381:
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mating will last longer. Mating duration decreases as temperature increases, from 22 to 25 to 28 °C (72 to 77 to 82 °F). Finally, when males and females from different geographic locations are mated together, they take longer to start and mate for a shorter time. Thus, inter-population partners engage in longer mating durations than intra-population partners. While experimental, these results exhibit great variation in mating duration based on geographical location and other environmental conditions.
37:
620:, length of larval development period, body weight, growth rate, and amount of weight loss occurring during metamorphosis) that are a mix of their father and mother. However, maternal effects are stronger, so when the parents differ in their life history traits, offspring have traits closer to those of their mother.
796:. Some olfactory receptors have higher expression in males compared to females, and vice versa, but none found are only expressed in either sex. Less candidate antennal gustatory genes have been found (compared to olfactory genes) since gustation is mostly managed in the proboscis and maxillary palps.
1034:
One well-explored solution is the use of crystal (Cry) proteins, which are often used against beetles and other insects. In insect larvae, they activate protoxins, bind to a receptor, and result in toxicity to the organism. One challenge is that Cry proteins must be specific to their target. The Cry8
348:
The male and female pupae are roughly the same size. From a sample of 74 pupae (31 male and 43 female), males were 4.6 to 5.0 mm (0.181 to 0.197 in) in length and 2.7 to 3.2 mm (0.106 to 0.126 in) in width. Conversely, females were measured to be 4.7 to 5.2 mm (0.185 to 0.205 in) in length and 2.9 to
733:
Additional factors that may influence mating duration include the density of males, familiarity of males, temperature, and origin of partners. Mating duration decreases as the density of males in the population increases. But if a female has already mated with a specific male before, their following
681:
When males and females from different populations have a choice to mate, there are much more intra-population matings (male and female from the same population) than inter-population matings (male and female from separate populations), suggesting assortative mating. The offspring of inter-population
332:
The cabbage beetle has historically been difficult to determine the sex of, although systems for discrimination exist for both living pupae and living adults. A system was devised using morphological characteristics from pupal males and females at two days old. They are most easily distinguished by
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spends about 3.18 to 12.10 days in the pupal stage under 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F) laboratory conditions. The developmental temperature threshold is 9.6 °C (49.3 °F) at this stage. Like in the larval stage, pupal growth rate increases when temperature increases. Both sexes lose
361:. Several patterns for body weight and temperature have also been found. As the temperature at which the beetles were raised increases, the body weight decreases. With an increase in temperature, the sexual dimorphism in size increases. Both sexes have their largest body weight at 19 °C (66.2 °F).
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consumes cruciferous vegetables such as turnips, radishes, and cabbages, it is a significant pest for humans, especially in China. Its consumption reduces the amount of vegetables that can be sold, harming the economy. This effect is exacerbated in part by the high reproductive potential of each
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The time of day at which copulation occurs impacts duration. The mating duration is the longest at 8:00am and then decreases as the day progresses. Past mating history of the female impacts duration: a male mating with a female that had previously mated is longer than the same male mating with a
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generation and maturation of the larvae occurs. The larval stage lasts between 6.95 and 22.83 days under temperatures 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F). The minimum temperature requirement for larvae is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F), but as temperature increases, larval growth rate increases. As
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is influenced by age and geographic origin of potential mates. Mating duration has been found to vary depending on the time of day, whether partners have previously mated with each other, whether the female has previously mated at all, density of males in the mating population, temperature, and
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are non-diapause-destined under a short-day photoperiod, and are diapause-destined under a long-day photoperiod. When they become diapause-destined, they stop yolk collection and ovarian development; if non-diapause-destined, these processes are active. Temperature alone can induce diapause in
903:. The oviposition behavior involves a prolonged egg-laying period. Most females are capable of laying eggs for over a month, with 67 days as the longest recorded period in one experiment. The typical egg-laying period is between 30 and 60 days. During this time, females exhibit considerable
840:
must be under diapause: it can vary from a few months to several years, even between beetles that entered diapause at the same time. Beetles that emerge from diapause do so from late
February to early April for spring reproduction or from mid August to early October for autumn reproduction.
674:
The age of males also impacts mating success. Similarly, all females, regardless of age (young, middle-aged, old), expressed preferential mating with middle-aged males. Breeding with middle-aged males has the benefit of more eggs hatching, which benefits the females' reproductive success. A
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in soil naturally, and specifically burrow to depths of 9 to 31 cm (3.5 to 12.2 in) in experimental conditions. At 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F), the lifespan of adults varies from 1 to 2 months for non-diapausing adults and 5 to 38 months for diapausing adults.
2084:
907:, with the ability to produce a substantial number of eggs. In the spring generation, a typical female produces approximately 644 eggs. Females reached higher levels in the autumn generation, rearing roughly 963 eggs. One female was even recorded to have laid 1,950 eggs.
587:
lose more weight. Additionally, the more pupae weigh, the more weight they tend to lose at metamorphosis. Unlike the larval stage, the length of the pupal stage does not vary with latitude. However, as latitude increases, the body weight of pupae decreases.
341:, between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. On the ninth abdominal segment, there are two protuberances, located so that the genital opening is generally in the center of them laterally. Male pupae do not have a genital opening or protuberances.
1120:. The researchers found that absence of VgR could lead to reduced reproduction in the species. These results suggest that disrupting this receptor or its molecular pathway could be a potential method of controlling the species from damaging crops.
545:. At 25 °C (77 °F), the average beetle took less than 18 days to progress from an egg to an adult. Development in some stages varies by geographical location, a phenomenon that has been studied specifically with changes in latitude.
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will bury into soil during diapause. Across the process of diapause, beetles go through pre-diapause (induction, preparation), diapause itself (initiation, maintenance, termination), and post-diapause. In the induction phase of pre-diapause,
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One hypothesis suggests that a longer copulation may lead to more sperm remaining inside the female, making it advantageous for males. Males may also put in more resources for a longer copulation, which is advantageous to the female.
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reproduces to create only one generation of offspring. However, during the autumn season, these beetles undergo multiple reproductive cycles and produce three new generations. In terms of mating frequency, both males and females of
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The age of females impacts mating success. Virgin middle-aged males tend to have a better chance of mating with middle-aged females compared to females of other ages (young and old). This pairing leads to faster mating, longer
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When temperatures range from 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F), eggs hatch experimentally between 3.14 and 13.78 days. The minimum temperature requirement for egg development is approximately 10.7 °C (51.3 °F).
352:
Interestingly, while the dimensions of the male and female pupae do not greatly vary between sex, body weight does. Female larvae, pupae, and adults have larger body weights than males, regardless of temperature, meaning
1559:"Describing the Diapause-Preparatory Proteome of the Beetle Colaphellus bowringi and Identifying Candidates Affecting Lipid Accumulation Using Isobaric Tags for Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteome Quantification (iTRAQ)"
671:, and increased fecundity. As a result, middle-aged males have increased reproductive success when they breed with middle-aged females. However, male longevity is not impacted by the age of the female they mate with.
888:. Grade I has a more tubular ovariole and yolk begins to accumulate. In Grade II, yolk continues to accumulate and the ovary continues to get larger. By Grade III, there are some mature eggs, but none in the lateral
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closely resembles that of other beetles, specifically in regard to the location of antennal olfactory and gustatory genes. Most of the identified antennal genes are related to structure (cell parts and organelles),
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Females will mate with multiple males, whether it is a repeated or novel mating partner. However, when given a choice, females tend to mate with a male they already mated with—in other words, they remain
675:
middle-aged male mate leads to a higher quantity of eggs compared to an old male. The length of mating increases as male age increases. However, female longevity is not impacted by their male mate's age.
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can be a summer diapause, winter diapause, prolonged diapause, or non-diapause adult. Prolonged diapause is when the beetle does not emerge from diapause for over a year. There is no set duration
1043:
secreted during metabolism, such as
Vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip) or Secreted insecticidal protein (Sip), with Sip working particularly well against beetles. The pathway of Sip1Ab causes
438:
reactions vary based on latitude of the beetles' home. This may be due to the varying environmental conditions present at different geographic locations. Additionally, there exists a level of
400:
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matings exhibit no significant difference in quantity. However, eggs from monogamous mothers hatched more often (compared to eggs from polyandrous mothers) and are considered more viable.
2131:"Parental effects: Physiological age, mating pattern, and diapause duration on diapause incidence of progeny in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)"
2322:"Increased toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa against Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, Phaedon brassicae and Colaphellus bowringi by a Tenebrio molitor cadherin fragment"
817:
takes in environmental information which is used to decide whether diapause is favorable. During the preparation phase of pre-diapause, the quantity of proteins related to
1508:
2052:
1484:
2274:"Targeting coat protein II complex genes via RNA interference inhibits female adult feeding and reproductive development in the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi"
2085:"Inheritance of key life-history traits in crosses between northern and southern populations of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)"
2444:
939:—all parts of the pathway—play an important role in promoting ovarian development and high fecundity. In particular, current studies suggest ERK is involved in
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commonly eaten by humans. For this reason, it is a pest and finding sustainable insecticides against it is a subject of ongoing research. It goes through
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progresses through distinct stages, including Grade 0, I, II, III, and IV. Grade 0 is characterized by a white and transparent ovary with thread-shaped
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are known to consume the leaves of at least some of these crucifers. They have been noted to consume leaves that are still developing, in particular.
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1935:"The Combination Analysis Between Bacillus thuringiensis Sip1Ab Protein and Brush Border Membrane Vesicles in Midgut of Colaphellus bowringi Baly"
2187:"Molecular characterization and juvenile hormone-regulated transcription of the vitellogenin receptor in the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi"
1026:) which are especially detrimental to the environment. These pesticides leave traces on crops, which then endangers the humans who consume them.
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in order to reproduce. Both males and females participate in multiple mating events throughout their reproductive periods. During the spring,
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924:
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virgin female. However, there is no significant difference in mating duration based on whether the male has a mating history or is a virgin.
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beetles as well, but overall the relationship between environmental cues for the induction of diapause is complex and not fully understood.
751:, if possible. Monogamous females not only have a longer lifespan, but have more viable eggs and more of their eggs hatch, as compared to
1062:
Another Cry-based insecticide is Cry3Aa. Its effect on the cabbage leaf beetle as well as other
Chinese vegetable pests like the spotted
808:
pattern. Diapause is a temporary cessation in development that some beetles will enter if environmental conditions are not advantageous.
1735:"Comparison of sexual compatibility in crosses between the southern and northern populations of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi"
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relies on olfaction for a variety of processes like finding oviposition sites or mates. Their antennae are important sensory organs for
2490:
1275:
Li, Xiao-Ming; Zhu, Xiu-Yun; Wang, Zhi-Qiang; Wang, Yi; He, Peng; Chen, Geng; Sun, Liang; Deng, Dao-Gui; Zhang, Ya-Nan (Dec 2, 2015).
653:
genes have not been identified: they have no gene ontology term and have potentially recently evolved or are specific to the species.
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3.4 mm (0.114 to 0.134 in) in width. These were pupae that were analyzed in experimental conditions at 25 °C (77 °F), not in nature.
2320:
Gao, Yulin; Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis; Oppert, Brenda; Fabrick, Jeffrey A; Liu, Chenxi; Gao, Jianhua; Lei, Zhongren (14 April 2011).
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Liu, Wen; Guo, Shuang; Sun, Dan; Zhu, Li; Zhu, Fen; Lei, Chao-Liang; Sheng, Long; Phelps, Brian; Wang, Xiao-Ping (1 November 2018).
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as its food source throughout different stages of its life cycle. This includes eating the leaves of various plants such as radish (
920:
222:
522:. Thus, the beetles lived under laboratory conditions where the temperature varied within a range for each developmental stage.
2013:"Identification of Sex of Pupae in the Cabbage Beetle Colaphellus Bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)"
919:
are highly regulated. They are processes that involve intricate signaling pathways. One pathway of interest is the MAPK (
1673:"The influence of female age on male mating preference and reproductive success in cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi"
788:(ORs), 10 gustatory receptors (GRs), 12 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), and 9
1051:
to swell and disintegrate over the course of three days. As a result of this process and potentially others, larvae of
1509:"Geographical variation of life-history traits in the cabbage beetle，Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae)"
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making it a target for research. One example is products Cry9Eb2 and Cry9Ee1 which can inhibit other insects but not
855:
The molecular mechanisms behind diapause are not fully elucidated, but there is evidence for diapause occurring when
36:
1373:"MAPK Signaling Pathway Is Essential for Female Reproductive Regulation in the Cabbage Beetle, Colaphellus bowringi"
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826:
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1795:"Male Age Affects Female Mate Preference and Reproductive Performance in the Cabbage Beetle, Colaphellus bowringi"
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These beetles may go under diapause in the winter and summer in order to survive extreme temperatures. Members of
1933:
Cao, Dengtian; Xiao, Changyixin; Fu, Qian; Liu, Xinbo; Liu, Rongmei; Li, Haitao; Gao, Jiguo (February 18, 2022).
1839:"Factors influencing mating duration in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly （Coleoptera: Cerambycidae）"
2500:
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403:. It is known to be present in mountainous regions, particularly in the southeastern parts of China, including
2024:
818:
781:
1889:"A comparison of female fitness between monogamy and polyandry in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi"
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Cabbage beetles also eat these leaves in experimental conditions and artificial environments, if provided.
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matings are less likely to hatch, and female longevity decreases, suggesting some mating incompatibility.
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province. The species has been documented in various specific locations within the province, including
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proteins in particular are effective against most beetles, including the leaf beetle family to which
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can influence diapause in some populations but not others. For those that are affected, adult female
752:
694:
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2226:"Characterization of cry9Da4, cry9Eb2, and cry9Ee1 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis strain T03B001"
1277:"Candidate chemosensory genes identified in Colaphellus bowringi by antennal transcriptome analysis"
2012:
1557:
Hahn, Daniel A; Wang, Xiao-Ping; Tan, Qian-Qian; Liu, Wen; Zhu, Fen; Lei, Chao-Liang (April 2017).
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Tang, Jian-Jun; Liu, Xing-Ping; He, Hai-Min; Huang, Li-Li; Wu, Shao-Hui; Xue, Fang-Sen (May 2022).
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978:
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protuberances below. Female pupae have a genital opening that's located on the ventral side of the
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Shu, Changlong; Su, Huiqin; Zhang, Jie; He, Kanglai; Huang, Dafang; Song, Fuping (2 March 2013).
959:
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439:
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239:(most notably in body weight) and copulate around five times in an average day of mating. Their
1093:(RNAi) can inhibit beetle growth. The damage on the targeted genes can impact the adult female
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792:(IRs). The olfactory neurons are bathed in sensillar lymph which facilitates their binding to
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Xue, Fang-Sen; Li, Ai-Qing; Zhu, Xing-Fen; Gui, Ai-Li; Jiang, Pei-Lan; Liu, Xiao-Fen (2002).
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called rTmCad1p. The mortality rate can be quadrupled under a specific concentration ratio.
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221:. Ovary development and oviposition are highly regulated by signaling pathways, such as the
2273:
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Liu, Xing-Ping; Xu, Jing; He, Hai-Min; Kuang, Xian-Ju; Xue, Fang-Sen (29 September 2010).
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472:
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Furthermore, there are observed differences in life-history traits between populations of
1631:"Life history responses of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi to temperature change"
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female: these beetles can rapidly multiply, making them difficult to eliminate. Very few
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1371:
Huang, Zijie; Tian, Zhong; Zhao, Yulian; Zhu, Fen; Liu, Wen; Wang, Xiaoping (May 2022).
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entering the female genitalia. During copulation, the aedeagus aids in transferring the
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latitude increases, the length of the larval stage increases and growth rate decreases.
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has a life cycle with distinct stages and behaviors. The comprehensive analysis of the
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2321:
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Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
1733:
Liu, Xing-Ping; Tu, Xiao-Yun; He, Hai-Min; Chen, Chao; Xue, Fang-Sen (December 2014).
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1171:"A multi-year dormancy strategy in a cabbage beetle population in southeastern China"
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to the female. Copulation ends when the male's aedeagus leaves the female genitalia.
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and accumulates in ovaries (a process called vitellogenesis). There is evidence for
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Tiang, Zhong; Guo, Shuang; Zhu, Fen; Liu, Wen; Wang, Xiao-Ping (16 February 2022).
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He, Hai-Min; Jian-Jun, Tang; Huang, Li-Li; Wu, Shao-Hui; Peng, Yuang (Aug 2021).
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Tang, Jian-Jun; He, Hai-Min; Geng, Ting; Fu, Shu; Xue, Fang-Sen (3 August 2016).
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synthesis, and P38 regulates growth and differentiation of germline stem cells.
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Liu, Xing-Ping; He, Hai-Min; Kuang, Xian-Ju; Xue, Fang-Sen (17 October 2009).
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892:. A Grade IV ovary has mature eggs in both the ovariole and lateral oviduct.
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In both of these elucidated patterns, middle-aged is defined as 15 days old.
541:, and adult stages. Then, in the adult stage, they may reproduce or be under
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life cycle outlined below originated from laboratory experiments rather than
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780:. Many antennal genes have been identified, including those coding for 26
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1455:"Diversity in life history of the leaf beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly"
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is located in the ovaries of the beetle and plays an important role in
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are largely synthetic chemicals (as opposed to organic pesticides or
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Yang, Dong; Lai, Xi-Ting; Sun, Li; Xue, Fang-Sen (4 December 2006).
1018:. An additional problem is that the pesticides that do work against
2423:
1837:
Liu, Xing-Ping; He, Hai-Min; Kuang, Xian-Ju; Xue, Fang-Sen (2010).
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and energy production and conservation changes. In particular,
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have been observed to copulate approximately five times a day.
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272:(hardened forewings). Some of its sensory organs include the
974:, making it, JH, and 20E all key molecules in oviposition.
2011:
Wang; Xiao-Ping; Zhou; Xing-Miao; Lei; Chao-Liang (2006).
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Liu, Xing-Ping; He, Hai-Min; Xue, Fang-Sen (August 2014).
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Xiao, Liang; He, Hai-Min; Zeng, Yi; Xue, Fang-Sen (2017).
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Interestingly, research indicates that eggs produced from
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Offspring exhibit life history characteristics (including
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geographical location. In addition, there is evidence for
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and geographic location impact development. As an adult,
2025:
10.1649/0010065X(2006)60[341:IOSOPI]2.0.CO;2
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One possible method of managing the pest is through the
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technique has also been developed against adult female
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in particular. Genetically disrupting genes through
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and some incompatible mating between populations of
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217:can be active and receptive to reproduction, or in
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182:in 1865 and is primarily found in southeastern
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1483:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
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804:The cabbage beetle is often studied for its
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1139:"Taxonomy browser (Colaphellus bowringi)"
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1129:
764:Olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste)
345:may aid in sex determination of pupae.
2230:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2041:
2030:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1476:
1074:) can be enhanced when applied with a
288:), and maxillary palps (primarily for
925:extracellular signal-regulated kinase
915:Ovarian growth and oviposition in C.
488:Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis
7:
867:Oviposition mechanism and regulation
454:The cabbage beetle relies mostly on
2089:Bulletin of Entomological Research
612:Inheritance of life history traits
14:
1471:10.16380/j.kcxb.2002.45.4.494498
921:Mitogen-activated protein kinase
859:(JH) is absent, triggering less
223:Mitogen-activated protein kinase
35:
2496:Taxa named by Joseph Sugar Baly
935:(RAS 2 kinase suppressor), and
446:of stark geographic locations.
2147:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.02.015
1068:Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata
1:
1905:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.03.019
491:). Both larvae and adults of
2135:Journal of Insect Physiology
1059:and exhibit reduced growth.
966:. Vg triggers maturation of
193:The cabbage beetle consumes
186:, as well as other areas of
1525:10.16380/j.kcxb.2017.01.008
1010:or strategies work against
709:The start of copulation in
2517:
2203:10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.004
1799:Journal of Insect Behavior
1070:) and daikon leaf beetle (
923:) signaling pathway. ERK (
827:fatty acid-binding protein
252:from different locations.
2491:Beetles described in 1865
2242:10.1007/s00253-013-4781-5
2101:10.1017/S000748532100002X
1952:10.3389/fmicb.2021.802035
1811:10.1007/s10905-010-9237-5
1294:10.1186/s12864-015-2236-3
713:is defined by the male's
470:), and Chinese cabbages (
357:exhibits a female biased
209:, and adult stages where
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1843:Acta Entomologica Sinica
1576:10.3389/fphys.2017.00251
1513:Acta Entomologica Sinica
1459:Acta Entomologica Sinica
992:Interactions with humans
946:Another key molecule is
782:odorant-binding proteins
308:. For digestion, it has
235:. Males and females are
2326:Pest Management Science
2278:Pest Management Science
1759:10.1111/1744-7917.12091
1697:10.1111/1744-7917.12051
1647:10.1111/1748-5967.12184
1563:Frontiers in Physiology
1137:NCBI Taxonomy Browser.
962:(20E) as regulators of
950:(Vg), which is made in
880:development process in
467:Brassica rapa var. rapa
415:has also been found in
2040:Cite journal requires
2027:(inactive 2024-04-03).
1635:Entomological Research
1473:(inactive 2024-04-03).
456:cruciferous vegetables
389:
388:in southeastern China.
359:sexual size dimorphism
195:cruciferous vegetables
1390:10.3390/cells11101602
1101:to eat less and die.
383:
2400:Colaphellus bowringi
2370:Colaphellus bowringi
1143:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1057:intracellular spaces
1037:Colaphellus bowringi
1003:Colaphellus bowringi
863:(Vg) transcription.
790:ionotropic receptors
768:Like other beetles,
691:Colaphellus bowringi
512:Colaphellus bowringi
444:Colaphellus bowringi
428:Colaphellus bowringi
393:Colaphellus bowringi
386:Colaphellus bowringi
363:Colaphellus bowringi
355:Colaphellus bowringi
165:large cabbage beetle
156:Colaphellus bowringi
141:Colaphellus bowringi
25:Colaphellus bowringi
1751:2014InsSc..21..775L
1689:2014InsSc..21..515L
1187:2022EcoEv..12E8900T
997:Pest of crop plants
895:Pre-oviposition in
786:olfactory receptors
639:metabolic processes
520:natural observation
481:Brassica campestris
477:Brassica pekinensis
159:(also known as the
970:in the ovaries of
960:20-hydroxyecdysone
649:as well. A lot of
440:assortative mating
411:. A population of
399:and several other
390:
246:assortative mating
237:sexually dimorphic
2473:
2472:
2458:Open Tree of Life
2362:Taxon identifiers
2236:(22): 9705–9713.
1195:10.1002/ece3.8900
1072:Phaedon brassicae
911:Mating regulation
872:Ovary development
529:progress through
328:Sexual dimorphism
180:Joseph Sugar Baly
152:
151:
16:Species of beetle
2508:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2332:(9): 1076–1081.
2317:
2302:
2301:
2284:(6): 2141–2150.
2269:
2254:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2182:
2159:
2158:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2080:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2008:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1939:Front. Microbiol
1930:
1909:
1908:
1899:(6): 1391–1395.
1893:Animal Behaviour
1884:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1815:
1814:
1790:
1771:
1770:
1730:
1709:
1708:
1668:
1651:
1650:
1626:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1554:
1529:
1528:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1450:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1368:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1134:
1095:endocrine system
1091:RNA interference
1064:asparagus beetle
956:juvenile hormone
857:juvenile hormone
823:lipid metabolism
647:non-coding genes
562:After hatching,
461:Raphanus sativus
395:is found across
376:Geographic range
367:
300:is lined with a
294:alimentary canal
143:
123:C. bowringi
40:
39:
21:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2501:Beetles of Asia
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2338:10.1002/ps.2149
2319:
2318:
2305:
2290:10.1002/ps.6836
2271:
2270:
2257:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2184:
2183:
2162:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2082:
2081:
2060:
2050:
2039:
2029:
2010:
2009:
1978:
1932:
1931:
1912:
1886:
1885:
1854:
1836:
1835:
1818:
1792:
1791:
1774:
1732:
1731:
1712:
1670:
1669:
1654:
1628:
1627:
1602:
1556:
1555:
1532:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1475:
1452:
1451:
1416:
1370:
1369:
1320:
1274:
1273:
1220:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1032:
999:
994:
929:MAPK-ERK kinase
913:
874:
869:
802:
766:
761:
744:
727:
725:Mating duration
688:
664:
659:
626:
614:
594:
573:
560:
551:
509:
504:
473:Cleome gynandra
452:
401:Asian countries
378:
365:
330:
276:(primarily for
263:
258:
233:mating behavior
148:
145:
139:
126:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2405:
2390:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2303:
2255:
2216:
2160:
2141:(9): 900–908.
2114:
2095:(4): 420–428.
2058:
2042:|journal=
2019:(4): 341–342.
1976:
1910:
1852:
1816:
1772:
1745:(6): 775–784.
1710:
1683:(4): 515–522.
1652:
1641:(6): 337–344.
1600:
1530:
1490:
1465:(4): 494–498.
1414:
1318:
1218:
1154:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1031:
1028:
998:
995:
993:
990:
964:vitellogenesis
912:
909:
873:
870:
868:
865:
801:
798:
765:
762:
760:
757:
743:
740:
726:
723:
687:
684:
663:
660:
658:
655:
625:
622:
613:
610:
593:
590:
572:
569:
559:
556:
550:
547:
508:
505:
503:
500:
451:
450:Food resources
448:
434:induction and
409:Xiushui County
377:
374:
329:
326:
262:
259:
257:
254:
161:cabbage beetle
150:
149:
146:
135:
134:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2513:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Chrysomelinae
2484:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:(5): 549–554.
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1024:biopesticides
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
996:
991:
989:
987:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
866:
864:
862:
858:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
763:
758:
756:
754:
750:
741:
739:
735:
731:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
700:
696:
692:
685:
683:
679:
676:
672:
670:
661:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
631:
630:transcriptome
623:
621:
619:
611:
609:
606:
602:
599:
591:
589:
586:
582:
581:metamorphosis
577:
570:
568:
565:
557:
555:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
506:
501:
499:
496:
494:
490:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:photoperiodic
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
382:
375:
373:
371:
370:Rensch's rule
364:
360:
356:
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
327:
325:
323:
320:and activate
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:). It has an
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
255:
253:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:Chrysomelidae
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2369:
2329:
2325:
2281:
2277:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2194:
2190:
2138:
2134:
2092:
2088:
2033:cite journal
2016:
1942:
1938:
1896:
1892:
1846:
1842:
1805:(2): 83–93.
1802:
1798:
1742:
1738:
1680:
1676:
1638:
1634:
1566:
1562:
1519:(1): 60–66.
1516:
1512:
1479:cite journal
1462:
1458:
1383:(10): 1602.
1380:
1376:
1284:
1281:BMC Genomics
1280:
1181:(5): e8900.
1178:
1174:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1132:
1113:
1109:
1106:vitillogenin
1103:
1098:
1086:
1083:insecticidal
1080:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1055:have larger
1052:
1036:
1033:
1030:Pest control
1019:
1015:
1012:C. bowringi,
1011:
1002:
1000:
985:
976:
971:
948:vitellogenin
945:
916:
914:
896:
894:
881:
875:
861:vitellogenin
854:
848:
843:
837:
833:
831:
819:carbohydrate
814:
809:
803:
769:
767:
745:
736:
732:
728:
710:
708:
703:
698:
690:
689:
680:
677:
673:
665:
650:
633:
627:
615:
597:
595:
575:
574:
561:
558:Larval stage
552:
526:
525:In general,
524:
515:
511:
510:
502:Life history
497:
492:
486:
471:
465:
459:
453:
443:
427:
425:
412:
392:
391:
385:
362:
354:
351:
347:
331:
302:brush border
286:feeding tube
265:
264:
249:
228:
227:
214:
192:
177:entomologist
164:
160:
155:
154:
153:
147:(Baly, 1865)
140:
138:
122:
121:
109:
24:
18:
2432:iNaturalist
2394:Wikispecies
1099:C. bowringi
1087:C. bowringi
1053:C. bowringi
1020:C. bowringi
1016:C. bowringi
986:C. bowringi
983:polyandrous
972:C. bowringi
901:oviposition
897:C. bowringi
882:C. bowringi
849:C. bowringi
845:Photoperiod
838:C. bowringi
834:C. bowringi
815:C. bowringi
810:C. bowringi
784:(OBPs), 43
770:C. bowringi
753:polyandrous
711:C. bowringi
704:C. bowringi
699:C. bowringi
693:engages in
662:Mate choice
651:C. bowringi
634:C. bowringi
598:C. bowringi
592:Adult stage
583:, but male
576:C. bowringi
571:Pupal stage
527:C. bowringi
516:C. bowringi
493:C. bowringi
464:), turnip (
413:C. bowringi
384:Habitat of
343:Micrographs
266:C. bowringi
256:Description
250:C. bowringi
241:mate choice
229:C. bowringi
215:C. bowringi
211:temperature
173:leaf beetle
110:Colaphellus
2480:Categories
1739:Insect Sci
1677:Insect Sci
1175:Ecol. Evol
1148:2024-02-29
1124:References
1108:receptor (
1097:, causing
1045:microvilli
1008:pesticides
979:monogamous
952:fat bodies
759:Physiology
749:monogamous
695:copulation
686:Copulation
669:copulation
596:Adults of
579:weight at
507:Life cycle
306:microvilli
296:where the
89:Coleoptera
69:Arthropoda
2385:Q29388154
2197:: 69–75.
1118:oogenesis
1041:exotoxins
958:(JH) and
905:fecundity
778:gustation
774:olfaction
755:females.
618:fecundity
605:hibernate
601:aestivate
549:Egg stage
318:hydrolyze
316:that can
314:proteases
290:gustation
282:proboscis
278:olfaction
225:pathway.
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
2408:BioLib:
2379:Wikidata
2346:21495115
2298:35171515
2250:23455566
2211:30553881
2155:17604050
2109:33583438
1971:35250907
1767:24339338
1705:23955897
1595:28491041
1409:35626638
1313:26626891
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1213:35571750
1001:Because
941:ecdysone
927:), MEK (
917:bowringi
886:ovariole
806:diapause
800:Diapause
794:odorants
742:Polygamy
715:aedeagus
643:catalyst
624:Genetics
543:diapause
432:diapause
421:Liaoning
417:Shenyang
322:proteins
268:has two
219:diapause
163:and the
95:Family:
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
2411:1248053
1962:8895204
1747:Bibcode
1685:Bibcode
1586:5405119
1569:: 251.
1400:9140119
1304:4667470
1204:9077826
1183:Bibcode
1076:peptide
1047:in the
968:oocytes
890:oviduct
405:Jiangxi
339:abdomen
335:ventral
310:enzymes
274:antenna
261:Anatomy
169:species
167:) is a
105:Genus:
85:Order:
79:Insecta
75:Class:
2463:426352
2450:561076
2437:785625
2424:COLHBO
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1301:
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1201:
1049:midgut
657:Mating
564:oocyte
535:larval
298:midgut
270:elytra
203:larval
1377:Cells
878:ovary
719:sperm
585:pupae
539:pupal
397:China
366:'
312:like
284:(the
207:pupal
184:China
2445:NCBI
2419:EPPO
2342:PMID
2294:PMID
2246:PMID
2207:PMID
2151:PMID
2105:PMID
2053:link
2046:help
1967:PMID
1763:PMID
1701:PMID
1591:PMID
1485:link
1405:PMID
1309:PMID
1209:PMID
981:and
933:KSR2
876:The
821:and
776:and
628:The
603:and
485:and
188:Asia
2334:doi
2286:doi
2238:doi
2199:doi
2195:229
2143:doi
2097:doi
2093:111
2021:doi
1957:PMC
1947:doi
1901:doi
1807:doi
1755:doi
1693:doi
1643:doi
1581:PMC
1571:doi
1521:doi
1467:doi
1395:PMC
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1299:PMC
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1199:PMC
1191:doi
1114:VgR
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1110:VgR
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937:P38
931:),
632:of
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304:of
280:),
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