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85:. Because color blindness is a symptom of several genetic and acquired conditions, the severity can range drastically from monochromacy (no color vision) to anomalous trichromacy (can be as mild as being indistinguishable from normal color vision). Congenital (genetic) color blindness causes difficulty in all four kinds of color tasks. However, cerebral color blindness may cause issues only in some types of color tasks, and other conditions that do not affect color vision can still affect color vision tasks (e.g.
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Earlier classification of color tasks did not attempt to be comprehensive, and mainly differentiated between color matching/ordering, pseudoisochromatic plates and color-naming. In Cole's definitions, the latter would be denotative color tasks and the others would be comparative color tasks.
306:). Aesthetic color tasks are necessary in architecture, interior decoration, graphic design, advertising, matching clothes, abstract art, etc. Aesthetic tasks are not generally tested for since aesthetic tasks are highly subjective.
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Connotative color tasks require the subject to infer implicit information from a color. In addition to color vision, connotative color tasks require either cultural or natural knowledge to interpret the color's meaning.
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also requires comparison of adjacent colors to be able to arrange them in a meaningful spectrum. In addition to being able to distinguish two colors, arrangement tests also require measuring
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or description. Anything that requires this conversion, either from color to description (color naming) or vice versa, is a denotative color task. Denotative color tasks involve both
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are tasks that involve the recognition of colors. Color tasks can be classified according to how the color is interpreted. Cole describes four categories of color tasks:
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Geddes, Connor; Flatla, David R.; Tigwell, Garreth W.; Peiris, Roshan L (29 April 2022). "Improving Colour
Patterns to Assist People with Colour Vision Deficiency".
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can also lead to a failure to perform denotative color tasks even when color vision is normal. Some color vision tests comprise denotative tasks, such as
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and decision making based on this parameter. Despite the increased complexity of this task, they were not differentiated by Cole, though were by others.
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require a direct comparison (and therefore discrimination) of foreground and background colors to be able to read the embedded number/character.
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Turner, William D.; DeSilva, Harry R. (October 1934). "The
Perception of Color and Contour: An Unusual Abnormal Case".
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Heywood, C.A.; Kentridge, R.W.; Cowey, A. (September 1998). "Cortical Color
Blindness is Not "Blindsight for Color"".
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Comparative color tasks require a subject to differentiate two colors. Simple examples include many
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203:). Examples of connotative color tasks based on natural meaning are interpretation of skin tone (
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Geschwind, N.; Fusillo, M. (1 August 1966). "Color-Naming
Defects in Association With Alexia".
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color task, namely distinguishing the green foreground (the letter "W") from the red background
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In order to communicate colors, we generally must first convert the color into a meaningful
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is the "purest" tasks that relies almost solely on color perception without interference of
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59:– When colors look nice – or convey an emotional response – but don’t carry explicit meaning
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Denckla, Martha Bridge (June 1972). "Performance on Color Tasks in
Kindergarten Children".
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can affect the other color tasks while leaving the comparative color tasks untouched.
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Aesthetic color tasks require aesthetic judgments of colors, usually in terms of
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302:. Alternatively colors can be selected for their evocative qualities (e.g.
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531:"Impaired Performance on Color Tasks in Patients with Hemispheric Damage"
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An example of a connotative color task based on cultural meaning are
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Banana ripeness scale; identifying the ripeness through color is a
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Cole, Barry L (1972). "The handicap of abnormal colour vision".
47:– When colors are given an implicit meaning, such as red = stop
298:, where color combinations can be selected to be pleasing or
150:. Sometimes, color blindness derived from brain damage (e.g.
271:, which require the subject to name the colors of lights.
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CHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems
157:Other examples of comparative color tasks include:
81:(or color vision deficiency) is a defect of normal
23:Mixing paint to match a desired color is a type of
101:Pseudoisochromatic plate; solving it requires a
215:, etc.) and interpretation of food edibility (
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161:Distinguishing red fruits from green foliage
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16:Task that involves the recognition of color
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529:De Renzi, E.; Spinnler, H. (June 1967).
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170:Painting/drawing realistic subjects
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362:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1972.tb06271.x
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167:Reading colored data with legends
124:Arrangement tests such as the
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430:10.1016/S0010-9452(72)80017-0
453:Consciousness and Cognition
235:Describing colors by their
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119:Pseudoisochromatic plates
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152:cerebral achromatopsia
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380:Archives of Neurology
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304:warmth or coolness
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111:Color vision tests
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164:Mixing paint
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257:linguistics
237:color terms
187:color task.
185:connotative
175:Connotative
140:linguistics
136:Comparative
103:comparative
93:Comparative
45:Connotative
39:Comparative
32:Color tasks
25:comparative
604:Categories
502:(4): 537.
332:References
300:flattering
249:color term
243:color task
241:denotative
227:Denotative
117:and other
51:Denotative
27:color task
590:248419679
288:aesthetic
275:Aesthetic
223:, etc.).
57:Aesthetic
310:See also
221:doneness
217:ripeness
205:blushing
620:Agnosia
516:1415493
481:4112408
473:9787052
438:5043792
400:5945970
261:Aphasia
209:sunburn
144:culture
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535:Cortex
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418:Cortex
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213:pallor
148:memory
87:Anomia
610:Color
586:S2CID
512:JSTOR
477:S2CID
239:is a
576:ISBN
469:PMID
434:PMID
396:PMID
255:and
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263:or
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