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430:
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we abstract the following points of interest : 19 The fruit grows abundantly between the mountains of
Palestine and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, from the city of Gaza northward to Mount Carmel. The plant thrives without any attention whatever on the part of the husbandman, since the climate and soil are all-sufficient for its perfect growth-the natural requirements being merely a sandy soil, warm climate and little moisture. The fruit which is known in commerce as the Turkish colocynth is collected by the native peasants (fellaheens) in July and August, before it is quite ripe, and is sold to Jaffa dealers, who peel it and dry the pulp in the sun, It is then molded into irregular small balls, packed in boxes and exported, mostly via England."
55:
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80:
900:. Growth declines as soon as the rains and the temperature decrease and almost stops during the cold and dry months of December and January. Colocynth prefers sandy soils and is a good example of good water management which may be useful also on research to better understand how desert plants react to water stress. To enhance production, an organic fertilizer can be applied. Colocynth is also commonly cultivated together with
2595:
770:
673:
2607:
942:
1871:
867:
Historical accounts of trade go back to 1895 tracing its harvest and trade in
Palestine's Jaffa for export to England under the commerce name of Turkish colocynth. "Brief account of the growth of colocynth in Palestine has more recently appeared in the United States consular reports (1895) from which
1143:
The oil obtained from the seeds (47%) can be used for soap production. The production is not very time- and energy-consuming due to the ability of colocynth to grow on poor soils with just a little moisture and organic fertilizer. The fruits are harvested still unripe by hand, the rind is removed by
402:
895:
is poor due to the extreme xeric conditions, so vegetative propagation is more common and successful in nature. In the Indian arid zone, growth takes place between
January and October, but the most favorable period for the vegetative growth is during summer, which coincides with the
429:
1083:
The seeds of colocynth, which must be separated from the pulp and heated to make edible, have been used since antiquity as a food source in areas of the Sahara and Sahel where crops frequently fail or regular farming is impossible. The enigmatic early
Egyptian ceramic
1824:. Morris, Miranda., Stuart-Smith, Susanna., Oman. Office of the Adviser for Conservation of the Environment. : Prepared and published by the Office of the Adviser for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman. p. 120.
855:
conditions. In fact, it can tolerate annual precipitation of 250 to 1,500 mm (10 to 59 in) and an annual temperature of 14.8 to 27.8 °C. It grows from sea level up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above
1144:
peeling and the inner pulp filled with seeds is dried in the sun or in ovens. The seeds yield is about 6.7 to 10 t/ha, which means that for an oil profit of 31 to 47%, oil yields may reach up to 3 t/ha.
1885:
1346:
Ali-Shtayeh, Mohammed S.; Jamous, Rana M.; Jamous, Rania M. (2016). "Traditional Arabic
Palestinian ethnoveterinary practices in animal health care: A field survey in the West Bank (Palestine)".
2112:
925:
wilt, etc. as any other crop. To improve it, a relatively new protocol for regeneration has been developed with the aim of incorporating disease and stress resistance to increase
536:) are borne in different flowers on the same plant. The male flowers' calyx is shorter than the corolla. They have five stamens, four of which are coupled and one is single with
2046:
Rahuman, A. Abdul; Venkatesan, P.; Gopalakrishnan, Geetha (2008). "Mosquito larvicidal activity of oleic and linoleic acids isolated from
Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad".
3405:
1995:
1949:
1853:
3285:
2931:
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960:. The characteristic small seed of the colocynth have been found in several early archeological sites in northern Africa and the Near East, specifically at
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984:. Zohary and Hopf speculate, "these finds indicate that the wild colocynth was very probably used by humans prior to its domestication."
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1933:
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756:
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1108:, some confusion exists between this species and watermelon, whose seeds may be used in much the same way. In particular, the name
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Ntui, V. O.; Thirukkumaran G.; Iioka S.; Mii M. (2009). "Efficient plant regeneration via organogenesis in "Egusi" melon (
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852:
723:
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1104:(Thunb)) was domesticated in Ancient Egypt, and may have been developed for edible seed from cultivated colocynth. In
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Eidi S, Azadi HG, Rahbar N, Mehmannavaz HR (2015). "Evaluation of antifungal activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of
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ovary. The two sexes are distinguishable by observing the globular and hairy inferior ovary of the female flowers.
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79:
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is smooth, spheric with a diameter of 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 inches) and an extremely bitter taste. The
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Si, Y.; Zhang C.K.; Meng S.S.; Dane F. (2009). "Gene expression changes in response to drought stress in
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spread in all directions for a few meters looking for something over which to climb. If present,
225:
74:
1796:. Translated by John Shea. Binghamton: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies. p. 343.
1664:
Sen, D. N.; Bhandari M.C. (1974). "On the ecology of a perennial cucurbit in Indian arid zone —
544:
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2742:
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1989:
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Plants of Dhofar, the southern region of Oman : traditional, economic, and medicinal uses
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are embedded. Each of the three carpels bears six seeds. Each plant produces 15 to 30 fruits.
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In traditional Arab veterinary medicine, colocynth sap was used to treat skin eruptions in
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Witches, devils, and doctors in the
Renaissance: Johann Weyer, De praestigiis daemonum
1329:
567:
englobe the yellow-green fruit which becomes marble (yellow stripes) at maturity. The
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2377:
1875:
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that, just like the bitter apple plant does, 'grow back when cut and have deep roots'
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1015:, or for insect bites. The powder of colocynth was sometimes used externally with
952:
can be eaten or processed for further uses in medicine and as energy source, e.g.
464:
are large, fleshy, and perennial, leading to a high survival rate due to the long
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are yellow and solitary in the axes of leaves and are borne by yellow-greenish
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2059:
1634:
1359:
1159:
1147:
1128:, and could therefore be used in food formulations especially in regions with
926:
915:
Cultivated colocynth suffers of climatic stress and diseases such as cucumber
778:
640:
620:
521:
489:
469:
374:
3238:
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2652:
1792:
Mora, George; Kohl, Benjamin G.; Midelfort, Erik; Bacon, Helen, eds. (1991).
1453:
788:
is a desert viney plant that grows in sandy, arid soils. It is native to the
3014:
2820:
2794:
2564:
2206:
2179:
1889:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. pp. 411, 453 & 1007.
1839:
857:
832:, it is cultivated on a small scale; it has been an income source since the
409:
351:
173:
2067:
1642:
1595:
1548:
3329:
3125:
3037:
2724:
1523:
Schafferman, D.; Beharav A.; Shabelsky E.; Yaniv Z (1998). "Evaluation of
1429:
3324:
3192:
3120:
2996:
2646:
1527:, a desert plant native in Israel, as a potential source of edible oil".
1163:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1020:
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1008:
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vine but bears small, hard fruits with a bitter pulp. The plant contains
363:
286:
130:
17:
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3251:
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2874:
2755:
2308:
1689:
1587:
1175:
1093:
1072:
957:
953:
941:
909:
901:
697: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
632:
612:
608:
603: in) wide. They are similarly bitter, nutty-flavored, and rich in
505:
2900:
2031:
2010:
1092:
may have been portable ovens for roasting colocynth seeds. The desert
2709:
1562:
Althawadi, A. M.; Grace J. (1986). "Water-use by the desert cucurbit
1000:
965:
961:
829:
801:
644:
615:. The oil content of the seeds is 17–19% (w/w), consisting of 67–73%
548:
540:
529:
525:
493:
473:
359:
355:
143:
2623:
480:
are preferred and climbed by means of auxiliary branching tendrils.
1874: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1503:- Potential Arid Land Biodiesel Feedstock from an Ancient Cucurbit"
1135:
The flowers can be eaten, and the stem tips are a source of water.
3277:
2923:
2799:
2278:
2154:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1075:, and postpartum inflammation in sheep, cows, goats, and chicken.
1068:
1016:
973:
969:
940:
809:
805:
768:
560:
477:
367:
330:
291:
280:
91:
30:"Bitter-apple" redirects here. For the species of nightshade, see
1924:
Brewer, Douglas J., Donald B. Redford, and Susan
Redford (1994).
1112:
may refer to either or both plants (or more generically to other
2009:
Giwa, Solomon; Abdullah, Luqman Chuah; Adam, Nor Mariah (2010).
1979:"Current Situation of Micronutrient Deficiencies in West Africa"
1900:
1117:
793:
572:
571:
is filled with a soft, dry, and spongy white pulp, in which the
461:
343:
2786:
2627:
2127:
666:
604:
381:
and is unsafe to use. It originally bore the scientific name
1371:
1369:
1178:, cartoon character and Palestinian national symbol for the
860:
on sandy loam, subdesert soils, and sandy sea coasts with a
1886:
Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
861:
496:
are palmate and angular with three to seven divided lobes.
659:
It resembles the watermelon, which is in the same genus.
393:
The vine ranges from 2.4–3 metres (8–10 feet) in length.
2123:
1964:"12 Key Benefits Of Egusi Melon (Citrullus Colocynthis)"
1341:
1339:
1757:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 194.
1100:
from the ground seeds. The closely related watermelon (
1071:. In Palestine it has been used to treat constipation,
1035:
made of colocynth were called "troches of alhandal" or
972:; at sites dating from 3800 BC to Roman times in
1205:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
1059:
3182:
2636:
2552:
2525:
2498:
2417:
2317:
2306:
2269:
2215:
2204:
2172:
2161:
1116:) in their capacity as seed crops, or to a popular
635:. In addition, the seeds contain a high amount of
1926:Domestic Plants and Animals: The Egyptian Origins
1132:micronutrient deficiencies, such as West Africa.
2015:L.) Seed Oil as Potential Biodiesel Feedstock"
976:; and the pre-pottery Neolithic levels of the
929:potential and security avoiding interspecific
2139:
1977:Diedhiou, Balla Moussa, and Chowdhury Jalal.
796:, and is distributed among the west coast of
8:
1994:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1948:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1852:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1043:. They were usually composed of colocynth,
3406:National symbols of the State of Palestine
2624:
2314:
2212:
2169:
2146:
2132:
2124:
1403:"Colocynth - Uses, Side Effects, and More"
812:, and reaches also the north coast of the
53:
42:
2090:"Handala and the Cartoons of Naji al-Ali"
2030:
1815:
1813:
1748:
1746:
757:Learn how and when to remove this message
1865:
1863:
1755:Domestication of Plants in the Old World
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1431:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
512:. Each has a subcampanulated five-lobed
1670:International Journal of Biometeorology
1278:United States Department of Agriculture
1269:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1196:
398:
1987:
1941:
1845:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
847:in the wild in Indian arid zones, and
583:The seeds are gray and 5 millimetres (
1376:Lloyd, J. U.; Cincinnati, O. (1898).
611:. They are eaten whole or used as an
528:) and the female reproductive parts (
7:
3149:bfc99861-013e-4b68-962c-39a3e969c506
3025:9f422d1b-8622-4282-9fe9-2709638254be
2606:
2119:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
1426:United States Department of the Army
1420:
1418:
1416:
695:adding citations to reliable sources
34:. For the species of Momordica, see
1753:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf Maria (2000).
1052:
1051:. Alhandal is derived from Arabic:
1003:the colocynth had numerous uses in
992:Colocynth has been widely used in
25:
3317:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292170-1
3113:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:291930-1
2605:
2594:
2593:
2195:
1869:
1120:made from these seeds. The seed
671:
543:. The female flowers have three
440:
428:
416:
401:
78:
682:needs additional citations for
631:. The oil yield is about 400 L/
362:(especially in regions such as
285:Citrullus Colocynthis Fruit in
1158:petroleum ether extracts show
1:
1901:"Carlo Bergmanns Discoveries"
1737:10.1016/j.scienta.2008.08.031
1274:Agricultural Research Service
836:and is still exported today.
593: in) long by 3 mm (
1820:G., Miller, Anthony (1988).
1529:Journal of Arid Environments
1348:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1316:10.1016/j.hermed.2015.01.003
2106:Information on oilseed uses
1883:, ed. (1728). "Colocynth".
1096:are said to make a type of
1060:
864:range between 5.0 and 7.8.
244:Citrullus pseudocolocynthis
3422:
3391:Medicinal plants of Africa
1304:Journal of Herbal Medicine
316:, (native name in Turkey)
296:Wild Citrullus Colocynthis
29:
2589:
2284:Watermelon rind preserves
2193:
2060:10.1007/s00436-008-1146-6
1635:10.1007/s00299-009-0703-5
1360:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.005
1226:"Bu bitkiye dikkat edin!"
231:
224:
202:
195:
75:Scientific classification
73:
61:
52:
45:
3396:Medicinal plants of Asia
2011:"Investigating 'Egusi' (
1472:Lloyd, John U. (1898). "
1232:(in Turkish). 2014-12-04
1064:, a name for colocynth.
883:, can propagate both by
663:Distribution and habitat
342:, is a poisonous desert
236:Citrullus colocynthoides
1928:. Aris & Phillips.
1769:"Citrullus colocynthis"
1139:Other uses and research
800:, eastward through the
706:"Citrullus colocynthis"
252:Colocynthis officinalis
2534:Melothria sphaerocarpa
2252:C. colocynthis (egusi)
1717:Scientia Horticulturae
1549:10.1006/jare.1998.0454
946:
919:, melon mosaic virus,
782:
373:It resembles a common
297:
289:
3386:Flora of Western Asia
3381:Flora of North Africa
3371:Edible nuts and seeds
3064:Citrullus colocynthis
3002:Citrullus~colocynthis
2852:Citrullus colocynthis
2774:Citrullus_colocynthis
2715:citrullus-colocynthis
2668:Citrullus colocynthis
2638:Citrullus colocynthis
2114:Citrullus colocynthis
2048:Parasitology Research
2013:Citrullus Colocynthis
1905:www.carlo-bergmann.de
1713:Colocynthis citrullus
1666:Citrullus colocynthis
1619:Citrullus colocynthis
1564:Citrullus-colocynthis
1525:Citrullus colocynthis
1501:Citrullus colocynthis
1474:Citrullus Colocynthis
1380:Citrullus colocynthis
1300:Citrullus colocynthis
1262:Citrullus colocynthis
944:
891:means. However, seed
786:Citrullus colocynthis
772:
383:Colocynthis citrullus
302:Citrullus colocynthis
295:
284:
206:Citrullus colocynthis
63:Citrullus colocynthis
47:Citrullus colocynthis
2560:List of melon dishes
2393:(horned/jelly melon)
1478:The Western Druggist
1389:henriettesherbal.com
1005:traditional medicine
994:traditional medicine
988:Traditional medicine
691:improve this article
346:plant native to the
260:Colocynthis vulgaris
3184:Cucumis colocynthis
2542:Momordica charantia
2289:Watermelon seed oil
1773:www.hort.purdue.edu
1729:2009ScHor.119..397N
1682:1974IJBm...18..113S
1580:1986Oecol..70..475A
1541:1998JArEn..40..431S
1436:Skyhorse Publishing
1037:trochisci alhandalæ
828:. On the island of
820:. It grows also in
790:Mediterranean Basin
435:Fruits in Ab Pakhsh
348:Mediterranean Basin
268:Cucumis colocynthis
188:C. colocynthis
36:Momordica charantia
32:Solanum aculeastrum
2537:(white-seed melon)
1690:10.1007/bf01452231
1588:10.1007/bf00379514
947:
783:
516:and a five-parted
298:
290:
3353:
3352:
3046:Open Tree of Life
2630:Taxon identifiers
2621:
2620:
2579:Solanum muricatum
2521:
2520:
2475:Oriental pickling
2302:
2301:
2191:
2190:
2032:10.3390/en3040607
1881:Chambers, Ephraim
1803:978-0-86698-083-8
1668:(Linn.) Schrad".
1445:978-1-60239-692-0
1230:www.haberturk.com
1162:activity against
1102:Citrullus lanatus
1058:
767:
766:
759:
741:
354:, especially the
279:
278:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
16:(Redirected from
3413:
3376:Flora of Morocco
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2976:NHMSYS0000457358
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2656:
2655:
2625:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2596:
2571:Melothria scabra
2363:(Inodorus Group)
2315:
2294:Watermelon steak
2213:
2199:
2170:
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1559:
1553:
1552:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1063:
1057:romanized:
1056:
1054:
962:Neolithic Armant
762:
755:
751:
748:
742:
740:
699:
675:
667:
602:
601:
597:
592:
591:
587:
488:Very similar to
468:. The vine-like
444:
432:
420:
405:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
208:
83:
82:
67:Medicinal-Plants
57:
43:
21:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3178:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3033:Observation.org
3031:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2585:
2548:
2517:
2500:
2494:
2413:
2298:
2271:
2265:
2200:
2187:
2157:
2152:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1940:
1936:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1844:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1629:(6): 997–1009.
1616:
1615:
1611:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1446:
1438:. p. 114.
1424:
1423:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1258:
1257:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1172:
1141:
1081:
996:for centuries.
990:
939:
881:perennial plant
874:
845:perennial plant
822:Southern Europe
798:northern Africa
763:
752:
746:
743:
700:
698:
688:
676:
665:
657:
655:Similar species
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
581:
557:
524:, so the male (
502:
486:
458:
456:Roots and stems
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
436:
433:
424:
423:A female flower
421:
412:
406:
391:
326:bitter cucumber
275:
220:
210:
204:
191:
77:
65:from Koehler's
39:
28:
27:Species of vine
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:wfo-0000628840
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:wfo-0000607845
3163:
3153:
3140:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3068:
3055:
3042:
3029:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2941:
2928:
2915:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2804:
2791:
2778:
2765:
2752:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2706:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2658:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2582:(pepino melon)
2575:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:(bitter melon)
2538:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2399:C. myriocarpus
2395:
2391:C. metuliferus
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2261:(Namib tsamma)
2255:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2219:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2183:(Winter melon)
2176:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:External links
2098:
2096:
2095:
2092:. 5 July 2009.
2081:
2054:(6): 1383–90.
2038:
2001:
1969:
1955:
1935:978-0856685859
1934:
1916:
1892:
1859:
1831:978-0715708088
1830:
1809:
1802:
1784:
1760:
1742:
1723:(4): 397–402.
1703:
1676:(2): 113–120.
1656:
1623:Plant Cell Rep
1609:
1574:(3): 475–480.
1554:
1535:(4): 431–439.
1515:
1483:
1459:
1444:
1412:
1394:
1365:
1335:
1330:"Bitter apple"
1321:
1290:
1242:
1217:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1171:
1168:
1156:C. colocynthis
1154:isolated from
1152:linoleic acids
1140:
1137:
1126:micronutrients
1090:Western Desert
1080:
1077:
1049:gum tragacanth
1039:and used as a
989:
986:
950:C. colocynthis
938:
935:
877:C. colocynthis
873:
870:
851:under extreme
826:Aegean Islands
773:Colocynths in
765:
764:
679:
677:
670:
664:
661:
656:
653:
580:
577:
556:
553:
501:
498:
485:
482:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
439:
437:
434:
427:
425:
422:
415:
413:
407:
400:
397:
396:
395:
390:
387:
277:
276:
274:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
59:
58:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:Other species
2524:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:(paddy melon)
2400:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2259:C. ecirrhosus
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2025:(4): 607–18.
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1876:public domain
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:(L) Schrad".
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1186:Vine of Sodom
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:cucurbitaceae
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:found in the
1087:
1086:Clayton rings
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:Iranian fruit
943:
936:
934:
932:
931:hybridization
928:
924:
923:
918:
913:
911:
907:
906:intercropping
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
865:
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Mediterranean
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
776:
771:
761:
758:
750:
747:December 2020
739:
736:
732:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708: –
707:
703:
702:Find sources:
696:
692:
686:
685:
680:This section
678:
674:
669:
668:
662:
660:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:palmitic acid
626:
622:
618:
617:linoleic acid
614:
610:
606:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
443:
438:
431:
426:
419:
414:
411:
404:
399:
394:
388:
386:
384:
380:
379:cucurbitacins
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:vine of Sodom
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
313:
308:
304:
303:
294:
288:
283:
269:
266:
261:
258:
253:
250:
245:
242:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:Cucurbitaceae
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:Tracheophytes
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3183:
2637:
2610:
2598:
2577:
2569:
2540:
2532:
2460:Kolkhoznitsa
2406:
2398:
2390:
2360:
2328:(true melon)
2325:
2307:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2244:Citron melon
2237:
2223:
2205:
2180:
2162:
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2084:
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2041:
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2018:
2012:
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1904:
1895:
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1500:
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1473:
1434:. New York:
1430:
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1199:
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1101:
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1007:, such as a
998:
991:
949:
948:
920:
917:mosaic virus
914:
898:rainy season
876:
875:
866:
838:
834:14th century
818:Caspian Seas
785:
784:
775:Adrar Desert
753:
744:
734:
727:
720:
713:
701:
689:Please help
684:verification
681:
658:
647:-containing
627:, and 9–12%
625:stearic acid
582:
558:
547:and a three-
538:monadelphous
503:
487:
459:
408:Specimen in
392:
382:
372:
339:
335:
329:
325:
322:bitter apple
321:
317:
310:
307:common names
305:, with many
301:
300:
299:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
154:Cucurbitales
137:
124:
111:
98:
66:
62:
46:
40:
3087:kew-2723897
2958:NatureServe
2896:iNaturalist
2662:Wikispecies
2574:(cucamelon)
2490:Yubari King
2383:Santa Claus
1210:13 November
1124:is rich in
1106:West Africa
978:Nahal Hemar
893:germination
872:Cultivation
824:and on the
649:amino acids
520:. They are
389:Description
118:Angiosperms
3360:Categories
3082:Plant List
2732:Calflora:
2508:Melon ball
2501:and dishes
2435:Charentais
2409:(cucumber)
2407:C. sativus
2338:Cantaloupe
2333:Barattiere
2272:and dishes
2230:Watermelon
2224:C. lanatus
2181:B. hispida
1910:2020-03-27
1778:2020-03-27
1508:8 November
1480:. Chicago.
1283:3 December
1236:2021-09-26
1192:References
1164:mosquitoes
1160:larvicidal
1053:الْحَنْظَل
933:barriers.
889:vegetative
885:generative
779:Mauritania
717:newspapers
643:, and the
641:tryptophan
621:oleic acid
545:staminoids
522:monoecious
490:watermelon
447:Ripe fruit
375:watermelon
340:wild gourd
309:including
3366:Citrullus
3199:Q21872946
2839:242426424
2821:FloraBase
2565:Melon Day
2418:Cultivars
2343:Carosello
2238:C. amarus
2207:Citrullus
2164:Benincasa
1944:cite book
1848:cite book
1568:Oecologia
1454:277203364
1354:: 35–49.
1061:al-Ḥanẓal
1033:pastilles
982:Palestine
980:caves in
858:sea level
839:It is an
619:, 10–16%
510:peduncles
410:Ab Pakhsh
352:West Asia
318:colocynth
182:Species:
175:Citrullus
88:Kingdom:
18:Colocynth
3325:Tropicos
3291:11387962
3278:292170-1
3193:Wikidata
3144:VicFlora
3133:VASCAN:
3121:Tropicos
2997:NSWFlora
2963:2.153788
2937:10206160
2924:291930-1
2769:eFloraSA
2722:BioLib:
2647:Wikidata
2600:Category
2553:See also
2499:Products
2470:Montreal
2373:Honeydew
2353:Oriental
2270:Products
2076:19224297
2068:18688644
2019:Energies
1990:cite web
1840:20798112
1698:83721937
1651:25078968
1643:19415285
1596:28311938
1428:(2009).
1302:fruit".
1170:See also
1079:Culinary
1045:bdellium
1041:laxative
1029:Lozenges
1025:bandages
1021:unguents
1013:diuretic
1009:laxative
922:Fusarium
849:survives
816:and the
637:arginine
569:mesocarp
466:tap root
314:'s melon
312:Abu Jahl
287:Behbahan
226:Synonyms
160:Family:
131:Eudicots
69:(1887).
3330:9200576
3252:2874624
3126:9200449
3010:NTFlora
2875:2874622
2756:Ecocrop
2653:Q913609
2612:Commons
2378:Persian
2361:C. melo
2326:C. melo
2318:Species
2309:Cucumis
2216:Species
2173:Species
1878::
1725:Bibcode
1678:Bibcode
1604:7196701
1576:Bibcode
1537:Bibcode
1176:Handala
1130:endemic
1094:Bedouin
1073:scabies
958:biofuel
954:oilseed
910:Nigeria
902:cassava
731:scholar
633:hectare
623:, 5–8%
613:oilseed
609:protein
598:⁄
588:⁄
530:pistils
526:stamens
514:corolla
506:flowers
500:Flowers
366:), and
263:Schrad.
255:Schrad.
247:M.Roem.
239:Pangalo
218:Schrad.
170:Genus:
150:Order:
92:Plantae
3304:511846
3239:168449
3213:199632
3095:PLANTS
3051:677069
3038:116584
3022:NZOR:
2989:252529
2950:501571
2901:160657
2862:CITCOL
2859:FoIO:
2813:168450
2787:488253
2725:128933
2710:ARKive
2686:APDB:
2513:Midori
2480:Sprite
2455:Kajari
2430:Banana
2425:Bailan
2368:Canary
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1800:
1715:L.)".
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1641:
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1452:
1442:
1069:camels
1047:, and
1001:Arabia
966:Nagada
841:annual
830:Cyprus
808:until
802:Sahara
733:
726:
719:
712:
704:
645:sulfur
555:Fruits
549:carpel
541:anther
494:leaves
492:, the
484:Leaves
474:shrubs
360:Turkey
356:Levant
144:Rosids
3401:Vines
3286:IRMNG
3265:12550
3234:EUNIS
3226:329R7
3156:WoI:
3100:CICO7
3071:PFI:
2932:IRMNG
2911:13961
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2888:10674
2847:FoAO2
2808:EUNIS
2800:CITCO
2702:69928
2689:25846
2676:APA:
2485:Sugar
2465:Mirza
2440:Crane
2348:Galia
2279:Egusi
2155:Melon
2072:S2CID
1982:(PDF)
1694:S2CID
1647:S2CID
1600:S2CID
1407:WebMD
1385:(PDF)
1148:Oleic
1122:flour
1110:egusi
1098:bread
1023:, or
1017:aloes
974:Libya
970:Egypt
927:yield
908:) in
853:xeric
843:or a
810:India
806:Egypt
738:JSTOR
724:books
579:Seeds
573:seeds
565:calyx
561:fruit
534:ovary
518:calyx
478:herbs
470:stems
462:roots
368:Nubia
364:İzmir
338:, or
331:egusi
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
99:Clade
3312:POWO
3299:ITIS
3273:IPNI
3260:GRIN
3247:GBIF
3208:APNI
3136:4692
3108:POWO
3074:3312
3059:PfaF
3015:1463
2984:NCBI
2945:ITIS
2919:IPNI
2883:GRIN
2870:GBIF
2826:7369
2795:EPPO
2761:4618
2748:VMHH
2735:9812
2697:APNI
2679:1661
2450:Hami
2445:Gaya
2064:PMID
1996:link
1950:link
1930:ISBN
1854:link
1836:OCLC
1826:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1639:PMID
1592:PMID
1510:2012
1450:OCLC
1440:ISBN
1285:2014
1212:2014
1150:and
1118:soup
956:and
937:Uses
887:and
879:, a
794:Asia
792:and
710:news
607:and
559:The
532:and
504:The
476:and
460:The
350:and
344:viny
3338:WFO
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3159:715
2971:NBN
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2782:EoL
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