Colchester - Knowledge (XXG)

1710:) like the rest of the United Kingdom. Its easterly position within the British Isles makes Colchester less prone to Atlantic depressions and weather fronts but more prone to droughts. This is because, like most areas in southeast England, Colchester's weather is influenced more by Continental weather patterns than by Atlantic weather systems. This leads to a dry climate compared to the rest of the UK all year round and occasional (relative) extremes of temperatures during the year (occasional high 20 °Cs/low 30 °Cs during the summer) and quite a few nights below freezing during the winter months (daytime high temperatures are seldom below freezing). Any rainfall that does come from Atlantic weather systems is usually light, but a few heavy showers and 2500: 2234: 1023: 124: 2463: 108: 3769: 2432:, losing some 1,248 in the conflict. As early as 1918 prominent voices were calling for a war memorial, with Councillor Edgar A. Hunt making the first formal proposition in an open letter to the press published on Christmas Day of that year. Shortly after the publication of the letter, a committee was set up to decide the form of the monument, with several practical schemes favoured by the working class. The committee formed to choose a proposal decided on a sculptural monument on 16 May 1919 with a vote of 7 to 9. Following a visit to the 1362: 1284: 64: 2080: 136: 94: 159: 7475: 80: 1074:. Colchester's city walls c. 3,000 yd. long were built c.65–80 A.D. when the Roman town was rebuilt after the Boudicca rebellion. In 2004, Colchester Archaeological Trust discovered the remains of a Roman Circus (chariot race track) underneath the Garrison in Colchester, a unique find in Britain. The city reached its peak in the second and third centuries AD. It may have reached a population of 30,000 in that period. 1245: 1158: 7427: 2956:. She is now the patron saint of Colchester. This is recognised in the emblem of Colchester: a cross and three crowns. The Mayor's medallion contains a Byzantine style icon of Saint Helena. A local secondary school – St Helena's – is named after her, and her statue is atop the town hall, although local legend is that it was originally a statue of Blessed Virgin Mary which was later fitted with a cross. 2154: 6855: 7790: 2221:, and the Natural History Museum, located in the former All Saints' Church. The Colchester Archaeological Trust have opened a visitor centre and museum at the former Cavalry Barracks to display finds from the Roman Circus, with replicas and models of the circus, as well as finds from the nearby Roman cemeteries. In 2014 brick and marble columns from the monumental façade of the precinct of the 3112: 6911: 7851: 935: 7494: 3718: 2829: 1458: 3735: 1597: 3752: 166: 5976: 4042:. 23 November 2022This citation, although from a source that is usually reliable, contains a material error of fact in its claim that "Colchester was named one of eight towns to be made cities to mark the Queen's Platinum Jubilee". That status was awarded to eight local authority areas, none of which was a town. 369: 1583:

business has been associated with Colchester since 1865 when James Noah Paxman founded a partnership with the brothers Henry and Charles Davey ('Davey, Paxman, and Davey') and opened the Standard Ironworks. In 1925, Paxman produced its first spring injection oil engine and joined the English Electric

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In 2014 a hoard of jewellery, known as The Fenwick Hoard, named for the shop it was found beneath, was discovered in the town centre. The director of Colchester Archaeological Trust, Philip Crummy, described the hoard as being of "national importance and one of the finest ever uncovered in Britain".

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In the 2nd World War Colchester's main significance lay in its infantry and light-anti-aircraft training units, and in the Paxman factory, which supplied a large proportion of the engines for British submarines and landing craft. Occasionally hit by stray single German aircraft in 1940 and 1941, in

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In the reign of "Bloody Mary" (1553–1558) Colchester became a centre of Protestant "heresy" and in consequence at least 19 local people were burned at the stake at the castle, at first in front, later within the walls. They are commemorated on a tablet near the altar of St Peter's Church. (Sources:

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Between 1797 and 1815 Colchester was the HQ of the Army's Eastern District, had a garrison of up to 6,000, and played a main role in defence against a threatened French or Dutch invasion, At various times it was the base of such celebrated officers as Lord Cornwallis, Generals Sir James Craig and

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could indicate a 'sub-Roman triangle' where British rule continued after the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. Since then excavations have revealed some early Saxon occupation, including a fifth-century wooden hut built on the ruins of a Roman house in present-day Lion Walk. Archaeological excavations

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Other sports teams based in the area include Colchester United Women Football Club, Colchester School of Gymnastics, Colchester Rugby Football Club, Colchester Swimming Club, Colchester Gladiators American Football Club, Colchester Weight Lifting Club, Colchester Powerlifting Club (ColPower) and

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who represented the borough to the king were now expected to consult sixteen ordinary councillors and eight auditors (later called aldermen). Even though Colchester's fortunes were more mixed during the 15th century, it was still a more important place by the 16th century than it had been in the

5134:(Sources:--Eastern Command, 11 Corps, various divisional, brigade and battalion, and Colchester Garrison war diaries in WO 166 series at National Archives, Kew; 4 Civil Defence Region reports in HO 192/193 series at National Archives; CW 1 Police Incident records at Essex County Record Office). 2777:

Colchester was historically a port, with a regular weekly shipping service to London by 1637, and about 3,000 vessels per year using the port in 1892. The former quay of The Hythe is no longer in use, partly because the river has silted up, although Colchester is still a registered port (code

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A film festival, showcasing a selection of new feature and short films from around the world and centred at the VAF, was held from to 2012 to 2017 (excluding 2016). There are 12 cinema screens spread across the 8 screen Odeon, 3 screen Curzon and 1 screen in the firstsite gallery.

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Colchester developed rapidly during the later 14th century as a centre of the woollen cloth industry, and became famous in many parts of Europe for its russets (fabrics of a grey-brown colour). This allowed the population to recover exceptionally rapidly from the effects of the

1445:. Flemish refugees in the 1560s brought innovations that revived the local cloth trade, establishing the Dutch Bay Hall for quality control of the textiles for which Colchester became famous. The old Roman wall runs along Northgate Street in the Dutch Quarter. 2480:

by Boudicca, and they continued in use until after the Siege of Colchester in 1648. Two large stretches of the wall are still standing on the west and north sides and a number of fragments are visible along the rest of the circuit. A notable survival is the

1680:, the ceremony was postponed. On 29 September 2022, the letters patent was made public, with Colchester receiving city status dated 5 September 2022 by the late Queen. Colchester officially received city status on 23 November 2022. Colchester was visited by 4663: 1653:, marking a considerable rise from the previous census and with considerable development since 2001 and ongoing building plans; it has been named as one of Britain's fastest growing towns. The local football team, Colchester United, moved into a 2275:

In 2009, an art collective called 'Slack Space' took up some of the closed-down shops in the centre and converted them into art galleries with the hope of promoting art and design. The Colchester School of Art, opened in 1885, is based in the

1631:, and killed 38 elderly patients. In February 1944 a single raider caused a huge fire in the St Botolph's area which gutted warehouses, shops and part of Paxman's Britannia Works. The total wartime bombing death toll in the borough was 55. 6348: 803:... this derivation is ruled out of court by the fact that Colne is the name of several old villages situated a good many miles from Colchester and on the Colne. The identification of Colonia with Colchester is doubtful." 1206:'Jesus entered a certain castle and a woman there welcomed him' (Luke 10.38). This is a commonplace allegory in which a castle is likened to Mary's womb, and explains the name of Maidenburgh St, neighbouring the castle. 1698:

Colchester is in one of the driest regions of the United Kingdom with average annual precipitation at 635 mm (25.0 inches), although among the wetter places in Essex. Colchester is generally regarded as having an

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The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Colchester local government

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13th. In 1334 it would not have ranked among England's wealthiest fifty towns, to judge from the taxation levied that year. By 1524, however, it ranked twelfth, as measured by its assessment to a lay subsidy.

605: 2927:(fortified place). In folk etymology the name Colchester was thought of as meaning Cole's Castle , though this theory does not have academic support. In the legend Helena, the daughter of Cole, married the 1436:

although surviving examples show that they were rather different from their modern equivalents. An area in Colchester town centre is still known as the Dutch Quarter and many buildings there date from the

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in AD 43, a Roman legionary fortress was established, the first in Britain. Later, when the Roman frontier moved outwards and the twentieth legion had moved to the west (c. AD 49), Camulodunum became a

4169: 2979:) Another version says that Humpty Dumpty was a cannon on the top of the church. The church of St Mary-at-the-Walls still retains its Norman tower until the top few feet, which are a Georgian repair. 2269:

houses The Minories Galleries, which is managed by Colchester Institute and presents contemporary exhibitions by artists from the region. The building is owned by the Victor Batte-Lay Foundation.

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Crummy, Philip (1992) Colchester Archaeological Report 6: Excavations at Culver Street, the Gilberd School, and other sites in Colchester 1971–85. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (

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Colchester and the surrounding area is currently undergoing significant regeneration, including controversial greenfield residential development in Mile End and Braiswick. At the time of the

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An Act for the payringe and mainteyninge of the Haven River and Channell runing unto the Borowgh and Towne of Colchester in the Countie of Essex, and alsoe for the paveing of the said Towne.

4565: 2485:, which is the earliest and most complete Roman gateway in the United Kingdom. A circular walk of nearly 2 miles (3 kilometres) follows the course of the wall and the surviving portions. 7441: 409: 4402:

Brugger, Ernst "Beiträge zur Erklärung der arthurischen Geographie II: Gorre", in: Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, Volume 28, Berlin, 1905, pp. 1-71 (p. 22-23).

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Other etymologists are confident that the Colne's name is pre-Roman, sharing its origin with several other rivers Colne or Clun around Britain, and that Colchester is derived from

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David Baird, and Captain William Napier. It was in a state of alarm during the invasion threat of 1803/4, a period well chronicled by the contemporary local author Jane Taylor.

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The Late QUEEN was pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 5 September 2022 to ordain that the Borough of Colchester shall have the status of a City.

2253:, a multi-function arts venue located in the former St Mary-at-the-Walls church, and home of the Colchester Beer Festival. The Headgate Theatre is also located in Colchester. 4371: 6634: 5518: 2118:

land was sold for private housing development and parts of the garrison were moved. Many parts of the garrison now stand empty awaiting the second phase of the development.

6250: 3884: 2540:, first recorded in 1277 and demolished in 1843. Replacing a Victorian town hall which had become unstable, work on the present building started in 1897 to the design of 1118:

have shown that public buildings were abandoned, and is very doubtful whether Colchester survived as a settlement with any urban characteristics after the sixth century.

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There is evidence of hasty re-organisation of Colchester's defences around 268–82 AD, followed later, during the fourth century, by the blocking of the Balkerne Gate.

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of Colchester) holding the True Cross; a local story says that a councillor was dispatched to Italy to find a statue of the saint, but could only find one of the

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A P Baggs; Beryl Board; Philip Crummy; Claude Dove; Shirley Durgan; N R Goose; R B Pugh; Pamela Studd; C C Thornton (1994). Janet Cooper; C R Elrington (eds.).

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A P Baggs; Beryl Board; Philip Crummy; Claude Dove; Shirley Durgan; N R Goose; R B Pugh; Pamela Studd; C C Thornton (1994). Janet Cooper; C R Elrington (eds.).

3825: 6534: 5113: 4933: 2415:(still referred to by locals by its former name of Williams & Griffin (Willie Gees)), Primark, H&M, Boots, WH Smith and many local independent stores. 4177: 232: 6410: 3612: 1650: 2843: 2798:. In Book XIV he describes how '...the Roman ex-soldiers...had recently established a settlement at Camulodunum', later burned down in the Iceni rebellion. 4153: 2107:, is in Berechurch Hall Road, on the outskirts of Colchester. The centre holds men and women from all three services who are sentenced to serve periods of 2440:

was chosen to undertake the work, for which he was paid £3,000. The memorial consists of three human figures on a sculptural pedestal. The figures are of

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Diesel Group in 1966 – later becoming part of the GEC Group. Since the 1930s the Paxman company's main business has been the production of

5060:(Sources--Records of Army's Eastern Command at National Archives, Kew; Julian Foynes "East Anglia against the Tricolor 1793-1815", Poppyland Press, 2016) 2963:. During the siege of Colchester in the Civil War, a Royalist sniper known as One-Eyed Thompson sat in the belfry of the church of St Mary-at-the-Walls ( 1508:. It started on 13 June. The Royalists surrendered in the late summer (on 27 August Lord Goring signed the surrender document in the Kings Head Inn) and 2325: 5960: 2499: 3250: 2096: 1627:

1942 more serious attempts to bomb its industries were made by the Luftwaffe. None of these attacks hit their targets, but a raid on 11 August bombed

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representing engineering, military defence, agriculture and fishery. At the top of the tower is a large bronze figure representing Saint Helena (the

2726: 2553: 1477: 2556:. The building dominates the High Street and the 192-foot (58.5-metre) Victoria Tower is widely visible. The tower was intended to commemorate the 8081: 6448: 5214: 2602: 2144: 417: 355: 3964: 2597:

As is the case for the rest of Essex, Colchester's state schooling operates a two-tier system. Two of the local secondary schools are selective,

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settlement with rights equivalent to those of Roman citizens, one of which was believed to have been founded in the vicinity of Colchester) and

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and Panther Travel (Essex). The bus station is located in Osborne Street, on the southern edge of the centre. Key routes include the 371 to

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Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (

3456: 2839: 2549: 2115: 386: 469: 7463: 381: 6570: 6194: 5909: 4893: 4493: 982:" by Roman writers. Camulodunon is sometimes popularly considered one of many possible sites around Britain for the legendary (perhaps 8071: 5970: 5943: 5079: 2263:, and opened in September 2011, at a total cost of approximately £25.5 million, £9 million more than the original estimate. 2233: 2125:

are fired to mark Royal anniversaries and visits by foreign heads of state. From 2009, these salutes have taken place in Castle Park.

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emigrated to Colchester and the surrounding areas. They were famed for the production of "Bays and Says" cloths which were woven from

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name, Camulodunon, variously represented as CA, CAM, CAMV, CAMVL and CAMVLODVNO on the coins of Cunobelinus, means 'the fortress of

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and its first capital. Colchester therefore claims to be Britain's first city. It has been an important military base since the

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Strachan, David (1998) Essex from the Air, Archaeology and history from aerial photographs. Published by Essex County Council (

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Ashdown-Hill, John (2009). Mediaeval Colchester's Lost Landmarks. Published by The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited. (

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Ashdown-Hill, John (2009) Mediaeval Colchester's Lost Landmarks. Published by The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited. (

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At Colchester School of Art we are proud to have a history dating from 1885, the year the original Art School was founded.

3665: 3448: 3349: 3324: 2718: 2662: 2462: 1693: 1541:. By the time he wrote this in 1722, however, he estimated its population to be around 40,000 (including "out-villages"). 225: 4357:(Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2004), p. 113; T. W. Potter, 'The Transformation of Britain', in P. Salway, ed., 3176: 2858: 7961: 5848: 3268: 3254: 3095: 2618: 2372: 2309: 6272: 5540: 3148: 1441:

period. During this period Colchester was one of the most prosperous wool towns in England, and was also famed for its

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was constructed in the eleventh century on earlier Roman foundations; it now contains a museum. The main campus of the

7702: 7692: 3885:"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021 - Office for National Statistics" 3129: 2983: 2891: 2246: 1677: 31: 6682: 2854: 6545: 5105: 4925: 8031: 6664: 3795: 3460: 2730: 2412: 2392: 2341: 2182: 2148: 1569: 978:'. During the 30s AD Camulodunon controlled a large swathe of Southern and Eastern Britain, with Cunobelin called " 624: 5478: 3155: 3122: 107: 8046: 7984: 3054: 2626: 2337: 2100: 1052: 1031: 456: 6708: 5144: 2079: 6723: 5346: 4956:"Colchester Archaeological Trust Online Report Library – Colchester Bays, Says and Perpetuanas by Eliot Howard" 3830: 3534: 3386: 2945: 2541: 2400: 2384: 2266: 2238: 2108: 1481: 1238: 902:. Colchester is surrounded by Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments that pre-date the town, including a Neolithic 323: 135: 8036: 7974: 7953: 7456: 7312: 6937: 6866: 6436: 5902:"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester – Municipal buildings, Pages 274–277" 5421:"We celebrate – Roman circus site, centre and cafe re-open, with cakes! | the Colchester Archaeologist" 4656:"'Fenwick Treasure': Hoard of Roman jewellery buried to save it from Boudicca goes on display in Colchester" 4566:"'Fenwick Treasure': Hoard of Roman jewellery buried to save it from Boudicca goes on display in Colchester" 3938: 3507: 3162: 3048: 2937:, who had been sent by Rome as an ambassador and was named as Cole's successor. Helena's son became Emperor 2691: 2522:

at its peak. The tower was decommissioned in 1987 and has had several private owners pending redevelopment.

2313: 2163: 2099:. The Army's only military corrective training centre, known colloquially within the forces and locally as " 1718: 1562: 1513: 1466: 1087: 899: 678: 674: 461: 5196: 5170: 3959: 6988: 6854: 3820: 3689: 3683: 3427: 2642: 2301: 2250: 1534: 1192: 1051:

in Britain, as well as at least seven other Romano-British temples. Colchester is home to two of the five

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from Middlewick. In the 1980s an archaeological inventory showed that over 800 shards of pottery from the

689: 99: 63: 5500: 2241:, Balkerne Heights, Colchester – made in 2006 and inspired by a Roman mosaic flooring found in Colchester 7652: 7232: 3562: 3001:: this is not considered likely by academics, as in Arthurian times Colchester was under Saxon control. 2433: 2396: 1717:

The highest temperature recorded in Colchester was 36.1 °C (97 °F) in August 2003 (during the

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can take place during the summer. Snow falls on average 13 days a year during winter and early spring.

1133:, in a list of the thirty most important cities in Britain. Colchester was in the area assigned to the 995: 5756:

Report of the memorial hall and Albert School Site sub-committee (undated) no. I, Essex Records Office

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Completed in 1883 when the Town Council took over Colchester's water supply, the 110-foot (34-metre)

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in c.880, and remained in Danish hands until 917 when it was besieged and recaptured by the army of

1070:'s rebellion in AD 61. Sometime after the destruction, London became the capital of the province of 752:(referring to the city walls, the oldest in Britain). The earliest forms of the name Colchester are 7947: 7917: 7757: 7657: 7587: 6958: 6892: 6716: 4376: 3643: 3432: 3377: 3335: 3311: 3302: 3244: 3216: 2934: 2722: 2654: 2348: 2305: 2140: 2092: 2074: 1635: 1505: 1417: 1196: 1066:

Camulodunum served as a provincial Roman capital of Britain, but was attacked and destroyed during

701: 655: 6484: 6247:"Colchester Castle and the Temple of Claudius, Non Civil Parish - 1002217 | Historic England" 6076: 4067: 958:

in the period 20–10 BC. Before the Roman conquest of Britain it was already a centre of power for

623:, England. It is the second-largest settlement in the county, with a population of 130,245 at the 93: 7994: 7772: 7762: 7737: 7607: 7547: 7537: 7449: 7347: 7262: 6983: 6978: 6963: 6769: 6740: 4047: 3790: 3674: 3608: 3495: 3468:(1915–2001), football referee, responsible for many important developments in football refereeing 3436: 3381: 3320: 3289: 3240: 3071: 2987: 2750: 2610: 2606: 2569: 2437: 2194: 1628: 1473: 849: 838: 830: 765: 709: 670: 666: 291: 263: 207: 2351:

Athletics Stadium (a co-operative facility used by both the army and civilian population) and a

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Wymer, J. (ed.) "Gazetteer of Mesolithic sites in England and Wales", in CBA Research Report 20

2573: 669:, Colchester is 50 miles (80 kilometres) northeast of London. It is connected to London by the 7979: 7747: 7717: 7612: 7577: 7522: 7115: 7066: 7008: 7003: 6331: 6174: 5966: 5939: 5785: 5739: 5729: 5646: 4820: 4544: 4297: 4271: 4243: 4226: 4206: 3995: 3655: 3471: 3452: 3371: 3357: 3298: 3088: 3034: 2687: 2545: 2494: 2214: 2210: 2174: 1605: 1558: 1529: 1517: 1217:), although the wording suggests that it was based on an earlier one. It granted Colchester's 1166: 1000: 697: 141: 69: 2259:

is a contemporary art organisation, based in the Visual Arts Facility, which was designed by

7904: 7632: 7517: 7237: 7076: 7051: 7046: 6582: 6479: 6305: 5901: 5621: 5240:"Revealed: When Colchester will officially be named a city (but we won't get a royal visit)" 5070: 4885: 4489: 4438: 3800: 3501: 3396: 3392: 3367: 3361: 3339: 2762: 2445: 2321: 2260: 2061:

Source: 1981–2010 estimated average (records began in 1988) for COL station Colchester NE 2

1138: 1106: 1005: 508: 348: 4814: 4788: 4120: 2753:, which bypasses the town to the north and east, and is the region's main trunk route. The 2300:, which was formed in 1867 and dissolved in 1937. They were succeeded by professional club 1379:

An Act for the regulating of the Trade of Bay-making, in the Dutch Bay Hall, in Colchester.

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Colchester is reputed to be the home of three of the best known English nursery rhymes: '

1173:. There are notable medieval ruins in Colchester, including the surviving gateway of the 799:

went as far as to say "it has often been held that Colchester contains as first element

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The impact of catastrophe : the people of Essex and the First World War (1914-1920)

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Eilert Ekwall (1928). English River-names. Published by Oxford at the Clarendon Press. (

3480:(1926–1991), actor and director, former German POW in Colchester during the World War II 3169: 79: 7874: 7732: 7642: 7507: 7482: 7474: 7430: 7220: 7215: 7205: 7130: 7098: 7093: 7061: 6885: 6814: 6612: 6128: 5990: 5870: 5447: 5420: 4625: 4595: 3649: 3419: 3407: 3353: 3280: 2703: 2225:

were discovered behind the High Street, with plans to make them visible to the public.

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Minutes of the War Memorial Executive Committee (4 January 1921) Essex Records Office

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Radio broadcasts from studios on the base on 107.0FM as part of its UK Bases network

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John Foxe, Book of Martyrs; Mark Byford, The Process of Reformation in a Tudor Town)

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Ford, L.L. "Audley, Thomas, Baron Audley of Walden (1487/8–1544), lord chancellor".

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Faulkner, Neil. (1994) Late Roman Colchester, In Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13(1)

3380:, aka Henri Le Caron (1841–1894), spy, who did much to thwart the objectives of the 2320:

stadium until 2008. The club reached its highest league finish of 10th place in the

2153: 894:. This included a pit found at Culver Street containing a ritually placed Neolithic 7777: 7387: 7372: 7352: 7210: 7165: 7140: 7135: 6973: 6774: 6220: 6143: 4035: 3625: 3552: 3546: 3519: 3477: 3423: 3234: 3221: 3087:). The uniforms worn during the match in the book are similar to the modern kit of 3005: 2928: 2787: 2766: 2577: 2519: 2441: 2388: 2114:

From 1998 to 2008, the garrison area underwent massive redevelopment. A lot of the

1711: 1523: 1501: 1405: 1327: 1181: 1170: 1110: 1048: 1004:, a now unknown location first mentioned in the 10th century Welsh annalistic text 967: 895: 875: 739: 651: 374: 113: 6635:"Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures" 6317: 5765:

Minutes of the war memorial executive committee (16 May 1919) Essex Records Office

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all the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.

1169:, which is an 11th-century Norman keep, and built on top of the vaults of the old 5962:

Round About Colchester: Exploring Local History With the East Anglian Daily Times

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who lived in the Dutch Quarter, and published in 1806 with the title "The Star".

17: 7813: 7722: 7407: 7397: 7392: 7382: 7337: 7317: 7267: 7247: 7180: 6824: 6789: 6102: 3708: 3678: 3596: 3574: 3568: 3556: 3529: 3513: 3276: 3225: 3111: 3076: 2746: 2683: 2581: 2511: 2457: 2429: 1681: 1234: 1174: 1095: 1056: 1017: 955: 853: 639: 6195:"Colchester's Viking past is stunningly recreated in Assassin's Creed Valhalla" 2518:" because of its large size, which prompted the addition of an elephant-shaped 1684:

on 7 March 2023, in order to congratulate Colchester on receiving city status.

7687: 7667: 7647: 7597: 7557: 7512: 7120: 7103: 7082: 7041: 7013: 6794: 5215:"Record number of city status winners announced to celebrate Platinum Jubilee" 4018: 3602: 3590: 3540: 3259: 3084: 3080: 3042: 2949: 2699: 2657:

is located to the east of Colchester in Wivenhoe Park, in the civil parish of

2605:, the remainder being comprehensives. Comprehensive secondary schools include 2380: 2368: 2329: 2317: 1252:

By the 'New Constitutions' of 1372, a borough council was instituted; the two

1188: 934: 891: 883: 871: 856: 845: 842: 6475:"Relative Values: Stella Creasy and her mum, Corinna | The Sunday Times" 6309: 5743: 5697:"50 years on...when Colchester United defied all the odds to lift silverware" 5291: 2967:) and was given the nickname Humpty Dumpty, most likely because of his size, 484: 471: 7969: 7884: 7828: 7818: 7712: 7637: 7627: 7622: 7532: 7412: 7357: 7327: 7322: 6809: 6799: 6665:"Essex's twin towns across the world and how similar they are to each other" 5789: 5544: 5021:

The English Civil War: a military history of the three civil wars, 1642–1651

4170:"King Commute: the best new property deals within an hour of central London" 4157:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 660–661. 3465: 3272: 3212: 2898: 2754: 2537: 2514:

was originally called the "Balkerne Water Tower", but soon became known as "

2376: 2352: 2256: 2104: 1639: 1619:. The bid was unsuccessful, with county town Chelmsford forming the seat of 1493: 1457: 1389: 1311: 1114: 1099: 1071: 983: 963: 959: 879: 860: 807: 333: 1638:

was established at Wivenhoe Park in 1961. The £22.7M 8-mile (13-kilometre)

1596: 1539:"more in proportion than any of its neighbours, or than the city of London" 1237:, particularly by immigration into the town. Rovers Tye Farm, now a pub on 764:

being found in the 15th century. In this way of interpreting the name, the

4686:

The Victoria History of the County of Essex, IX: The Borough of Colchester

7879: 7838: 7803: 7795: 7682: 7602: 7567: 7542: 7287: 7277: 7200: 7190: 7170: 7150: 7088: 7036: 6942: 6829: 3773: 3578: 3229: 2658: 2364: 2217:, a social history museum with children's exhibits in the former home of 1485: 1421: 887: 863: 705: 7932: 7922: 7894: 7889: 7869: 7823: 7662: 7552: 7527: 7499: 7252: 7242: 7160: 6819: 6748: 5474: 5399:"Honour of Royal Salute switches to Colchester town centre – Colc" 3739: 3726: 3722: 3637: 3136: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3066: 3059: 2994: 2931: 2923: 2791: 2758: 2170: 1608: 1504:

surrounded the town for eleven and a half weeks, a period known as the

1253: 1229:. The borough celebrated the 800th anniversary of its charter in 1989. 1222: 1134: 1126: 1091: 1067: 987: 975: 911: 773: 628: 315: 6015: 3930: 3673:(born ?) West End and Broadway Playwright, Writer of the Musical 1604:

In the early 20th century Colchester lobbied to be the seat for a new

7912: 7808: 7672: 7592: 7282: 7185: 7175: 7155: 7031: 6993: 6804: 6449:"Horrible Histories role turns into dream part for Colchester's Tony" 6221:"Cunobelinus | Celtic King, Iron Age, Britain | Britannica" 5723: 5266:"Queen Elizabeth II: Colchester city status ceremony plans postponed" 5110:

A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9: The Borough of Colchester

4930:

A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9: The Borough of Colchester

3743: 2742: 2470:

Construction of the walls of Colchester took place between 65 and 80

1442: 1184: 780:) also gained its name from a similar etymology (from its Roman name 744: 242: 5779: 5515:"Colchester: £2 m more to finish off new art gallery (From Gazette)" 5148: 3811:

List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom and preceding states

3504:(born 1960), member of the Welsh Senedd (1993 to 2011 and 2018–2021) 3395:(1883–1950), senior officer of the British Army and the penultimate 2993:

Colchester has also been suggested as one of the potential sites of

2801:

It is the only town in Britain to have been explicitly mentioned in

1149:

of 'Nennius'. The tower of Holy Trinity Church is late Saxon work.

4097: 2905:, a legendary ancient king of Britain. The name Colchester is from 2209:

Colchester houses several museums. The Castle Museum, found within

1649:, Colchester and its surrounding built up area had a population of 7937: 7927: 7856: 7742: 7697: 7572: 6922: 6910: 6744: 4739:, ed. J. Morris (Phillimore: London and Chichester, 1980); Watts, 3777: 3760: 3756: 3018: 2971:

being a common insult for the overweight. Thompson was shot down (

2942: 2906: 2515: 2498: 2461: 2347:

Sports facilities in Colchester include Colchester Leisure World,

2232: 2152: 2078: 1721:), and the lowest was −9.4 °C (15 °F) in December 2010. 1612: 1595: 1456: 1429: 1243: 1226: 1156: 1021: 994:(first mentioned by the 12th century French Arthurian storyteller 933: 903: 729: 620: 281: 179: 5343:"The Glasshouse – The Aldershot Military Detention Barracks" 5023:, Young, Peter and Holmes, Richard (1974) p. 290. Available here 4819:. Vol. IX. London: Victoria County History. pp. 48–57. 4699:

The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650

4146: 2975:) and, shortly after, the town was lost to the Parliamentarians ( 2121:

Since 2006, Colchester has been one of 12 places in the UK where

1204:

Intravit ihc: in quoddam castellum et mulier quedam excepit illum

829:

The gravel hill upon which Colchester is built was formed in the

6703: 3228:, lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar, piano, melodica in the 2213:, features an extensive exhibit on Roman Colchester. Nearby are 2128: 1425: 1121:

The chronology of its revival is obscure. But the ninth-century

971: 7445: 6881: 6712: 5317:"King Charles and Camilla visit Colchester to mark city status" 5174: 4372:"Camelot: discovering the legend of King Arthur around Britain" 3389:(1868–1931), Secretary of State for War, and Postmaster General 1202:

Colchester's medieval town seal incorporated the biblical text

890:

have been found within Colchester, along with many examples of

3105: 2822: 970:(c. 5 BC – AD 40), who minted coins there. Its 535: 6411:"John Cooper Clarke: The punk poet whose time has come again" 3909: 2087:

Colchester has been an important military garrison since the

585: 564: 523: 3510:(born 1962), English satirical comedian, writer and director 3404:(1895–1981), businessman, philanthropist and clock collector 3253:(1488–1544), Lord Chancellor of England 1533–44, founder of 2894:', although the legitimacy of all three claims is disputed. 1008:, identified as the place where Arthur was slain in battle. 677:

railway. Colchester is less than 30 miles (50 km) from

431: 5871:"Colchester's 'Jumbo' water tower bought by poultry farmer" 4843:. Oysterfayre.flyer.co.uk. 27 December 2002. Archived from 4816:

A History of the County of Essex: The Borough of Colchester

2471: 2411:

The commercial centre is home to upmarket department store

1180:(known locally as "St John's Abbey"), and the ruins of the 950:, who died in AD 79, although the Celtic name of the town, 588: 549: 526: 6366:

Hughson, David; Stratford, William; Stratford, J. (1809).

5448:"The Trust's investigation of Roman arcade in local press" 3816:

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

3703:

List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

3492:(born 1946), MP for Colchester, High Steward of Colchester 517: 6535:"Twin Town News – Colchester, Avignon, Imola and Wetzlar" 4764:, 2nd edition, (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1947), pp. 324–5 2444:, an allegorical representation of peace and the goddess 567: 2466:

A surviving fragment of the Roman Town Wall in East Hill

724:

There are several theories about the origin of the name

6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 4688:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1995), pp. 16–17, 248 2850: 2316:

in 1950, originally playing home games at their former

1055:

found in Britain; the example at Gosbecks (site of the

5813:"Walk Colchester – A Guide to Colchester's Roman Wall" 5501:"Headgate Theatre - Theatre in Colchester, Colchester" 4864: 4862: 4415:, IX (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1994), pp. 7–10 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 3692:(born 1753) Writer, Animal Welfare and rights advocate 3208:

People of note that have lived in Colchester include:

2982:

The third rhyme said to have come from Colchester is

2503:

The Balkerne Water Tower or "Jumbo", viewed from the

2363:

Local news and television programmes are provided by

1660:

On 20 May 2022, it was announced that as part of the

612: 591: 579: 570: 558: 546: 538: 529: 514: 3316:

The History & Antiquities of the County of Essex

3098:, recreated as it was in the early medieval period. 3058:

are set in Colchester, although they were filmed in

2959:

Colchester is a widely credited source of the rhyme

2682:

Colchester's bus services are operated primarily by

2375:

TV transmitter. The city's local radio stations are

1241:, has been documented as being established by 1353. 594: 573: 552: 532: 520: 7993: 7960: 7946: 7903: 7847: 7786: 7490: 7305: 7022: 6951: 6930: 5099: 5097: 4789:"Maidenburgh, Geoffrey of Wells and Rabanus Maurus" 4516:

An Imperial Possession; Britain in the Roman Empire

4013: 4011: 3634:(born 1970) radio presenter, musician and composer. 3486:(born 1931), mathematical physicist and philosopher 2536:The town hall is built on the site of the original 1480:was attacked by a large crowd. In 1648, during the 1404: 1399: 1383: 1373: 1343: 1326: 1321: 1305: 1295: 1265: 1113:finds in a triangle between London, Colchester and 946:in Britain on the grounds that it was mentioned by 760:from the 10th century, with the modern spelling of 543: 511: 426: 408: 392: 380: 368: 354: 342: 332: 322: 308: 290: 272: 254: 240: 224: 216: 205: 197: 189: 44: 6605:"Jumelages et Relations Internationales – Avignon" 4701:, 3 vols (Phillimore: Chichester, 1977), I, p. 138 3224:(Born 1968), lead vocals, keyboards, guitarist in 2474:, shortly after the destruction of the undefended 1672:. It was slated to receive the status formally by 1520:. A small obelisk marks the spot where they fell. 6369:London, Being an Accurate History and Description 5908:. British History Online – University of London. 4892:. 9, the Borough of Colchester. London: 233–237. 4841:"Oyster Fayre – 1989 News Reports" 4596:"The Fenwick Treasure at Williams & Griffin!" 4344:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1981), pp. 55–6 4036:"UK's oldest town officially becomes newest city" 3646:(born 1898) Urologist, Cancer Researcher, Surgeon 2815:during the (fictional) Atomic Wars of the 1950s. 2391:which broadcast online. The local newspapers are 4439:"Temple of Claudius at Camulodunon (Colchester)" 3271:(1544–1603), scientist, pioneer in the field of 1209:In 1189, Colchester was granted its first known 1109:was the first to propose that the lack of early 1094:of Arthurian legend was probably a reference to 768:which runs through the area takes its name from 708:. Local government is the responsibility of the 616:-chest-ər, KOHL-, -⁠chist-, -⁠chəst- 4727:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1986), p. 214 4355:The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names 1642:Colchester Eastern Bypass opened in June 1982. 866:, have been found. Further flint tools made by 6384:"MT at 80 | Margaret Thatcher Foundation" 4813:Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C. R., eds. (1994). 4361:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2002), p. 21 3323:(1783–1824), poet and author of the lyrics to 2897:Local legend places Colchester as the seat of 2308:(as of season 2023–24) and play home games at 938:Flag of Colchester as flown from the City Hall 7457: 6893: 6724: 6507:"Stella Creasy: The MP who 'won't back down'" 5929: 5927: 4626:"'the Fenwick treasure' reveals more gems..." 4117:"Colchester – Britain's Oldest Recorded Town" 3826:Church of St Leonard at the Hythe, Colchester 8: 6304:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5900:Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C R, eds. (1994). 5145:"Homepage – Colchester Borough Council" 4884:Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C R, eds. (1994). 3374:preacher, known as the "Prince of Preachers" 1676:on 12 September 2022, however following the 954:appears on coins minted by tribal chieftain 898:pot, as well as find spots containing later 6273:"John Ball | Colchester Civic Society" 6223:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1 January 2023. 5938:. Yale University Press. pp. 276–277. 5849:"Municipal Water Tower (Jumbo), Colchester" 4871:Growth and Decline in Colchester, 1300–1525 4775:Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names 4741:Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names 4413:The Victoria History of the County of Essex 3543:(born 1968), actor and television presenter 2729:, and linked to the rest of the network at 2328:, and were one of the few teams to win the 2169:The Member of Parliament for Colchester is 1141:. The tenth-century Saxons called the town 962: – known to Shakespeare as 688:Attractions in and around the city include 7957: 7464: 7450: 7442: 6900: 6886: 6878: 6731: 6717: 6709: 6173:. Asterix #3. Hodder Dargaud. p. 38. 5934:Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007). 4221: 4219: 3445:(1910–2001), Christian morality campaigner 3435:(1907–1979), scientist. He discovered the 2336:Colchester & East Essex Cricket Club. 2249:is a repertory theatre. Located nearby is 1724: 1340: 1262: 41: 6571:"British towns twinned with French towns 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4756:(Blackwell: Oxford, 1981), pp. 47, 56–8; 4518:(Penguin Books: London, 2007), pp. 269–70 3549:(born 1969), TV personality and presenter 3196:Learn how and when to remove this message 2584:, which then had to be modified locally. 1416:Between 1550 and 1600, a large number of 1039:named in a second-century inscription as 806:The popular association of the name with 728:. Some contend that is derived from the 6169:Goscinny, René; Underzo, Albert (1973). 5517:. Gazette-news.co.uk. 18 November 2008. 5147:. Colchester-regen.co.uk. Archived from 5041:, J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd, London (1959) 5033: 5031: 3593:(born 1979), professional snooker player 2548:style, and was opened in 1902 by former 2312:. Founded in 1937, the club entered the 2272:There are several bars with live music. 2103:" after the original military prison in 1553:Significant Victorian landmarks include 1478:John Lucas, 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield 6301:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5773: 5771: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3842: 3806:Geography of the United Kingdom#Geology 3619:(born 1970) Extreme Metal Guitarist in 3565:(born 1969), actor and theatre director 3537:(born 1967), sculptor and mosaic artist 2603:Colchester County High School for Girls 2344:, home of Colchester & East Essex. 2145:Colchester (UK Parliament constituency) 2083:The military corrective training centre 1165:Medieval Colchester's main landmark is 1161:Colchester Castle, completed c. 1100 AD 1043:. This contained a large and elaborate 926:consisting of a cluster of 22 barrows. 425: 407: 363: 331: 307: 239: 223: 188: 55: 5991:"Colchester and the Thames Estuary..." 5543:. Colchester-Institute. Archived from 5427:from the original on 13 September 2014 4896:from the original on 19 September 2015 4384:from the original on 26 September 2015 4078:from the original on 24 September 2015 4045: 3352:(1816–1890), Physician-in-Ordinary to 2661:. Other tertiary institutions include 2637:Private schools in Colchester include 2436:War Memorial Exhibition, the sculptor 1533:that the town lost 5259 people to the 1145:, which is directly equivalent to the 870:living in the Colne Valley during the 8077:Roman legionary fortresses in England 8067:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League 6253:from the original on 6 September 2023 6227:from the original on 23 February 2023 6083:from the original on 11 February 2012 5881:from the original on 17 November 2015 5373:"Military Corrective Training Centre" 4972:from the original on 12 December 2012 4119:. visitcolchester.com. Archived from 3297:(1613–1648), Royalist soldier in the 3094:Colchester appears in the video game 2794:mentions Colchester (Camulodunum) in 2733:, which lies just outside this area. 2629:, Paxman Academy and Trinity School. 1347:Bays Regulation (Colchester) Act 1660 1026:Part of the Roman walls in Colchester 391: 379: 367: 353: 341: 321: 289: 271: 253: 215: 204: 193:31.52 km (12.17 sq mi) 7: 6683:"Town set to twin with Chinese City" 6390:from the original on 13 October 2009 6109:from the original on 2 November 2010 6077:"Early British Kingdoms: Colchester" 5979:from the original on 2 October 2016. 5781:The Colchester war memorial souvenir 5481:from the original on 22 January 2010 5116:from the original on 2 November 2012 5112:. Institute of Historical Research. 5002:from the original on 9 February 2018 4936:from the original on 2 November 2012 4932:. Institute of Historical Research. 4496:from the original on 2 November 2012 3965:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3599:(born 1990), freeride mountain biker 3577:(born 1974), author, historian, and 3457:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 3134:adding citations to reliable sources 3017:Colchester was also a named line of 2195:City of Colchester § Demography 1615:, to be split off from the existing 1572:, estimated to have been 4.7 on the 1568:In 1884, the area was struck by the 1129:, mentions the town, which it calls 6409:Duerden, Nick (23 September 2012). 5912:from the original on 2 October 2016 5197:"Concerns over 'fast-growing' town" 4168:Prophet, Sheila (12 October 2006). 3528:(born 1964), musician, drummer for 2177:. The former MP, Liberal Democrat 1576:causing extensive regional damage. 1059:royal farmstead) is the largest in 681:and 20 miles (30 km) from the 5936:Essex: Buildings of England Series 5454:from the original on 16 March 2017 5080:National Heritage List for England 4666:from the original on 23 March 2016 4635:from the original on 20 March 2016 4606:from the original on 20 March 2016 3332:(1797–1870), early rocket engineer 2853:by removing the content or adding 2560:and was funded by a donation from 2181:, has held the ceremonial role of 874:have been discovered, including a 782:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 704:is located between Colchester and 165: 25: 6639:Ministère des affaires étrangères 6150:from the original on 17 June 2010 5965:. Wharncliffe Books. p. 42. 5521:from the original on 29 June 2009 5106:"Modern Colchester: Introduction" 4490:"Walls and Gates British History" 4115:Colchester Tourist Board (2011). 3935:Oxford English Dictionary Gateway 3587:(born 1977), MP for Walthamstow. 3410:(1898–1979), British army officer 2948:and is credited with finding the 2558:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria 2340:play some of their home games at 1428:and are normally associated with 998:) is most likely a corruption of 7849: 7788: 7492: 7473: 7426: 7425: 6909: 6853: 6573:[via WaybackMachine.com] 6279:from the original on 28 May 2022 5039:A tour through England and Wales 4996:Colchester: Britain's First City 4890:A History of the County of Essex 4537:McCloy, A.; Midgley, A. (2008). 3992:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3767: 3750: 3733: 3716: 3110: 3030:, Colchester was the scene of a 2827: 2615:Philip Morant School and College 1516:were executed in the grounds of 1476:of 1642, when the town house of 1360: 1282: 990:of King Arthur, though the name 638:Colchester occupies the site of 507: 164: 157: 134: 122: 106: 92: 78: 62: 7296:List of civil parishes in Essex 6542:The Colchester Twinning Society 6372:. W. Stratford. pp. 293–4. 5994:Colchester Archaeological Trust 4754:An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon History 3910:"CUBE pronunciation dictionary" 3451:(1912–1998), Cabinet Minister, 3344:Colchester Royal Grammar School 3121:needs additional citations for 3079:rugby team wins a game against 2849:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to 2599:Colchester Royal Grammar School 1269:Colchester Improvement Act 1623 966: – king of the 848:by an ancient precursor to the 8082:Former civil parishes in Essex 7363:River Lee Flood Relief Channel 6483:. 4 March 2016. Archived from 5375:. British Army. Archived from 4564:Boyle, Danny (23 March 2016). 3664:(born 1602) religious writer, 3571:(Born 1982), MP for Colchester 3310:(1700–1770), parish priest of 2973:Humpty Dumpty had a great fall 2623:St Benedict's Catholic College 1662:Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours 1472:The town saw the start of the 1461:The place of the execution of 833:period, and was shaped into a 1: 8042:Cities in the East of England 6349:"Gilbert, William (GLBT558W)" 5173:. Love Myland. Archived from 4654:Danny Boyle (23 March 2016). 3628:(born 1974) Singer Songwriter 3498:(born 1949), performance poet 3325:Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star 2965:Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall 2663:Colchester Sixth Form College 1705:Köppen climate classification 1694:Climate of the United Kingdom 1600:A map of Colchester from 1940 1492:entered the town. A pursuing 1045:Temple to the Divine Claudius 942:Colchester is said to be the 696:, and several art galleries. 247:56 mi (90 km) 7962:British Overseas Territories 6318:UK public library membership 5728:. ERO, Essex Record Office. 4629:The Colchester Archaeologist 4600:The Colchester Archaeologist 4019:"Crown Office - The Gazette" 3709:twin towns and sister cities 3255:Magdalene College, Cambridge 2892:Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star 2310:Colchester Community Stadium 2296:began with the amateur club 2237:'Balkerne Star' designed by 1728:Climate data for Colchester 1197:Colchester's parish churches 1178:abbey of St John the Baptist 912:Bronze Age barrow cemeteries 619:) is a city in northeastern 212:4,132/km (10,700/sq mi) 8062:Ports and harbours of Essex 6641:(in French). Archived from 6611:(in French). Archived from 6579:Archant Community Media Ltd 6353:A Cambridge Alumni Database 6142:Matt Wales (14 June 2010). 6016:"Ports.org.uk / Colchester" 5672:"Championship (Sky Sports)" 5075:"The Albert Hall (1337737)" 4926:"The Borough of Colchester" 4543:. New Holland. p. 60. 3474:(1925–2013), Prime Minister 3264:St John's Abbey, Colchester 3262:(died 1539), last abbot of 3243:(died 1381), leader of the 2984:Twinkle Twinkle Little Star 2921:derive from the Latin word 2796:The Annals of Imperial Rome 2428:Colchester suffered in the 1917:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1777:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1678:death of Queen Elizabeth II 900:Deverel-Rimbury bucket urns 226:OS grid reference 32:Colchester (disambiguation) 8098: 6704:Colchester Borough Council 6355:. University of Cambridge. 5851:. British Listed Buildings 5567:"Colchester School of Art" 5477:. Colchester Arts Centre. 4052:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3796:Coat of arms of Colchester 3700: 3555:(born 1969), musician and 3461:High Steward of Colchester 3360:. He researched and named 2941:. Helena was canonised as 2909:: the place-name suffixes 2641:, Oxford House School and 2529: 2492: 2455: 2342:Castle Park Cricket Ground 2192: 2183:High Steward of Colchester 2149:Colchester local elections 2138: 2072: 2060: 1727: 1691: 1338:United Kingdom legislation 1260:United Kingdom legislation 1153:Medieval and Tudor periods 1082:Sub-Roman and Saxon period 1015: 922:, and a larger example at 817: 201:130,245 (2021 Census) 29: 8072:Unparished areas in Essex 7421: 6862: 6851: 6755: 6739:Human settlements of the 5292:"Colchester City Council" 4869:Britnell, R. H. (2009) . 4758:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4540:Discovering Roman Britain 4492:. British-history.ac.uk. 4072:Essexcountystandard.co.uk 3994:(2nd ed.). Longman. 3968:. Oxford University Press 3428:Quetta earthquake of 1935 3422:(1905–1989), awarded the 3416:(1898-1982), poet, critic 3096:Assassin's Creed Valhalla 2811:as being the target of a 2757:connects Colchester with 2627:Thomas Lord Audley School 2338:Essex County Cricket Club 2166:is the local authority. 2095:is currently home to the 1986: 1916: 1846: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1359: 1354: 1281: 1276: 1032:Roman conquest of Britain 859:, including at least six 442: 404: 364: 152: 56: 49: 8052:Former national capitals 7485:and overseas territories 6386:. Margaretthatcher.org. 5959:Denney, Patrick (2006). 5722:Paul., Rusiecki (2008). 5541:"The Minories Galleries" 5464:. Retrieved 26 July 2014 5437:. Retrieved 22 July 2014 5347:Hampshire County Council 3831:Colchester power station 3791:Statistics of Colchester 3666:Nonconformist Protestant 3652:(born 1720) story writer 3535:Anne Schwegmann-Fielding 3387:Laming Worthington-Evans 3288:(1561–1631), writer and 2946:Helena of Constantinople 2782:References in literature 2741:Colchester is linked to 2731:Colchester North station 2692:Hedingham & Chambers 2458:Camulodunum § Walls 2401:East Anglian Daily Times 2385:Greatest Hits Radio East 2239:Anne Schwegmann-Fielding 2097:16th Air Assault Brigade 1657:at Cuckoo Farm in 2008. 1482:Second English Civil War 1090:suggested that the name 738:(referring to a type of 660:16th Air Assault Brigade 7954:British overseas cities 6867:List of places in Essex 6437:Chris Morris (satirist) 5778:Hunt, Edgar A. (1923). 4725:The English Settlements 4154:Encyclopædia Britannica 4098:"Welcome to Colchester" 3939:Oxford University Press 3275:and court physician to 3014:was set in Colchester. 2986:, which was written by 2901:(or Coel) of the rhyme 2424:Colchester War Memorial 2164:Colchester City Council 1719:2003 European heat wave 1199:date from this period. 810:has no academic merit. 679:London Stansted Airport 675:Great Eastern Main Line 6129:"George Orwell - 1984" 4787:Briggs, Keith (2010). 3990:(2000). "Colchester". 3605:(born 1993), cricketer 3516:(born 1962), cricketer 2643:Colchester High School 2566:Davey, Paxman & Co 2507: 2467: 2251:Colchester Arts Centre 2242: 2160: 2084: 1601: 1592:20th century and later 1469: 1249: 1162: 1063:, able to seat 5,000. 1049:classical-style temple 1027: 939: 852:. From these deposits 658:currently housing the 344:Postcode district 27:City in Essex, England 8057:Market towns in Essex 8027:Borough of Colchester 7948:Dependent territories 7233:South Woodham Ferrers 6952:Boroughs or districts 5906:british-history.ac.uk 5820:Walkcolchester.org.uk 5647:"The 1990s and 2000s" 5622:"The 1950s and 1960s" 5296:www.colchester.gov.uk 5043:Available online here 4712:London and the Saxons 4021:. 29 September 2022. 3640:(born 1985) Violinist 3563:Crispin Bonham-Carter 3215:(died before 43 AD), 2502: 2465: 2397:Essex County Standard 2236: 2193:Further information: 2156: 2082: 1666:Borough of Colchester 1599: 1570:Colchester earthquake 1460: 1453:17th and 18th century 1420:and clothmakers from 1367:Parliament of England 1289:Parliament of England 1248:Colchester in 1500 AD 1247: 1215:Richard the Lionheart 1160: 1025: 937: 820:History of Colchester 6310:10.1093/ref:odnb/896 5572:Colchester Institute 5048:3 March 2016 at the 3312:St Mary-at-the-Walls 3130:improve this article 3027:Nineteen Eighty-Four 2851:improve this section 2808:Nineteen Eighty-Four 2721:stations are on the 2667:Colchester Institute 2532:Colchester Town Hall 2526:Colchester Town Hall 2278:Colchester Institute 2245:Opened in 1972, the 2158:Colchester Town Hall 1664:, what was then the 1617:Diocese of Rochester 1555:Colchester Town Hall 1107:Sir Mortimer Wheeler 1041:Colonia Victricensis 944:oldest recorded town 714:Essex County Council 324:Sovereign state 30:For other uses, see 7658:Newcastle upon Tyne 7025:(cities in italics) 6931:Unitary authorities 6689:. 2 September 2015. 6645:on 26 February 2013 5996:. 18 September 2016 5547:on 11 November 2013 5401:. Colchester.gov.uk 5151:on 21 November 2008 4762:Anglo-Saxon England 4660:The Daily Telegraph 4466:, pp. 89–90, 117–18 4443:Roman-britain.co.uk 4377:The Daily Telegraph 4174:The Daily Telegraph 3821:Colchester churches 3644:H. A. Morton Whitby 3433:Hermann Arthur Jahn 3378:Thomas Miller Beach 3336:George Biddell Airy 3303:Siege of Colchester 3217:King of the Britons 2952:and the remains of 2935:Constantius Chlorus 2863:independent sources 2723:Sunshine Coast Line 2655:University of Essex 2593:Secondary education 2570:allegorical figures 2568:. It features four 2489:"Jumbo" water tower 2349:Colchester Garrison 2306:Football League Two 2280:, near the centre. 2141:Mayor of Colchester 2116:Ministry of Defence 2093:Colchester Garrison 2075:Colchester Garrison 1847:Daily mean °C (°F) 1636:University of Essex 1506:Siege of Colchester 1221:the right to elect 1213:by King Richard I ( 1193:St Botolph's Priory 1191:(known locally as " 980:King of the Britons 702:University of Essex 690:St Botolph's Priory 656:Colchester Garrison 481: / 129:St Botolph's Church 100:St Botolph's Priory 7995:Crown Dependencies 7608:Kingston upon Hull 7263:Walton-on-the-Naze 6741:City of Colchester 6687:Gazette-news.co.uk 6533:Francis, Valerie. 6171:Asterix in Britain 6103:"As detailed here" 6075:Nash Ford, David. 5379:on 8 December 2008 5353:on 2 December 2008 5272:. 9 September 2022 4710:R. E. M. Wheeler, 4329:Naturalis Historia 4148:"Colchester" 3675:End of the Rainbow 3609:John Cooper Clarke 3522:(born 1964), actor 3496:John Cooper Clarke 3437:Jahn-Teller effect 3372:Particular Baptist 3356:, and Governor of 3290:Archbishop of York 3072:Asterix in Britain 3004:The first part of 2819:In popular culture 2611:Colchester Academy 2607:The Gilberd School 2508: 2468: 2438:Henry Charles Fehr 2393:Colchester Gazette 2243: 2223:Temple of Claudius 2161: 2085: 1629:Severalls Hospital 1602: 1474:Stour Valley riots 1470: 1250: 1163: 1123:Historia Brittonum 1105:The archaeologist 1028: 996:Chrétien de Troyes 940: 839:Anglian glaciation 831:Middle Pleistocene 710:City of Colchester 410:UK Parliament 356:Dialling code 264:City of Colchester 8032:Colchester (town) 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 7523:Brighton and Hove 7439: 7438: 7067:Burnham-on-Crouch 7023:Major settlements 6917:Ceremonial county 6875: 6874: 6336:978-1-85983-686-6 6316:(Subscription or 6201:. 15 January 2021 5735:978-1-898529-28-6 4847:on 29 August 2008 4826:978-0-19-722784-8 4602:. 23 March 2016. 4315:"Colchester Flag" 4231:978-1-85983-686-6 4180:on 12 April 2014. 4123:on 5 January 2013 3472:Margaret Thatcher 3453:High Commissioner 3299:English Civil War 3206: 3205: 3198: 3180: 3089:Colchester United 2880: 2879: 2688:Arriva Colchester 2639:St. Mary's School 2564:, the founder of 2562:James Noah Paxman 2546:Edwardian Baroque 2495:Jumbo Water Tower 2304:, who compete in 2302:Colchester United 2292:Local links with 2215:Hollytrees Museum 2211:Colchester Castle 2065: 2064: 1655:brand new stadium 1606:Church of England 1559:Jumbo Water Tower 1530:England and Wales 1518:Colchester Castle 1414: 1413: 1410:13 September 1660 1355:Act of Parliament 1336: 1335: 1277:Act of Parliament 1167:Colchester Castle 1098:, the capital of 698:Colchester Castle 500: 499: 485:51.8917°N 0.903°E 274:Shire county 142:Hollytrees Museum 70:Colchester Castle 18:Colchester, Essex 16:(Redirected from 8089: 8047:Coloniae (Roman) 7958: 7905:Northern Ireland 7855: 7853: 7852: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7478: 7477: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7443: 7429: 7428: 7238:Stanford-le-Hope 7077:Chadwell St Mary 6925: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6879: 6857: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6710: 6691: 6690: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6581:. 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August 2013. 6498: 6466: 6455:. 27 July 2019 6440: 6429: 6401: 6375: 6358: 6340: 6323: 6290: 6264: 6238: 6212: 6186: 6179: 6161: 6134: 6120: 6094: 6067: 6054: 6032: 6007: 5982: 5972:978-1845630058 5971: 5951: 5945:978-0300116144 5944: 5923: 5892: 5862: 5840: 5804: 5795: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5734: 5714: 5688: 5663: 5638: 5613: 5597:"Club Records" 5588: 5558: 5532: 5506: 5492: 5466: 5439: 5412: 5390: 5364: 5334: 5323:. 7 March 2023 5308: 5283: 5257: 5231: 5206: 5188: 5162: 5136: 5127: 5093: 5062: 5053: 5037:Daniel Defoe, 5027: 5013: 4983: 4947: 4907: 4876: 4858: 4832: 4825: 4805: 4779: 4766: 4745: 4729: 4716: 4714:(London, 1935) 4703: 4690: 4677: 4646: 4617: 4587: 4556: 4549: 4529: 4520: 4514:D. Mattingly, 4507: 4481: 4468: 4455: 4430: 4417: 4404: 4395: 4363: 4346: 4333: 4320: 4306: 4289: 4280: 4252: 4235: 4215: 4183: 4160: 4145:, ed. (1911). 4143:Chisholm, Hugh 4134: 4107: 4089: 4059: 4027: 4007: 4000: 3988:Wells, John C. 3979: 3951: 3922: 3901: 3889:www.ons.gov.uk 3872: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3764: 3747: 3730: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3650:Susan Smythies 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3559:lead guitarist 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3446: 3440: 3430: 3420:Alfred Lungley 3417: 3411: 3408:Gerald Templer 3405: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3365: 3358:Guy's Hospital 3354:Queen Victoria 3347: 3342:. He attended 3333: 3327: 3318: 3305: 3292: 3283: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3238: 3232: 3219: 3204: 3203: 3118: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3100: 2878: 2877: 2842:references to 2835: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2813:nuclear attack 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2738: 2735: 2727:Greater Anglia 2711: 2708: 2704:Clacton-on-Sea 2702:and the 74 to 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2650: 2647: 2634: 2631: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2550:prime minister 2530:Main article: 2527: 2524: 2505:Ballerine Gate 2493:Main article: 2490: 2487: 2453: 2450: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2408: 2405: 2360: 2357: 2289: 2286: 2230: 2227: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2190: 2187: 2136: 2133: 2101:The Glasshouse 2073:Main article: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 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336: 330: 329: 328:United Kingdom 326: 320: 319: 312: 306: 305: 303: 302: 296: 294: 288: 287: 285: 284: 278: 276: 270: 269: 267: 266: 260: 258: 252: 251: 245: 238: 237: 228: 222: 221: 220:1st century BC 218: 214: 213: 210: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 177: 171: 170: 163: 162: 156: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 140: 133: 132: 128: 121: 120: 119: 112: 105: 104: 98: 91: 90: 84: 77: 76: 75: 68: 61: 60: 59: 58: 57: 54: 53: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8094: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8015: 8002: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7846: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 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4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4575: 4571: 4570:The Telegraph 4567: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4550:9781847731289 4546: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4477:Roman Britain 4472: 4469: 4465: 4464:Roman Britain 4459: 4456: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4359:The Roman Era 4356: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4342:Roman Britain 4337: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4302:1 85281 165 X 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4276:0-9503727-9-X 4273: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248:9780198691198 4245: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211:1 897719 04 3 4208: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4001:0-582-36467-1 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Retrieved 3888: 3855: 3845: 3780:, since 2015 3763:, since 1997 3746:, since 1972 3729:, since 1969 3706: 3626:Shahin Badar 3611:(born 1949), 3553:Graham Coxon 3547:Jeremy Spake 3520:Tony Gardner 3508:Chris Morris 3478:Klaus Kinski 3424:George Cross 3350:William Gull 3330:William Hale 3315: 3314:, author of 3235:Eudo Dapifer 3222:Damon Albarn 3207: 3192: 3183: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3145:"Colchester" 3140: 3128:Please help 3123:verification 3120: 3102:Colcestrians 3093: 3070: 3064: 3055:Closing Time 3053: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3025: 3024:In the book 3023: 3016: 3009: 3006:Daniel Defoe 3003: 2998: 2992: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2896: 2881: 2868: 2838:may contain 2837: 2806: 2800: 2795: 2785: 2776: 2767:M11 motorway 2740: 2725:operated by 2713: 2681: 2652: 2636: 2596: 2578:patron saint 2542:John Belcher 2535: 2520:weather vane 2509: 2475: 2469: 2442:Saint George 2427: 2410: 2389:Actual Radio 2383:on 96.1 FM, 2362: 2346: 2334: 2322:Championship 2291: 2282: 2274: 2271: 2267:The Minories 2265: 2255: 2244: 2219:Charles Gray 2208: 2185:since 2015. 2175:Labour Party 2168: 2162: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2086: 1991:mm (inches) 1716: 1707: 1697: 1659: 1644: 1633: 1625: 1603: 1578: 1567: 1552: 1543: 1538: 1527: 1526:mentions in 1524:Daniel Defoe 1522: 1514:George Lisle 1502:Henry Ireton 1496:army led by 1488:army led by 1471: 1467:George Lisle 1447: 1415: 1406:Royal assent 1393: 1328:Royal assent 1315: 1251: 1239:Ipswich Road 1231: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1195:"). 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Salway, 3972:2 September 3915:6 September 3679:Judy (film) 3597:Sam Pilgrim 3575:Mark Felton 3569:Will Quince 3514:Neil Foster 3490:Bob Russell 3321:Jane Taylor 3277:Elizabeth I 3077:Camulodunum 3069:comic book 3021:machinery. 2999:Camulodunum 2988:Jane Taylor 2747:East Anglia 2684:First Essex 2582:Virgin Mary 2512:water tower 2452:Roman walls 2332:, in 1971. 1670:city status 1563:Albert Hall 1490:Lord Goring 1332:29 May 1624 1235:Black Death 1182:Augustinian 1175:Benedictine 1111:Anglo-Saxon 1096:Camulodunum 1088:John Morris 1018:Camulodunum 956:Tasciovanus 952:Camulodunon 857:flint tools 850:River Colne 766:River Colne 667:River Colne 640:Camulodunum 633:Colcestrian 625:2021 Census 488: / 8021:Categories 7763:Winchester 7738:Sunderland 7688:Portsmouth 7668:Nottingham 7648:Manchester 7598:Gloucester 7563:Colchester 7558:Chichester 7548:Chelmsford 7538:Canterbury 7513:Birmingham 7313:Blackwater 7121:Dovercourt 7116:Corringham 7110:Colchester 7104:Coggeshall 7083:Chelmsford 7042:Billericay 7014:Uttlesford 6984:Colchester 6979:Chelmsford 6795:Fordstreet 6785:Colchester 6609:Avignon.fr 6394:17 January 6320:required.) 6043:. 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