210:
40:
94:
1080:, was against coal mine operators in Huerfano and Las Animas counties in southern Colorado where the majority of CF&I's coal and coke production was located, and was fought by the coal mine operators association and its steering committee which included Welborn, president of CF&I, who was spokesman for the coal operators. Bowers, Rockefeller's man, remained in the background. Few of the miners actually belonged to the union or participated in the strike call, but the majority honored it.
455:
704:
287:. A neighborhood of makeshift homes arose near the works, initially called Taylorville, then Steelworks, then, as more permanent dwellings were constructed, Bessemer in 1881. Initial capacity of the mill in 1881-82 was 80 short tons (73 t) per year from the first blast furnace, while a second furnace was being built, and the mill employed 300-400. The first steel rails were produced in April 1882 for the
696:
1268:
1321:
345:, the steel mill at Pueblo was small and obsolete. Due to economic conditions it was not possible to modernize it until 1899 when substantial improvements were made. including a rolling mill, additional blast furnaces, a modern Bessemer converter, open hearth furnaces, a wire mill, and supporting facilities. The mill was renamed the Minnequa Works in 1901.
1174:
1283:(EAF). Currently, one EAF is used at the facility to convert over a million tons of scrap per year into steel billets of various sizes. The billets are then distributed to the three steel finishing facilities (rail mill, rod & bar mill, seamless tube mill) for processing into the various finished products.
653:
Gates, Rockefeller's financial advisor, had little confidence in Jesse Floyd
Welborn who had been elected by Gould and his allies to succeed Hearne as manager in 1907. Welborn had risen within the company from a clerk, knew the operation well, and had the confidence of the company's staff. When Gould
1258:
However, in
September 2004, local unions 2102 and 3267 won both the strike and the unfair labor practice charges. All of the striking steel workers were returned to their jobs, and the company was forced to repay a record amount of back pay to all of the striking steel workers for the seven years of
623:
was brought in
September, 1903 to manage the enterprise. In 1904 the assets of the firm and its subsidiaries were consolidated as Colorado Industrial Company whose stock was wholly owned by the shareholders of CF&I, mainly Gould and Rockefeller. This put all properties of the firm under a single
615:
showed a need for substantially more funds which were provided in exchange for acquisition of CF&I's subsidiaries such as the
Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company, the Crystal River Railroad Company, and possibly the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company. Control was passed from the Iowa Group to
1147:
Costs to both mine operators and the union were high. Due to reduced demand for coal resulting from an economic downturn many of CF&I's coal mines never reopened and many men were thrown out of work. The union was forced to discontinue strike benefits in
February, 1915. There was destitution in
662:
Effectively in charge from 1908 to early 1915, Bowers applied his managerial skills to making the company profitable, reducing employment rolls, closing marginal operations, and reducing improvements and the companies sociological and medical programs. His efforts were successful; profits increased
414:
at a cost of 15 cents a ton. By 1900, daily production was 2,000 tons. Purchase of the property was completed in 1904. Shortages of ore continued to plague operations at the refurbished
Minnequa Works in Pueblo and some ore was obtained from the 86, Jim Fair, and Union mines near Fierro and Hanover
750:
Lamont M. Bowers, effectively the chief executive officer of CF&I, in addition to his paternalistic concern regarding vices such as drinking, gambling, and prostitution which might affect the health of CF&I workers, and also company profits, and his efforts to clean up the mining towns and
666:
There was a series of disastrous explosions from 1904 to 1910 at the coal mines near
Trinidad which resulted in substantial casualties. Attempts to prevent such disasters resulted in substantial improvements in mine safety techniques by the company and by the coal mining industry generally such as
570:
near
Trinidad in Las Animas County were purchased through its subsidiary, the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company. Following this purchase mines and coking plants and railway connections were constructed by the Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company in 1901 and 1902 west of Trinidad, and facilities
542:
In 1901, in an effort to deal with its mostly immigrant workforce, CF&I formed the
Sociological Department. Their main focus was to better the lives of the workers and their families and to shape their political and economic views. The Sociological Department began educating the miners through
658:
his need for funds resulted in transfer of his interests to
Rockefeller. Gates preferred Lamont M. Bowers, his aunt's husband, with extensive management experience. Welborn was advised to take guidance from Bowers, who was hired as Welborn's subordinate. Welborn had little choice but to defer to
1106:
Under the protection of the National Guard, some miners returned to work and some strikebreakers imported from the eastern coalfields joined them as Guard troops protected their movements. In February, 1914 a substantial portion of the troops were withdrawn, but a sizable contingent remained at
746:
were encouraged to immigrate and were taken on particularly at the Sunrise Mine, much of the workforce was inexperienced and not fluent in English. This complicated communication of mine and industrial safety information. Due to their lack of sophistication it was possible to influence how the
274:
in 1872, with plans "to purchase lands, minerals springs, coal and iron and other mines and quarries in Colorado Territory, and the establishment and building up of colonies, towns, coal mining, iron making and manufacturing works, and to build canals and wagon roads." The work on the mill
1222:
The CF&I held pervasive spying on workers in the years following up to and during the General Colorado coal strike of 1927, which remains one of the few historically persevered record of company spying on labor organizing, given the secretive nature and risk of bad publicity it brings.
1208:. However air pollution was a constant health threat and the houses lacked indoor plumbing. As demand for metallurgical coke declined, the mine laid off workers and Segundo's population declined. After a major fire in 1929, CF&I left and Segundo became practically a ghost town.
1309:, which produced products such as fence and nails under the CF&I brand name until 2014 when it was closed. The mill was able to produce rail lengths of up to 480 feet (up from the current 80 feet), lengths currently possible only in a few European plants.
663:
and dividends were paid. The steel mill operated at full capacity and was slightly expanded. Greater profits proved elusive, however, due to eastern competition and limited transportation facilities such as a perennial shortage of railway cars to ship coal.
337:
by purchasing existing facilities. Other properties were acquired in Garfield, Huerfano, Las Animas, and Pitkin counties. On Osgood's initiative these two companies merged in 1892 to form Colorado Fuel and Iron with members of the Iowa Group in control.
98:
755:
in Colorado, was strongly anti-union and refused to recognize or negotiate with the United Mine Workers during the period leading up to the major strike of 1913-14. The effects of that prolonged and violent strike ended his career with the firm.
1164:
conducted extensive hearings singling out John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Rockefellers' relationship with Bowers for special attention. Bower was relieved of duty and Welborn restored to control in 1915 and industrial relations improved.
398:
was organized as subsidiary to transport the ore. Orient was abandoned in 1905 but some ore continued to be mined and sold to the company by contractors until 1922 when it reopened, only to be permanently closed at the beginning of the
128:, and was the city's main industry for most of its history. From 1901 to 1912, Colorado Fuel and Iron was one of the Dow Jones Industrials. The steel-market crash of 1982 led to the decline of the company. After going through several
381:
were built at isolated facilities such as Orient and Calumet. Deeper ores from Calumet contained greater quantities of silicon, which interfered with the iron making process. Calumet was closed in 1899 and production shifted to the
616:
Gould and Rockefeller interests in 1903 with Gould in control and Rockefeller and Gates representing a minority interests. Osgood left the company in 1904 and devoted his efforts to operating competing coal and coke operations.
1128:
Attempts at negotiating a settlement in November, 1913 had been unsuccessful due to the coal operators refusal to talk to union representatives or to consider recognition of the union. After the violence in the Spring of 1914,
550:
would be the best way to help the immigrant children become better citizens. Through the Kindergarten program, children were taught English and the importance of industrial labor in hopes of making them good future employees.
1193:
and head of its Department of Industrial Research, introduced the Colorado Industrial Plan, an internal system of worker representation which included guarantees of basic decency in working conditions and in company towns.
1470:"Rail mill project solidifies Pueblo's "Steel City" moniker : Steel-making in Pueblo is inextricably linked with the city, which this year is celebrating its 150th anniversary with Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I)"
1152:
relief programs were organized by the Colorado Committee on Unemployment and Relief, a state agency created by Governor Carlson, offering work to unemployed miners building roads and doing other useful projects.
2153:
624:
management. Gross sales were substantially increased but increasing profit proved elusive due to competition from eastern produces. Income in 1907 was $ 1.07 million on sales of $ 23.8 million in 1907.
2148:
1117:
again ordered National Guard troops into the coal fields, but guerrilla warfare by the striking miners continued, and the government troops were beaten back. The governor requested assistance from
2158:
1204:
where CF&I offered adequate housing for its workers and promoted upward mobility through its sponsorship of a YMCA Center, elementary school, and some small businesses, as well as a
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were threatened and sometimes attacked. Both sides purchased substantial arms and ammunition. Most dangerous on the union side were Greek immigrants who were experienced veterans of the
659:
Bowers which resulted in Welborn, the president of the company, being only a figurehead and sometimes resulted in him having to make decisions he would not have made on his own motion.
518:
fell off in the first decade of the 20th century and used refining techniques which did not require large quantities of coke. The large copper smelting companies operating in the area,
2143:
2113:
2002:
635:
and reduced steel production. The company was able to maintain coal inventory for sale to the company's customers, thus preventing state interference due to a shortage of coal.
2138:
1093:
1401:
For a discussion of the relationship between CF&I and the railway, see McKenzie, William H., "Mountain to Mill: The Colorado & Wyoming Railway" (1982, MAC Publishing)(
136:
in 1993, and changed its name to Rocky Mountain Steel Mills. In January 2007, Rocky Mountain Steel Mills, along with the rest of Oregon Steel's holdings, were acquired by
543:
night school to teach them English. The Sociological Department began to set standards for education by regulating the curriculum and getting miners' children involved.
438:
was initially obtained from a quarry a few miles south of Pueblo at Lime near the St. Charles River and later from a high-grade low-phosphorus deposit of limestone and
791:
2059:
1107:
Ludlow. On April 20, 1914 a general fire-fight occurred between strikers and troops. The camp burned, and 15 women and children in the camp were burned to death.
631:
struck the coal mines near Walsenburg and Trinidad. The strike, which lasted 11 months, produced no gains and demoralized the miners, was fought vigorously with
2133:
292:
1386:
329:, who with other investors from Iowa and Colorado, the Iowa Group, had founded Colorado Fuel Company in 1883, which acquired substantial coal reserves in
554:
Also part of the multi-pronged efforts to promote support for the Company in the latter-half of 1914, several schools were constructed, including one in
193:
The Colorado Supply company store was also owned and operated by CF&I. They also came to control many furnaces throughout the country, including
2128:
1232:
587:
content many of the adjacent stoves and support buildings still remain. The stoves and foundations for some of the furnaces can be easily seen from
322:
1879:
1144:, a Republican, won the gubernatorial election of 1914, on December 10, 1914 the union called off the strike due to a depletion of strike funds.
747:
workers voted. Fraudulent voting of this nature was employed extensively by company operatives to accomplish various personal and company goals.
1925:
298:
The market for steel was slow due to intense competition from eastern mills, and the mill was often idle. The company turned to production of
224:
The first, and only until World War II, integrated iron and steel mill west of St. Louis was built in 1881 in Pueblo on the south side of the
742:
The labor force of CF&I was made up in large part of immigrants, many from eastern and southern Europe. Although experienced miners from
236:
784:
395:
176:
1796:
James Whiteside, Regulating danger: the struggle for mine safety in the Rocky Mountain coal industry, U of Nebraska Press, 1990 (preface)
1286:
Several of the administration buildings, including the main office building, dispensary, and tunnel gatehouse have been purchased by the
1140:. Further efforts by state and federal officials and experienced third parties who were brought in were also unsuccessful. Finally after
1999:
1542:
James Whiteside, Regulating danger: the struggle for mine safety in the Rocky Mountain coal Industry, U of Nebraska Press, 1990, page 8.
1217:
867:
2032:
1161:
1422:
719:. Over the course of its history, the company has had numerous major labor disputes. CF&I was accused of brutality against the
247:. Its purpose in part was to manufacture rails for the railway. Local resources included water from the Arkansas River, coal from
1130:
1111:
777:
736:
209:
2025:
1406:
820:
720:
288:
229:
2074:
502:
for use in boilers and locomotives was produced in the Huerfano district, coal for home heating in the Canon district, and
2054:
1287:
1173:
684:
650:. Previously the mill had relied on the scant and variable flow of the St. Charles River, storing water in Lake Minnequa.
276:
112:
conglomerate founded by the merger of previous business interests in 1892. By 1903 it was mainly owned and controlled by
2118:
892:
668:
168:
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1186:
985:
877:
330:
39:
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Out of the many production and fabrication mills which once existed on the site, only the steel production (electric
1305:), rail, rod & bar, and seamless tube mills are still in operation. The wire mill was sold in the late 1990s to
980:
871:
263:
began April 12, 1881. Products included rails, pig iron, iron and steel bars and plates, and cut nails and spikes.
2123:
1966:
588:
527:
507:
487:
483:
475:
334:
619:
An experienced manager, Frank J. Hearne, retired president of National Tube Company, one of the predecessors of
1950:
1875:
1383:
479:
416:
151:, the company came to own more than just the main steel plant. Over the course of a century, CF&I operated
133:
731:
at the Ludlow Depot, a stop on the Colorado and Southern Railroad which was near several coal mines, in 1914.
611:, creator of the Standard Oil monopoly, in to help finance the loan. Analysis of the company's operations by
566:
In 1900, anticipating high demand for coal, the extensive and coal rich lands of the Colorado portion of the
1020:
862:
612:
515:
491:
311:
213:
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93:
1125:
were deployed to the coalfields. There was a substantial increase in coal production in succeeding months.
318:
1636:
Marten, J. (2014) Children and Youth During the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. New York University Press.
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1149:
1133:
1114:
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604:
366:
284:
240:
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1248:
1141:
1077:
672:
370:
845:
1962:
120:'s financial heirs. While it came to control many plants throughout the country, its main plant was a
1509:
1280:
1276:
995:
936:
341:
Often idle during the decades of the 1880s and 1890s due to stiff competition and the effects of the
307:
303:
244:
233:
187:
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919:
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113:
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1000:
946:
600:
567:
531:
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387:
248:
172:
1306:
1092:, the democratic governor of Colorado, responded to the widespread violence by ordering out the
377:. Additional iron ore was obtained from New Mexico and Wyoming and reserves purchased in Utah.
2028:
2021:
1469:
1402:
1333:
1291:
1197:
1110:
In the aftermath of the battle, bands of miners attacked coal company facilities in the area.
1040:
1035:
1025:
1015:
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1005:
555:
471:
424:
391:
271:
217:
17:
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at Crested Butte. Demand for coke by the precious metals smelting industry fell off as first
1326:
1178:
1030:
990:
914:
443:
420:
407:
400:
383:
358:
260:
125:
1521:
707:
1904 caricature of Jesse F. Welborn executed by B.S. White of American Cartoonist Magazine.
703:
317:
In the early 1890s, demand for fuel fell, and the company faced stiff competition from the
2006:
1985:
1426:
1390:
1089:
1052:
963:
941:
904:
728:
712:
571:
built for workers under the direction of Dr. Richard W. Corwin chief surgeon of CF&I.
454:
439:
411:
252:
194:
1275:
In addition to the blast furnace/open hearth steelmaking process, CF&I also used the
638:
Following the strike substantial investments were made to the mill including purchase of
494:
producing 53% of the coal mined in Colorado and its 9 coking plants producing 89% of its
167:
quarries, smaller mines for other materials going into the steel making process, and the
1419:
1103:
erected by the union such as the tent city at Ludlow, a railway stop north of Trinidad.
1118:
1081:
951:
924:
887:
830:
643:
326:
225:
2107:
2066:
1981:
1252:
1244:
1205:
655:
632:
580:
511:
342:
280:
256:
1076:
The strike, called in September, 1913, by the United Mine Workers over the issue of
683:
to dilute explosive coal dust. Concern over mine safety resulted in creation of the
1474:
1201:
835:
547:
519:
378:
769:
735:
that the company infiltrated, propagandized against, and attempted to disrupt the
695:
1160:
and mobilized public opinion against the Rockefellers and the coal industry. The
1099:
Striking miners were forced to abandon their homes in company towns and lived in
583:
until 1982. The main blast furnace structures were torn down in 1989, but due to
1085:
825:
752:
732:
724:
639:
495:
299:
180:
137:
1849:
1647:
1316:
620:
503:
499:
129:
121:
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2076:
1721:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 20
1712:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 19
1703:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 18
1694:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 17
1674:
1618:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 15
1609:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 14
1575:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 12
1566:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 13
1554:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 11
1356:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 10
1926:""X," "XX," and "X-3": Spy Reports from the Colorado Fuel & Iron Compan"
1533:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 9
1500:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 8
1438:
Scamehorn, Chapter 1, "The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1892-1903" page 7
1302:
1137:
1100:
676:
603:
a principal stockholder of the Denver and Rio Grande for a loan. Gould, via
435:
190:, were just a few of the mines owned by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company.
164:
152:
117:
314:. Coke ovens were built at El Moro north of Trinidad and at Crested Butte.
1902:
Chapter 4 "The Rockefeller Industrial Representation Plan" Scamehorn 56-81
1760:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" pages 28 to 31
1267:
373:
and iron and magnesium rich ore which was a byproduct of silver mining at
1279:(BOF) process for a number of years. This process was later replaced by
1157:
743:
680:
584:
362:
354:
2049:
1449:
Creating Colorado: the making of a western American landscape, 1860-1940
2020:, University of Nebraska Press, (April 1, 1992), hardcover, 271 pages,
1814:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" pages 36-37
1787:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" pages 32-35
1769:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" pages 31-32
882:
687:
in 1907 and enactment of improved mine safety regulations in Colorado.
255:
with rail transportation provided by the D&RG. Manufacturing using
186:
The Mcnally, Cameron, Robinson and Walsen Mines located in the area of
156:
1838:
Scamehorn, Chapter 3 "The Coal Miners' Strike of 1913-1914" page 38-55
1805:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" page 35-36
2065:
George P. West and United States Commission on Industrial Relations,
1255:, leading to further tension between the new employer and the union.
523:
141:
1778:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" pages 32
1627:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2, "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" page 27
251:, limestone from a few miles south of Pueblo, and iron ore from the
1751:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" page 26
1739:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" page 25
1730:
Scamehorn, Chapter 2 "The Gould-Rockefeller Era, 1903-1913" page 24
1266:
1251:. The old CF&I facility, under new ownership, hired permanent
1172:
702:
699:
Jesse F. Welborn, president of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company.
694:
453:
208:
109:
92:
85:
1185:
In October, 1915 John D. Rockefeller Jr. with the assistance of
467:
302:
and coal opening additional mines near Trinidad and others near
283:
in February 1880, on a prairie south of what would later become
160:
1510:
Industrial Utopia: The History and Architecture of South Pueblo
773:
1951:
New steel rails from Japan, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom
1156:
The casualties suffered at Ludlow were successfully labeled a
727:
in 1903-04. The best known strike culminated in the infamous
321:, which was closely associated with and provided coal to the
2044:
1911:
Glen D. Weaver, and Ryan C. Graham, "Segundo, Colorado,"
1367:"Colorado Fuel and Iron Corp. - Lehman Brothers Collection"
266:
The original steel works were one of the projects of the
1231:
On November 7, 1990 CF&I filed for protection under
526:, invested in their own coal mines and coking plants in
155:
throughout southern Colorado, as well as iron mines in
2154:
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990
275:
began—under the original name for the steel producer:
2149:
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
642:
in the Arkansas River and a reservoir at the site of
599:
In 1902, facing cash flow problems, Osgood turned to
2018:
Mill and Mine: The CF&I in the Twentieth Century
715:
were set in the context of the volatile and violent
591:, which runs parallel to the plant's west boundary.
1243:In 1997, the steelworkers union in Pueblo voted to
81:
73:
65:
57:
49:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
2159:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Colorado
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1148:the coal fields. With the help of funds from the
279:—with excavation of the foundation for the first
1271:The foundation and stoves of "A"-Furnace in 2010
1162:United States Commission on Industrial Relations
1747:
1745:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1562:
1560:
1550:
1548:
2144:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1990
2114:Ironworks and steel mills in the United States
1675:"PRIMERO- COLORADO FUEL AND IRON'S MODEL TOWN"
1352:
1350:
1348:
365:from the Orient Mine on the west slope of the
1496:
1494:
1492:
785:
466:In 1903 CF&I was the largest producer of
8:
654:suffered severe financial losses due to the
470:in the Rocky Mountain west with 23 mines in
32:
2139:Manufacturing companies established in 1883
607:, Rockefeller's financial adviser, brought
419:. Substantial reserves were purchased near
1848:Seligman, Edwin R. A. (November 5, 1914).
1646:Seligman, Edwin R. A. (November 5, 1914).
792:
778:
770:
546:Richard Corwin came up with the idea that
524:The American Smelting and Refining Company
394:which the company had leased in 1898. The
31:
2050:Steelworks Museum of Industry and Culture
1181:, Wyoming by CF&I at cost of $ 3,400.
733:Evidence from CF&I's archives reveals
1344:
462:, supplied the steel mills of CF&I.
458:Coal coking ovens at Cokedale, west of
406:Production, which began in 1899 at the
323:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
1850:"Colorado's Civil War and Its Lessons"
1648:"Colorado's Civil War and Its Lessons"
144:steel corporation, for $ 2.3 billion.
1982:"Ruling favors Pueblo steel strikers"
237:Denver and Rio Grande Railway Company
7:
2067:Report on the Colorado strike (1915)
396:Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company
268:Central Colorado Improvement Company
2134:1990 disestablishments in Colorado
2039:External links and further reading
1468:Pompia, John (September 7, 2020).
1429:Aspen Daily News, February 7, 2004
725:strike called by that organization
579:The facility operated a number of
239:(D&RG), controlled by General
25:
1319:
1131:United States Secretary of Labor
232:(CC&L), an affiliate of the
38:
2129:1883 establishments in Colorado
2062:for Rocky Mountain Steel Mills.
1980:Blevins, Jason (May 20, 2000).
1420:"Redstone coke ovens preserved"
1112:Lieutenant Governor of Colorado
737:Industrial Workers of the World
357:from the Calumet Mine north of
353:Early sources of iron ore were
1963:"CF&I steelworkers strike"
1673:Hatton, Blake; Specht, Abbie.
1218:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
1212:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
868:Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency
821:United Mine Workers of America
679:wet, and liberal spreading of
289:Denver and Rio Grande Railroad
230:Colorado Coal and Iron Company
132:, the company was acquired by
106:Colorado Fuel and Iron Company
18:Colorado Fuel and Iron Company
1:
1522:South Pueblo Historic Context
1294:and the Steelworks Archives.
1288:Steelworks Center of the West
685:United States Bureau of Mines
410:in Wyoming, was initially by
277:Colorado Coal and Steel Works
1913:New Mexico Historical Review
1881:The Colorado Industrial Plan
893:Victor-American Fuel Company
169:Colorado and Wyoming Railway
2045:Bessemer Historical Society
1187:William Lyon Mackenzie King
1177:Church built for miners in
878:William Lyon Mackenzie King
2175:
1384:EVRAZ Rocky Mountain Steel
1215:
981:Sangre de Cristo Mountains
763:
205:Founding and early history
1967:Portland Business Journal
1239:Strike of 1997–2004
813:
595:Gould and Rockefeller era
528:Colfax County, New Mexico
390:about 100 miles north of
37:
1169:Colorado Industrial Plan
1065:"Ludlow Massacre" (song)
417:Grant County, New Mexico
214:Colorado Fuel & Iron
1930:www.historycolorado.org
1094:Colorado National Guard
1088:. On October 26, 1913,
863:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
760:Strike of 1913–14
613:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
492:Pitkin County, Colorado
403:due to falling demand.
199:Birdsboro, Pennsylvania
147:Through the process of
108:(CF&I) was a large
1915:(2008) 83#3 pp 323-351
1272:
1249:unfair labor practices
1200:, was an example of a
1191:Rockefeller Foundation
1182:
1150:Rockefeller Foundation
1134:William Bauchop Wilson
1115:Stephen R. Fitzgarrald
1059:We're Coming, Colorado
910:Stephen R. Fitzgarrald
858:Colorado Fuel and Iron
803:Colorado Coalfield War
766:Colorado Coalfield War
708:
700:
627:In November, 1903 the
605:Frederick Taylor Gates
463:
427:but remained unmined.
367:Sangre de Cristo Range
241:William Jackson Palmer
221:
101:
44:View of the mill, 1943
33:Colorado Fuel and Iron
27:American steel company
1856:. Accessible Archives
1854:Frank Leslie's Weekly
1654:. Accessible Archives
1652:Frank Leslie's Weekly
1281:electric arc furnaces
1270:
1176:
1142:George Alfred Carlson
751:support enactment of
706:
698:
457:
319:Colorado Fuel Company
270:, founded by General
212:
124:on the south side of
96:
1876:Rockefeller, John D.
1593:Scamehorn 134 to 135
1277:basic oxygen furnace
1078:union representation
510:was impacted by the
245:William Abraham Bell
188:Walsenburg, Colorado
179:converted coal into
149:vertical integration
99:Minnequa Steel Works
2119:History of Colorado
2086: /
2016:Scamehorn, H. Lee,
1884:. privately printed
1371:www.library.hbs.edu
1253:replacement workers
920:Helen Ring Robinson
717:Colorado Labor Wars
629:United Mine Workers
609:John D. Rockefeller
114:John D. Rockefeller
97:Main Office at the
34:
2090:38.229°N 104.607°W
2005:2016-03-15 at the
1969:. October 7, 1997.
1512:, 152 pages, 2011.
1425:2013-05-11 at the
1389:2016-03-15 at the
1273:
1189:, director of the
1183:
1123:United States Army
947:Patrick J. Hamrock
846:Mary Thomas O'Neal
709:
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568:Maxwell Land Grant
532:Cokedale, Colorado
464:
460:Trinidad, Colorado
388:Hartville, Wyoming
222:
173:Redstone, Colorado
134:Oregon Steel Mills
102:
2055:CF&I Archives
1451:, 1999, page 147.
1447:William Wyckoff,
1334:Steelworks Museum
1301:, used for scrap
1292:Steelworks Museum
1263:Modern production
1198:Segundo, Colorado
1121:and units of the
1073:
1072:
986:Las Animas County
711:CF&I's early
673:sprinkler systems
508:silver production
425:Iron County, Utah
335:Garfield Counties
272:William J. Palmer
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90:
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942:Karl Linderfelt
905:Elias M. Ammons
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257:blast furnaces
226:Arkansas River
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1933:. Retrieved
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1886:. Retrieved
1880:
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1860:February 20,
1858:. Retrieved
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1678:. Retrieved
1668:
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1656:. Retrieved
1651:
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1623:
1614:
1589:
1584:Scamehorn 28
1580:
1571:
1538:
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1517:
1505:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:Colorado Sun
1473:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1414:
1397:
1379:
1370:
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1259:the strike.
1257:
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1202:company town
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640:water rights
637:
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575:20th century
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553:
548:Kindergarten
545:
541:
520:Phelps Dodge
465:
434:
408:Sunrise Mine
405:
384:Sunrise Mine
352:
340:
325:(CB&Q).
316:
297:
285:South Pueblo
267:
265:
234:narrow-gauge
223:
195:E. G. Brooke
192:
185:
177:coking ovens
146:
130:bankruptcies
105:
103:
50:Company type
29:
2093: /
2081:104°36′25″W
1888:October 17,
1101:tent cities
1086:Balkan Wars
841:Frank Hayes
826:Louis Tikas
753:prohibition
371:Villa Grove
138:EVRAZ Group
2108:Categories
2078:38°13′44″N
2060:Prospectus
2026:080324214X
1407:0936206160
1339:References
1307:Davis Wire
1233:Chapter 11
1136:attempted
1021:Cañon City
996:Walsenburg
969:10-Day War
937:John Chase
899:Government
667:increased
621:U.S. Steel
504:anthracite
500:Steam coal
472:Las Animas
421:Cedar City
331:Las Animas
308:Walsenburg
304:Canon City
153:coal mines
122:steel mill
2000:Rail Mill
1303:recycling
1138:mediation
975:Locations
807:1913–1914
677:coal dust
648:Leadville
538:Education
514:and then
436:Limestone
431:Limestone
375:Leadville
220:, c. 1900
165:limestone
118:Jay Gould
82:Successor
2003:Archived
1878:(1916).
1423:Archived
1387:Archived
1313:See also
1299:furnaces
1158:massacre
1001:Trinidad
816:Strikers
744:Cornwall
681:rockdust
675:to keep
646:west of
585:asbestos
488:Garfield
484:Gunnison
476:Huerfano
440:dolomite
392:Cheyenne
369:east of
363:limonite
355:hematite
349:Iron ore
259:and the
249:Trinidad
243:and Dr.
216:mine at
77:Acquired
1998:EVRAZ:
1935:June 5,
1524:, 2011.
1179:Sunrise
1041:Berwind
1036:Primero
1026:Segundo
1016:La Veta
1011:Delagua
1006:Aguilar
883:Ivy Lee
852:Company
556:Primero
480:Fremont
228:by the
218:El Moro
157:Wyoming
142:Russian
66:Defunct
58:Founded
53:Private
2031:
2024:
1405:
1245:strike
1031:Pueblo
991:Ludlow
958:Events
490:, and
444:Howard
310:, and
171:. In
1949:FTC:
1082:Scabs
723:in a
691:Labor
442:near
386:near
110:steel
86:Evraz
2029:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1937:2023
1890:2012
1862:2020
1682:2020
1660:2020
1483:2020
1403:ISBN
721:UMWA
562:Land
530:and
522:and
496:coke
468:coal
333:and
300:coke
181:coke
161:Utah
159:and
140:, a
116:and
104:The
74:Fate
69:2007
61:1892
423:in
415:in
291:'s
197:in
2110::
1984:.
1965:.
1928:.
1852:.
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