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simultaneously build the colonial city around these industries. Because
Europeans viewed native bodies as degenerate and in need of taming, violence was necessary to create a submissive laborer. Colonisers viewed this violence as necessary and good because it shaped the African into a productive worker. They had the simultaneous goals of utilizing the raw labor and shaping the identity and character of the African. By beating into the African a docile nature, colonisers ultimately shaped and enforced the way Africans could move through colonial spaces. The African’s day-to-day life then became a show of submission done through exercises like
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552:, but also on some white leaders whose disproportionate voice under a racially weighted constitution was significant. He became the leader of an independent Tanganyika in 1961. In Kenya, whites had evicted African tenant farmers in the 1930s; since the 1940s there has been conflict, which intensified in 1952. By 1955, Britain had suppressed the revolt, and by 1960 Britain accepted the principle of African majority rule. Kenya became independent three years later.
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also noticed the unequal evidence of gratitude they received for their efforts to support
Imperialist countries during the world wars. While European-imposed borders did not correspond to traditional territories, such new territories provided entities to focus efforts by movements for increased political voice up to independence. Among local groups so concerned were professionals such as lawyers and doctors, the
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population. The colonial power was mainly in urban towns and cities and were served by elected governments. The indigenous power was found in rural villages and were ruled by tribal authority, which seemed to be more in keeping with their history and tradition. Mamdani mentions that in urban areas, native institutions were not recognised. The natives, who were portrayed as uncivilised by the
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administration called 'direct rule.'" The
British by contrast sought to rule by identifying local power holders and encouraging or forcing them to administer for the British Empire. This was indirect rule. France ruled from Paris, appointing chiefs individually without considering traditional criteria, but rather loyalty to France. France established two large colonial federations in Africa,
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lack of sanitation and proper sewage systems symbolize that
Africans are savages and uncivilised, playing a central role in how the west justified the case of the civilising process. Brown refers to this process of abjectification using discourses of dirt as a physical and material legacy of colonialism that is still very much present in Kampala and other African cities today.
704:. It is through this examination of the postcolony that Mbembe reveals the modes through which power was exerted in colonial Africa. He reminds the reader that colonial powers demanded use of African bodies in particularly violent ways for the purpose of labor as well as the shaping of subservient colonised identities.
466:, the Germans were almost driven out of the area in 1888. A decade later the colony seemed conquered, though, "It had been a long-drawn-out struggle and inland administration centres were in reality little more than a series of small military fortresses." In 1905, the Germans were astonished by the widely supported
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has faced criticism from academics such as
Meredith Terreta for focusing too much on specific African nations such as Cameroon. Echoes of this criticism can also be found when looking at the work of Mamdani with his theories questioned for generalising across an Africa that, in reality, was colonised
753:
Critical theory on the colonisation of Africa is largely unified in a condemnation of imperial activities. Postcolonial theory has been derived from this anti-colonial/anti-imperial concept and writers such as Mbembe, Mamdani and Brown, and many more, have used it as a narrative for their work on the
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as the process whereby one group others or dehumanizes another. Those who are deemed abject are often avoided by others and seen as inferior. Abjectivication is continually used as a mechanism to dominate a group of people and control them. In the case of colonialism, she argues that it is used
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in 1996. The main point of his argument is that the colonial state in Africa took the form of a bifurcated state, "two forms of power under a single hegemonic authority". The colonial state in Africa was divided into two. One state for the colonial
European population and one state for the indigenous
487:
Vincent
Khapoya notes the significant attention colonial powers paid to the economics of colonisation. This included: acquisition of land, often enforced labour, the introduction of cash crops, sometimes even to the neglect of food crops, changing inter-African trading patterns of pre-colonial times,
740:
Abjectivication through discourses of dirt and sanitation are used to draw distinctions between the
Western governing figures and the local population. Dirt being seen as something out of place, whilst cleanliness being attributed to the “in group”, the colonisers, and dirt being paralleled with the
524:
While the
British sought to follow a process of gradual transfer of power and thus independence, the French policy of assimilation faced some resentment, especially in North Africa. The granting of independence in March 1956 to Morocco and Tunisia allowed a concentration on Algeria where there was a
516:
Khapoya notes the significant resistance of powers faced to their domination in Africa. Technical superiority enabled conquest and control. Pro-independence
Africans recognised the value of European education in dealing with Europeans in Africa. Some Africans established their own churches. Africans
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Postcolonial geographers are consistent with the notion that colonialism, although maybe not in such clear-cut forms, is still concurrent today. Both Mbembe, Mamdani and Brown’s theories have a consistent theme of the indigenous Africans having been treated as uncivilised, second class citizens and
559:
in Africa began after World War II. Growing independence movements, indigenous political parties and trade unions coupled with pressure from within the imperialist powers and from the United States and the Soviet Union ensured the decolonisation of the majority of the continent by 1980. Some areas
744:
Brown discusses how the colonial authorities were only concerned with constructing a working sewage system to cater for the colonials and were not concerned with the Ugandan population. This rhetoric of sanitation is important because it is seen as a key part of modernity and being civilised. The
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that Africa was pillaged and plundered by the West through economic exploitation. Using a Marxist analysis, he analyses the modes of resource extraction and systematic underdevelopment of Africa by Europe. He concludes that the structure of present-day Africa and Europe can, through a comparative
413:
Established empires—notably Britain, France, Spain and Portugal—had already claimed coastal areas but had not penetrated deeply inland. By 1870, Europeans controlled one tenth of Africa, primarily along the Mediterranean and in the far south. A significant early proponent of colonising inland was
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Mbembe contrasts colonial violence with that of the postcolony. Mbembe demonstrates that violence in the postcolony is cruder and more generally for the purpose of demonstrating raw power. Expressions of excess and exaggeration characterize this violence. Mbembe's theorization of violence in the
446:
Imperialism generated self-esteem across Europe. The Allies of World War I and World War II made extensive use of African labour and soldiers during the wars. In terms of administrative styles, "he French, the Portuguese, the Germans and the Belgians exercised a highly centralised type of
707:
By comparing power in the colony and postcolony, Mbembe demonstrates that violence in the colony was exerted on African bodies largely for labor and submission. European colonial powers sought natural resources in African colonies and needed the requisite labor force to extract them and
470:. This resistance was at first successful. However, within a year, the insurrection was suppressed by reinforcing troops armed with machine guns. German attempts to seize control in Southwest Africa also produced ardent resistance, which was very forcefully repressed leading to the
442:
of 1898 between Britain and France; It was settled without significant military violence between the colonising countries. Between 1870 and 1914 Europe acquired almost 23,000,000 sq. km —one-fifth of the land area of the globe—to its overseas colonial possessions.
720:
colony illuminates the unequal relationship between the coloniser and colonised and reminds us of the violence inflicted on African bodies throughout the process of colonisation. It cannot be understood nor should be taught without the context of this violence.
488:
the introduction of labourers from India, etc. and the continuation of Africa as a source of raw materials for European industry. Colonial powers later focused on abolishing slavery, developing infrastructure, and improving health and education.
758:
Post colonialism can be described as a powerful interdisciplinary mood in the social sciences and humanities that is refocusing attention on the imperial/colonial past, and critically revising understanding of the place of the west in the
673:, were excluded from the rights of citizenship. The division of the colonial state created a racial segregation between the European 'citizen' and African 'subject', and a division between institutions of government.
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indigenous people. The reactions of disgust and displeasure to dirt and uncleanliness are often linked social norms and the wider cultural context, shaping the way in which Africa is still thought of today.
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521:(clerks, teachers, small merchants), urban workers, cash crop farmers, peasant farmers, etc. Trade unions and other initially non-political associations evolved into political movements.
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during his conquest of Egypt. This became one of the major cities of Hellenistic and Roman times, a trading and cultural centre as well as a military headquarters and communications hub.
484:. His barbaric treatment of the Africans sparked a strong international protest and the European powers forced him to relinquish control of the colony to the Belgian Parliament.
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728:
Stephanie Terreni Brown is an academic in the field of colonialism. In her 2014 paper she examines how sanitation and dirt is used in colonial narratives through the example of
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held a referendum in 1958 on the issue, only Guinea voted for outright independence. Nevertheless, in 1959 France amended the constitution to allow other colonies this option.
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in the mid- and late 1st century BC to establish a new Roman colony near the same site. This was established and under Augustus served as the capital city of African continent
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The theory of colonialism addresses the problems and consequences of the colonisation of a country, and there has been much research conducted exploring these concepts.
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by the 4th century BC. The Carthaginians sent out expeditions to explore and establish colonies along Africa's Atlantic coast. A surviving account of such is that of
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is a Cameroonian historian, political theorist, and philosopher who has written and theorized extensively on life in the colony and postcolony. His 2000 book
438:. This allowed the imperialists to move inland, with relatively few disputes among themselves. The only serious threat of inter-Imperial violence came in the
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208:, for example, was founded c. 1100 BC. Carthage, which means New City, has a traditional foundation date of 814 BC. It was established in what is now
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Clayton, Daniel (2003). "Chapter 18: Critical Imperial and Colonial Geographies". In Anderson, Kay; Domosh, Mona; Pile, Steve; Thrift, Nigel (eds.).
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and colonialism. He includes an analysis of gender and states the rights of African women were further diminished during colonialism.
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and the suppression of communal autonomy disrupted local customary practices and caused the irreversible transformation of Africa's
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Areas controlled by European colonial powers on the African continent in 1913, shown along with current national boundaries
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briefly established a kingdom there in the 5th century, which shortly thereafter fell to the Romans again, this time the
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Brown, Stephanie Terreni (2 January 2014). "Planning Kampala: histories of sanitary intervention and in/formal spaces".
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that in many former colonial cities this has continued into the present day with a switch from race to wealth divide.
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Phoenicians established several colonies along the coast of North Africa. Some of these were founded relatively early.
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control, the latter two of which were never part of any African polity and have overwhelmingly European populations.
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were upset by attempts to take their land and to impose agricultural methods against their wishes and experience. In
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455:. France appointed the state officials, passed laws and had to approve any measures passed by colonial assemblies.
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to establish international guidelines and avoiding violent disputes among European Powers, formalized the "
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904:"Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders"
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Shepperson, George (1985). "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884-1885".
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critically examines postcolonial life in Africa and is an important work within the field of
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eventually fell to the Arabs in the 7th century. Arabs introduced the Arabic language and
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The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
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around the same time. There was an attempt in 513 BC to establish a Greek colony between
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Clay, Dean (2016). "Transatlantic Dimensions of the Congo Reform Movement, 1904–1908".
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as a base for trade, while also colonising previously uninhabited islands such as the
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231:(150–146 BC), Rome completely destroyed Carthage. Scullard mentions plans by such as
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Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa (Slave and Post-Slave Societies and Cultures)
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Citizen and subject : contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism
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in very different ways, by fundamentally different European imperial ideologies.
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Terretta, Meredith (2002). "Review Work: On the Postcolony by Achille Mbembe".
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by the west to dominate over and control the indigenous population of Africa.
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off the north African coast in the 15th century, causing the genocide of the
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in 1652, as a halfway stop for passing European ships sailing to the east.
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is the one used by a recent colonial power, though most people speak their
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The oldest modern city founded by Europeans on the African continent is
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The principal powers involved in the modern colonisation of Africa are
46:
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560:(in particular South Africa and Namibia) retain a large population of
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1880:
1507:
529:) and bloody armed struggle to achieve independence. When President
49:. Some of these endured for centuries; however, popular parlance of
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1849:
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Il était une fois le Maroc - Témoignages du passé judéo-marocain
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exerted influence not only among Africans, united by the common
291:
Early European expeditions concentrated on establishing coastal
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1853:
1494:
Mbembe, Achille (1992). "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony".
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are still governed by a European country. While the islands of
45:, similar to how they established settler-colonies in parts of
1787:
The enigma of colonialism : British policy in West Africa
181:, some 50 miles from the later Alexandria. Greeks colonised
1699:
Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias (2020-03-01). "
1446:
Transformations of Slavery: a History of Slavery in Africa
177:(570–526 BC) a Greek mercantile colony was established at
154:
In the early historical period, colonies were founded in
1429:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
158:
by migrants from Europe and Western Asia, particularly
1496:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
1379:
Copans, Jean (1998). "Review of Citizen and Subject".
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resisted German enforced labour and taxation. In the
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2007:
1900:
1891:
227:. After the third and final war between them, the
1808:Germany Refuses to Apologize for Herero Holocaust
41:established colonies on the African continent in
756:
422:as his own private domain until 1908. The 1885
29:External colonies were first founded in Africa
2768:
1865:
1755:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
586:Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan Da Cunha
287:European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
120:. In nearly all African countries today, the
8:
223:Carthage encountered and struggled with the
1745:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire
1701:Historical Legacies and African Development
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1858:
1850:
981:
932:
1715:Miers, Suzanne; Klein, Martin A. (1998).
1397:Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
114:significant impacts on Africa's societies
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1678:Intervention and Colonization in Africa
1221:
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961:The Journal of African American History
943:
826:
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1243:
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957:"The History of Colonialism in Africa"
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263:in the early Medieval period, while a
1815:"Belgium exhumes its colonial demons"
1210:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1188:
1186:
1184:
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122:language used in government and media
7:
3255:Postcolonial international relations
1027:
3196:— Predecessors of sovereign states
1621:Canadian Journal of African Studies
480:called his vast private colony the
1825:Blakemore, Erin (6 October 2023).
25:
2518:Confederation of African Football
1837:from the original on 8 April 2024
53:in Africa usually focuses on the
3217:Sovereign states formation dates
1666:Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960
1534:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
1471:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
783:
635:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
628:Guyanese historian and activist
212:and became a major power in the
3333:European colonisation of Africa
3308:Decolonization of public space
1803:Economic Impact of Colonialism
1705:Journal of Economic Literature
1691:European imperialism in Africa
1675:Harris, Norman Dwight (1914).
1556:Scullard, H. H. (1976) .
1356:Handbook of Cultural Geography
281:European exploration of Africa
69:(1884–1914) during the age of
1:
3123:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
1423:Khapoya, Vincent B. (1998) .
1337:10.1080/00138398.2016.1173274
132:Ancient and medieval colonies
3303:Christianity and colonialism
1774:(13th ed.). London: Abacus.
1594:Shillington, Kevin (1995) .
1300:10.1080/21681392.2014.871841
436:Second Industrial Revolution
305:colonised the Canary Islands
271:to Madagascar even earlier.
235:in the late 2nd century BC,
142:Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa
3271:Decolonization of knowledge
3194:Wars of national liberation
2246:International organisations
1639:Crowther, Michael (1978) .
1262:(2nd ed.). iUniverse.
472:Herero and Namaqua Genocide
318:, which was founded by the
267:-speaking group introduced
3354:
2498:Africa Cricket Association
2304:Countries by GDP (nominal)
1735:Imperialism in East Africa
1600:(2nd ed.). New York:
1450:Cambridge University Press
1258:Bensoussan, David (2012).
799:Economic history of Africa
639:analysis be traced to the
509:
503:
478:King Leopold II of Belgium
329:
284:
278:
135:
2714:
2513:Australian-rules football
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2373:
2294:
2182:
2104:Countries and territories
2099:
1770:Pakenham, Thomas (1992).
1652:Davidson, Basil (1966) .
1560:. London: Methuen and Co.
1467:Mamdani, Mahmood (1996).
1444:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012).
1418:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
1325:English Studies in Africa
1281:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
908:African Historical Review
1558:From the Gracchi to Nero
1448:(3rd ed.). London:
1414:Harden, Donald (1971) .
1360:. Sage London. pp.
1288:Critical African Studies
1277:Boardman, John (1973) .
1074:"Colonisation of Africa"
754:colonisation of Africa.
596:all remain under either
506:Decolonisation of Africa
453:French Equatorial Africa
320:Dutch East India Company
309:native Berber population
245:Roman province of Africa
126:native African languages
3212:Independence referendum
2560:Countries by population
2273:United States of Africa
1764:21 October 2019 at the
1531:Rodney, Walter (1972).
889:, pp. 37, 150, 216
724:Stephanie Terreni Brown
416:King Leopold of Belgium
2309:Countries by GDP (PPP)
2251:Pan-African Parliament
2042:Science and technology
1827:"What is colonialism?"
1426:The African Experience
1399:. London: Allen Lane.
761:
688:
658:
616:Theoretical frameworks
501:
410:
257:Byzantine North Africa
151:
73:, followed by gradual
1962:European colonisation
1925:Pre-colonial kingdoms
1753:Olson, James S., ed.
1743:Olson, James S., ed.
1733:Nabudere, D. Wadada.
714:military conscription
684:
654:
632:proposes in his book
510:Further information:
499:
339:
285:Further information:
255:. The whole of Roman/
197:(356–323 BC) founded
149:
118:socioeconomic systems
112:. European rule had
18:Colonialism in Africa
3240:Internal colonialism
2533:Stadiums by capacity
2480:World Heritage Sites
1957:European exploration
1641:The Story of Nigeria
641:Atlantic slave trade
418:, who oppressed the
3298:Uncontacted peoples
3149:Mostly contiguous:
3023:settler colonialism
2988:Chartered companies
2217:Freedom of religion
2202:Heads of government
1994:Scramble for Africa
1831:National Geographic
1810:– from Africana.com
1279:The Greeks Overseas
666:Citizen and Subject
564:. Only the Spanish
555:The main period of
538:British East Africa
468:Maji Maji Rebellion
332:Scramble for Africa
326:Scramble for Africa
275:Early modern period
195:Alexander the Great
67:Scramble for Africa
3293:Indigenous peoples
3036:Non-self-governing
1942:Indian Ocean trade
1602:St. Martin's Press
1146:Shillington (1995)
1122:Shillington (1995)
1041:, pp. 141–143
1016:Shillington (1995)
1005:Shillington (1995)
877:, pp. 163–168
732:. Brown describes
689:
659:
519:petite bourgeoisie
502:
460:German East Africa
449:French West Africa
411:
152:
55:European conquests
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3316:
3315:
3101:Overseas, minor:
3063:Overseas, major:
2928:
2927:
2865:European colonies
2750:
2749:
2617:
2616:
2546:
2545:
2362:
2361:
2339:Natural resources
2281:
2280:
2227:Linguistic rights
2169:
2168:
2086:
2085:
1780:978-0-349-10449-2
1656:. Harmondsworth:
1597:History of Africa
1548:978-0-9501546-4-0
1539:Bogle-L'Ouverture
1406:978-0-7139-9615-9
1269:978-1-4759-2609-5
982:Bensoussan (2012)
933:Shepperson (1985)
900:Adhikari, Mohamed
769:On the Postcolony
697:On the Postcolony
531:Charles de Gaulle
434:", driven by the
428:Otto von Bismarck
424:Berlin Conference
408: Independent
265:Malayo-Polynesian
220:, around 425 BC.
16:(Redirected from
3345:
3264:Related concepts
3205:in South America
3113:Austro-Hungarian
3051:Colonial empires
2961:Age of Discovery
2951:Maritime history
2939:
2803:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2730:
2723:
2508:Afro-Asian Games
2428:
2371:
2349:Renewable energy
2314:Countries by HDI
2292:
2180:
2097:
1898:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1785:Phillips, Anne.
1730:
1686:
1683:Houghton Mifflin
1661:
1654:The African Past
1648:
1628:
1615:
1590:
1561:
1552:
1527:
1490:
1463:
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1419:
1410:
1388:
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1348:
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896:
890:
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878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
793:
788:
787:
786:
562:European descent
550:Swahili language
482:Congo Free State
458:Local groups in
440:Fashoda Incident
407:
398:
389:
380:
371:
362:
353:
344:
59:African kingdoms
31:during antiquity
21:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3338:Western culture
3323:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3259:
3245:Nation-building
3227:Postcolonialism
3221:
3180:
3053:
3045:
3018:detribalization
2993:Interventionism
2965:
2934:
2924:
2893:
2841:
2794:
2781:
2751:
2746:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2613:
2609:Youth in Africa
2587:Life expectancy
2542:
2484:
2460:Africanfuturism
2417:
2358:
2354:Stock exchanges
2277:
2165:
2124:Natural history
2082:
2046:
2003:
1952:Muslim conquest
1947:Bantu expansion
1887:
1878:
1840:
1838:
1824:
1799:
1766:Wayback Machine
1727:
1714:
1674:
1664:Gann, Lewis H.
1651:
1645:Faber and Faber
1638:
1635:
1633:Further reading
1618:
1612:
1593:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1530:
1508:10.2307/1160062
1493:
1479:
1466:
1460:
1443:
1437:
1422:
1416:The Phoenicians
1413:
1407:
1393:Ferguson, Niall
1391:
1378:
1372:
1351:
1322:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1233:Terretta (2002)
1231:
1227:
1220:
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1198:
1191:
1176:
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1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
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1093:
1085:
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1067:
1062:Ferguson (2003)
1060:
1056:
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942:
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931:
927:
917:
915:
898:
897:
893:
887:Scullard (1976)
885:
881:
873:
869:
863:Boardman (1973)
861:
857:
851:Boardman (1973)
849:
845:
839:Boardman (1973)
837:
833:
825:
821:
817:
789:
784:
782:
779:
751:
726:
702:postcolonialism
679:
664:wrote his book
662:Mahmood Mamdani
656:Mahmood Mamdani
649:
647:Mahmood Mamdani
626:
618:
514:
508:
494:
464:Abushiri revolt
432:New Imperialism
426:, initiated by
409:
405:
403:
396:
394:
387:
385:
378:
376:
369:
367:
360:
358:
351:
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342:
334:
328:
301:São Tomé Island
289:
283:
277:
229:Third Punic War
144:
136:Main articles:
134:
71:New Imperialism
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3351:
3349:
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3324:
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3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3250:Neocolonialism
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3190:
3188:
3186:Decolonization
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
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3031:
3030:
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3015:
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2985:
2975:
2973:
2967:
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2964:
2963:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2898:Decolonization
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:Southeast Asia
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2792:neocolonialism
2788:decolonization
2782:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
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2606:
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2599:
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2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2538:Tour d'Afrique
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Climate change
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Infrastructure
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2256:Pan-Africanism
2253:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:Women's rights
2229:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2207:Heads of state
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:Impact craters
2111:
2109:Highest points
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2025:Historiography
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1999:Decolonisation
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1822:
1821:, 12 July 2002
1813:Andre Osborn,
1811:
1805:
1798:
1797:External links
1795:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1768:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1712:
1697:
1689:Hoskins, H.L.
1687:
1672:
1662:
1649:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1616:
1610:
1591:
1579:10.2307/274944
1562:
1553:
1547:
1528:
1491:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1441:
1436:978-0137458523
1435:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1389:
1381:Transformation
1376:
1370:
1349:
1320:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1225:
1222:Clayton (2003)
1214:
1196:
1174:
1170:Mamdani (1996)
1162:
1158:Mamdani (1996)
1150:
1148:, p. 385f
1138:
1134:Khapoya (1998)
1126:
1124:, p. 380f
1114:
1112:, p. 177f
1110:Khapoya (1998)
1102:
1099:Khapoya (1998)
1091:
1089:, p. 148f
1087:Khapoya (1998)
1079:
1065:
1054:
1051:Lovejoy (2012)
1043:
1039:Khapoya (1998)
1031:
1020:
1018:, p. 340f
1008:
997:
995:, p. 126f
993:Khapoya (1998)
985:
974:
948:
946:, p. 115f
944:Khapoya (1998)
936:
925:
891:
879:
867:
855:
853:, p. 151f
843:
831:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
806:
804:Neocolonialism
801:
795:
794:
778:
775:
750:
747:
725:
722:
692:Achille Mbembe
686:Achille Mbembe
678:
677:Achille Mbembe
675:
648:
645:
625:
622:
617:
614:
590:Canary Islands
557:decolonisation
546:Julius Nyerere
512:Neocolonialism
504:Main article:
500:Africa in 1939
493:
492:Decolonization
490:
404:
395:
386:
377:
368:
359:
350:
341:
330:Main article:
327:
324:
303:. The Spanish
279:Main article:
276:
273:
233:Gaius Gracchus
150:Africa in 1910
138:Roman Africans
133:
130:
75:decolonisation
35:Ancient Greeks
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3277:Terra nullius
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3177:
3176:South African
3174:
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3019:
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3009:
3006:
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3000:
2999:
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2639:
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2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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2593:
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2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Ethnic groups
2575:
2573:
2570:
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2563:
2562:
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2558:
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2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:African Games
2501:
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2409:
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2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Caste systems
2386:
2384:
2383:Birth control
2381:
2379:
2376:
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2372:
2369:
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2355:
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2299:Central banks
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2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:African Union
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2155:
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2150:
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2145:
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2110:
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2101:
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2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:Trans-Saharan
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
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1933:
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1756:
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1750:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:(2 vol 1981)
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:9780714644363
1722:
1719:. Routledge.
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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2971:Colonization
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2847:Colonization
2837:World oceans
2784:Colonization
2592:Urbanization
2552:Demographics
2528:Rugby Africa
2435:Architecture
2319:Billionaires
2212:Human rights
1982:Indian Ocean
1961:
1913:North Africa
1839:. Retrieved
1830:
1819:The Guardian
1818:
1786:
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1711:(1): 53–128.
1708:
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1211:Brown (2014)
1172:, p. 16
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911:
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827:Mamdani 1996
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299:Islands and
290:
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156:North Africa
153:
83:
79:World War II
43:North Africa
28:
26:
3133:New Zealand
2998:Colonialism
2983:Imperialism
2943:Exploration
2806:Exploration
2602:urban areas
2523:FIBA Africa
2222:LGBT rights
1920:Archaeology
1502:(1): 3–37.
1028:Clay (2016)
829:, p. .
809:Third world
536:Farmers in
420:Congo Basin
173:'s Pharaoh
164:Phoenecians
51:colonialism
3327:Categories
3283:Plantation
3108:Australian
3090:Portuguese
3056:modern era
3003:chronology
2889:Antarctica
2833:Antarctica
2572:Emigration
2475:Philosophy
2455:Literature
1901:Chronology
1643:. London:
1537:. London:
1387:: 102–105.
1252:References
610:Portuguese
542:Tanganyika
392:Portuguese
297:Cape Verde
253:Byzantines
199:Alexandria
3200:in Europe
3138:Norwegian
3041:Dependent
3034:Current:
2979:Antiquity
2799:By region
2408:Languages
2398:Etiquette
2324:Education
2197:Democracy
2192:Elections
2092:Geography
2051:By region
2035:conflicts
1908:Antiquity
1524:145451482
1345:148204694
1316:220331354
1308:2168-1392
734:abjection
671:Europeans
316:Cape Town
247:. Gothic
183:Cyrenaica
179:Naucratis
63:societies
3161:Japanese
3151:American
3103:American
2955:European
2905:Americas
2855:Americas
2813:Americas
2737:Category
2582:HIV/AIDS
2413:Religion
2378:Abortion
2334:Internet
2261:Politics
2237:feminism
2175:Politics
2030:Military
2008:By topic
1972:Atlantic
1935:Sahelian
1885:articles
1835:Archived
1762:Archived
1487:35445018
1395:(2003).
969:25610078
902:(2017).
777:See also
749:Critique
566:enclaves
269:Malagasy
241:Augustus
191:Carthage
98:Portugal
3288:Settler
3171:Russian
3166:Ottoman
3156:Chinese
3143:Swedish
3118:Belgian
3095:Spanish
3085:Italian
3065:British
3054:in the
3013:empires
3008:history
2933:General
2920:Oceania
2884:Oceania
2828:Oceania
2721:Outline
2623:By year
2565:density
2450:Cuisine
2423:Culture
2367:Society
2344:Poverty
2287:Economy
2266:parties
2134:Central
2129:Regions
2119:Islands
2058:Central
2020:Empires
2015:Economy
1977:Barbary
1967:Slavery
1930:Empires
1893:History
1789:(1989)
1757:(1991)
1747:(1996)
1693:(1967)
1668:(1969)
1516:1160062
730:Kampala
606:Spanish
602:British
594:Madeira
582:Mayotte
578:RĂ©union
574:Melilla
527:1954–62
401:Spanish
383:Italian
356:British
347:Belgian
249:Vandals
210:Tunisia
106:Belgium
94:Germany
86:Britain
65:in the
47:Eurasia
3128:Danish
3080:German
3075:French
2935:topics
2910:Africa
2860:Africa
2818:Africa
2790:, and
2742:Portal
2597:cities
2445:Cinema
2403:Health
2161:Rivers
1883:
1881:Africa
1841:4 June
1791:Online
1778:
1759:online
1749:Online
1739:online
1723:
1695:online
1670:Online
1608:
1587:274944
1585:
1567:Phylon
1545:
1522:
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1403:
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1364:–368.
1343:
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918:8 June
759:world.
598:French
588:, the
525:long (
406:
399:
397:
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388:
381:
379:
374:German
372:
370:
365:French
363:
361:
354:
352:
345:
343:
225:Romans
187:Cyrene
175:Amasis
169:Under
160:Greeks
90:France
77:after
39:Romans
3070:Dutch
2728:Index
2490:Sport
2470:Music
2465:Media
2149:South
2144:North
2073:South
2068:North
1583:JSTOR
1520:S2CID
1512:JSTOR
1341:S2CID
1312:S2CID
965:JSTOR
815:Notes
608:, or
570:Ceuta
261:Islam
218:Hanno
206:Utica
171:Egypt
110:Italy
102:Spain
3028:wars
2915:Asia
2872:Asia
2823:Asia
2706:2020
2701:2019
2696:2018
2691:2017
2686:2016
2681:2015
2676:2014
2671:2013
2666:2012
2661:2011
2656:2010
2651:2009
2646:2008
2641:2007
2636:2006
2631:2005
2154:West
2139:East
2078:West
2063:East
1843:2024
1776:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1483:OCLC
1473:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1304:ISSN
1264:ISBN
920:2024
592:and
580:and
572:and
451:and
239:and
189:and
162:and
140:and
108:and
61:and
37:and
2440:Art
1703:."
1575:doi
1504:doi
1362:354
1333:doi
1296:doi
914:(1)
568:of
57:of
3329::
2981:—
2835:—
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1707:.
1681:.
1625:36
1623:.
1604:.
1581:.
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1500:62
1498:.
1481:.
1452:.
1385:36
1383:.
1339:.
1329:59
1327:.
1310:.
1302:.
1290:.
1199:^
1177:^
963:.
959:.
912:49
910:.
906:.
716:.
604:,
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311:.
166:.
128:.
104:,
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1577::
1571:4
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1506::
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1374:.
1347:.
1335::
1318:.
1298::
1292:6
1272:.
1076:.
971:.
922:.
20:)
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