
803:Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa
637:United Nations Security Council Resolution 615
632:United Nations Security Council Resolution 610
420:Since 1994, 21 March has been commemorated as
150:The massacre was photographed by photographer
1725:
1371:
910:(2nd ed.). Pretoria: Varama Publishers.
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
774:"Zambian Commemorates Sharpeville Massacre".
8:
931:Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2024).
901:
899:
897:
691:Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2023).
228:militant activists away the previous night.
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
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1986:
1732:
1718:
1710:
1587:
1378:
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381:by these organisations. The foundation of
311:Painting depicting victims of the massacre
20:
1158:
1070:
486:The event was an inspiration for painter
2586:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1446:Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
1268:"Mandela signs SA Constitution into law"
716:
714:
712:
452:, known as Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites.
347:, wrote in response to the massacre the
165:, known as Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites.
3835:Opposition to apartheid in South Africa
2198:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
658:
524:dedicated several prints in his series
169:Life in Sharpeville before the massacre
2663:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
400:voted for a resolution supporting the
215:(PAC), led by it's founding President
7:
695:. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
406:Mississippi House of Representatives
398:Mississippi House of Representatives
385:, the military wing of the PAC, and
3875:Murders by law enforcement officers
2593:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2255:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1387:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
870:. 28 October 1998. pp. 531–537
440:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
296:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1315:Vaughn, Kenya (13 December 2021).
1183:"What they commend in Mississippi"
725:. sahistory.org.za. Archived from
14:
3855:Massacres of protesters in Africa
3745:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3380:South African Party (Cape Colony)
616:, a similar event in Eastern Asia
573:List of massacres in South Africa
3840:Events associated with apartheid
3757:
3756:
1462:Azanian People's Liberation Army
1239:"Public Holidays Act 36 of 1994"
598:, a similar event in South Korea
557:
543:
471:References in art and literature
431:for the signing into law of the
339:, a Scottish immigrant from the
105:
37:
3394:South African Party (1977–1980)
3387:South African Party (1911–1934)
3303:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3100:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1189:. 15 April 1960. Archived from
517:" in response to the massacre.
360:United Nations Security Council
328:and some still enmeshed in the
2712:2019 service delivery protests
2698:#FeesMustFall student protests
2443:1983 constitutional referendum
1141:Joseph, Raymond (April 2018).
721:Reeves, Rt. Reverend Ambrose.
590:2018–2019 Gaza border protests
527:A South African Colouring Book
1:
3170:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1808:
1793:
1770:
1763:
1609:A Human Being Died That Night
908:The plot against South Africa
604:, a similar event in Thailand
602:Thammasat University massacre
467:, in memory of the massacre.
463:marks 21 March as the yearly
3870:1960 murders in South Africa
2825:Black Consciousness Movement
2579:Government of National Unity
1272:South African History Online
956:Tlou, Gift (4 August 2020).
510:We Insist! Freedom Now Suite
433:Constitution of South Africa
3865:March 1960 events in Africa
2536:Saint James Church massacre
2422:Weapons of mass destruction
1550:Saint James Church massacre
1417:National Research Director:
1051:History of Education Review
610:, a similar event in Taiwan
586:, a similar event in Poland
241:armoured personnel carriers
3891:
2292:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2170:South West Africa campaign
2069:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2034:French Huguenot settlement
1530:Heidelberg Tavern massacre
1525:Durban beach-front bombing
1441:Amy Biehl Foundation Trust
828:"The Sharpeville Massacre"
580:, a similar event in Italy
513:includes the composition "
3754:
3731:African National Congress
3191:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2529:1992 apartheid referendum
1112:10.1017/S0018246X11000409
1063:10.1108/08198691200700005
891:at South African History.
143:) to protest against the
36:
28:
3845:Protests in South Africa
3184:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3177:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2733:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2691:#RhodesMustFall protests
2306:1960 republic referendum
1467:Civil Cooperation Bureau
1243:South African Government
1160:10.1177/0306422018770119
410:Mississippi State Senate
3629:terrorist organisations
2719:2019 Johannesburg riots
2348:Constructive engagement
2313:International isolation
2131:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1565:Bombing of Khotso House
368:Commonwealth of Nations
213:Pan-Africanist Congress
2642:Attack on Kennedy Road
2269:Congress of the People
1860:South African Republic
1472:State Security Council
1420:Charles Villa-Vicencio
1213:"South Africa Praised"
1099:The Historical Journal
515:Tears for Johannesburg
312:
191:
72:; 64 years ago
3791:26.68833°S 27.87194°E
3212:Natal Indian Congress
2932:Afrikaner Broederbond
2786:Afrikaner nationalism
2572:1994 general election
2543:Bophuthatswana crisis
2436:Church Street bombing
2232:Apartheid legislation
2225:1948 general election
2145:South Africa Act 1909
1940:Union of South Africa
1760:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1740:Political history of
1570:Trojan Horse Incident
1515:Church Street bombing
1510:Battle of Ventersdorp
1217:The Citizens' Council
1003:Ronald Black (1999),
520:South African artist
435:on 10 December 1996.
394:Civil Rights Movement
310:
266:Death and injury toll
189:
137:Union of South Africa
3830:1960 in South Africa
3815:Sharpeville massacre
2846:Greater South Africa
2684:2014 platinum strike
2550:Shell House massacre
2478:Transkei coup d'état
2299:Sharpeville massacre
2062:Battle of Blaauwberg
2055:Battle of Muizenberg
2007:Battle of Salt River
1790:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1560:Shell House massacre
1555:Sharpeville massacre
1317:"Inspired by Africa"
1296:. Able.wiki.up.ac.za
889:Remember Sharpeville
608:February 28 incident
584:Polish 1970 protests
247:submachine guns and
121:Sharpeville massacre
112:South African Police
24:Sharpeville massacre
3796:-26.68833; 27.87194
3787: /
3738:Democratic Alliance
2915:Civic and political
2779:Afrikaner Calvinism
2772:African nationalism
2621:African Renaissance
2327:UNSC Resolution 591
2248:Internal resistance
2149:National Convention
2117:Transvaal Civil War
2041:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1924:Orange River Colony
1599:Country of My Skull
1575:Queenstown Massacre
1535:The Gugulethu Seven
1505:Amanzimtoti bombing
1147:Index on Censorship
666:Lodge, Tom (2011).
614:Wanpaoshan Incident
578:1922 Turin massacre
551:South Africa portal
450:World Heritage Site
163:World Heritage Site
2485:Ciskei coup d'état
2320:UN Resolution 1761
2285:Women's March 1956
2138:South African Wars
2124:Mineral Revolution
1321:St. Louis American
1274:. 10 December 1996
748:Macdonald, Fiona.
492:Sharpeville Series
488:Oliver Lee Jackson
375:passive resistance
337:Duncan Livingstone
318:state of emergency
313:
286:Pretext for firing
192:
133:Transvaal Province
70:21 March 1960
57:Transvaal Province
3825:Massacres in 1960
3770:
3769:
3723:political parties
3716:
3715:
3693:Orde van die Dood
3310:Progressive Party
3016:Congress Alliance
2832:Cape Independence
2764:Political culture
2759:
2758:
2726:COVID-19 pandemic
2656:Marikana massacre
2492:Venda coup d'état
2262:Defiance Campaign
1852:Orange Free State
1782:Dutch Cape Colony
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1635:
1614:
1604:
1591:Non-fiction books
1484:Umkhonto we Sizwe
1089:(December 2011).
1007:, pp. 74–79, 728.
942:978-1-032-19129-4
782:(5): 1–10. 2013.
702:978-1-032-19130-0
677:978-0-19-280185-2
620:Marikana massacre
424:in South Africa.
387:Umkhonto we Sizwe
322:Congress Alliance
276:Assemblies of God
117:
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3627:Paramilitary and
3619:
3617:Umkosi Wezintaba
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3462:social movements
3460:Trade unions and
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2981:Boerestaat Party
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2912:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2752:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2471:Dakar Conference
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2362:Sporting boycott
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2334:Academic boycott
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2191:Great Depression
2186:
2179:
2177:Maritz rebellion
2172:
2152:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2027:Dutch settlement
2009:
2002:
2000:Bantu migrations
1987:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1932:Transvaal Colony
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1900:Nieuwe Republiek
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1836:Natalia Republic
1831:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1805:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1800:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1694:
1684:
1681:Zulu Love Letter
1674:
1664:
1654:
1633:
1612:
1602:
1588:
1520:The Cradock Four
1409:Deputy chairman:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1350:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:. 1 January 1995
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1106:(4): 1087–1114.
1095:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
994:
972:
966:
965:
953:
947:
946:
928:
922:
921:
903:
892:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
869:
859:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
807:
806:
801:Kaplan, Irving.
798:
792:
791:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
718:
707:
706:
688:
682:
681:
663:
647:Bulhoek massacre
596:Gwangju Uprising
567:
562:
561:
560:
553:
548:
547:
546:
494:from the 1970s.
422:Human Rights Day
408:and 45-0 in the
379:armed resistance
259:Harvard Trainers
205:Hendrik Verwoerd
182:Preceding events
110:
109:
108:
80:
78:
73:
41:
21:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3128:HNP (Herstigte)
3126:
3121:HNP (Herenigde)
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2939:Afrikaner Party
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2853:Honorary whites
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2755:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2614:Soweto bombings
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2415:Soweto Uprising
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:Tar Baby Option
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:Freedom Charter
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2155:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1876:Griqualand West
1874:
1868:Griqualand East
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1744:
1738:
1708:
1699:
1638:
1617:
1579:
1493:
1450:
1429:
1389:
1384:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1193:on 20 July 2017
1187:Chicago Tribune
1181:
1180:
1176:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1029:on 1 April 2007
1019:Reeves, Ambrose
1017:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
974:
973:
969:
955:
954:
950:
943:
930:
929:
925:
918:
905:
904:
895:
887:
883:
873:
871:
867:
861:
860:
847:
837:
835:
826:
825:
810:
800:
799:
795:
773:
772:
768:
758:
756:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
729:on 24 June 2013
720:
719:
710:
703:
690:
689:
685:
678:
665:
664:
660:
655:
626:Sharpeville Six
563:
558:
556:
549:
544:
542:
539:
473:
458:
418:
349:Scottish Gaelic
305:
288:
268:
225:
184:
171:
139:(today part of
106:
104:
76:
74:
71:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3686:Ossewabrandwag
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3429:Unionist Party
3425:
3418:
3411:
3408:Torch Commando
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3282:Orde Boerevolk
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3058:DP (1989–2000)
3054:
3051:DP (1973–1977)
3047:
3044:Dominion Party
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2925:Afrikaner Bond
2920:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2839:Day of the Vow
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2607:Floor crossing
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2522:Bisho massacre
2518:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2464:Operation Vula
2460:
2457:Rubicon speech
2453:
2450:Langa massacre
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2184:Rand Rebellion
2180:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2110:Boer Republics
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1956:Bophuthatswana
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1916:Klein Vrystaat
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1801:
1786:
1778:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1307:
1285:
1259:
1230:
1204:
1174:
1133:
1078:
1040:
1009:
996:
967:
948:
941:
923:
916:
893:
881:
845:
834:. 4 April 1960
808:
805:. p. 603.
793:
766:
740:
708:
701:
683:
676:
657:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
644:
642:Year of Africa
639:
634:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
568:
554:
538:
535:
507:'s 1960 album
472:
469:
457:
454:
429:Nelson Mandela
417:
414:
364:Resolution 134
326:Nelson Mandela
304:
301:
287:
284:
278:church in the
267:
264:
224:
221:
217:Robert Sobukwe
197:National Party
183:
180:
170:
167:
156:public holiday
115:
114:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3887:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:1960 protests
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:Die Spoorbund
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:Workers Party
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:Radio Freedom
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:Oranjewerkers
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
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1661:In My Country
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832:Time Magazine
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522:Gavin Jantjes
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481:Ingrid Jonker
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438:In 1998, the
436:
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416:Commemoration
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343:who lived in
342:
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330:Treason Trial
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27:
22:
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3772:
3761:
3721:Histories of
3422:United Party
3331:Reform Party
3268:Orangia Unie
2893:
2884:
2877:Swart gevaar
2875:
2859:
2815:
2806:
2747:
2649:Blikkiesdorp
2298:
1991:Pre-colonial
1844:Natal Colony
1828:Zulu Kingdom
1742:South Africa
1691:The Forgiven
1689:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1628:
1607:
1597:
1554:
1540:Mthatha Raid
1416:
1412:Alex Boraine
1408:
1404:Desmond Tutu
1400:
1349:18 May 2018.
1346:The Guardian
1344:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1247:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1186:
1177:
1153:(1): 57–59.
1150:
1146:
1136:
1103:
1097:
1081:
1057:(1): 61–79.
1054:
1050:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:the original
1012:
1004:
999:
982:
978:Africa Today
976:
970:
961:
951:
932:
926:
907:
884:
872:. Retrieved
863:
836:. Retrieved
831:
802:
796:
779:
775:
769:
757:. Retrieved
753:
743:
731:. Retrieved
727:the original
692:
686:
667:
661:
565:1960s portal
532:
525:
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508:
503:
496:
491:
485:
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459:
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444:
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419:
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341:Isle of Mull
334:
314:
293:
289:
273:
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253:
234:
230:
226:
210:
193:
172:
160:
149:
135:of the then
131:in the then
120:
118:
61:South Africa
18:
3850:Sharpeville
3794: /
2861:Rooi gevaar
2740:2021 unrest
2670:Nkandlagate
2499:Third Force
2376:Rugby union
1974:(1981–1994)
1966:(1979–1994)
1958:(1977–1994)
1950:(1976–1994)
1942:(1910–1961)
1934:(1902–1910)
1926:(1902–1910)
1918:(1886–1891)
1910:(1885–1887)
1902:(1884–1888)
1894:(1882–1885)
1886:(1882–1883)
1878:(1870–1873)
1870:(1861–1879)
1862:(1856–1902)
1854:(1854–1902)
1846:(1843–1910)
1838:(1839–1843)
1830:(1816–1897)
1822:(1795–1910)
1820:Cape Colony
1812: 1780
1797: 1780
1784:(1652–1806)
1774: 1220
1767: 1075
1651:Forgiveness
1545:Pebco Three
1489:Third Force
1087:Dubow, Saul
838:15 December
759:12 December
754:www.bbc.com
249:Lee–Enfield
129:Sharpeville
53:Sharpeville
3809:Categories
3782:27°52′19″E
3779:26°41′18″S
3672:Greyshirts
3436:Volksparty
2974:Black Sash
2635:Xenophobia
2628:Travelgate
2401:Border War
2205:Bantustans
2103:Great Trek
2048:Xhosa Wars
1908:Upingtonia
1892:Stellaland
1326:5 February
985:(3): 5–8.
874:30 October
776:Black View
653:References
324:including
255:F-86 Sabre
101:Assailants
77:1960-03-21
2895:Volkstaat
2886:Uitlander
2817:Boerehaat
2793:Anarchism
2600:Arms Deal
2563:apartheid
2239:Pass laws
2216:Apartheid
2161:1910–1948
2080:1815–1910
2018:1652–1815
1477:Vlakplaas
1425:testimony
1401:Chairman:
1223:14 August
1197:14 August
1169:0306-4220
1128:145148670
1033:3 January
505:Max Roach
477:Afrikaner
370:in 1961.
257:jets and
201:passbooks
152:Ian Berry
145:pass laws
31:apartheid
3763:Category
3665:Boeremag
3163:Jeugkrag
3114:Het Volk
2808:Baasskap
2750:incident
2369:Olympics
1948:Transkei
1751:polities
1749:Defunct
1671:Red Dust
1630:Red Dust
1498:Massacre
1300:17 April
1249:14 April
1120:41349633
962:The Star
788:43799086
537:See also
345:Pretoria
303:Response
223:Massacre
176:shebeens
125:township
49:Location
29:Part of
3568:SAAPAWU
2906:Defunct
2869:Slavery
2089:Mfecane
991:4184088
733:15 July
490:in his
362:passed
238:Saracen
141:Gauteng
93:Injured
75: (
3519:FOSATU
3373:SAYRCO
3345:SADECO
3261:Occupy
2800:Azania
2748:Lady R
2677:Racism
2506:CODESA
1983:Events
1972:Ciskei
1884:Goshen
1814:–1819)
1799:–1817)
1695:(2017)
1685:(2004)
1675:(2004)
1665:(2004)
1655:(2004)
1634:(2000)
1622:Novels
1613:(2003)
1603:(1998)
1394:People
1167:
1126:
1118:
989:
939:
914:
786:
699:
674:
461:UNESCO
396:, the
351:poem "
85:Deaths
3700:PAGAD
3596:SATUC
3589:SARHU
3575:SACTU
3554:NURHS
3512:FNETU
3498:CTSWU
3491:CNETU
3484:BLATU
3366:SAYCO
3254:NUSAS
3135:IDASA
2946:AITUP
2561:Post-
1964:Venda
1643:Films
1584:Media
1278:3 May
1124:S2CID
1116:JSTOR
1094:(PDF)
987:JSTOR
868:(PDF)
784:JSTOR
479:poet
3707:SANF
3637:APLA
3582:SAIF
3561:PAWE
3547:NEUM
3540:MUSA
3505:FCWU
3450:WOSA
3401:TNIP
3359:SASO
3352:SAIC
3338:SABP
3289:PAVN
3023:COSG
3002:CTEG
2995:CNIP
1455:Army
1328:2022
1302:2014
1280:2019
1251:2023
1225:2017
1199:2017
1165:ISSN
1035:2022
937:ISBN
912:ISBN
876:2014
840:2006
761:2018
735:2007
697:ISBN
672:ISBN
475:The
383:Poqo
294:The
280:Vaal
245:Sten
211:The
119:The
67:Date
3658:BBB
3651:AWB
3644:ARM
3610:UDF
3533:IWW
3526:ICU
3477:BCM
3470:APF
3415:UFP
3317:PRP
3296:PFP
3247:NRP
3240:NPP
3226:NNP
3219:NLP
3205:NCP
3156:ISL
3107:GNP
3079:ECC
3072:DSM
3065:DPP
3037:DLF
3009:COD
2988:CDA
2967:BPC
2960:AVF
2953:APO
1256:PDF
1155:doi
1108:doi
1067:hdl
1059:doi
377:to
127:of
96:238
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3679:MK
3233:NP
3198:NA
3149:IP
3142:ID
3093:FD
3086:FA
3030:CP
1809:c.
1794:c.
1771:c.
1764:c.
1343:,
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1096:.
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