719:
567:
285:. Such minority groups, and those with records of loyalty in revolt, were often designated as 'martial races'; their supposedly superior fighting qualities propagandised, and their communities rewarded with special status. The colonial power might face however a dilemma: when military developments made numbers a priority, it had to either trust the majority and so risk loss of control, or alternatively to rely on minorities combined with large numbers of expensive European or other non-local troops. The French
33:
451:
179:
762:
saw mixed outcomes for colonial troops. Where the transition was a relatively peaceful one the existing colonial units were likely to form the basis of the new national armies. Where there had been extended conflict those locally recruited troops who had remained loyal to their former colonial rulers
363:
The advantages of locally-recruited troops in colonial warfare were several. They had familiarity with local terrain, language and culture. They were likely to be immune from disease in areas such as the West Indies and West Africa, which were notoriously unhealthy for
European troops until the early
557:
The selective recruitment of particular ethnic groups for service in the colonial military was frequently influenced by the perception of their military abilities and loyalty towards the colonial regime. On occasion, these restrictions were overturned due to a lack of manpower, especially during and
95:
At the beginning of the modern colonial period such troops were predominantly
Europeans from the home army of the country concerned, but locally raised "native" troops were soon recruited. The latter normally served in separate units, at first under their own leaders, later under European officers.
143:
508:
of the French Army had to be withdrawn to southern France for recuperation and training during the harsh winters of the
Western Front. All Indian troops, with the exception of some cavalry regiments, were withdrawn from the Western Front in October 1915, to serve in
355:. A large portion of the forces maintained by Spain and Portugal in South and Central America until the early 19th century were locally recruited. Colonial militias in Australia, Canada and New Zealand formed the origins of the modern armies of these countries.
709:
in general. They were usually trained by the United States military and initially led by
American officers. Philippine colonial soldiers were amongst the first members of the U.S. Army to engage in direct combat against the Japanese during World War II.
541:
more or less on their own but were sometimes accompanied by a substantial
British presence. In the early stages of the First World War (November 1914), a British-Indian expeditionary force suffered a major defeat by well-trained and well-led German
690:. The demographic composition of the 65th stayed generally the same after 1917 (though composed of U.S. citizens it was no longer be a "colonial" regiment), and went onto to serve with distinction in every major U.S. conflict since.
368:
or other groups that had long-established martial traditions. It was not uncommon for colonial armies to favour the races that had shown the fiercest opposition to the initial conquest of a given territory (examples being the
524:
On the other hand, the regiments of the Indian Army were an army in their own right with responsibilities in the wider Empire. They were equipped as such, apart from lacking certain specialist capabilities, and took on the
467:
Colonial troops were usually more lightly equipped than their metropolitan counterparts, who were usually given priority when new weaponry was issued. This apparent discrimination sometimes arose from the actual
78:
Such colonies may lie overseas or in areas dominated by neighbouring land powers such as
Imperial China or Tsarist Russia. Colonial troops have been used by Imperial powers whether ancient (such as Carthage and
503:
Even earlier, the
African and Indian troops that had been sent to France in 1914 encountered a climate, diet and general conditions of service greatly different from those with which they were familiar. The
500:. The relative lack of up-to-date weaponry and training put colonial troops at an initial disadvantage when they faced modern opponents such as the German or Japanese armies of the Second World War.
83:), or modern (such as Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, and Portugal). Sometimes they have been recruited under local leaders, as
384:
Colonial troops could be used to garrison or subdue other territories than those in which they were recruited to avoid problems of conflicting loyalties. For example, Italy used
Eritrean
107:
were an early example. By the mid 18th century, these troops were beginning to be directly recruited by the
Company, allowing more systematic provisioning, drill and tactics, forming the
638:
during 1936; Eritrean troops were also used in the occupation of Libya from 1911 to 1935 and a full division of Libyan infantry participated in the
Ethiopian campaign. Portugal employed
320:
rotated large numbers of its regular troops through India and other overseas possessions, augmenting the local colonial forces. However it is notable that British forces in
186:
In the larger colonial possessions the garrison was likely to comprise both locally recruited and white troops. The latter might be from the home or metropolitan army, from
582:
By the 20th Century, colonial troops were often being used outside the boundaries of their territories of origin. Troops from France's North African colonies served in the
324:
and other West African territories were under normal circumstances nearly all locally recruited, except for officers, some non-commissioned officers and a few specialists.
726:
Colonial troops sometimes served as symbols or icons of Imperial power. Representative detachments of Indian and other Empire forces came to London to parade as part of
554:, in East Africa, but two divisions of Indian infantry also fought with distinction in France in a type of war and a climate for which they had been little prepared.
722:
Modern French soldiers of the 1st Regiment of Tirailleurs - formerly recruited in Algeria and still retaining their historic ceremonial North African uniforms.
327:
Changes in colonial ruler usually meant the continuation of local recruitment - often from the same sources. Both the Spanish and United States rulers of the
606:. Indian troops served in Europe in large numbers during both World Wars, as well as in the Middle East, Malaya, Burma and North Africa in World War II. The
1397:" U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
381:
from metropolitan regiments would be politically unpopular. Also, the use of local troops often made the actual colonization more palatable for the locals.
742:
each year until 1962. Until at least the 1930s, British Indian and French, Italian and Spanish North African regiments were notable for their picturesque
694:
686:
enlistees and a mix of American and Puerto Rican officers. The unit was formed in 1899, immediately following America's annexation of the colony in the
1035:
hen Scipio carried the war into Africa, the most useful local auxiliaries of Carthage, the Numidians, went over to the Romans, and victory with them.
750:, cloaks and sashes. Such features were an aid to voluntary recruiting as well as ensuring a high-profile for the overseas territories represented.
290:
880:
246:
were recruited from outside British-controlled territory. In Burma, the British recruited primarily from the Hill dwelling minorities such as the
1408:
1195:
Christopher M. Andrew, page 236 "France Overseas. The Great War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion", 1981 Thames and Hudson Ltd, London
270:
people from joining the colonial military service; this was due to the perception that they were unsympathetic towards the colonial government.
1105:
679:
1457:
1418:
1180:
1155:
1278:
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409:
210:
comprised all of these elements. The Dutch had a similar mix of locally recruited and metropolitan troops composing their garrison in the
432:
905:
1721:
1653:
1614:
1583:
1552:
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1343:
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1130:
1084:
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960:
805:
1676:
1514:
1731:
900:
207:
571:
347:
Colonial troops may comprise local forces drawn from settlers in colonies where these were numerous. In the 18th century
718:
965:
643:
623:
401:
930:
810:
654:
until the 1950s. During the 19th century several thousand West African soldiers were recruited under the name of
619:
416:
at various times in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. In the 1950s, the Portuguese used African troops from
397:
687:
194:
or occasionally from mercenaries recruited outside the territories of the colonial power concerned. The French "
1716:
112:
855:
885:
800:
702:
659:
348:
278:
195:
671:
488:
or mechanised units rarely had indigenous troops although the Italian colonial army maintained a number of
820:
505:
477:
1271:
Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing status of Indian officers in the Indian Army, 1757-1947
1246:
Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing status of Indian officers in the Indian Army, 1757-1947
1293:
Philip Mason, "A Matter of Honour - an Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men", pages 412-413
706:
310:
116:
32:
377:
tribesmen of Morocco). Colonial units could be employed in campaigns or conditions in which the use of
1630:
Colonial Army Systems of the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Italy, and Belgium
1424:
566:
955:
63:
767:
and subject to reprisals after independence. This was particularly the case in Algeria in 1962 (see
970:
795:
599:
587:
497:
242:" making up the bulk of the Indian Army were recruited from British subjects, the ten regiments of
167:
151:
128:
1701:
1681:
840:
785:
675:
631:
514:
493:
286:
104:
37:
496:
and Libyan mule artillery batteries, and there were locally-recruited mountain batteries in the
1726:
1649:
1634:
1610:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1548:
1453:
1414:
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1339:
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1274:
1249:
1228:
1205:
1176:
1151:
1126:
1101:
1080:
1056:
1017:
985:
935:
890:
860:
698:
615:
425:
413:
405:
108:
293:
from 1920 to 1943, this force of about 10,000 men (in 1938) was predominantly recruited from
1686:
945:
764:
759:
651:
647:
534:
481:
352:
331:
employed Filipino troops from the same regions and tribal groups. In the 1830s the original
321:
191:
163:
142:
115:, or "Sepoy Mutiny", many of the sepoys rebelled against the Company, leading to the end of
1007:
611:
551:
538:
489:
282:
281:(NEI), to counterbalance majority populations seen as potentially rebellious, such as the
41:
697:
from 1901 until 1946 when the Philippines became independent. These troops including the
1388:
Piero Crociani, "Le Uniformi dell'A.O.I" (Somalia 1889-1941), pages 24-25 la Roccia 1980
1016:. Library of conservative thought. Transaction Publishers (published 1993). p. 11.
1475:
Historia y Tradiciones: Guardia Nacional de Puerto Rico – Cinco Centurias... En Guardia
950:
845:
825:
730:
or other major celebrations during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. French
639:
526:
469:
455:
302:
263:
203:
199:
60:
1710:
850:
772:
683:
655:
530:
460:
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389:
251:
239:
1522:
1671:
920:
739:
603:
595:
547:
543:
317:
159:
45:
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1604:
1447:
1011:
1666:
940:
731:
591:
583:
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510:
336:
328:
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255:
211:
120:
84:
17:
431:
727:
450:
417:
378:
267:
42:
colonies of North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia) had been reconquered by the Allies
1489:
1696:
1623:
Karl Hack and Tobias Rettig, eds. (2006), Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia.
895:
875:
870:
607:
485:
1638:
1648:
Philip Mason (1974), A Matter of Honour - an account of the Indian Army.
1606:
Guardians of Empire: The Armed Forces of the Colonial Powers C. 1700-1964
743:
635:
575:
393:
274:
235:
219:
187:
182:
Locally recruited riflemen of the French Colonial Army in Indochina, 1884
147:
132:
124:
67:
1046:
Karl Hack and Tobias Rettig 2006, eds, Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia
693:
The U.S. Army also organized and trained multiple colonial units during
1691:
980:
835:
830:
747:
473:
385:
332:
294:
227:
223:
80:
1379:
Hugh Thomas, pages 357-360 "The Spanish Civil War", Penguin Books 2003
975:
910:
865:
815:
790:
768:
627:
626:
during the period of colonial rule in both countries. Italy employed
476:
roles required of colonial forces, which were intended primarily for
435:
365:
273:
Many colonial powers sought to recruit minority peoples, such as the
247:
243:
131:, some of which survive to the present day in the national armies of
178:
925:
915:
735:
449:
430:
428:) for service in the East Indies during much of the 19th century.
370:
298:
259:
215:
177:
141:
136:
100:
231:
480:
against poorly-armed opponents in difficult terrain. Until the
87:; and at other times organised directly by the colonial power.
1490:"Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment "Special Announcements""
674:
in 1917, granting full U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans, the
658:
by the Dutch colonial authorities for military service in the
421:
374:
634:, together with Eritrean and Libyan units in the conquest of
289:
provided an example of the latter option. Raised to garrison
1225:
Zwarte Hollanders; Afrikaanse soldaten in Nederlands-Indië
364:
20th century. "Native" troops were usually recruited from
1410:
Honor and Fidelity: The 65th Infantry in Korea, 1950–1953
746:
which incorporated indigenous features such as colourful
1204:
Jean-Louis Larcade, page 15, "Zouaves et Tirailleurs",
309:
minorities, augmented by North African, Senegalese and
1609:(illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press.
1633:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1452:. Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario. p. 370.
339:for both the Turkish and French rulers of Algeria.
335:were volunteers from a tribal group which provided
1603:Killingray, David; Omissi, David E., eds. (1999).
1055:J.M. Roberts, page 399 "The Triumph of the West",
438:trooper (of the Italian colonial cavalry) in 1939
594:in France itself. France used African troops in
258:while preventing the plain dwelling majority of
1645:R. Hure (1977), L' Armee d' Afrique 1830-1962.
8:
1098:French Naval & Colonial Troops 1872-1914
1073:
695:the American colonization of the Philippines
27:Troops from colonial territories of a nation
1312:Burma/Myanmar: what everyone needs to know
1173:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936-42
1148:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936-42
36:Call-up ad inviting citizens to enlist in
1219:
1217:
717:
618:of 1936-39. Japan recruited levies from
565:
31:
998:
881:Military of Macau under Portuguese rule
558:in the run-up to the Second World War.
1515:"Sharp, William Frederick (1885–1947)"
646:, also using them in the garrisons of
7:
1627:Herron, J. S., ed. (November 1901).
1248:. Helion Limited. pp. 139–140.
1223:Kessel, Ineke van (Amsterdam 2005).
590:and most notably in the trenches of
119:. After the British government took
1519:The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
1473:Norat, José Angel (27 March 1987).
424:, and the Dutch had West Africans (
1568:Horne, Alistair (12 August 1978).
1407:Villahermosa, Gilberto N. (2009).
1334:Charles Lavauzelle, pages 289-291
1269:Creese, Miachel (12 August 2023).
1244:Creese, Miachel (12 August 2023).
1171:Lohnstein, Marc (21 August 2018).
1146:Lohnstein, Marc (21 August 2018).
1096:Chartrand, Rene (23 August 2018).
906:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
763:might find themselves regarded as
610:(Moorish infantry and cavalry) of
25:
70:troops in, colonial territories.
1150:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 4–5.
961:United States Army Indian Scouts
806:Colonial Guard of Spanish Guinea
1477:. Esmaco Printers. p. 125.
1449:Historia militar de Puerto Rico
1075:Les Troupes de Marine 1622–1984
404:). Indian regiments garrisoned
123:in 1858, the sepoys formed the
121:direct control of British India
1446:Héctor Andrés Negroni (1992).
1413:. Government Printing Office.
1355:Bueno, Jose (12 August 1989).
1273:. Helion Limited. p. 83.
1100:. Bloomsbury. pp. 21–22.
901:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
1:
1175:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 4.
1125:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 8.
1310:Steinberg, David I. (2009).
1121:Sumner, Ian (17 July 1995).
670:Prior to the passage of the
1545:1er Regiment de Tirailleurs
1314:. Oxford University Press.
966:West African Frontier Force
614:played a major role in the
562:Use outside areas of origin
1748:
1227:. KIT Publishers. p. 213.
642:troops from Mozambique in
598:and during the subsequent
392:and during both wars with
1547:. p. 146 & 149.
931:Special Groups (Portugal)
811:Corps of Colonial Marines
644:Angola during World War I
1722:Types of military forces
1574:. Viking Press. p.
738:paraded in Paris on the
113:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1543:Dufour, Pierre (1999).
1123:The French Army 1914-18
886:Natal Native Contingent
703:Philippine Constabulary
660:Netherlands East Indies
279:Netherlands East Indies
170:also recruited sepoys.
1359:. Aldaba. p. 41.
1074:
821:French Colonial Forces
723:
680:65th Infantry Regiment
579:
574:soldier served in the
506:Senegalese tirailleurs
464:
442:
183:
155:
49:
38:French Colonial Forces
1732:Wartime collaboration
1571:A Savage War of Peace
1336:Les Troupes de Marine
856:King's African Rifles
721:
569:
478:low intensity warfare
453:
434:
351:units were raised in
311:French Foreign Legion
181:
145:
117:Company rule in India
35:
956:Troupes de la Marine
801:Chasseurs d' Afrique
701:(most notably), the
688:Spanish–American War
570:A recruited African
174:Basis of recruitment
1005:Note for example:
971:West India Regiment
796:British Indian Army
705:and eventually the
588:Franco-Prussian War
168:Indian subcontinent
152:British Indian Army
74:Colonial background
1702:Irregular military
1682:Foreign volunteers
1525:on 12 October 2007
1427:on 8 November 2010
1107:978-1-4728-2-617-6
1013:God of the Machine
841:Indian auxiliaries
786:Aboriginal tracker
724:
672:Jones–Shafroth Act
632:Italian Somaliland
580:
465:
443:
287:Army of the Levant
184:
156:
105:East India Company
59:refers to various
50:
1494:www.valerosos.com
1459:978-84-7844-138-9
1420:978-0-16-083324-3
1182:978-1-4728-3375-4
1157:978-1-4728-3375-4
986:Zwarte Hollanders
936:Tiradores de Ifni
891:Philippine Scouts
861:Kikuyu Home Guard
699:Philippine Scouts
682:, was made up of
616:Spanish Civil War
426:Zwarte Hollanders
373:of India and the
291:Syria and Lebanon
109:presidency armies
66:from, or used as
16:(Redirected from
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1687:Military legions
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1423:. Archived from
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1371:
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1038:
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1008:Paterson, Isabel
1003:
946:Tonkinese Rifles
775:during 1973/74.
760:colonial empires
648:Portuguese India
482:Second World War
459:soldiers in the
353:Colonial America
192:military service
166:enclaves in the
21:
18:Colonial militia
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1597:Further reading
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758:The end of the
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707:Philippine Army
668:
612:Spanish Morocco
564:
552:Battle of Tanga
448:
361:
345:
343:Settler militia
176:
93:
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53:Colonial troops
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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951:Tropas Nomadas
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846:Indios reyunos
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826:Force Publique
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777:
755:
754:End of empires
752:
715:
712:
667:
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563:
560:
537:and later the
470:light infantry
456:Force Publique
447:
444:
360:
357:
344:
341:
198:" garrisoning
196:Army of Africa
175:
172:
92:
89:
75:
72:
61:military units
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29:
1667:Auxiliaries
941:Tirailleurs
732:tirailleurs
592:World War I
584:Crimean War
519:East Africa
511:Mesopotamia
498:Indian Army
337:mercenaries
329:Philippines
238:and other "
212:East Indies
129:Indian Army
85:auxiliaries
1711:Categories
1499:11 October
1029:10 January
993:References
728:coronation
418:Mozambique
379:conscripts
359:Advantages
307:Circassian
164:Portuguese
1697:Mercenary
1529:5 October
1431:5 October
896:Regulares
876:Mehariste
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714:Symbolism
676:U.S. Army
608:Regulares
600:Indochina
550:) at the
515:Palestine
486:artillery
472:or light
414:Hong Kong
410:Singapore
125:regiments
64:recruited
1727:Infantry
1661:See also
1010:(1943).
779:Examples
744:uniforms
636:Ethiopia
576:Java War
539:Japanese
535:Italians
527:Ottomans
490:Eritrean
394:Ethiopia
313:units.
283:Javanese
275:Ambonese
236:Baluchis
224:Marathas
220:Punjabis
188:settlers
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68:garrison
40:, after
1692:Militia
1639:6209451
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831:Goumier
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544:askaris
531:Germans
474:cavalry
386:askaris
349:militia
333:zouaves
322:Nigeria
303:Kurdish
295:Alawite
277:in the
264:Rakhine
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630:from
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1650:ISBN
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1531:2021
1501:2021
1454:ISBN
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1031:2015
1018:ISBN
734:and
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