Color rendering index

2287: 3843:

saturation. Proponents of using GAI claim that, when used in conjunction with CRI, this method of evaluating color rendering is preferred by test subjects over light sources that have high values of only one measure. Researchers recommend a lower and an upper limit to GAI. Use of LED technology has called for a new way to evaluate color rendering because of the unique spectrum of light created by these technologies. Preliminary tests have shown that the combination of GAI and CRI used together is a preferred method for evaluating color rendering.

3769: 1661: 3166: 780: 2004: 3805:"reviews the applicability of the CIE color rendering index to white LED light sources based on the results of visual experiments". Chaired by Davis, CIE TC 1-69(C) is currently investigating "new methods for assessing the color rendition properties of white-light sources used for illumination, including solid-state light sources, with the goal of recommending new assessment procedures by March, 2010". 33: 1645: 3193: 3178:

the dotted lines linking the chromaticities of the samples under the reference and chromatically adapted test illuminants, respectively. Short distances, as in the case of TCS3, result in a high special CRI (87.9), whereas long distances, as in the case of TCS8, result in a low special CRI (10.4). In simpler terms, TCS3 reproduces better under FL4 than does TCS8 (relative to a black body).

322: 314: 4481:: "The main message of our investigations is an answer to the lamp industry, who still use the colour rendering index and the lamp efficacy as parameters for optimizing their lamp spectra, and have turned down the work of CIE TC 1-33 by stating that there are not enough visual experiments showing the shortcomings of the CIE colour rendering calculation method." 3539: 1926: 3525:

different colors including red color. For instance, the skin tone is impacted by the blood under the skin, which means that the skin tone also includes red color, although it looks much like close to white or light yellow. So, if the R9 value is not good enough, the skin tone under this light will be more paleness or even greenish in your eyes or cameras.

42: 3509:, including R9 "saturated red", R13 "skin color (light)", and R15 "skin color (medium)", which are all difficult colors to faithfully reproduce. R9 is a vital index in high-CRI lighting, as many applications require red lights, such as film and video lighting, medical lighting, art lighting, etc. However, in the general CRI (R 2437: 3875:

Problems have been encountered attempting to use LED lighting on film and video sets. The color spectra of LED lighting primary colors does not match the expected color wavelength bandpasses of film emulsions and digital sensors. As a result, color rendition can be completely unpredictable in optical

3742:

CRI merely measures the faithfulness of any illuminant to an ideal source with the same CCT, but the ideal source itself may not render colors well if it has an extreme color temperature, due to a lack of energy at either short or long wavelengths (i.e., it may be excessively blue or red). Weight the

3520:

refers to test color samples (TCS), which is one score in extended CRI. It is the number rates the light source's color revealing ability towards TCS 09. And it describes the specific ability of light to accurately reproduce the red color of objects. Many lights manufacturers or retailers do not

3492:

have that rating, as they are, in effect, almost blackbody radiators. The best possible faithfulness to a reference is specified by CRI = 100, while the very poorest is specified by a CRI below zero. A high CRI by itself does not imply a good rendition of color, because the reference itself may

3830:

Dangol, et al., performed psychophysical experiments and concluded that people's judgments of naturalness and overall preference could not be predicted with a single measure, but required the joint use of a fidelity-based measure (e.g., Qp) and a gamut-based measure (e.g., Qg or GAI.). They carried

3842:

Developed in 2010 by Rea and Freyssinier, the gamut area index (GAI) is an attempt to improve over the flaws found in the CRI. They have shown that the GAI is better than the CRI at predicting color discrimination on standardized Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Tests and that GAI is predictive of color

3177:

illuminant, before and after chromatic adaptation transformation (CAT). (The vectors are short because the white points are close.) The post-CAT end of the vector lies NW, mirroring the chromaticity vector between the reference and test illuminants. The special CRIs are reflected in the length of

1964:

The CRI can also be theoretically derived from the spectral power distribution (SPD) of the illuminant and samples, since physical copies of the original color samples are difficult to find. In this method, care should be taken to use a sampling resolution fine enough to capture spikes in the SPD.

3818:

reviewed several alternative quality metrics and compared their performance based on visual data obtained in nine psychophysical experiments. It was found that a geometric mean of the GAI index and the CIE Ra correlated best with naturalness (r=0.85), while a color quality metric based on memory

3883:

To that end, various other metrics such as the TLCI (television lighting consistency index) have been developed to replace the human observer with a camera observer. Similar to the CRI, the metric measures quality of a light source as it would appear on camera on a scale from 0 to 100. Some

3747:

area of the polygon formed by the fifteen samples in CIELAB for 6500 K to the gamut area for the test source. 6500 K is chosen for reference since it has a relatively even distribution of energy over the visible spectrum and hence high gamut area. This normalizes the multiplication

3524:

R9 value, TCS 09, or in other words, the red color is the key color for many lighting applications, such as film and video lighting, textile printing, image printing, skin tone, medical lighting, and so on. Besides, many other objects which are not in red color, but actually consists of

3521:

point out the score of R9, while it is a vital value to evaluate the color rendition performance for film and video lighting, as well as any applications that need high CRI value. So, generally, it is regarded as a supplement of color rendering index when evaluating a high-CRI light source.

2294:

Examining the CIE 1960 UCS reveals this point to be closest to 2938 K on the Planckian locus, which has a coordinate of (0.2528, 0.3484). The distance of the test point to the locus is under the limit (5.4×10), so we can continue the procedure, assured of a meaningful result:

1098: 3624:

Calculating the arithmetic mean of the errors diminishes the contribution of any single large deviation. Two light sources with similar CRI may perform significantly differently if one has a particularly low special CRI in a spectral band that is important for the application. Use the

1637:. The last six samples provide supplementary information about the color rendering properties of the light source; the first four for high saturation, and the last two as representatives of well-known objects. The reflectance spectra of these samples may be found in 228:

samples. Eight samples of varying hue would be alternately lit with two illuminants, and the color appearance compared. Since no color appearance model existed at the time, it was decided to base the evaluation on color differences in a suitable color space,

4620: 2973:

From this we can calculate the color difference between the chromatically adapted samples (labeled "CAT") and those illuminated by the reference. (The Euclidean metric is used to calculate the color difference in CIEUVW.) The special CRI is simply

2300: 379:

Ensure that the chromaticity distance (DC) of the test source to the Planckian locus is under 5.4×10 in the CIE 1960 UCS. This ensures the meaningfulness of the result, as the CRI is only defined for light sources that are approximately white.

3823: = 0.88). The differences in performance of these metrics with the other tested metrics (CIE Ra; CRI-CAM02UCS; CQS; RCRI; GAI; geomean (GAI, CIE Ra); CSA; Judd Flattery; Thornton CPI; MCRI) were found to be statistically significant with 281:

The CRI is calculated by comparing the color rendering of the test source to that of a "perfect" source, which is a black body radiator for sources with correlated color temperatures under 5000 K, and a phase of daylight otherwise (e.g.,

36:

Emitted light spectrum determines the CRI of the lamp. An incandescent lamp (middle image) has a continuous spectrum and therefore a higher CRI than a fluorescent lamp (lower image). The top image shows the setup of the demonstration from

1253: 3860:

developed a psychophysical experiment in order to evaluate light quality of LED lightings. It is based on colored samples used in the "color quality scale". Predictions of the CQS and results from visual measurements were compared.

841: 501: 2282: 2205: 252:

D (daylight) otherwise. This presented a continuous range of color temperatures to choose a reference from. Any chromaticity difference between the source and reference illuminants were to be abridged with a von Kries-type

2531: 2649:

can be used for greater precision, but we will be content with 2940 K in order to replicate published results.) Since 2940 < 5000, we select a Planckian radiator of 2940 K as the reference illuminant.

1903:

matches remain. In addition to the eight ColorChart samples, two skin tone samples are defined (TCS09 and TCS10). Accordingly, the updated general CRI is averaged over ten samples, not eight as before. Nevertheless,

3876:

prints, transfers to digital media from film (DIs), and video camera recordings. This phenomenon with respect to motion picture film has been documented in an LED lighting evaluation series of tests produced by the

3573:

Ohno and others have criticized CRI for not always correlating well with subjective color rendering quality in practice, particularly for light sources with spiky emission spectra such as fluorescent lamps or white

197:

for good color rendering because "it (daylight) displays (1) a great variety of colors, (2) makes it easy to distinguish slight shades of color, and (3) the colors of objects around us obviously look natural".

3736:

Eight samples are not enough since manufacturers can optimize the emission spectra of their lamps to reproduce them faithfully, but otherwise perform poorly. Use more samples (they suggest fifteen for CQS).

3632:

The metric is not perceptual; all errors are equally weighted, whereas humans favor certain errors over others. A color can be more saturated or less saturated without a change in the numerical value of

2064: 2118: 4610:

Smet K. A. G., Ryckaert W. R., Pointer M. R., Deconinck G., Hanselaer P. Colour Appearance Rating of Familiar Real Objects. Colour Research and Application 2011; 36(3):192–200.

770: 2305: 2582: 3030: 3728: 1374: 608: 671: 4710:

Islam, MS; Dangol, R; Hyvärinen, M; Bhusal, P; Puolakka, M; Halonen, L (2013). "User acceptance studies for LED office lighting: Lamp spectrum, spatial brightness and illuminance".

1104: 2635: 5434:

Dangol, R.; Islam, M.; Hyvärinen, M.; Bhusal, P.; Puolakka, M.; Halonen, L. (2015). "User acceptance studies for LED office lighting: Preference, naturalness and colourfulness".

4415: 1610:, are relatively low saturated colors and are evenly distributed over the complete range of hues. These eight samples are employed to calculate the general color rendering index 1312: 4675:

Dangol, R; Islam, MS; Hyvärinen, M; Bhushal, P; Puolakka, M; Halonen, L (2015). "User acceptance studies for LED office lighting: Preference, naturalness and colourfulness".

3099: 1667:

In the CIE's 1991 Quadrennial Meeting, Technical Committee 1-33 (Color Rendering) was assembled to work on updating the color rendering method, as a result of which the R96

2211: 2131: 553: 4245: 185:, resolve these issues and have begun replacing the usage of CRI among professional lighting designers. However, CRI is still common among household lighting products. 5329:

Dangol, R.; Islam, M.; Hyvärinen, M.; Bhusal, P.; Puolakka, M.; Halonen, L. (December 2013), "Subjective preferences and colour quality metrics of LED light sources",

4633:

Dangol, R.; Islam, M.; Hyvärinen, M.; Bhusal, P.; Puolakka, M.; Halonen, L. (December 2013), "Subjective preferences and colour quality metrics of LED light sources",

2454: 4745:

Baniya, R. R.; Dangol, R.; Bhusal, P.; Wilm, A.; Baur, E.; Puolakka, M.; Halonen, L. (2015). "User-acceptance studies for simplified light-emitting diode spectra".

4379: 1635: 698: 5234: 2432:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{DC}}&={\sqrt {(0.2531-0.2528)^{2}+(0.3477-0.3484)^{2}}}\\&=8.12\times 10^{-4}<5.4\times 10^{-3}.\end{aligned}}} 5365:

Islam, M.S.; Dangol, R.; Hyvärinen, M.; Bhusal, P.; Puolakka, M.; Halonen, L. (December 2013), "User preferences for LED lighting in terms of light spectrum",

383: 3877: 193:

Researchers use daylight as the benchmark to which to compare color rendering of electric lights. In 1948, daylight was described as the ideal source of

5536: 4332: 2657:. This is done by integrating the product of the CMF with the SPDs of the illuminant and the sample, then converting from CIEXYZ to CIEUVW (with the 4153: 4151: 217: 74: 5090: 4207: 1912:

give better correlations for any color difference than the ColorChecker chart, whose samples are not equally distributed in a uniform color space.

244:

To deal with the problem of having to compare light sources of different correlated color temperatures (CCT), the CIE settled on using a reference

2013: 1093:{\displaystyle u_{c,i}={\frac {10.872+0.404(c_{r}/c_{t})c_{t,i}-4(d_{r}/d_{t})d_{t,i}}{16.518+1.481(c_{r}/c_{t})c_{t,i}-(d_{r}/d_{t})d_{t,i}}},} 5544: 5033: 3214: 2070: 4991: 4061: 3831:

out further experiments in real offices evaluating various spectra generated for combination existing and proposed color rendering metrics.

4581:: "It is quite obvious that just at 5000 K, where the reference illuminant has to be changed, the present system shows discontinuity." 705: 5208: 5108:

Hung, Po-Chieh (September 2002), "Sensitivity metamerism index digital still camera", in Dazun Zhao; Ming R. Luo; Kiyoharu Aizawa (eds.),

4236:

Nickerson, Dorothy; Jerome, Charles W. (April 1965), "Color rendering of light sources: CIE method of specification and its application",

3985: 4442: 783:

Chromatic adaptation of TCSs lit by CIE FL4 (short, black vectors, to indicate before and after) to a black body of 2940 K (cyan circles)

5512: 3834:

Due to the criticisms of CRI many researchers have developed alternative metrics, though relatively few of them have had wide adoption.

3441: 3926: 5519:(Note: Cell contents in both sheets are password protected. It may be possible to unlock the individual worksheets using AAAAAAABABB/) 4594: 4458: 4807: 4185: 5516: 4466: 3240: 220:

assembled a committee to study the matter and accepted the proposal to use the latter approach, which has the virtue of not needing

5506: 1318: 1603: 4013:

Guo, Xin; Houser, Kevin W. (2004), "A review of colour rendering indices and their application to commercial light sources",

3218: 254: 4934: 3578:. Another problem is that the CRI is discontinuous at 5000 K, because the chromaticity of the reference moves from the 81:

on the color appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a reference or

3550:

about CRI penalization of "pleasantly inaccurate" colorfulness-enhancing light – an important point in CQS and TM-30.

4863: 4835: 4051: 3901: 1259: 354: 3954:

Sándor, Norbert; Schanda, János (September 1, 2006), "Visual colour rendering based on colour difference evaluations",

1972:

Starting with the SPD, let us verify that the CRI of reference illuminant F4 is 51. The first step is to determine the

5289:

Smet, K.A.G. (2011), "Correlation between color quality metric predictions and visual appreciation of light sources",

4956: 4319: 4083: 1701: 283: 206: 4891: 88:

The CRI of a light source does not indicate the apparent color of the light source; that information is given by the

5502: 2538: 177:. CRI is not a good indicator for use in visual assessment of light sources, especially for sources below 5000 3778: 3626: 3553: 1944: 2286: 4817:. Vol. 8, no. 1. Alliance for Solid-State Illumination Systems and Technologies. March 2010. p. 12 4195:. Vol. 8, no. 1. Alliance for Solid-State Illumination Systems and Technologies. March 2010. p. 5. 2977: 143: 4845:. Vol. 8, no. 2. Alliance for Solid-State Illumination Systems and Technologies. March 2010. p. 6 3648: 3203: 561: 150:

range from about 50 for the basic types, up to about 98 for the best multi-phosphor type. Typical white-color

631: 3469: 3222: 3207: 4564: 4119:. (Eindhoven: Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken (Philips Industries) Technical and Scientific Literature Dept.). 4116:

Physical aspects of colour; an introduction to the scientific study of colour stimuli and colour sensations

2590: 505:

Illuminate the first eight standard samples, from the fifteen listed below, alternately using both sources.

5465:"User acceptance studies for LED office lighting: lamp spectrum, spatial brightness and illuminance level" 162: 4384: 791: 5192: 5100: 4215: 3870: 205:

to accurately reproduce colors. European researchers attempted to describe illuminants by measuring the

115:

The value often quoted as "CRI" on commercially available lighting products is properly called the CIE R

5246:. International Lighting and Colour Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, Nov 2–5, 2003. pp. 76–85. 4502: 142:(incandescent lamps are effectively black bodies), dropping to negative values for some light sources. 5163: 4515: 4328: 1969:, so it is suggested to use interpolation up to the resolution of the illuminant's spectrophotometry. 5554: 5300: 5262: 5171: 5143: 5113: 5070: 5013: 4259: 3575: 2654: 2123: 516: 509: 347: 339: 287: 230: 225: 201:

Around the middle of the 20th century, color scientists took an interest in assessing the ability of

194: 5541: 5042: 3068: 154:

have a CRI of 80 or more, while some manufacturers claim that their LEDs achieve a CRI of up to 98.

4312: 4304: 3852: 3610: 3598:

The color space in which the color distance is calculated (CIEUVW) is obsolete and nonuniform. Use

3591: 3583: 508:

Using the 2° standard observer, find the co-ordinates of the light reflected by each sample in the

373: 249: 238: 101: 82: 27:

Measure of ability of a light source to reproduce colors in comparison with a standard light source

4258:

Note that when CRI was designed in 1965, the most perceptually uniform chromaticity space was the

1675:, but no firm recommendations, partly due to disagreements between researchers and manufacturers. 528: 317:

CIE 1960 UCS. Planckian locus and co-ordinates of several illuminants shown in illustration below.

5484: 5451: 5422: 5390: 5354: 4762: 4727: 4692: 4658: 4030: 3971: 3285: 1900: 523: 372:

If the test source has a CCT < 5000 K, use a black body for reference, otherwise use CIE

307: 3488:

A reference source, such as blackbody radiation, is defined as having a CRI of 100. This is why

2653:

The next step is to determine the values of the test color samples under each illuminant in the

209:(SPD) in "representative" spectral bands, whereas their North American counterparts studied the 5217: 3996: 3505:

is the average value of R1–R8; other values from R9 to R15 are not used in the calculation of R

1248:{\displaystyle v_{c,i}={\frac {5.520}{16.518+1.481(c_{r}/c_{t})c_{t,i}-(d_{r}/d_{t})d_{t,i}}},} 5575: 5382: 5346: 5318: 5278: 5228: 4987: 4650: 4439: 4057: 3645:

A negative CRI is difficult to interpret. Normalize the scale from 0 to 100 using the formula

3489: 3399: 3370: 3298: 3270: 2646: 2442: 1973: 221: 147: 109: 97: 89: 4621:

Correlation between color quality metric predictions and visual appreciation of light sources

4619:

Smet K. A. G., Ryckaert W. R., Pointer M. R., Deconinck G., Hanselaer P.

248:

with the same color temperature for lamps with a CCT of under 5000 K, or a phase of CIE

5476: 5443: 5414: 5401:

Baniya, R.R.; Dangol, R.; Bhusal, P.; Wilm, A.; Baur, E.; Puolakka, M.; Halonen, L. (2015).

5374: 5338: 5308: 5270: 5179: 5151: 5121: 5078: 5021: 4789: 4754: 4719: 4684: 4642: 4308: 4167: 4022: 3963: 3937: 3413: 3324: 1660: 625: 202: 174: 105: 5532:

United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

4590: 4357: 4101:

IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition, IES Technical Memorandum (TM) 30-18

1613: 676: 5548: 5527: 4598: 4446: 4417:), and this was indeed calculated for some lamp test colors, especially TCS9 (strong red). 4323: 4087: 3758: 3579: 617: 358: 69: 4843:

Recommendations for Specifying Color Properties of Light Sources for Retail Merchandising

161:'s ability to predict color appearance has been criticized in favor of measures based on 5304: 5266: 5175: 5147: 5117: 5074: 5017: 4540: 3785:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3733:

The CRI cannot be calculated for light sources that do not have a CCT (non-white light).

3552:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1943:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1691:

Six reference illuminants: D65, D50, black bodies of 4200 K, 3450 K, 2950 K, and 2700 K.

5570: 5291: 5253: 496:{\displaystyle {\text{DC}}=\Delta _{uv}={\sqrt {(u_{r}-u_{t})^{2}+(v_{r}-v_{t})^{2}}}.} 135: 4780:

Rea, M. S.; Freysinnier-Nova, J. P. (2008). "Color rendering: A tale of two metrics".

4158:

Rea, M. S.; Freyssinier, J. P. (2010). "Color rendering: Beyond pride and prejudice".

3165: 779: 5564: 5488: 5455: 5426: 5394: 5358: 5059:

Crawford, Brian Hewson (December 1959), "Measurement of color rendering tolerances",

5002:

Barnes, Bentley T. (December 1957), "Band Systems for Appraisal of Color Rendition",

4766: 4731: 4696: 4662: 4034: 3975: 2277:{\displaystyle v={\frac {6\times 0.4031}{-2\times 0.4402+12\times 0.4031+3}}=0.3477.} 2200:{\displaystyle u={\frac {4\times 0.4402}{-2\times 0.4402+12\times 0.4031+3}}=0.2531,} 1977: 829: 65:

of various objects faithfully in comparison with a natural or standard light source.

17: 5463:

Islam, M.; Dangol, R.; Hyvärinen, M.; Bhusal, P.; Puolakka, M.; Halonen, L. (2013).

5193:"Visual experiment on LED lighting quality with color quality scale colored samples" 3473: 1896: 343: 303: 210: 58: 32: 5170:. Fifth Symposium Optics in Industry. Vol. 6046. pp. 604625-1–604625-8. 4942: 2007:

The tight isotherms are from 2935 K to 2945 K. FL4 marked with a cross.

5200:

Proceedings of CIE 2010: Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency, Vienna, Austria

3192: 3162:

Finally, the general color rendering index is the mean of the special CRIs: 51.

2003: 1980:

of the SPD with the standard observer's color matching functions (CMFs) yields (

234: 5537:

Alliance for Solid State Illumination Systems and Technologies, Color Rendering

5251:

Thornton, William A. (1972), "Color-Rendering Capability of Commercial Lamps",

5207:

Schanda, János (April 2–5, 2002), "The concept of colour rendering revisited",

4053:

Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources

3967: 2526:{\displaystyle {\text{CCT}}_{\text{est.}}=-449n^{3}+3525n^{2}-6823.3n+5520.33,} 1644: 1602:, the original test color samples (TCS) are taken from an early edition of the 4916: 4878:"EBU Technology & Innovation - Television Lighting Consistency Index 2012" 4067: 4026: 3905: 321: 245: 139: 5480: 5447: 5418: 5386: 5378: 5350: 5342: 4758: 4723: 4688: 4654: 4646: 3642:, while in general a saturated color is experienced as being more attractive. 5032:

Bodrogi, Peter (2004), "Colour rendering: past, present(2004), and future",

182: 5322: 5282: 5155: 5082: 5025: 4978: 4964: 4316: 4079: 3538: 1965:

The SPDs of the standard test colors are tabulated in 5 nm increments

1925: 5402: 4895: 4078:(A verbatim re-publication of the 1974, second edition. Accompanying disk 313: 5522: 5464: 5313: 5274: 4280: 3739:

The samples are not saturated enough to pose difficulty for reproduction.

3618: 3614: 170: 166: 131: 93: 5132:

Nickerson, Dorothy (January 1960), "Light sources and color rendering",

1899:

chart owing to the obsolescence of the original samples, of which only

832:

of the test illuminant spectrum and the spectral reflexivity of sample

41: 5183: 5125: 4793: 4303:

section, the coefficient was chosen as 4.6 so that the CRI of the CIE

4171: 4056:, Publication 13.3, Vienna: Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, 3808:

For a comprehensive review of alternative color rendering indexes see

5403:"User-acceptance studies for simplified light-emitting diode spectra" 4263: 3993:

AIC Colour '05: 10th Congress of the International Colour Association

3603: 3599: 1671:

method was developed. The committee was dissolved in 1999, releasing

1606:

Atlas. The first eight samples, a subset of the eighteen proposed in

178: 5166:. In E. Rosas; R. Cardoso; J.C. Bermudez; O. Barbosa-Garcia (eds.). 3884:

manufacturers say that their products have TLCI values of up to 99.

3744: 3164: 2290:

Relative SPD of FL4 and a black body of equal CCT. Not normalized.

2285: 2002: 778: 624:

Note that the last three steps are equivalent to finding the mean

320: 312: 78: 62: 40: 31: 5523:

Uncertainty evaluation for measurement of LED colour , Metrologia

5210:

First European Conference on Color in Graphics Imaging and Vision

4998:. Carried out by TC 1-69: color Rendering of White Light Sources. 3173:

illuminant. The short, black, vectors indicate the TCS under the

5134: 5096: 5061: 5004: 4877: 1587: 257:. There are two extent versions of CRI: the more commonly used R 151: 5110:

Proceedings of the SPIE: Color Science and Imaging Technologies

3493:

have an imbalanced SPD if it has an extreme color temperature.

558:

Calculate the special (i.e., particular) CRI using the formula

290:

should be performed so that like quantities are compared. The

5531: 3762: 3532: 3455: 3427: 3384: 3186: 1919: 790:

uses this von Kries chromatic transform equation to find the

357:(CCT) of the test source by finding the closest point to the 5503:

MATLAB script for calculating measures of light source color

4214:. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Archived from 1659: 1643: 1641:, and their approximate Munsell notations are listed aside. 3590:

identify several other issues, which they address in their

2059:{\displaystyle x={\frac {109.2}{109.2+100.0+38.9}}=0.4402,} 4986:, Publication 177:2007, Vienna: CIE Central Bureau, 2007, 1992:) = (109.2, 100.0, 38.9) (after normalizing for 112:; implying that the incandescent lamp has the higher CRI. 4541:"CRI: What Is the Color Rendering Index? Is It Accurate?" 4516:"Blackbody Radiator - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 2665:

coordinates of the reference illuminant as white point):

2113:{\displaystyle y={\frac {100}{109.2+100.0+38.9}}=0.4031.} 2122:

The next step is to convert these chromaticities to the

1386:

refer to reference and test light sources respectively.

123:

being the international standard color rendering index.

5168:

Proceedings of SPIE: Fifth Symposium Optics in Industry

130:

value is 100 and would only be given to a source whose

233:. In 1931, the CIE adopted the first formal system of 5191:

Pousset, Nicolas; Obein, Gael; Razet, Annick (2010),

5164:"Optical metrology for LEDs and solid state lighting" 4387: 4360: 3651: 3071: 2980: 2593: 2541: 2457: 2303: 2214: 2134: 2073: 2016: 1976:

using the 1931 standard observer. Calculation of the

1719: 1616: 1321: 1262: 1107: 844: 765:{\displaystyle R_{a}=100-4.6\Delta {\bar {E}}_{UVW}.} 708: 679: 634: 564: 531: 386: 4449:, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science. 4426:

See the CIE 1960 UCS diagram towards the end of the

4307:F4, an obsolete "warm white" calcium halophosphate 333:) chromaticity diagram with several CIE illuminants 237:, which is based on the trichromatic nature of the 4409: 4373: 3722: 3093: 3024: 2629: 2576: 2525: 2431: 2276: 2199: 2112: 2058: 1708:It is conventional to use the original method; R96 1629: 1368: 1306: 1247: 1092: 764: 692: 665: 602: 547: 495: 4892:"The Guild of Television Cameramen: TLCI Results" 4591:CIE Activity Report. Division 1: Vision and Color 4577:"Authors' response to SA Fotios and JA Lynes" in 4477:"Authors' response to SA Fotios and JA Lynes" in 3902:"CIE 17.4-1987 International Lighting Vocabulary" 3857: 3781:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 5555:Understanding color rendering index for lighting 4815:Guide to Light and Color in Retail Merchandising 4193:Guide to Light and Color in Retail Merchandising 241:. CRI is based upon this system of colorimetry. 213:effect of the illuminants on reference objects. 57:) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a 4493:, p. 11, Past research to improve the CRI. 4281:Section 5.3: Tolerance for reference illuminant 1694:A new chromatic adaptation transform: CIECAT94. 4957:"CIE Colorimetric and Colour Rendering Tables" 3819:colors (MCRI) correlated best for preference ( 2577:{\displaystyle n={\frac {x-0.3320}{y-0.1858}}} 92:. The CRI is determined by the light source's 4578: 4478: 4292: 4142: 2645: = 2941 K, which is close enough. ( 1888: 45:Color rendering index shown as color accuracy 8: 4935:"Colour rendering (TC 1-33 closing remarks)" 4565:"Why R9 is important for High CRI Lighting?" 3169:The cyan circles indicate the TCS under the 5542:What is the difference between CRI and CQS? 5513:Excel spreadsheet with a cornucopia of data 5089:Davis, Wendy; Ohno, Yoshi (December 2006), 4980:Colour rendering of white LED light sources 3936:. LED ENGIN. March 16, 2015. Archived from 3878:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 3221:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3025:{\displaystyle R_{i}=100-4.6\Delta E_{UVW}} 1686: 119:value, "CRI" being a general term and CIE R 5233:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3723:{\displaystyle R_{\text{out}}=10\ln \left} 2126:in order to be able to determine the CCT: 1682:method has a few distinguishing features: 1393: 1369:{\displaystyle d=(1.708v-1.481u+0.404)/v,} 5312: 5244:Colour rendering, past – present – future 5035:CIE Expert Symposium on LED Light Sources 4941:, Publication 135/2, 1999, archived from 4917:"High TLCI LEDs for Film and Photography" 4395: 4386: 4365: 4359: 4342: 4130: 4045: 4043: 3809: 3698: 3692: 3656: 3650: 3609:The chromatic adaptation transform used ( 3587: 3241:Learn how and when to remove this message 3079: 3070: 3010: 2985: 2979: 2592: 2548: 2540: 2499: 2483: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2413: 2391: 2363: 2338: 2320: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2221: 2213: 2141: 2133: 2080: 2072: 2023: 2015: 1621: 1615: 1607: 1355: 1320: 1293: 1261: 1227: 1214: 1205: 1199: 1177: 1164: 1155: 1149: 1127: 1112: 1106: 1072: 1059: 1050: 1044: 1022: 1009: 1000: 994: 964: 951: 942: 936: 911: 898: 889: 883: 864: 849: 843: 820:) for each sample. The mixed subscripts ( 747: 736: 735: 713: 707: 684: 678: 651: 640: 639: 633: 603:{\displaystyle R_{i}=100-4.6\Delta E_{i}} 594: 569: 563: 539: 530: 482: 472: 459: 443: 433: 420: 411: 399: 387: 385: 376:D. Both sources should have the same CCT. 5242:Schanda, János; Sándor, Norbert (2003). 4996:– via Schweizer Licht Gesellschaft 4961:Commission internationale de l'éclairage 4939:Commission internationale de l'éclairage 4338: 4138: 4099:Illuminating Engineering Society. 2018. 4080:D008: Computer Program to Calculate CRIs 3984:Sándor, Norbert; Schanda, János (2005), 3359:Halophosphate cool-daylight fluorescent 3252: 3034: 2667: 1712:should be explicitly mentioned if used. 1704:(since CIELAB is well-tested under D65). 75:International Commission on Illumination 4490: 4296: 3893: 666:{\displaystyle \Delta {\bar {E}}_{UVW}} 346:co-ordinates of the test source in the 126:Numerically, the highest possible CIE R 5226: 4206:Rea, M.; Deng, L.; Wolsey, R. (2004). 4134: 1697:Color difference evaluation in CIELAB. 4539:Fixtures, Access (January 26, 2017). 3986:"Visual colour-rendering experiments" 3337:Halophosphate cool-white fluorescent 2630:{\displaystyle (x,y)=(0.4402,0.4031)} 515:Chromatically adapt each sample by a 7: 4315:" boast CRIs approaching 100; e.g., 3865:Film and video high-CRI LED lighting 3815: 3348:Tri-phosphor warm-white fluorescent 3219:adding citations to reliable sources 1905: 5551:, Edaphic Scientific Knowledge Base 4410:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{i}\geq 22} 4276: 3981:Conference version of this article: 3802: 3442:Ceramic discharge metal-halide lamp 1996: = 100). From this follow the 1966: 1909: 1908:has determined that the patches in 1892: 1672: 1638: 1599: 787: 270: 262: 5216:, Poitiers, France, archived from 4712:Lighting Research & Technology 4677:Lighting Research & Technology 4388: 4311:would be 51. Today's fluorescent " 4129:American approach is expounded in 3513:) calculation R9 is not included. 3072: 3003: 1307:{\displaystyle c=(4.0-u-10.0v)/v,} 731: 635: 587: 532: 396: 90:correlated color temperature (CCT) 25: 5517:Helsinki University of Technology 5112:, vol. 4922, pp. 1–14, 4467:Rochester Institute of Technology 3858:Pousset, Obein & Razet (2010) 555:between the pair of co-ordinates. 5507:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 5469:Lighting Research and Technology 5436:Lighting Research and Technology 5407:Lighting Research and Technology 5367:Lighting Research and Technology 5331:Lighting Research and Technology 5092:Color Rendering of Light Sources 5041:, pp. 10–12, archived from 4747:Lighting Research and Technology 4635:Lighting Research and Technology 4463:Munsell Color Science Laboratory 4015:Lighting Research and Technology 3956:Lighting Research and Technology 3767: 3537: 3191: 2443:McCamy's approximation algorithm 1924: 181:(K). New standards, such as the 4133:, and the European approach in 2441:We can verify the CCT by using 1687:A new set of test color samples 522:For each sample, calculate the 5528:Color Rendering Index and LEDs 4782:Color Research and Application 4160:Color Research and Application 3706: 3685: 3094:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{UVW}} 2624: 2612: 2606: 2594: 2360: 2347: 2335: 2322: 1352: 1328: 1290: 1269: 1220: 1192: 1170: 1142: 1065: 1037: 1015: 987: 957: 929: 904: 876: 741: 645: 479: 452: 440: 413: 255:chromatic adaptation transform 1: 5515:, Lighting Laboratory of the 4864:"Solid State Lighting Report" 4266:not yet having been invented. 3759:Color rendering § Scales 3516:R9 is one of the numbers of R 2445:to estimate the CCT from the 1937:about Can we briefly do a R96 4427: 4300: 4299:and, as demonstrated in the 1700:Adaptation of all colors to 673:and using that to calculate 548:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{i}} 355:correlated color temperature 265:(actually from 1974) and R96 144:Low-pressure sodium lighting 4601:, p. 21, January 2008. 4579:Sándor & Schanda (2005) 4479:Sándor & Schanda (2005) 4293:Schanda & Sándor (2003) 4143:Schanda & Sándor (2003) 3743:result by the ratio of the 1889:Sándor & Schanda (2005) 207:spectral power distribution 77:(CIE), is the effect of an 5592: 4145:for a historical overview. 3968:10.1191/1365782806lrt168oa 3868: 3850: 3756: 3627:root-mean-square deviation 1403:Appearance under daylight 138:, very close to that of a 4503:X-Rite ColorChecker Chart 4341:compares older products; 4208:"Light Sources and Color" 4027:10.1191/1365782804li112oa 3995:: 511–514, archived from 3847:Color quality scale (CQS) 3323:Halophosphate warm-white 2879: 2789: 2699: 2670: 1456:Moderate yellowish green 5481:10.1177/1477153513514425 5448:10.1177/1477153513514424 5419:10.1177/1477153513515264 5379:10.1177/1477153513475913 5343:10.1177/1477153512471520 4759:10.1177/1477153513515264 4724:10.1177/1477153513514425 4689:10.1177/1477153513514424 4647:10.1177/1477153512471520 4238:Illuminating Engineering 3412:Tri-phosphor cool-white 1895:recommends the use of a 136:the spectrum of daylight 4459:Munsell Renotation Data 4440:TCS spectra in CSV form 4343:Guo & Houser (2004) 3927:"LZC-00GW00 Data Sheet" 3810:Guo & Houser (2004) 3588:Davis & Ohno (2006) 612:Find the general CRI (R 369:) chromaticity diagram. 163:color appearance models 5156:10.1364/JOSA.50.000057 5083:10.1364/JOSA.49.001147 5026:10.1364/JOSA.47.001124 4963:, 2004, archived from 4411: 4375: 4212:NLPIP Lighting Answers 3838:Gamut area index (GAI) 3724: 3548:is missing information 3179: 3095: 3026: 2641: = 0.4979 and CCT 2631: 2578: 2527: 2433: 2291: 2278: 2201: 2114: 2060: 2008: 1935:is missing information 1716:New test color samples 1664: 1648: 1631: 1586:Moderate olive green ( 1370: 1308: 1249: 1094: 784: 766: 694: 667: 604: 549: 497: 334: 318: 46: 38: 4520:www.sciencedirect.com 4412: 4376: 4374:{\displaystyle R_{i}} 3871:High-CRI LED lighting 3869:Further information: 3851:Further information: 3725: 3613:) is inadequate. Use 3312:Coated mercury-vapor 3168: 3096: 3027: 2632: 2579: 2528: 2434: 2289: 2279: 2202: 2115: 2061: 2006: 2000:chromaticity values: 1663: 1647: 1632: 1630:{\displaystyle R_{a}} 1573:Light yellowish pink 1508:Light reddish purple 1371: 1309: 1250: 1095: 782: 767: 695: 693:{\displaystyle R_{a}} 668: 616:) by calculating the 605: 550: 498: 324: 316: 51:color rendering index 44: 35: 18:Color Rendering Index 5314:10.1364/oe.19.008151 5275:10.1364/AO.11.001078 5162:Ohno, Yoshi (2006). 4866:. September 3, 2014. 4385: 4358: 4345:compares newer ones. 4313:full-spectrum lights 4113:P. J. Bouma (1948). 3649: 3299:High-pressure sodium 3215:improve this section 3069: 2978: 2591: 2539: 2455: 2301: 2212: 2132: 2071: 2014: 1614: 1443:Strong yellow green 1430:Dark greyish yellow 1319: 1260: 1105: 842: 775:Chromatic adaptation 706: 677: 632: 620:of the special CRIs. 562: 529: 510:CIE 1964 color space 384: 348:CIE 1960 color space 340:2° standard observer 288:Chromatic adaptation 173:simulators, the CIE 146:has a negative CRI; 73:, as defined by the 5305:2011OExpr..19.8151S 5267:1972ApOpt..11.1078T 5176:2006SPIE.6046E..25O 5148:1960JOSA...50...57N 5118:2002SPIE.4922....1H 5075:1959JOSA...49.1147C 5018:1957JOSA...47.1124B 4381:could be negative ( 4305:standard illuminant 3853:Color quality scale 3827: < 0.0001. 3611:Von Kries transform 3592:color quality scale 3271:Low-pressure sodium 1469:Light bluish green 792:corresponding color 517:Von Kries transform 374:standard illuminant 250:standard illuminant 239:human visual system 102:continuous spectrum 83:standard illuminant 5547:2015-07-18 at the 4597:2011-07-06 at the 4445:2009-02-11 at the 4407: 4371: 4322:2007-10-12 at the 4086:2008-03-27 at the 3880:scientific staff. 3720: 3584:CIE daylight locus 3490:incandescent lamps 3458:lamp (violet LED) 3180: 3091: 3022: 2655:CIEUVW color space 2647:Robertson's method 2627: 2574: 2523: 2429: 2427: 2292: 2274: 2197: 2110: 2056: 2009: 1974:tristimulus values 1665: 1649: 1627: 1417:Light greyish red 1390:Test color samples 1366: 1304: 1245: 1090: 785: 762: 690: 663: 600: 545: 524:Euclidean distance 493: 335: 319: 308:spectrophotometric 296:Test Sample Method 148:fluorescent lights 47: 39: 5184:10.1117/12.674617 5126:10.1117/12.483116 5069:(12): 1147–1156, 5012:(12): 1124–1129, 4993:978-3-901906-57-2 4836:"Color Rendering" 4794:10.1002/col.20399 4354:It appeared that 4172:10.1002/col.20562 4063:978-3-900734-57-2 3800: 3799: 3695: 3659: 3571: 3570: 3497:Special value: R9 3486: 3485: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3160: 3159: 2971: 2970: 2572: 2467: 2462: 2369: 2311: 2266: 2186: 2102: 2045: 1962: 1961: 1885: 1884: 1596: 1595: 1378:where subscripts 1240: 1085: 744: 648: 488: 390: 300:Test Color Method 222:spectrophotometry 203:artificial lights 98:incandescent lamp 16:(Redirected from 5583: 5492: 5459: 5430: 5397: 5361: 5325: 5316: 5299:(9): 8151–8166, 5285: 5261:(5): 1078–1086, 5247: 5238: 5232: 5224: 5222: 5215: 5203: 5197: 5187: 5158: 5128: 5104: 5099:, archived from 5085: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5028: 4997: 4985: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4894:. Archived from 4888: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4588: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4456: 4450: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4352: 4346: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4309:fluorescent lamp 4289: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4155: 4146: 4131:Nickerson (1960) 4127: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4066:, archived from 4047: 4038: 4037: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3990: 3978: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3904:. Archived from 3898: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3779:factual accuracy 3771: 3770: 3763: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3541: 3533: 3430:lamp (blue LED) 3253: 3246: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3195: 3187: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3020: 2990: 2989: 2668: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2560: 2549: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2504: 2503: 2488: 2487: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2449:chromaticities: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2420: 2399: 2398: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2343: 2342: 2321: 2312: 2309: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2265: 2233: 2222: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2187: 2185: 2153: 2142: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2081: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2046: 2044: 2024: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1928: 1920: 1887:As discussed in 1720: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1608:Nickerson (1960) 1598:As specified in 1394: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1359: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1297: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1219: 1218: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1188: 1187: 1169: 1168: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1033: 1032: 1014: 1013: 1004: 999: 998: 976: 975: 974: 956: 955: 946: 941: 940: 922: 921: 903: 902: 893: 888: 887: 865: 860: 859: 771: 769: 768: 763: 758: 757: 746: 745: 737: 718: 717: 699: 697: 696: 691: 689: 688: 672: 670: 669: 664: 662: 661: 650: 649: 641: 626:color difference 609: 607: 606: 601: 599: 598: 574: 573: 554: 552: 551: 546: 544: 543: 502: 500: 499: 494: 489: 487: 486: 477: 476: 464: 463: 448: 447: 438: 437: 425: 424: 412: 407: 406: 391: 388: 224:, with a set of 175:metamerism index 134:is identical to 106:fluorescent lamp 21: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5561: 5560: 5549:Wayback Machine 5499: 5462: 5433: 5400: 5364: 5328: 5288: 5250: 5241: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5195: 5190: 5161: 5131: 5107: 5088: 5058: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5001: 4994: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4968: 4955: 4948: 4946: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4880:. May 31, 2016. 4876: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4599:Wayback Machine 4589: 4585: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4545:Access Fixtures 4538: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4447:Wayback Machine 4438: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4339:Thornton (1972) 4333: 4327: 4324:Wayback Machine 4290: 4286: 4274: 4270: 4257: 4253: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4139:Crawford (1959) 4128: 4124: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4088:Wayback Machine 4073: 4071: 4064: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3873: 3867: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3776:This section's 3772: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3688: 3678: 3674: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3580:Planckian locus 3567: 3561: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3531: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3454:Ultra-high-CRI 3265: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3212: 3196: 3185: 3132: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3006: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2881: 2644: 2589: 2588: 2561: 2550: 2537: 2536: 2495: 2479: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2426: 2425: 2409: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2359: 2334: 2313: 2299: 2298: 2234: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2154: 2143: 2130: 2129: 2085: 2069: 2068: 2028: 2012: 2011: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1929: 1918: 1718: 1711: 1681: 1670: 1658: 1655: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1392: 1317: 1316: 1258: 1257: 1223: 1210: 1195: 1173: 1160: 1145: 1132: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1068: 1055: 1040: 1018: 1005: 990: 977: 960: 947: 932: 907: 894: 879: 866: 845: 840: 839: 828:) refer to the 819: 806: 777: 734: 709: 704: 703: 680: 675: 674: 638: 630: 629: 618:arithmetic mean 615: 590: 565: 560: 559: 535: 527: 526: 478: 468: 455: 439: 429: 416: 395: 382: 381: 359:Planckian locus 310:, information. 279: 268: 260: 191: 160: 129: 122: 118: 108:has a discrete 70:Color rendering 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5589: 5587: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5539: 5534: 5525: 5520: 5510: 5498: 5497:External links 5495: 5494: 5493: 5460: 5431: 5413:(2): 177–191. 5398: 5373:(6): 641–665, 5362: 5337:(6): 666–688, 5326: 5292:Optics Express 5286: 5254:Applied Optics 5248: 5239: 5204: 5188: 5159: 5129: 5105: 5086: 5056: 5029: 4999: 4992: 4975: 4953: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4908: 4883: 4869: 4855: 4827: 4808:"Light Levels" 4799: 4788:(3): 192–202. 4772: 4753:(2): 177–191. 4737: 4702: 4667: 4641:(6): 666–688, 4625: 4612: 4603: 4583: 4570: 4556: 4531: 4507: 4495: 4491:Bodrogi (2004) 4483: 4470: 4451: 4432: 4419: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4368: 4364: 4347: 4297:Schanda (2002) 4284: 4268: 4251: 4228: 4198: 4177: 4166:(6): 401–409. 4147: 4122: 4105: 4092: 4062: 4039: 4021:(3): 183–199, 4005: 3962:(3): 225–239, 3946: 3943:on 2017-01-05. 3918: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3866: 3863: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3798: 3797: 3775: 3773: 3766: 3757:Main article: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3655: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3607: 3569: 3568: 3545: 3543: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3199: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3183:Typical values 3181: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2642: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2307: 2306: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 1960: 1959: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1679: 1668: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1624: 1620: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1534:Strong yellow 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400:Appr. Munsell 1398: 1391: 1388: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1244: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1089: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1003: 997: 993: 989: 986: 983: 980: 973: 970: 967: 963: 959: 954: 950: 945: 939: 935: 931: 928: 925: 920: 917: 914: 910: 906: 901: 897: 892: 886: 882: 878: 875: 872: 869: 863: 858: 855: 852: 848: 811: 798: 776: 773: 761: 756: 753: 750: 743: 740: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 716: 712: 687: 683: 660: 657: 654: 647: 644: 637: 622: 621: 613: 610: 597: 593: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 572: 568: 556: 542: 538: 534: 520: 513: 506: 503: 492: 485: 481: 475: 471: 467: 462: 458: 454: 451: 446: 442: 436: 432: 428: 423: 419: 415: 410: 405: 402: 398: 394: 377: 370: 353:Determine the 351: 306:, rather than 278: 275: 266: 258: 190: 187: 158: 127: 120: 116: 61:to reveal the 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5588: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5223:on 2011-07-21 5219: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5103:on 2009-08-25 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5048:on 2011-07-21 5044: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4967:on 2008-03-05 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4945:on 2008-09-22 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4898:on 2014-09-03 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4366: 4362: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4317:Philips TL950 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4218:on 2010-06-11 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135:Barnes (1957) 4132: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4070:on 2008-01-03 4069: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4002:on 2011-07-21 3998: 3994: 3987: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3908:on 2010-02-27 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3846: 3844: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3794: 3791:November 2021 3782: 3780: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3565: 3562:November 2021 3555: 3549: 3546:This section 3544: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3286:mercury-vapor 3283: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3256:Light source 3255: 3254: 3245: 3242: 3234: 3231:November 2021 3224: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3200:This section 3198: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2640: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2587:Substituting 2585: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2533: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2364: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2317: 2315: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2207: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2066: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:inner product 1975: 1970: 1968: 1956: 1953:November 2021 1946: 1936: 1933:This section 1931: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1662: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1547:Strong green 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1495:Light violet 1494: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1314: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1255: 1242: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1196: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1100: 1087: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1010: 1006: 1001: 995: 991: 984: 981: 978: 971: 968: 965: 961: 952: 948: 943: 937: 933: 926: 923: 918: 915: 912: 908: 899: 895: 890: 884: 880: 873: 870: 867: 861: 856: 853: 850: 846: 837: 835: 831: 830:inner product 827: 823: 818: 814: 810: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 781: 774: 772: 759: 754: 751: 748: 738: 728: 725: 722: 719: 714: 710: 701: 685: 681: 658: 655: 652: 642: 627: 619: 611: 595: 591: 584: 581: 578: 575: 570: 566: 557: 540: 536: 525: 521: 518: 514: 511: 507: 504: 490: 483: 473: 469: 465: 460: 456: 449: 444: 434: 430: 426: 421: 417: 408: 403: 400: 392: 378: 375: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336: 332: 328: 323: 315: 311: 309: 305: 302:) needs only 301: 297: 294:(also called 293: 289: 285: 276: 274: 272: 264: 256: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 199: 196: 188: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 124: 113: 111: 110:line spectrum 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 43: 34: 30: 19: 5475:(1): 54–79. 5472: 5468: 5442:(1): 36–53. 5439: 5435: 5410: 5406: 5370: 5366: 5334: 5330: 5296: 5290: 5258: 5252: 5243: 5218:the original 5209: 5199: 5167: 5142:(1): 57–69, 5139: 5133: 5109: 5101:the original 5091: 5066: 5060: 5050:, retrieved 5043:the original 5034: 5009: 5003: 4979: 4969:, retrieved 4965:the original 4960: 4947:, retrieved 4943:the original 4938: 4911: 4900:. Retrieved 4896:the original 4886: 4872: 4858: 4847:. Retrieved 4842: 4830: 4819:. Retrieved 4814: 4802: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4615: 4606: 4586: 4573: 4559: 4548:. Retrieved 4544: 4534: 4523:. Retrieved 4519: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4473: 4462: 4454: 4435: 4422: 4350: 4287: 4271: 4264:CIE 1976 UCS 4260:CIE 1960 UCS 4254: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4220:. Retrieved 4216:the original 4211: 4201: 4192: 4186:"Background" 4180: 4163: 4159: 4125: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4072:, retrieved 4068:the original 4052: 4050:CIE (1995), 4018: 4014: 4008: 3997:the original 3992: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3938:the original 3934:ledengin.com 3933: 3921: 3910:. Retrieved 3906:the original 3896: 3882: 3874: 3856: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3788: 3777: 3753:Alternatives 3638: 3634: 3572: 3559: 3547: 3523: 3515: 3500: 3487: 3470:Incandescent 3400:metal halide 3237: 3228: 3213:Please help 3201: 3174: 3170: 3161: 2972: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2638: 2586: 2534: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2297: 2293: 2208: 2128: 2124:CIE 1960 UCS 2121: 2067: 2010: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1963: 1950: 1934: 1897:ColorChecker 1886: 1707: 1677: 1666: 1597: 1560:Strong blue 1383: 1379: 1377: 1315: 1256: 1101: 838: 833: 825: 821: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 795: 786: 702: 623: 366: 362: 344:chromaticity 330: 326: 304:colorimetric 299: 295: 291: 280: 243: 215: 211:colorimetric 200: 195:illumination 192: 156: 125: 114: 87: 68: 67: 59:light source 54: 50: 48: 29: 3816:Smet (2011) 3414:fluorescent 3371:"White" SON 3325:fluorescent 1906:Hung (2002) 1521:Strong red 1518:4,5 R 4/13 1482:Light blue 342:, find the 292:Test Method 277:Test method 235:colorimetry 5565:Categories 5052:2008-07-18 4971:2008-02-16 4949:2008-07-16 4902:2014-08-28 4849:2020-09-14 4821:2020-09-14 4550:2022-03-13 4525:2022-03-13 4329:EP 1184893 4222:2010-06-17 4074:2008-01-19 3912:2008-02-19 3888:References 3803:CIE (2007) 3615:CMCCAT2000 3461:2700–5000 3433:2700–5000 3390:2700–5000 3301:(HPS/SON) 3273:(LPS/SOX) 2700:Reference 2671:Illuminant 1967:CIE (2004) 1910:CIE (1995) 1893:CIE (1999) 1673:CIE (1999) 1639:CIE (2004) 1600:CIE (1995) 1557:3 PB 3/11 1544:4,5 G 5/8 1492:2,5 P 6/8 1466:10 BG 6/4 1453:2,5 G 6/6 1414:7,5 R 6/4 788:CIE (1995) 338:Using the 271:CIE (1999) 263:CIE (1995) 246:black body 165:, such as 140:black body 79:illuminant 5489:109592929 5456:110803300 5427:112031599 5395:110762470 5387:1477-1535 5359:109981392 5351:1477-1535 5202:: 722–729 4767:112031599 4732:109592929 4718:: 54–79. 4697:110803300 4683:: 36–53. 4663:109981392 4655:1477-1535 4402:≥ 4389:Δ 4248:: 262–271 4035:109227871 3976:109858508 3683:⁡ 3672:⁡ 3554:talk page 3529:Criticism 3426:High-CRI 3383:Standard 3202:does not 3171:reference 3073:Δ 3004:Δ 2998:− 2566:− 2555:− 2506:− 2474:− 2415:− 2407:× 2393:− 2385:× 2354:− 2329:− 2254:× 2242:× 2236:− 2228:× 2174:× 2162:× 2156:− 2148:× 1945:talk page 1901:metameric 1583:5 GY 4/4 1570:5 YR 8/4 1531:5 Y 8/10 1505:10 P 6/8 1479:5 PB 6/8 1440:5 GY 6/8 1338:− 1282:− 1276:− 1190:− 1035:− 924:− 742:¯ 732:Δ 726:− 646:¯ 636:Δ 588:Δ 582:− 533:Δ 466:− 427:− 397:Δ 183:IES TM-30 5576:Lighting 5557:, Lumens 5545:Archived 5323:21643065 5283:20119099 5229:citation 4595:Archived 4443:Archived 4430:section. 4320:Archived 4277:CIE 1995 4084:Archived 3629:instead. 3621:instead. 3619:CIECAT02 3606:instead. 3259:CCT (K) 2790:CIE FL4 1427:5 Y 6/4 361:on the ( 171:daylight 169:and for 167:CIECAM02 132:spectrum 94:spectrum 5509:, 2004. 5301:Bibcode 5263:Bibcode 5172:Bibcode 5144:Bibcode 5114:Bibcode 5071:Bibcode 5014:Bibcode 4928:Sources 4428:Example 4301:Example 3748:factor. 3594:(CQS): 3582:to the 3474:halogen 3398:Quartz 3223:removed 3208:sources 2880:CIE FL4 2846:-10.23 2661:, 2637:yields 2518:5520.33 2272:0.3477. 2108:0.4031. 1988:, 1984:, 1916:Example 1678:The R96 1604:Munsell 1406:Swatch 824:, 807:, 365:, 226:Munsell 189:History 5487: 5454: 5425: 5393: 5385: 5357: 5349: 5321: 5281: 4990: 4765: 4730: 4695: 4661: 4653: 4334: 4262:, the 4141:. See 4137:, and 4060: 4033: 3974: 3604:CIELUV 3600:CIELAB 3284:Clear 3124:19.48 2967:61.69 2938:−9.47 2935:−14.82 2932:−16.44 2909:25.33 2903:−14.33 2900:−23.10 2897:−27.78 2894:−14.36 2882:(CAT) 2875:61.69 2843:−15.71 2840:−17.40 2817:25.52 2811:−13.99 2808:−22.74 2805:−27.45 2802:−14.06 2785:63.77 2756:−8.01 2753:−12.17 2750:−13.94 2727:44.64 2721:−23.37 2718:−35.55 2715:−40.83 2712:−13.94 2622:0.4031 2616:0.4402 2569:0.1858 2558:0.3320 2535:where 2509:6823.3 2357:0.3484 2351:0.3477 2332:0.2528 2326:0.2531 2257:0.4031 2245:0.4402 2231:0.4031 2192:0.2531 2177:0.4031 2165:0.4402 2151:0.4402 2051:0.4402 1752:TCS10 1749:TCS09 1746:TCS08 1743:TCS07 1740:TCS06 1737:TCS05 1734:TCS04 1731:TCS03 1728:TCS02 1725:TCS01 1656:method 1580:TCS14 1567:TCS13 1554:TCS12 1541:TCS11 1528:TCS10 1515:TCS09 1502:TCS08 1489:TCS07 1476:TCS06 1463:TCS05 1450:TCS04 1437:TCS03 1424:TCS02 1411:TCS01 1134:16.518 979:16.518 868:10.872 231:CIEUVW 179:kelvin 100:has a 63:colors 37:above. 5571:Color 5485:S2CID 5452:S2CID 5423:S2CID 5391:S2CID 5355:S2CID 5221:(PDF) 5214:(PDF) 5196:(PDF) 5046:(PDF) 5039:(PDF) 4984:(PDF) 4839:(PDF) 4811:(PDF) 4763:S2CID 4728:S2CID 4693:S2CID 4659:S2CID 4246:IESNA 4244:(4), 4189:(PDF) 4031:S2CID 4000:(PDF) 3989:(PDF) 3972:S2CID 3941:(PDF) 3930:(PDF) 3745:gamut 3479:3200 3476:bulb 3446:5400 3418:4080 3404:4200 3387:Lamp 3375:2700 3362:6430 3351:2940 3340:4230 3329:2940 3315:3600 3304:2100 3290:6410 3276:1800 3262:CRI R 3156:10.4 3115:12.47 3112:13.20 3103:12.99 3061:TCS8 2964:59.11 2961:56.45 2958:58.46 2955:57.54 2952:62.30 2949:61.78 2946:63.10 2929:−2.70 2923:17.26 2920:11.42 2891:10.45 2888:26.34 2872:59.11 2869:56.45 2866:58.46 2863:57.54 2860:62.30 2857:61.78 2854:63.10 2837:−3.40 2831:17.06 2828:11.14 2799:10.71 2796:26.56 2782:60.47 2779:58.29 2776:59.16 2773:58.11 2770:61.10 2767:61.08 2764:62.84 2747:−2.86 2741:14.97 2724:16.43 2709:17.06 2706:39.22 2695:TCS8 2093:100.0 2087:109.2 2036:100.0 2030:109.2 2026:109.2 1941:too?. 1857:17.3 1851:−13.8 1848:−49.6 1845:−24.6 1822:11.7 1810:−26.4 1807:−43.4 1804:−29.4 1787:63.9 1397:Name 1350:0.404 1341:1.481 1332:1.708 1140:1.481 1130:5.520 985:1.481 874:0.404 157:CIE R 96:. An 5383:ISSN 5347:ISSN 5319:PMID 5279:PMID 5235:link 5135:JOSA 5097:NIST 5062:JOSA 5005:JOSA 4988:ISBN 4651:ISSN 4291:Per 4058:ISBN 3576:LEDs 3482:100 3279:−44 3206:any 3204:cite 3175:test 3153:64.8 3150:56.0 3147:42.6 3144:39.3 3141:87.9 3138:67.5 3135:40.2 3121:7.66 3118:9.56 3109:2.63 3106:7.07 3058:TCS7 3055:TCS6 3052:TCS5 3049:TCS4 3046:TCS3 3043:TCS2 3040:TCS1 2926:9.81 2917:4.34 2906:9.37 2834:9.42 2825:3.91 2814:9.61 2744:7.88 2738:9.00 2735:2.65 2692:TCS7 2689:TCS6 2686:TCS5 2683:TCS4 2680:TCS3 2677:TCS2 2674:TCS1 2643:est. 2493:3525 2466:est. 2401:< 2382:8.12 2099:38.9 2042:38.9 1854:17.4 1842:35.6 1839:58.9 1836:80.3 1833:57.9 1830:26.3 1819:14.2 1816:47.3 1813:23.2 1801:−4.2 1798:28.8 1795:51.0 1784:68.7 1781:51.0 1778:30.0 1775:51.7 1772:55.7 1769:72.0 1766:81.6 1763:61.1 1760:40.9 1588:leaf 1382:and 1285:10.0 216:The 152:LEDs 104:, a 5477:doi 5444:doi 5415:doi 5375:doi 5339:doi 5309:doi 5271:doi 5180:doi 5152:doi 5122:doi 5079:doi 5022:doi 4790:doi 4755:doi 4720:doi 4685:doi 4643:doi 4326:or 4279:), 4168:doi 4023:doi 3964:doi 3680:exp 3658:out 3617:or 3602:or 3464:99 3456:LED 3449:96 3436:95 3428:LED 3421:89 3407:85 3393:83 3385:LED 3378:82 3365:76 3354:73 3343:64 3332:51 3318:49 3307:24 3293:17 3217:by 3001:4.6 2995:100 2477:449 2461:CCT 2404:5.4 2083:100 1702:D65 1652:R96 1273:4.0 729:4.6 723:100 585:4.6 579:100 298:or 286:). 284:D65 269:of 261:of 218:CIE 55:CRI 5567:: 5530:, 5505:, 5483:. 5473:47 5471:. 5467:. 5450:. 5440:47 5438:. 5421:. 5411:47 5409:. 5405:. 5389:, 5381:, 5371:45 5369:, 5353:, 5345:, 5335:45 5333:, 5317:, 5307:, 5297:19 5295:, 5277:, 5269:, 5259:11 5257:, 5231:}} 5227:{{ 5198:, 5178:. 5150:, 5140:50 5138:, 5120:, 5095:, 5077:, 5067:49 5065:, 5020:, 5010:47 5008:, 4959:, 4937:, 4841:. 4813:. 4786:33 4784:. 4761:. 4751:47 4749:. 4726:. 4716:47 4714:. 4691:. 4681:47 4679:. 4657:, 4649:, 4639:45 4637:, 4593:. 4543:. 4518:. 4465:, 4461:, 4405:22 4337:. 4295:, 4242:60 4240:, 4210:. 4191:. 4164:35 4162:. 4150:^ 4082:. 4042:^ 4029:, 4019:36 4017:, 3991:, 3970:, 3960:38 3958:, 3932:. 3812:. 3704:10 3694:in 3669:ln 3666:10 3586:. 3032:. 2943:W 2914:V 2885:U 2851:W 2822:V 2793:U 2761:W 2732:V 2703:U 2584:. 2447:xy 2411:10 2389:10 2310:DC 2251:12 2171:12 1998:xy 1891:, 1590:) 836:: 700:: 628:, 389:DC 329:, 273:. 85:. 49:A 5491:. 5479:: 5458:. 5446:: 5429:. 5417:: 5377:: 5341:: 5311:: 5303:: 5273:: 5265:: 5237:) 5186:. 5182:: 5174:: 5154:: 5146:: 5124:: 5116:: 5081:: 5073:: 5024:: 5016:: 4919:. 4905:. 4852:. 4824:. 4796:. 4792:: 4769:. 4757:: 4734:. 4722:: 4699:. 4687:: 4645:: 4623:. 4567:. 4553:. 4528:. 4505:. 4397:i 4393:E 4367:i 4363:R 4275:( 4225:. 4174:. 4170:: 4103:. 4090:) 4025:: 3979:. 3966:: 3915:. 3825:p 3821:r 3793:) 3789:( 3783:. 3730:. 3717:] 3713:1 3710:+ 3707:) 3700:/ 3690:R 3686:( 3676:[ 3663:= 3654:R 3639:i 3635:E 3633:∆ 3564:) 3560:( 3556:. 3518:i 3511:a 3507:a 3503:a 3501:R 3472:/ 3264:a 3244:) 3238:( 3233:) 3229:( 3225:. 3211:. 3131:i 3129:R 3087:W 3084:V 3081:U 3077:E 3018:W 3015:V 3012:U 3008:E 2992:= 2987:i 2983:R 2663:v 2659:u 2639:n 2625:) 2619:, 2613:( 2610:= 2607:) 2604:y 2601:, 2598:x 2595:( 2563:y 2552:x 2546:= 2543:n 2521:, 2515:+ 2512:n 2501:2 2497:n 2490:+ 2485:3 2481:n 2471:= 2423:. 2418:3 2396:4 2379:= 2365:2 2361:) 2348:( 2345:+ 2340:2 2336:) 2323:( 2318:= 2269:= 2263:3 2260:+ 2248:+ 2239:2 2225:6 2219:= 2216:v 2195:, 2189:= 2183:3 2180:+ 2168:+ 2159:2 2145:4 2139:= 2136:u 2105:= 2096:+ 2090:+ 2078:= 2075:y 2054:, 2048:= 2039:+ 2033:+ 2021:= 2018:x 1994:Y 1990:Z 1986:Y 1982:X 1955:) 1951:( 1947:. 1939:a 1827:b 1792:a 1757:L 1710:a 1680:a 1669:a 1654:a 1623:a 1619:R 1384:t 1380:r 1364:, 1361:v 1357:/ 1353:) 1347:+ 1344:u 1335:v 1329:( 1326:= 1323:d 1302:, 1299:v 1295:/ 1291:) 1288:v 1279:u 1270:( 1267:= 1264:c 1243:, 1235:i 1232:, 1229:t 1225:d 1221:) 1216:t 1212:d 1207:/ 1201:r 1197:d 1193:( 1185:i 1182:, 1179:t 1175:c 1171:) 1166:t 1162:c 1157:/ 1151:r 1147:c 1143:( 1137:+ 1125:= 1120:i 1117:, 1114:c 1110:v 1088:, 1080:i 1077:, 1074:t 1070:d 1066:) 1061:t 1057:d 1052:/ 1046:r 1042:d 1038:( 1030:i 1027:, 1024:t 1020:c 1016:) 1011:t 1007:c 1002:/ 996:r 992:c 988:( 982:+ 972:i 969:, 966:t 962:d 958:) 953:t 949:d 944:/ 938:r 934:d 930:( 927:4 919:i 916:, 913:t 909:c 905:) 900:t 896:c 891:/ 885:r 881:c 877:( 871:+ 862:= 857:i 854:, 851:c 847:u 834:i 826:i 822:t 817:i 815:, 813:c 809:v 804:i 802:, 800:c 796:u 794:( 760:. 755:W 752:V 749:U 739:E 720:= 715:a 711:R 686:a 682:R 659:W 656:V 653:U 643:E 614:a 596:i 592:E 576:= 571:i 567:R 541:i 537:E 519:. 512:. 491:. 484:2 480:) 474:t 470:v 461:r 457:v 453:( 450:+ 445:2 441:) 435:t 431:u 422:r 418:u 414:( 409:= 404:v 401:u 393:= 367:v 363:u 350:. 331:v 327:u 325:( 267:a 259:a 159:a 128:a 121:a 117:a 53:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.